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Zheng J, He J, Li H. FAM19A5 in vascular aging and osteoporosis: Mechanisms and the "calcification paradox". Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102361. [PMID: 38821416 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Aging induces a progressive decline in the vasculature's structure and function. Vascular aging is a determinant factor for vascular ailments in the elderly. FAM19A5, a recently identified adipokine, has demonstrated involvement in multiple vascular aging-related pathologies, including atherosclerosis, cardio-cerebral vascular diseases and cognitive deficits. This review summarizes the current understanding of FAM19A5' role and explores its putative regulatory mechanisms in various aging-related disorders, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and malignancies. Importantly, we provide novel insights into the underlying therapeutic value of FAM19A5 in osteoporosis. Finally, we outline future perspectives on the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of FAM19A5 in vascular aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieyu He
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huahua Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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2
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Gong Z, Guo J, Liu B, Guo Y, Cheng C, Jiang Y, Liang N, Hu M, Song T, Yang L, Li H, Zhang H, Zong X, Che Q, Shi N. Mechanisms of immune response and cell death in ischemic stroke and their regulation by natural compounds. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1287857. [PMID: 38274789 PMCID: PMC10808662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS), which is the third foremost cause of disability and death worldwide, has inflammation and cell death as its main pathological features. IS can lead to neuronal cell death and release factors such as damage-related molecular patterns, stimulating the immune system to release inflammatory mediators, thereby resulting in inflammation and exacerbating brain damage. Currently, there are a limited number of treatment methods for IS, which is a fact necessitating the discovery of new treatment targets. For this review, current research on inflammation and cell death in ischemic stroke was summarized. The complex roles and pathways of the principal immune cells (microglia, astrocyte, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophage) in the immune system after IS in inflammation are discussed. The mechanisms of immune cell interactions and the cytokines involved in these interactions are summarized. Moreover, the cell death mechanisms (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, PANoptosis, and ferroptosis) and pathways after IS are explored. Finally, a summary is provided of the mechanism of action of natural pharmacological active ingredients in the treatment of IS. Despite significant recent progress in research on IS, there remain many challenges that need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qianzi Che
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liang H, Tang LY, Ge HY, Chen MM, Lu SY, Zhang HX, Shen CL, Shen Y, Fei J, Wang ZG. Neuronal survival factor TAFA2 suppresses apoptosis through binding to ADGRL1 and activating cAMP/PKA/CREB/BCL2 signaling pathway. Life Sci 2023; 334:122241. [PMID: 37944639 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS TAFA2, a cytokine specifically expressed in the central nervous system, plays a vital role in neuronal cell survival. TAFA2 deficiency has been correlated to various neurological disorders in mice and humans. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive, especially its membrane-binding receptor through which TAFA2 functions. This study aimed to identify the specific binding receptor responsible for the anti-apoptotic effects of TAFA2. MAIN METHOD Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis were employed to identify potential TAFA2 binding proteins in V5 knockin mouse brain lysates. Subsequent validation involved in vitro and in vivo Co-IP and pull-down using specific antibodies. The functional analysis included evaluating the effects of ADGRL1 knockout, overexpression, and Lectin-like domain (Lec) deletion mutant on TAFA2's anti-apoptotic activity and analyzing the intracellular signaling pathways mediated by TAFA2 through ADGRL1. KEY FINDINGS Our study identified ADGRL1 as a potential receptor for TAFA2, which directly binds to TAFA2 through its lectin-like domain. Overexpression ADGRL1, but not ADGRL1ΔLec, induced apoptosis, which could be effectively suppressed by recombinant TAFA2 (rTAFA2). In ADGRL1-/- cells or re-introducing with ADGRL1ΔLec, responses to rTAFA2 in suppressing cell apoptosis were compromised. Increased cAMP, p-PKA, p-CREB, and BCL2 levels were also observed in response to rTAFA2 treatment, with these responses attenuated in ADGRL1-/- or ADGRL1ΔLec-expressing cells. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrated that TAFA2 directly binds to the lectin-like domain of ADGRL1, activating cAMP/PKA/CREB/BCL2 signaling pathway, which is crucial in preventing cell death. These results implicate TAFA2 and its receptor ADGRL1 as potential therapeutic targets for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ling Yun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Yang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ming Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shun Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chun Ling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Fei
- Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhu Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Hu G, Fang Y, Xu H, Wang G, Yang R, Gao F, Wei Q, Gu Y, Zhang C, Qiu J, Gao N, Wen Q, Qiao H. Identification of Cytochrome P450 2E1 as a Novel Target in Glioma and Development of Its Inhibitor as an Anti-Tumor Agent. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301096. [PMID: 37283464 PMCID: PMC10427391 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating inflammation-related cancer for which novel therapeutic targets are urgently required. Previous studies of the authors indicate Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) as a novel inflammatory target and develop a specific inhibitor Q11. Here it is demonstrated that CYP2E1 overexpression is closely related to higher malignancy in GBM patients. CYP2E1 activity is positively correlated with tumor weight in GBM rats. Significantly higher CYP2E1 expression accompanied by increased inflammation is detected in a mouse GBM model. Q11, 1-(4-methyl-5-thialzolyl) ethenone, a newly developed specific inhibitor of CYP2E1 here remarkably attenuates tumor growth and prolongs survival in vivo. Q11 does not directly affect tumor cells but blocks the tumor-promoting effect of microglia/macrophage (M/Mφ) in the tumor microenvironment through PPARγ-mediated activation of the STAT-1 and NF-κB pathways and inhibition of the STAT-3 and STAT-6 pathways. The effectiveness and safety of targeting CYP2E1 in GBM are further supported by studies with Cyp2e1 knockout rodents. In conclusion, a pro-GBM mechanism in which CYP2E1-PPARγ-STAT-1/NF-κB/STAT-3/STAT-6 axis fueled tumorigenesis by reprogramming M/Mφ and Q11 as a promising anti-inflammatory agent for GBM treatment is uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Hu
