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Cardoza RE, McCormick SP, Martínez-Reyes N, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Busman M, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Analysis of substrate specificity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in trichothecene toxin biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:1-21. [PMID: 38183477 PMCID: PMC10771604 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a structurally diverse family of toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain species of multiple fungal genera. All trichothecene analogs share a core 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) structure but differ in presence, absence and types of substituents attached to various positions of EPT. Formation of some of the structural diversity begins early in the biosynthetic pathway such that some producing species have few trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates in common. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play critical roles in formation of trichothecene structural diversity. Within some species, relaxed substrate specificities of P450s allow individual orthologs of the enzymes to modify multiple trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates. It is not clear, however, whether the relaxed specificity extends to biosynthetic intermediates that are not produced by the species in which the orthologs originate. To address this knowledge gap, we used a mutant complementation-heterologous expression analysis to assess whether orthologs of three trichothecene biosynthetic P450s (TRI11, TRI13 and TRI22) from Fusarium sporotrichioides, Trichoderma arundinaceum, and Paramyrothecium roridum can modify trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates that they do not encounter in the organism in which they originated. The results indicate that TRI13 and TRI22 could not modify the intermediates that they do not normally encounter, whereas TRI11 could modify an intermediate that it does not normally encounter. These findings indicate that substrate promiscuity varies among trichothecene biosynthetic P450s. One structural feature that likely impacts the ability of the P450s to use biosynthetic intermediates as substrates is the presence and absence of an oxygen atom attached to carbon atom 3 of EPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Natalia Martínez-Reyes
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
| | | | - Mark Busman
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain.
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2
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Maslennikova VS, Tsvetkova VP, Shelikhova EV, Selyuk MP, Alikina TY, Kabilov MR, Dubovskiy IM. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Mix Suppresses Rhizoctonia Disease and Improves Rhizosphere Microbiome, Growth and Yield of Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1142. [PMID: 38132743 PMCID: PMC10744094 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Black scurf and stem canker caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a significant disease problem of potatoes. Currently, chemical methods are the primary means of controlling this pathogen. This study sought to explore an alternative approach by harnessing the biocontrol potential of a bacterial mix of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against black scurf, and to determine their effect on rhizosphere microorganisms of soil microbiota. This study showed that these bacteria demonstrate antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Reduced damage to potato plants during the growing season in Siberia was observed. The index of disease development decreased from 40.9% to 12.0%. The treatment of tubers with this mix of bacteria also led to a change in the composition of the rhizosphere microbiota (according to CFU, 16S and ITS sequencing). This effect was accompanied by a positive change in plant physiological parameters (spectrophotometric analysis). The concentration of chlorophyll in potatoes with the bacterial mix treatment increased by 1.3 fold (p ≤ 0.001), and of carotenoids by 1.2 fold (p ≤ 0.01) compared with the control. After bacterial mix treatment, the length of the aerial parts of plants was 1.3 fold higher (p ≤ 0.001), and the number of stems 1.4 fold higher (p ≤ 0.05). The yield of potatoes was increased by 8.2 t/ha, while the large tuber fraction was increased by 16% (p ≤ 0.05). The bacteria mix of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens suppressed the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, and simultaneously enhanced the physiological parameters of potato plants. This treatment can be used to enhance the yield/quality of potato tubers under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava S. Maslennikova
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Microorganisms and Plants, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vera P. Tsvetkova
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
| | - Evgenia V. Shelikhova
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Microorganisms and Plants, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina P. Selyuk
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
| | - Tatyana Y. Alikina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marsel R. Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan M. Dubovskiy
- Laboratory of Biological Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Dobrolubova Str. 160, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia; (V.S.M.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Microorganisms and Plants, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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3