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
- Department of PathologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityJingba RoadZhengzhou450014China
| | - Yan Fang
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
- Department of PathologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityJingba RoadZhengzhou450014China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Guanzhe Wang
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Rui Yang
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Fei Gao
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Qingda Wei
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Yuhan Gu
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Cunzhen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Jinhuan Qiu
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Na Gao
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
| | - Hailing Qiao
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyZhengzhou UniversityKexue RoadZhengzhou450001China
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Zhu S, Hu X, Bennett S, Mai Y, Xu J. Molecular Structure, Expression and Role of TAFA4 and its Receptor FPR1 in the Spinal Cord. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:911414. [PMID: 35712659 PMCID: PMC9194834 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.911414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TAFA chemokine like family member 4 (TAFA4, also named FAM19A4) is a member of the TAFA chemokine like ligand or FAM19A family, which includes TAFA1, TAFA2, TAFA3, TAFA4, and TAFA5 (or FAM19A1, FAM19A2, FAM19A3, FAM19A4, and FAM19A5). They are also referred to as neurokines and are involved in the regulation of a diverse range of cellular processes, including chemotaxis of macrophages, phagocytosis, and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). TAFA4 is a marker of C-low-threshold mechanoreceptors and is expressed predominantly in nociceptors, such as dorsal root ganglia (DRG). TAFA4 has been implicated in the sensory perception of pain in the spinal cord. Mice with deficiency of TAFA4 demonstrate altered excitability in lamina IIi neurons in DRG in addition to increased mechanical and chemical nociception following inflammation or injury. As a secreted protein, TAFA4 binds to cell surface receptor formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1), a G protein-coupled receptor to mediate the chemoattraction of macrophages, phagocytosis, and the inflammatory profile of macrophages. It also interacts with cell surface neurexin to mediate signalling across the synapse. Further understanding the mechanisms by which this conserved protein family regulates diverse biological processes such as in neuronal functions, inflammation, and tissue fibrosis will help to design therapeutic targets for the treatment of TAFA related diseases such as spinal cord injury and neuro-inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Molecular Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xiaoyong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Molecular Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yuliang Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant, Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yuliang Mai, ; Jiake Xu,
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Molecular Lab, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Yuliang Mai, ; Jiake Xu,
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Li XN, Hao DP, Qu MJ, Zhang M, Ma AB, Pan XD, Ma AJ. Development and Validation of a Plasma FAM19A5 and MRI-Based Radiomics Model for Prediction of Parkinson's Disease and Parkinson's Disease With Depression. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:795539. [PMID: 34975391 PMCID: PMC8718551 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.795539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prediction and early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Parkinson’s disease with depression (PDD) are essential for the clinical management of PD. Objectives: The present study aimed to develop a plasma Family with sequence similarity 19, member A5 (FAM19A5) and MRI-based radiomics nomogram to predict PD and PDD. Methods: The study involved 176 PD patients and 181 healthy controls (HC). Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure FAM19A5 concentration in the plasma samples collected from all participants. For enrolled subjects, MRI data were collected from 164 individuals (82 in the PD group and 82 in the HC group). The bilateral amygdala, head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and substantia nigra, and red nucleus were manually labeled on the MR images. Radiomics features of the labeled regions were extracted. Further, machine learning methods were applied to shrink the feature size and build a predictive radiomics signature. The resulting radiomics signature was combined with plasma FAM19A5 concentration and other risk factors to establish logistic regression models for the prediction of PD and PDD. Results: The plasma FAM19A5 levels (2.456 ± 0.517) were recorded to be significantly higher in the PD group as compared to the HC group (2.23 ± 0.457) (P < 0.001). Importantly, the plasma FAM19A5 levels were also significantly higher in the PDD subgroup (2.577 ± 0.408) as compared to the non-depressive subgroup (2.406 ± 0.549) (P = 0.045 < 0.05). The model based on the combination of plasma FAM19A5 and radiomics signature showed excellent predictive validity for PD and PDD, with AUCs of 0.913 (95% CI: 0.861–0.955) and 0.937 (95% CI: 0.845–0.970), respectively. Conclusion: Altogether, the present study reported the development of nomograms incorporating radiomics signature, plasma FAM19A5, and clinical risk factors, which might serve as potential tools for early prediction of PD and PDD in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ning Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Da-Peng Hao
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei-Jie Qu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - An-Bang Ma
- Shanghai Xunshi Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Dong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Cerebrovascular, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ai-Jun Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Cerebrovascular, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Stuckey SM, Ong LK, Collins-Praino LE, Turner RJ. Neuroinflammation as a Key Driver of Secondary Neurodegeneration Following Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313101. [PMID: 34884906 PMCID: PMC8658328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke involves the rapid onset of focal neurological dysfunction, most commonly due to an arterial blockage in a specific region of the brain. Stroke is a leading cause of death and common cause of disability, with over 17 million people worldwide suffering from a stroke each year. It is now well-documented that neuroinflammation and immune mediators play a key role in acute and long-term neuronal tissue damage and healing, not only in the infarct core but also in distal regions. Importantly, in these distal regions, termed sites of secondary neurodegeneration (SND), spikes in neuroinflammation may be seen sometime after the initial stroke onset, but prior to the presence of the neuronal tissue damage within these regions. However, it is key to acknowledge that, despite the mounting information describing neuroinflammation following ischaemic stroke, the exact mechanisms whereby inflammatory cells and their mediators drive stroke-induced neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. As a result, current anti-inflammatory treatments have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. In this review we discuss the complexities of post-stroke neuroinflammation, specifically how it affects neuronal tissue and post-stroke outcome acutely, chronically, and in sites of SND. We then discuss current and previously assessed anti-inflammatory therapies, with a particular focus on how failed anti-inflammatories may be repurposed to target SND-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Stuckey
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
| | - Renée J. Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; (S.M.S.); (L.E.C.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-3114
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FAM19A5l Affects Mustard Oil-Induced Peripheral Nociception in Zebrafish. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4770-4785. [PMID: 34176096 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 19 (chemokine (C-C motif)-like) member A5 (FAM19A5) is a chemokine-like secretory protein recently identified as involved in the regulation of osteoclast formation, post-injury neointima formation, and depression. Although roles for FAM19A5 have been described in nervous system development and psychiatric disorders, its role in the nervous system remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the evolutionary history of FAM19A genes in vertebrates and identified FAM19A5l, a paralogous zebrafish gene originating from a common ancestral FAM19A5 gene. Further, zebrafish FAM19A5l is expressed in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglion neurons as well as distinct neuronal subsets of the central nervous system. Interestingly, FAM19A5l+ trigeminal neurons are nociceptive neurons that localized with TRPA1b and TRPV1 and respond to mustard oil treatment. Behavioral analysis further revealed that the nociceptive response to mustard oil decreases in FAM19A5l-knockout zebrafish larvae. In addition, TRPA1b and NGFa mRNA levels are down- and upregulated in FAM19A5l-knockout and -overexpressing transgenic zebrafish, respectively. Together, our data suggest that FAM19A5l plays a role in nociceptive responses to mustard oil by regulating TRPA1b and NGFa expression in zebrafish.
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Li ZZ, Liu PF, An TT, Yang HC, Zhang W, Wang JX. Construction of a prognostic immune signature for lower grade glioma that can be recognized by MRI radiomics features to predict survival in LGG patients. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101065. [PMID: 33761371 PMCID: PMC8020484 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify a series of prognostically relevant immune features by immunophenoscore. Immune features were explored using MRI radiomics features to prediction the overall survival (OS) of lower-grade glioma (LGG) patients and their response to immune checkpoints. METHOD LGG data were retrieved from TCGA and categorized into training and internal validation datasets. Patients attending the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University were included in an external validation cohort. An immunophenoscore-based signature was built to predict malignant potential and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in LGG patients. In addition, a deep learning neural network prediction model was built for validation of the immunophenoscore-based signature. RESULTS Immunophenotype-associated mRNA signatures (IMriskScore) for outcome prediction and ICB therapeutic effects in LGG patients were constructed. Deep learning of neural networks based on radiomics showed that MRI radiomic features determined IMriskScore. Enrichment analysis and ssGSEA correlation analysis were performed. Mutations in CIC significantly improved the prognosis of patients in the high IMriskScore group. Therefore, CIC is a potential therapeutic target for patients in the high IMriskScore group. Moreover, IMriskScore is an independent risk factor that can be used clinically to predict LGG patient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The IMriskScore model consisting of a sets of biomarkers, can independently predict the prognosis of LGG patients and provides a basis for the development of personalized immunotherapy strategies. In addition, IMriskScore features were predicted by MRI radiomics using a deep learning approach using neural networks. Therefore, they can be used for the prognosis of LGG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Zhuo Li
- Department of Abdominal Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University China
| | - Peng-Fei Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University China.