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Tsers I, Marenina E, Meshcherov A, Petrova O, Gogoleva O, Tkachenko A, Gogoleva N, Gogolev Y, Potapenko E, Muraeva O, Ponomareva M, Korzun V, Gorshkov V. First genome-scale insights into the virulence of the snow mold causal fungus Microdochium nivale. IMA Fungus 2023; 14:2. [PMID: 36627722 PMCID: PMC9830731 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-022-00107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pink snow mold, caused by a phytopathogenic and psychrotolerant fungus, Microdochium nivale, is a severe disease of winter cereals and grasses that predominantly occurs under snow cover or shortly after its melt. Snow mold has significantly progressed during the past decade, often reaching epiphytotic levels in northern countries and resulting in dramatic yield losses. In addition, M. nivale gradually adapts to a warmer climate, spreading to less snowy territories and causing different types of plant diseases throughout the growing period. Despite its great economic importance, M. nivale is poorly investigated; its genome has not been sequenced and its crucial virulence determinants have not been identified or even predicted. In our study, we applied a hybrid assembly based on Oxford Nanopore and Illumina reads to obtain the first genome sequence of M. nivale. 11,973 genes (including 11,789 protein-encoding genes) have been revealed in the genome assembly. To better understand the genetic potential of M. nivale and to obtain a convenient reference for transcriptomic studies on this species, the identified genes were annotated and split into hierarchical three-level functional categories. A file with functionally classified M. nivale genes is presented in our study for general use. M. nivale gene products that best meet the criteria for virulence factors have been identified. The genetic potential to synthesize human-dangerous mycotoxins (fumonisin, ochratoxin B, aflatoxin, and gliotoxin) has been revealed for M. nivale. The transcriptome analysis combined with the assays for extracellular enzymatic activities (conventional virulence factors of many phytopathogens) was carried out to assess the effect of host plant (rye) metabolites on the M. nivale phenotype. In addition to disclosing plant-metabolite-upregulated M. nivale functional gene groups (including those related to host plant protein destruction and amino acid metabolism, xenobiotic detoxication (including phytoalexins benzoxazinoids), cellulose destruction (cellulose monooxygenases), iron transport, etc.), the performed analysis pointed to a crucial role of host plant lipid destruction and fungal lipid metabolism modulation in plant-M. nivale interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tsers
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Ekaterina Marenina
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Azat Meshcherov
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Olga Petrova
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Olga Gogoleva
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Alexander Tkachenko
- grid.35915.3b0000 0001 0413 4629Laboratory of Computer Technologies, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia 197101
| | - Natalia Gogoleva
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Yuri Gogolev
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Evgenii Potapenko
- grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel ,grid.18098.380000 0004 1937 0562Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 3498838 Haifa, Israel
| | - Olga Muraeva
- grid.512700.1Bioinformatics Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia 197342
| | - Mira Ponomareva
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
| | - Viktor Korzun
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111 ,grid.425691.dKWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, 37555 Einbeck, Germany
| | - Vladimir Gorshkov
- grid.465285.80000 0004 0637 9007Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 420111
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Effect of Farnesol in Trichoderma Physiology and in Fungal-Plant Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121266. [PMID: 36547599 PMCID: PMC9783820 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesol is an isoprenoid intermediate in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and is produced by the dephosphorylation of farnesyl diphosphate. Farnesol plays a central role in cell growth and differentiation, controls production of ubiquinone and ergosterol, and participates in the regulation of filamentation and biofilm formation. Despite these important functions, studies of farnesol in filamentous fungi are limited, and information on its effects on antifungal and/or biocontrol activity is scarce. In the present article, we identified the Trichoderma harzianum gene dpp1, encoding a diacylglycerol pyrophosphatase that catalyzes production of farnesol from farnesol diphosphate. We analyzed the function of dpp1 to address the importance of farnesol in Trichoderma physiology and ecology. Overexpression of dpp1 in T. harzianum caused an expected increase in farnesol production as well as a marked change in squalene and ergosterol levels, but overexpression did not affect antifungal activity. In interaction with plants, a dpp1-overexpressing transformant acted as a sensitizing agent in that it up-regulated expression of plant defense salicylate-related genes in the presence of a fungal plant pathogen. In addition, toxicity of farnesol on Trichoderma and plants was examined. Finally, a phylogenetic study of dpp1 was performed to understand its evolutionary history as a primary metabolite gene. This article represents a step forward in the acquisition of knowledge on the role of farnesol in fungal physiology and in fungus-environment interactions.