| | - Ting-Ting An
- Department of Abdominal Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University China
| | - Hai-Chao Yang
- Department of Abdominal Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Abdominal Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University China
| | - Jia-Xu Wang
- Department of Abdominal Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University China
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10
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Sarver DC, Lei X, Wong GW. FAM19A (TAFA): An Emerging Family of Neurokines with Diverse Functions in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:945-958. [PMID: 33621067 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines have diverse and pleiotropic functions in peripheral tissues and in the brain. Recent studies uncovered a novel family of neuron-derived secretory proteins, or neurokines, distantly related to chemokines. The FAM19A family comprises five ∼12-15 kDa secretory proteins (FAM19A1-5), also known as TAFA1-5, that are predominantly detected in the central and peripheral nervous system. FAM19A expression in the central nervous system is dynamically regulated during development and in the postnatal brain. As secreted ligands, FAM19A proteins appear to bind to different classes of cell surface receptors (e.g., GPCRs and neurexins). Functional studies using gain- and loss-of-function mouse models established nonredundant roles for each FAM19A family member in regulating diverse physiological processes ranging from locomotor activity and food intake to learning and memory, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, social communication, repetitive behaviors, and somatosensory functions. This review summarizes major advances as well as the limitations and knowledge gaps in understanding the regulation and diverse biological functions of this conserved family of neurokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan C. Sarver
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Xia Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - G. William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Lyu J, Xie D, Bhatia TN, Leak RK, Hu X, Jiang X. Microglial/Macrophage polarization and function in brain injury and repair after stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:515-527. [PMID: 33650313 PMCID: PMC8025652 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality, with limited treatment options. After stroke injury, microglia and CNS‐resident macrophages are rapidly activated and regulate neuropathological processes to steer the course of functional recovery. To accelerate this recovery, microglia can engulf dying cells and clear irreparably‐damaged tissues, thereby creating a microenvironment that is more suitable for the formation of new neural circuitry. In addition, monocyte‐derived macrophages cross the compromised blood‐brain barrier to infiltrate the injured brain. The specific functions of myeloid lineage cells in brain injury and repair are diverse and dependent on phenotypic polarization statuses. However, it remains to be determined to what degree the CNS‐invading macrophages occupy different functional niches from CNS‐resident microglia. In this review, we describe the physiological characteristics and functions of microglia in the developing and adult brain. We also review (a) the activation and phenotypic polarization of microglia and macrophages after stroke, (b) molecular mechanisms that control polarization status, and (c) the contribution of microglia to brain pathology versus repair. Finally, we summarize current breakthroughs in therapeutic strategies that calibrate microglia/macrophage responses after stroke. The present review summarizes recent advances in microglial research in relation to stroke with emphases on microglial/macrophage phenotypic polarization and function in brain injury and repair. It also reviews the physiological characteristics and functions of microglia in the developing and adult brain, and describes current breakthroughs in therapeutic strategies that calibrate microglia/macrophage responses after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxuan Lyu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Di Xie
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tarun N Bhatia
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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12
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Lyu J, Jiang X, Leak RK, Shi Y, Hu X, Chen J. Microglial Responses to Brain Injury and Disease: Functional Diversity and New Opportunities. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 12:474-495. [PMID: 33128703 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As an integral part of the innate immune system of the brain, resident microglia must react rapidly to the onset of brain injury and neurological disease. These dynamic cells then continue to shift their phenotype along a multidimensional continuum with overlapping pro- and anti-inflammatory states, allowing them to adapt to microenvironmental changes during the progression of brain disorders. However, the ability of microglia to shift phenotype through nimble molecular, structural, and functional changes comes at a cost, as the extreme pro-inflammatory states may prevent these professional phagocytes from clearing toxic debris and secreting tissue-repairing neurotrophic factors. Evolution has strongly favored heterogeneity in microglia in both the spatial and temporal dimensions-they can assume diverse roles in different brain regions, throughout the course of brain development and aging, and during the spatiotemporal progression of brain injuries and neurological diseases. Age and sex differences add further diversity to microglia functional status under physiological and pathological conditions. This article reviews recent advances in our knowledge of microglia with emphases on molecular mediators of phenotype shifts and functional diversity. We describe microglia-targeted therapeutic opportunities, including pharmacologic modulation of phenotype and repopulation of the brain with fresh microglia. With the advent of powerful new tools, research on microglia has recently accelerated in pace and may translate into potential therapeutics against brain injury and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxuan Lyu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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13
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Jiang CT, Wu WF, Deng YH, Ge JW. Modulators of microglia activation and polarization in ischemic stroke (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2006-2018. [PMID: 32323760 PMCID: PMC7115206 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. However, there is a current lack of effective therapies available. As the resident macrophages of the brain, microglia can monitor the microenvironment and initiate immune responses. In response to various brain injuries, such as ischemic stroke, microglia are activated and polarized into the proinflammatory M1 phenotype or the anti‑inflammatory M2 phenotype. The immunomodulatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, generated by these microglia are closely associated with secondary brain damage or repair, respectively, following ischemic stroke. It has been shown that M1 microglia promote secondary brain damage, whilst M2 microglia facilitate recovery following stroke. In addition, autophagy is also reportedly involved in the pathology of ischemic stroke through regulating the activation and function of microglia. Therefore, this review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of microglia activation, their functions and changes, and the modulators of these processes, including transcription factors, membrane receptors, ion channel proteins and genes, in ischemic stroke. The effects of autophagy on microglia polarization in ischemic stroke were also reviewed. Finally, future research areas of ischemic stroke and the implications of the current knowledge for the development of novel therapeutics for ischemic stroke were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ting Jiang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Feng Wu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Wen Ge
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
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14
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González-Nieto D, Fernández-Serra R, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Panetsos F, Martinez-Murillo R, Guinea GV. Biomaterials to Neuroprotect the Stroke Brain: A Large Opportunity for Narrow Time Windows. Cells 2020; 9:E1074. [PMID: 32357544 PMCID: PMC7291200 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke represents one of the most prevalent pathologies in humans and is a leading cause of death and disability. Anti-thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and surgical thrombectomy are the primary treatments to recanalize occluded vessels and normalize the blood flow in ischemic and peri-ischemic regions. A large majority of stroke patients are refractory to treatment or are not eligible due to the narrow time window of therapeutic efficacy. In recent decades, we have significantly increased our knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that inexorably lead to progressive damage in infarcted and peri-lesional brain areas. As a result, promising neuroprotective targets have been identified and exploited in several stroke models. However, these considerable advances have been unsuccessful in clinical contexts. This lack of clinical translatability and the emerging use of biomaterials in different biomedical disciplines have contributed to developing a new class of biomaterial-based systems for the better control of drug delivery in cerebral disorders. These systems are based on specific polymer formulations structured in nanoparticles and hydrogels that can be administered through different routes and, in general, bring the concentrations of drugs to therapeutic levels for prolonged times. In this review, we first provide the general context of the molecular and cellular mechanisms impaired by cerebral ischemia, highlighting the role of excitotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and depolarization waves as the main pathways and targets to promote neuroprotection avoiding neuronal dysfunction. In the second part, we discuss the versatile role played by distinct biomaterials and formats to support the sustained administration of particular compounds to neuroprotect the cerebral tissue at risk of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Nieto
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Fernández-Serra
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group: Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Brain Plasticity Group, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gustavo V. Guinea
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Lei X, Liu L, Terrillion CE, Karuppagounder SS, Cisternas P, Lay M, Martinelli DC, Aja S, Dong X, Pletnikov MV, Wong GW. FAM19A1, a brain-enriched and metabolically responsive neurokine, regulates food intake patterns and mouse behaviors. FASEB J 2019; 33:14734-14747. [PMID: 31689372 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901232rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines play diverse roles in different organ systems. Family with sequence similarity 19, member A1-5 (FAM19A1-A5; also known as TAFA1-5) is a group of conserved chemokine-like proteins enriched in the CNS of mice and humans. Their functions are only beginning to emerge. Here, we show that the expression of Fam19a1-a5 in different mouse brain regions are induced or suppressed by unfed and refed states. The striking nutritional regulation of Fam19a family members in the brain suggests a potential central role in regulating metabolism. Using a knockout (KO) mouse model, we show that loss of FAM19A1 results in sexually dimorphic phenotypes. In male mice, FAM19A1 deficiency alters food intake patterns during the light and dark cycle. Fam19a1 KO mice are hyperactive, and locomotor hyperactivity is more pronounced in female KO mice. Behavior tests indicate that Fam19a1 KO female mice have reduced anxiety and sensitivity to pain. Spatial learning and exploration, however, is preserved in Fam19a1 KO mice. Altered behaviors are associated with elevated norepinephrine and dopamine turnover in the striatum. Our results establish an in vivo function of FAM19A1 and highlight central roles for this family of neurokines in modulating animal physiology and behavior.-Lei, X., Liu, L., Terrillion, C. E., Karuppagounder, S. S., Cisternas, P., Lay, M., Martinelli, D. C., Aja, S., Dong, X., Pletnikov, M. V., Wong, G. W. FAM19A1, a brain-enriched and metabolically responsive neurokine, regulates food intake patterns and mouse behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lei
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,College of Life Science, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan, China
| | - Chantelle E Terrillion
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Senthilkumar S Karuppagounder
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mark Lay
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David C Martinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Susan Aja
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - G William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Lee YB, Hwang HJ, Kim JA, Hwang SY, Roh E, Hong SH, Choi KM, Baik SH, Yoo HJ. Association of serum FAM19A5 with metabolic and vascular risk factors in human subjects with or without type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:530-538. [PMID: 31280604 DOI: 10.1177/1479164119860746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A recent experimental study revealed that family with sequence similarity 19 [chemokine (C-C motif)-like] member A5 (FAM19A5), a novel secreted adipokine, has inhibitory effects on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and on neointima formation in injured arteries. We investigated the associations between serum FAM19A5 concentration and cardio-metabolic risk factors for the first time in human subjects. METHODS Circulating FAM19A5 concentrations and their associations with cardio-metabolic risk factors were explored in 223 individuals (45 without diabetes and 178 with type 2 diabetes). RESULTS Serum FAM19A5 concentrations (pg/mL) were greater in patients with type 2 diabetes [median (interquartile range), 172.70 (116.19, 286.42)] compared with non-diabetic subjects [92.09 (70.32, 147.24)] (p < 0.001). Increasing serum FAM19A5 tertile was associated with trends of increasing waist-to-hip ratio, fasting plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin and mean brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Serum FAM19A5 was positively correlated with waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, alanine aminotransferase, fasting plasma glucose, glycated haemoglobin and mean brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Multiple stepwise regression analyses identified waist-to-hip ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity as determining factors for log-transformed serum FAM19A5 concentration (R2 = 0.0689). CONCLUSION A novel adipokine FAM19A5 was related to various metabolic and vascular risk factors in humans, suggesting its potential as a biomarker of cardio-metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Bin Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Jin Hwang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung A Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Young Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Roh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyeon Hong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei Hyun Baik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Hu Z, Niu G, Ren J, Wang X, Chen L, Hong R, Ke C. TAFA5 promotes proliferation and migration in gastric cancer. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4477-4488. [PMID: 31702029 PMCID: PMC6797941 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TAFA chemokine like family member 5 (TAFA5), a TAFA family member that encodes small secreted proteins in the central nervous system, has been demonstrated to have increased expression in human malignancies. However, the expression and function of TAFA5 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. In the present study, public datasets and human GC samples were used to determine the TAFA5 expression levels. The results revealed that TAFA5 was upregulated in GC when compared with adjacent normal tissues. Overexpression of TAFA5 in GC was associated with poor differentiation, and worse tumor, nodal and metastasis stages. In addition, high TAFA5 expression was correlated with unfavorable patient prognoses. In vitro experiments indicated that downregulation of TAFA5 inhibited the proliferation and migration of GC cell lines. Finally, the results from gene set enrichment analysis using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that TAFA5 expression was significantly correlated with genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which was further confirmed by western blot analysis. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that TAFA5 had significant effects on GC progression, suggesting that it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Gengming Niu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Runqi Hong
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Chongwei Ke
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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18
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Chen C, Chu SF, Ai QD, Zhang Z, Guan FF, Wang SS, Dong YX, Zhu J, Jian WX, Chen NH. CKLF1 Aggravates Focal Cerebral Ischemia Injury at Early Stage Partly by Modulating Microglia/Macrophage Toward M1 Polarization Through CCR4. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:651-669. [PMID: 30982091 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CKLF1 is a chemokine with increased expression in ischemic brain, and targeting CKLF1 has shown therapeutic effects in cerebral ischemia model. Microglia/macrophage polarization is a mechanism involved in poststroke injury expansion. Considering the quick and obvious response of CKLF1 and expeditious evolution of stroke lesions, we focused on the effects of CKLF1 on microglial/macrophage polarization at early stage of ischemic stroke (IS). The present study is to investigate the CKLF1-mediated expression of microglia/macrophage phenotypes in vitro and in vivo, discussing the involved pathway. Primary microglia culture was used in vitro, and mice transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was adopted to mimic IS. CKLF1 was added to the primary microglia for 24 h, and we found that CKLF1 modulated primary microglia skew toward M1 phenotype. In mice transient IS model, CKLF1 was stereotactically microinjected to the lateral ventricle of ischemic hemisphere. CKLF1 aggravated ischemic injury, accompanied by promoting microglia/macrophage toward M1 phenotypic polarization. Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines were observed in mice subjected to cerebral ischemia and administrated with CKLF1. CKLF1-/- mice were used to confirm the effects of CKLF1. CKLF1-/- mice showed lighter cerebral damage and decreased M1 phenotype of microglia/macrophage compared with the WT control subjected to cerebral ischemia. Moreover, NF-κB activation enhancement was detected in CKLF1 treatment group. Our results demonstrated that CKLF1 is an important mediator that skewing microglia/macrophage toward M1 phenotype at early stage of cerebral ischemic injury, which further deteriorates followed inflammatory response, contributing to early expansion of cerebral ischemia injury. Targeting CKLF1 may be a novel way for IS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qi-Di Ai
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces & Hunan University of Chinese Medicine First-class Disciple Construction Project of Chinese Materia Medica, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fei-Fei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, NHFPC, Peking Union Medicine College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Dong
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wen-Xuan Jian
- DME Center, Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces & Hunan University of Chinese Medicine First-class Disciple Construction Project of Chinese Materia Medica, Changsha, 410208, China.
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19
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Fan J, Chen M, Wang X, Tian Z, Wang J, Fan D, Zeng J, Zhang K, Dai X. Targeting Smox Is Neuroprotective and Ameliorates Brain Inflammation in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Rats. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:381-393. [PMID: 30576531 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermine oxidase (Smox) is a member of the polyamine oxidases and has been demonstrated to be involved in ischemic brain damage. In this study, we found that Smox expression was increased in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and in cultured primary neurons after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). Smox downregulation by the adeno-associated virus RNA interference system significantly reduced the MCAO-induced brain infarct volume and neurological deficits and decreased neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory reactions. In addition, significant microglial activation and increased IL-6 and TNF-α expression were observed in microglia treated with supernatant from neurons after OGD/R. However, a significant reduction in microglial activation as well as IL-6 and TNF-α expression was observed in microglia treated with supernatant from Smox downregulated neurons after OGD/R. Therefore, the results indicated that Smox is an important mediator of cerebral ischemia injury and may be a therapeutic target for cerebral ischemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Chen
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | | | - Zhijie Tian
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | | | - Daogui Fan
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | | | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Xiaozhen Dai
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
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20
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S100B promotes microglia M1 polarization and migration to aggravate cerebral ischemia. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:937-949. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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21
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Wang Y, Chen D, Zhang Y, Wang P, Zheng C, Zhang S, Yu B, Zhang L, Zhao G, Ma B, Cai Z, Xie N, Huang S, Liu Z, Mo X, Guan Y, Wang X, Fu Y, Ma D, Wang Y, Kong W. Novel Adipokine, FAM19A5, Inhibits Neointima Formation After Injury Through Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 2. Circulation 2018; 138:48-63. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Obesity plays crucial roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms that link obesity and cardiovascular diseases remain elusive. Compelling evidence indicates that adipokines play an important role in obesity-related cardiovascular diseases. Here, we found a new adipokine-named family with sequence similarity 19, member A5 (FAM19A5), a protein with unknown function that was predicted to be distantly related to the CC-chemokine family. We aimed to test whether adipose-derived FAM19A5 regulates vascular pathology on injury.
Methods:
DNA cloning, protein expression, purification, and N-terminal sequencing were applied to characterize FAM19A5. Adenovirus infection and siRNA transfection were performed to regulate FAM19A5 expression. Balloon and wire injury were performed in vivo on the rat carotid arteries and mouse femoral arteries, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis, radioactive ligand-receptor binding assays, receptor internalization, and calcium mobilization assays were used to identify the functional receptor for FAM19A5.