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Rodríguez-González Á, Carro-Huerga G, Guerra M, Mayo-Prieto S, Porteous-Álvarez AJ, Lorenzana A, Campelo MP, Fernández-Marcos A, Casquero PA, Gutiérrez S. Spores of Trichoderma Strains over P. vulgaris Beans: Direct Effect on Insect Attacks and Indirect Effect on Agronomic Parameters. INSECTS 2022; 13:1086. [PMID: 36554996 PMCID: PMC9785720 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acanthoscelides obtectus is an insect pest that attacks wild and cultivated common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Four Trichoderma strains, the T. arundinaceum IBT 40837 wild-type strain (=Ta37), a producer of trichothecene harzianum A (HA), two transformants of T. arundinaceum strain, Ta37-17.139 (=Δtri17) and Ta37-23.74 (=Δtri23), and the T. brevicompactum IBT 40841 wild-type strain (=Tb41), which produces the trichothecene trichodermin, were assessed to establish their direct effect on insect attacks and their indirect effect on the plants grown from the beans treated with those fungal strains and exposed to insect attacks. Treatments of bean seeds with different Trichoderma strains led to different survival rates in the insects, and the Tb41 strain caused the lowest survival rate of all. An 86.10% of the insect cadavers (in contact with Δtri23) showed growth of this strain. This was the treatment that attracted the greatest number of insects. The daily emergence was reduced in beans treated with the Ta37, Tb41, and Δtri17 strains. The undamaged beans treated with Ta37 and Δtri23 showed a high capacity of germination (80.00% and 75.00%, respectively), whereas the Δtri17 and Tb41 treatments increased the capacity of germination in the damaged beans (66.67%). The undamaged beans treated with Δtri23 had the greatest dry weights for the aerial part (4.22 g) and root system in the plants (0.62 g). More studies on the mechanisms of insect control, plant growth promotion, and trichodermol and trichodermin production by Δtri23 and Tb41, respectively, should be explored in order to commercialize these fungal species on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Rodríguez-González
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Guzmán Carro-Huerga
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Marcos Guerra
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Sara Mayo-Prieto
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Alejandra Juana Porteous-Álvarez
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Alicia Lorenzana
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - María Piedad Campelo
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Alexia Fernández-Marcos
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Pedro Antonio Casquero
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio, Ambiente Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad (INMARENBIO), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal (EIAF), Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
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6
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Cardoza RE, Mayo-Prieto S, Martínez-Reyes N, McCormick SP, Carro-Huerga G, Campelo MP, Rodríguez-González Á, Lorenzana A, Proctor RH, Casquero PA, Gutiérrez S. Effects of trichothecene production by Trichoderma arundinaceum isolates from bean-field soils on the defense response, growth and development of bean plants ( Phaseolus vulgaris). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005906. [PMID: 36452093 PMCID: PMC9702529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The trichothecene toxin-producing fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum has potential as a biological control agent. However, most biocontrol studies have focused only on one strain, IBT 40837. In the current study, three Trichoderma isolates recovered from bean-field soils produced the trichothecene harzianum A (HA) and trichodermol, the latter being an intermediate in the HA biosynthesis. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the three isolates were assigned to the species T. arundinaceum. Their genome sequences had a high degree of similarity to the reference IBT 40837 strain, in terms of total genome size, number of predicted genes, and diversity of putative secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. HA production by these bean-field isolates conferred significant in vitro antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which are some of the most important bean pathogens. Furthermore, the bean-field isolates stimulated germination of bean seeds and subsequent growth of above ground parts of the bean plant. Transcriptomic analysis of bean plants inoculated with these T. arundinaceum bean-field soil isolates indicated that HA production significantly affected expression of plant defense-related genes; this effect was particularly significant in the expression of chitinase-encoding genes. Together, these results indicate that Trichoderma species producing non-phytotoxic trichothecenes can induce defenses in plants without negatively affecting germination and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E. Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Sara Mayo-Prieto
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Natalia Martínez-Reyes
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Susan P. McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utiization Research, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Guzmán Carro-Huerga
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - M. Piedad Campelo