Results:
We first characterized FAM19A5 as a secreted protein, and the first 43 N-terminal amino acids were the signal peptides. Both FAM19A5 mRNA and protein were abundantly expressed in the adipose tissue but were downregulated in obese mice. Overexpression of FAM19A5 markedly inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration and neointima formation in the carotid arteries of balloon-injured rats. Accordingly, FAM19A5 silencing in adipocytes significantly promoted vascular smooth muscle cell activation. Adipose-specific FAM19A5 transgenic mice showed greater attenuation of neointima formation compared with wild-type littermates fed with or without Western-style diet. We further revealed that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 was the functional receptor for FAM19A5, with a dissociation constant (
K
d
) of 0.634 nmol/L. Inhibition of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 or its downstream G12/13-RhoA signaling circumvented the suppressive effects of FAM19A5 on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration.
Conclusions:
We revealed that a novel adipokine, FAM19A5, was capable of inhibiting postinjury neointima formation via sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2-G12/13-RhoA signaling. Downregulation of FAM19A5 during obesity may trigger cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Dixin Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health (D.C., Y.Z., P.W., C.Z., S.H., D.M., Y.W.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health (D.C., Y.Z., P.W., C.Z., S.H., D.M., Y.W.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health (D.C., Y.Z., P.W., C.Z., S.H., D.M., Y.W.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China (P.W., X.M., D.M., Y.W.)
| | - Can Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health (D.C., Y.Z., P.W., C.Z., S.H., D.M., Y.W.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Songyang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Baihui Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Zeyu Cai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Nan Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Shiyang Huang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health (D.C., Y.Z., P.W., C.Z., S.H., D.M., Y.W.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Xiaoning Mo
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China (P.W., X.M., D.M., Y.W.)
| | - Youfei Guan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China (Y.G.)
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
| | - Dalong Ma
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health (D.C., Y.Z., P.W., C.Z., S.H., D.M., Y.W.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China (P.W., X.M., D.M., Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health (D.C., Y.Z., P.W., C.Z., S.H., D.M., Y.W.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China (P.W., X.M., D.M., Y.W.)
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.W., D.C., S.Z., B.Y., L.Z., G.Z., B.M., Z.C., N.X., Z.L., X.W., Y.F., W.K.)
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Wang J, Xing H, Wan L, Jiang X, Wang C, Wu Y. Treatment targets for M2 microglia polarization in ischemic stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:518-525. [PMID: 29883947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the first line of defense in the nervous system, resident microglia are the predominant immune cells in the brain. In diseases of the central nervous system such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, they often cause inflammation or phagocytosis; however, some studies have found that despite the current controversy over M1, M2 polarization could be beneficial. Ischemic stroke is the third most common cause of death in humans. Patients who survive an ischemic stroke might experience a clear decline in their quality of life, owing to conditions such as hemiplegic paralysis and aphasia. After stroke, the activated microglia become a double-edged sword, with distinct phenotypic changes to the deleterious M1 and neuroprotective M2 types. Therefore, methods for promoting the differentiation of microglia into the M2 polarized form to alleviate harmful reactions after stroke have become a topic of interest in recent years. Subsequently, the discovery of new drugs related to M2 polarization has enabled the realization of targeted therapies. In the present review, we discussed the neuroprotective effects of microglia M2 polarization and the potential mechanisms and drugs by which microglia can be transformed into the M2 polarized type after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongyi Xing
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lin Wan
- The Children's Hospital of Soochow, Jiangsu, Hematology and Oncology, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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23
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Chen C, Chu SF, Liu DD, Zhang Z, Kong LL, Zhou X, Chen NH. Chemokines play complex roles in cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Kim S, Lee B, Choi JH, Kim JH, Kim CH, Shin HS. Deficiency of a brain-specific chemokine-like molecule, SAM3, induces cardinal phenotypes of autism spectrum disorders in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16503. [PMID: 29184127 PMCID: PMC5705707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are small secreted signaling proteins produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells. Several studies have recently suggested potential roles of chemokines and their receptors in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). SAM3 is a novel brain-specific chemokine-like molecule with an unknown physiological function. We explored the relevance of chemokines in the development of ASD in mice, with a focus on SAM3. We generated Sam3 gene knockout (KO) mice and characterized their behavioral phenotypes, with a focus on those relevant to ASD. Sam3-deficient mice displayed all three core phenotypes of ASD: impaired responses to social novelty, defects in social communication, and increased repetitive behavior. In addition, they showed increased anxiety. Interestingly, gender differences were identified for several behaviors: only male Sam3 KO mice exhibited increased anxiety and increased repetitive behaviors. Sam3 KO mice did not exhibit changes in other behaviors, including locomotor activities, fear learning and memory, and object recognition memory. These findings indicate that a deficiency of SAM3, a novel brain-specific chemokine-like molecule, may lead to the pathogenesis of ASDs and suggest the possibility that SAM3, a soluble factor, could be a novel therapeutic target for ASD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Basic Science, IBS School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyoung Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Choi
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Kim
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02797, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Human Diseases, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Sup Shin
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Basic Science, IBS School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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25
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FAM19A5, a brain-specific chemokine, inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation through formyl peptide receptor 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15575. [PMID: 29138422 PMCID: PMC5686125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts can be differentiated from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). They play a key role in bone resorption. Identifying novel molecules that can regulate osteoclastogenesis has been an important issue. In this study, we found that FAM19A5, a neurokine or brain-specific chemokine, strongly stimulated mouse BMDM, resulting in chemotactic migration and inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Expression levels of osteoclast-related genes such as RANK, TRAF6, OSCAR, TRAP, Blimp1, c-fos, and NFATc1 were markedly decreased by FAM19A5. However, negative regulators of osteoclastogenesis such as MafB and IRF-8 were upregulated by FAM19A5. FAM19A5 also downregulated expression levels of RANKL-induced fusogenic genes such as OC-STAMP, DC-STAMP, and Atp6v0d2. FAM19A5-induced inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis was significantly reversed by a formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2 antagonist WRW4 or by FPR2-deficiency, suggesting a crucial role of FPR2 in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis. Collectively, our results suggest that FAM19A5 and its target receptor FPR2 can act as novel endogenous ligand/receptor to negatively regulate osteoclastogenesis. They might be regarded as potential targets to control osteoclast formation and bone disorders.