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez-González
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Alicia Lorenzana
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Robert H. Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utiization Research, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Pedro A. Casquero
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
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7
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Cardoza RE, McCormick SP, Izquierdo-Bueno I, Martínez-Reyes N, Lindo L, Brown DW, Collado IG, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Identification of polyketide synthase genes required for aspinolide biosynthesis in Trichoderma arundinaceum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7153-7171. [PMID: 36166052 PMCID: PMC9592644 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum exhibits biological control activity against crop diseases caused by other fungi. Two mechanisms that likely contribute to this activity are upregulation of plant defenses and production of two types of antifungal secondary metabolites: the sesquiterpenoid harzianum A (HA) and the polyketide-derived aspinolides. The goal of the current study was to identify aspinolide biosynthetic genes as part of an effort to understand how these metabolites contribute to the biological control activity of T. arundinaceum. Comparative genomics identified two polyketide synthase genes (asp1 and asp2) that occur in T. arundinaceum and Aspergillus ochraceus, which also produces aspinolides. Gene deletion and biochemical analyses in T. arundinaceum indicated that both genes are required for aspinolide production: asp2 for formation of a 10-member lactone ring and asp1 for formation of a butenoyl subsituent at position 8 of the lactone ring. Gene expression and comparative genomics analyses indicated that asp1 and asp2 are located within a gene cluster that occurs in both T. arundinaceum and A. ochraceus. A survey of genome sequences representing 35 phylogenetically diverse Trichoderma species revealed that intact homologs of the cluster occurred in only two other species, which also produced aspinolides. An asp2 mutant inhibited fungal growth more than the wild type, but an asp1 mutant did not, and the greater inhibition by the asp2 mutant coincided with increased HA production. These findings indicate that asp1 and asp2 are aspinolide biosynthetic genes and that loss of either aspinolide or HA production in T. arundinaceum can be accompanied by increased production of the other metabolite(s). KEY POINTS: • Two polyketide synthase genes are required for aspinolide biosynthesis. • Blocking aspinolide production increases production of the terpenoid harzianum A. • Aspinolides and harzianum A act redundantly in antibiosis of T. arundinaceum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, 24400, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Inmaculada Izquierdo-Bueno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre Sur, 4ª planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Natalia Martínez-Reyes
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, 24400, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Laura Lindo
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, 24400, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Daren W Brown
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Isidro G Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre Sur, 4ª planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Robert H Proctor
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, 24400, Ponferrada, Spain.
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8
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Schalamun M, Schmoll M. Trichoderma - genomes and genomics as treasure troves for research towards biology, biotechnology and agriculture. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:1002161. [PMID: 37746224 PMCID: PMC10512326 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma is among the best studied groups of filamentous fungi, largely because of its high relevance in applications from agriculture to enzyme biosynthesis to biofuel production. However, the physiological competences of these fungi, that led to these beneficial applications are intriguing also from a scientific and ecological point of view. This review therefore summarizes recent developments in studies of fungal genomes, updates on previously started genome annotation efforts and novel discoveries as well as efforts towards bioprospecting for enzymes and bioactive compounds such as cellulases, enzymes degrading xenobiotics and metabolites with potential pharmaceutical value. Thereby insights are provided into genomes, mitochondrial genomes and genomes of mycoviruses of Trichoderma strains relevant for enzyme production, biocontrol and mycoremediation. In several cases, production of bioactive compounds could be associated with responsible genes or clusters and bioremediation capabilities could be supported or predicted using genome information. Insights into evolution of the genus Trichoderma revealed large scale horizontal gene transfer, predominantly of CAZyme genes, but also secondary metabolite clusters. Investigation of sexual development showed that Trichoderma species are competent of repeat induced point mutation (RIP) and in some cases, segmental aneuploidy was observed. Some random mutants finally gave away their crucial mutations like T. reesei QM9978 and QM9136 and the fertility defect of QM6a was traced back to its gene defect. The Trichoderma core genome was narrowed down to 7000 genes and gene clustering was investigated in the genomes of multiple species. Finally, recent developments in application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Trichoderma, cloning and expression strategies for the workhorse T. reesei as well as the use genome mining tools for bioprospecting Trichoderma are highlighted. The intriguing new findings on evolution, genomics and physiology highlight emerging trends and illustrate worthwhile perspectives in diverse fields of research with Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schalamun
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Abbas A, Mubeen M, Zheng H, Sohail MA, Shakeel Q, Solanki MK, Iftikhar Y, Sharma S, Kashyap BK, Hussain S, del Carmen Zuñiga Romano M, Moya-Elizondo EA, Zhou L. Trichoderma spp. Genes Involved in the Biocontrol Activity Against Rhizoctonia solani. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:884469. [PMID: 35694310 PMCID: PMC9174946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a pathogen that causes considerable harm to plants worldwide. In the absence of hosts, R. solani survives in the soil by forming sclerotia, and management methods, such as cultivar breeding, crop rotations, and fungicide sprays, are insufficient and/or inefficient in controlling R. solani. One of the most challenging problems facing agriculture in the twenty-first century besides with the impact of global warming. Environmentally friendly techniques of crop production and improved agricultural practices are essential for long-term food security. Trichoderma spp. could serve as an excellent example of a model fungus to enhance crop productivity in a sustainable way. Among biocontrol mechanisms, mycoparasitism, competition, and antibiosis are the fundamental mechanisms by which Trichoderma spp. defend against R. solani, thereby preventing or obstructing its proliferation. Additionally, Trichoderma spp. induce a mixed induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants against R. solani, known as Trichoderma-ISR. Stimulation of every biocontrol mechanism involves Trichoderma spp. genes responsible for encoding secondary metabolites, siderophores, signaling molecules, enzymes for cell wall degradation, and plant growth regulators. Rhizoctonia solani biological control through genes of Trichoderma spp. is summarized in this paper. It also gives information on the Trichoderma-ISR in plants against R. solani. Nonetheless, fast-paced current research on Trichoderma spp. is required to properly utilize their true potential against diseases caused by R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqleem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mustansar Mubeen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hongxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qaiser Shakeel
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Yasir Iftikhar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Yasir Iftikhar,
| | - Sagar Sharma
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Brijendra Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Lei Zhou,
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Vicente I, Baroncelli R, Hermosa R, Monte E, Vannacci G, Sarrocco S. Role and genetic basis of specialised secondary metabolites in Trichoderma ecophysiology. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Zhang J, Yin WB. Characterisation of two unique sesquiterpenoids from Trichoderma hypoxylon. Mycology 2022; 13:32-38. [PMID: 35186411 PMCID: PMC8856097 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1964630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new sesquiterpenoids, 1–2, together with three known compounds, were isolated from Trichoderma hypoxylon. Among the known compounds, compound 4 was isolated as naturally occurring compound for the first time. The structures of these new compounds were characterized by HR-ESI-MS and spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR. The absolute configurations of 1–2 were assigned by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Of Mycology, Institute Of Microbiology, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China.,University Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory Of Mycology, Institute Of Microbiology, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China.,University Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China
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12
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Duanis‐Assaf D, Galsurker O, Davydov O, Maurer D, Feygenberg O, Sagi M, Poverenov E, Fluhr R, Alkan N. Double-stranded RNA targeting fungal ergosterol biosynthesis pathway controls Botrytis cinerea and postharvest grey mould. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:226-237. [PMID: 34520611 PMCID: PMC8710829 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi cause major postharvest losses. During storage and ripening, fruit becomes highly susceptible to fungi that cause postharvest disease. Fungicides are effective treatments to limit disease. However, due to increased public concern for their possible side effects, there is a need to develop new strategies to control postharvest fungal pathogens. Botrytis cinerea, a common postharvest pathogen, was shown to uptake small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules from the host plant. Such dsRNA can regulate gene expression through the RNA interference system. This work aimed to develop a synthetic dsRNA simultaneously targeting three essential transcripts active in the fungal ergosterol biosynthesis pathway (dsRNA-ERG). Our results show initial uptake of dsRNA in the emergence zone of the germination tube that spreads throughout the fungus and results in down-regulation of all three targeted transcripts. Application of dsRNA-ERG decreased B. cinerea germination and growth in in vitro conditions and various fruits, leading to reduce grey-mould decay. The inhibition of growth or decay was reversed by the addition of ergosterol. While dual treatment with dsRNA-ERG and ergosterol-inhibitor fungicide reduced by 100-fold the required amount of fungicide to achieve the same protection rate. The application of dsRNA-ERG induced systemic protection as shown by decreased decay development at inoculation points distant from the treatment point in tomato and pepper fruits. Overall, this study suggests that dsRNA-ERG can effectively control B. cinerea growth and grey-mould development suggesting its efficacy as a future method for postharvest control of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Duanis‐Assaf
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization (ARO)Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Ortal Galsurker
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization (ARO)Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Olga Davydov
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Dalia Maurer
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization (ARO)Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Oleg Feygenberg
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization (ARO)Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Moshe Sagi
- French Associates Institute for Agricultural and Biotechnology of DrylandsBlaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer ShevaIsrael
| | - Elena Poverenov
- Department of Food Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization (ARO)Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Robert Fluhr
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh ProduceAgricultural Research Organization (ARO)Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
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13
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Dou K, Pang G, Cai F, Chenthamara K, Zhang J, Liu H, Druzhinina IS, Chen J. Functional Genetics of Trichoderma Mycoparasitism. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Sarrocco S, Vicente I, Staropoli A, Vinale F. Genes Involved in the Secondary Metabolism of Trichoderma and the Biochemistry of These Compounds. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Gutiérrez S, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Kim HS, Yugueros LL, Vaughan MM, Carro-Huerga G, Busman M, Sáenz de Miera LE, Jaklitsch WM, Zhuang WY, Wang C, Casquero PA, Proctor RH. Distribution, Function, and Evolution of a Gene Essential for Trichothecene Toxin Biosynthesis in Trichoderma. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:791641. [PMID: 34925301 PMCID: PMC8675399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.791641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are terpenoid toxins produced by species in 10 fungal genera, including species of Trichoderma. The trichothecene biosynthetic gene (tri) cluster typically includes the tri5 gene, which encodes a terpene synthase that catalyzes formation of trichodiene, the parent compound of all trichothecenes. The two Trichoderma species, Trichoderma arundinaceum and T. brevicompactum, that have been examined are unique in that tri5 is located outside the tri cluster in a genomic region that does not include other known tri genes. In the current study, analysis of 35 species representing a wide range of the phylogenetic diversity of Trichoderma revealed that 22 species had tri5, but only 13 species had both tri5 and the tri cluster. tri5 was not located in the cluster in any species. Using complementation analysis of a T. arundinaceum tri5 deletion mutant, we demonstrated that some tri5 homologs from species that lack a tri cluster are functional, but others are not. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Trichoderma tri5 was under positive selection following its divergence from homologs in other fungi but before Trichoderma species began diverging from one another. We propose two models to explain these diverse observations. One model proposes that the location of tri5 outside the tri cluster resulted from loss of tri5 from the cluster in an ancestral species followed by reacquisition via horizontal transfer. The other model proposes that in species that have a functional tri5 but lack the tri cluster, trichodiene production provides a competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Rosa E Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Laura Lindo Yugueros
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Martha Marie Vaughan
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Guzmán Carro-Huerga
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Plant Production, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Mark Busman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
| | | | - Walter M Jaklitsch
- Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wen-Ying Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro A Casquero
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Plant Production, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Robert Henry Proctor
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, IL, United States