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26
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Le W, Wu J, Tang Y. Protective Microglia and Their Regulation in Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:89. [PMID: 27708561 PMCID: PMC5030290 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In the brains of patients with PD, microglia have both neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects, depending on their activation state. In this review, we focus on recent research demonstrating the neuroprotective role of microglia in PD. Accumulating evidence indicates that the protective mechanisms of microglia may result from their regulation of transrepression pathways via nuclear receptors, anti-inflammatory responses, neuron–microglia crosstalk, histone modification, and microRNA regulation. All of these mechanisms work together to suppress the production of neurotoxic inflammatory components. However, during the progression of PD, the detrimental effects of inflammation overpower the protective actions of microglia. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the mechanisms underlying microglial neuroprotection, and a means of promoting the transformation of microglia to the protective phenotype, are urgently needed for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Le
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian China
| | - Junjiao Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, ChangshaChina; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TXUSA
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TXUSA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TXUSA
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27
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Xiong XY, Liu L, Yang QW. Functions and mechanisms of microglia/macrophages in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis after stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 142:23-44. [PMID: 27166859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger signals induced by stroke. These cells are normally responsible for clearing away dead neural cells and restoring neuronal functions. However, when excessively activated by the damage-associated molecular patterns following stroke, they can produce a large number of proinflammatory cytokines that can disrupt neural cells and the blood-brain barrier and influence neurogenesis. These effects indicate the important roles of microglia/macrophages in the pathophysiological processes of stroke. However, the modifiable and adaptable nature of microglia/macrophages may also be beneficial for brain repair and not just result in damage. These distinct roles may be attributed to the different microglia/macrophage phenotypes because the M1 population is mainly destructive, while the M2 population is neuroprotective. Additionally, different gene expression signature changes in microglia/macrophages have been found in diverse inflammatory milieus. These biofunctional features enable dual roles for microglia/macrophages in brain damage and repair. Currently, it is thought that the proper inflammatory milieu may provide a suitable microenvironment for neurogenesis; however, detailed mechanisms underlying the inflammatory responses that initiate or inhibit neurogenesis remain unknown. This review summarizes recent progress concerning the mechanisms involved in brain damage, repair and regeneration related to microglia/macrophage activation and phenotype transition after stroke. We also argue that future translational studies should be targeting multiple key regulating molecules to improve brain repair, which should be accompanied by the concept of a "therapeutic time window" for sequential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qing-Wu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital & The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Xinqiao zhengjie No.183, Shapingba District Chongqing, 400037, China.
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28
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Li W, Suwanwela NC, Patumraj S. Curcumin by down-regulating NF-kB and elevating Nrf2, reduces brain edema and neurological dysfunction after cerebral I/R. Microvasc Res 2015; 106:117-27. [PMID: 26686249 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidation, inflammation, and apoptosis are three critical factors for the pathogenic mechanism of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Curcumin exhibits substantial biological properties via anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptotic effects; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of curcumin against cerebral I/R injury remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of curcumin on cerebral I/R injury associated with water content, infarction volume, and the expression of nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor-erythroid-related factor-2 (Nrf2). METHODS Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO, 1-hour occlusion and 24-hour reperfusion) was performed in male Wistar rats (n=64) as a cerebral I/R injury model. In the MCAO+CUR group, the rats were administered curcumin (300mg/kg BW, i.p.) at 30min after occlusion. The same surgical procedures were performed in SHAM rats without MCAO occlusion. At 24h post-operation, the parameters, including neurological deficit scores, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, water content, and infarction volume, were determined. Brain tissue NF-κB and Nrf2 expression levels were assayed through immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with the SHAM group, BBB disruption, neurological deficit, and increased brain water content and infarction volume were markedly demonstrated in the MCAO group. NF-κB expression was enhanced in the MCAO group. However, in the MCAO+CUR group, the upregulation of Nrf2, an anti-oxidation related protein, was consistent with a significant decline in the water content, infarction volume, and NF-κB expression. CONCLUSION The protective effects of curcumin against cerebral I/R injury reflect anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptotic activities, resulting in the elevation of Nrf2 and down-regulation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- International Ph.D. Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nijasri C Suwanwela
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Suthiluk Patumraj
- Center of Excellence for Microcirculation, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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