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16
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Chen H, Mao L, Zhao N, Xia C, Liu J, Kubicek CP, Wu W, Xu S, Zhang C. Verification of TRI3 Acetylation of Trichodermol to Trichodermin in the Plant Endophyte Trichoderma taxi. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:731425. [PMID: 34759898 PMCID: PMC8573352 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.731425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichodermin, a trichothecene first isolated in Trichoderma species, is a sesquiterpenoid antibiotic that exhibits significant inhibitory activity to the growth of many pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea by inhibiting the peptidyl transferase involved in eukaryotic protein synthesis. Trichodermin has also been shown to selectively induce cell apoptosis in several cancer cell lines and thus can act as a potential lead compound for developing anticancer therapeutics. The biosynthetic pathway of trichodermin in Trichoderma has been identified, and most of the involved genes have been functionally characterized. An exception is TRI3, which encodes a putative acetyltransferase. Here, we report the identification of a gene cluster that contains seven genes expectedly involved in trichodermin biosynthesis (TRI3, TRI4, TRI6, TRI10, TRI11, TRI12, and TRI14) in the trichodermin-producing endophytic fungus Trichoderma taxi. As in Trichoderma brevicompactum, TRI5 is not included in the cluster. Functional analysis provides evidence that TRI3 acetylates trichodermol, the immediate precursor, to trichodermin. Disruption of TRI3 gene eliminated the inhibition to R. solani by T. taxi culture filtrates and significantly reduced the production of trichodermin but not of trichodermol. Both the inhibitory activity and the trichodermin production were restored when native TRI3 gene was reintroduced into the disruption mutant. Furthermore, a His-tag-purified TRI3 protein, expressed in Escherichia coli, was able to convert trichodermol to trichodermin in the presence of acetyl-CoA. The disruption of TRI3 also resulted in lowered expression of both the upstream biosynthesis TRI genes and the regulator genes. Our data demonstrate that T. taxi TRI3 encodes an acetyltransferase that catalyzes the esterification of the C-4 oxygen atom on trichodermol and thus plays an essential role in trichodermin biosynthesis in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Chen
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China.,Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd., Guiyang, China
| | - Lijuan Mao
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Xia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Guizhou Industrial Co., Ltd., Guiyang, China
| | - Christian P Kubicek
- Microbiology Group, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenneng Wu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Su Xu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chulong Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Feng S, Jian Y, Jin L, Tang S, Li Z. Complete Genome Sequence Data of Rare Actinomycetes Strain Saccharothrix texasensis 6-C, a Biological Control Agent for Potato Late Blight. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:571-574. [PMID: 33591813 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0300-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A rare actinomycetes strain of Saccharothrix texasensis, strain 6-C, has been isolated from the potato rhizosphere and it was shown to act as a biological control agent to potato late blight. It is also the first report on Saccharothrix spp. inhibiting Phytophthora infestans. Here, we present the complete genome data of S. texasensis strain 6-C, assembled by sequencing reads obtained by both PacBio and Illumina technologies with annotation. The final assembled genome length is 9,045,220 bp, without gaps and plasmid, and its GC content is 72.39%. Nine nonribosomal peptides synthetase, five type I polyketide synthase, four terpene, and three lanthipeptide gene clusters were identified in the genome, which would be likely to encode lots of antimicrobial active substances to help host plants against disease. This genome sequence could contribute to investigations of the molecular basis underlying the biocontrol activity of this Saccharothrix strain.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yongfei Jian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
- School of Biological Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shicai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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18
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Resistance Marker- and Gene Gun-Mediated Transformation of Trichoderma reesei. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33165778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1048-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Transformation enables the transfer of DNA into fungal cells for subsequent integration into the genome. Due to its versatility in industrial application, transformation is of utmost importance in Trichoderma reesei and hence continuously optimized. As one of the most crucial obstacles in fungal transformation efforts, removal of the cell wall is required to efficiently target genome modification cassettes to the genome. Here we describe resistance marker-mediated gene gun (biolistic) transformation of fungal spores of T. reesei as an alternative to protoplast transformation.
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19
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Vicente I, Baroncelli R, Morán-Diez ME, Bernardi R, Puntoni G, Hermosa R, Monte E, Vannacci G, Sarrocco S. Combined Comparative Genomics and Gene Expression Analyses Provide Insights into the Terpene Synthases Inventory in Trichoderma. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1603. [PMID: 33081019 PMCID: PMC7603203 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is a fungal genus comprising species used as biocontrol agents in crop plant protection and with high value for industry. The beneficial effects of these species are supported by the secondary metabolites they produce. Terpenoid compounds are key players in the interaction of Trichoderma spp. with the environment and with their fungal and plant hosts; however, most of the terpene synthase (TS) genes involved in their biosynthesis have yet not been characterized. Here, we combined comparative genomics of TSs of 21 strains belonging to 17 Trichoderma spp., and gene expression studies on TSs using T. gamsii T6085 as a model. An overview of the diversity within the TS-gene family and the regulation of TS genes is provided. We identified 15 groups of TSs, and the presence of clade-specific enzymes revealed a variety of terpenoid chemotypes evolved to cover different ecological demands. We propose that functional differentiation of gene family members is the driver for the high number of TS genes found in the genomes of Trichoderma. Expression studies provide a picture in which different TS genes are regulated in many ways, which is a strong indication of different biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vicente
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.B.); (G.P.); (G.V.); (S.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain; (R.B.); (M.E.M.-D.); (R.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain; (R.B.); (M.E.M.-D.); (R.H.); (E.M.)
| | - María Eugenia Morán-Diez
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain; (R.B.); (M.E.M.-D.); (R.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.B.); (G.P.); (G.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Grazia Puntoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.B.); (G.P.); (G.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain; (R.B.); (M.E.M.-D.); (R.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain; (R.B.); (M.E.M.-D.); (R.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Giovanni Vannacci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.B.); (G.P.); (G.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabrina Sarrocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.B.); (G.P.); (G.V.); (S.S.)
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20
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Liu H, Pu YH, Ren JW, Li EW, Guo LX, Yin WB. Genetic dereplication driven discovery of a tricinoloniol acid biosynthetic pathway in Trichoderma hypoxylon. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5344-5348. [PMID: 32638809 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01202e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A genetic dereplication approach in combination with differential gene expression led to the discovery of three new sesquiterpenes, tricinoloniol acids (TRAs) A-C (1-3) and the known fusidilactone A (4) from T. hypoxylon. Comparative transcriptomic analysis and targeted deletion identified the biosynthetic route for TRAs. Our results demonstrate an alternative application of the genetic dereplication method for exploring the biosynthesis of cryptic secondary metabolites (SMs), which utilizes the coordinated expression of trichothecene (tri) and tra cluster genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China. and State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Yu-Han Pu
- Environmental and Resources Institute, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Jin-Wei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Er-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Guo
- Environmental and Resources Institute, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, PR China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China. and State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Macías-Rodríguez L, Contreras-Cornejo HA, Adame-Garnica SG, Del-Val E, Larsen J. The interactions of Trichoderma at multiple trophic levels: inter-kingdom communication. Microbiol Res 2020; 240:126552. [PMID: 32659716 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are universal saprotrophic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems, and as rhizosphere inhabitants, they mediate interactions with other soil microorganisms, plants, and arthropods at multiple trophic levels. In the rhizosphere, Trichoderma can reduce the abundance of phytopathogenic microorganisms, which involves the action of potent inhibitory molecules, such as gliovirin and siderophores, whereas endophytic associations between Trichoderma and the seeds and roots of host plants can result in enhanced plant growth and crop productivity, as well as the alleviation of abiotic stress. Such beneficial effects are mediated via the activation of endogenous mechanisms controlled by phytohormones such as auxins and abscisic acid, as well as by alterations in host plant metabolism. During either root colonization or in the absence of physical contact, Trichoderma can trigger early defense responses mediated by Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species, and subsequently stimulate plant immunity by enhancing resistance mechanisms regulated by the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. In addition, Trichoderma release volatile organic compounds and nitrogen or oxygen heterocyclic compounds that serve as signaling molecules, which have effects on plant growth, phytopathogen levels, herbivorous insects, and at the third trophic level, play roles in attracting the natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of herbivores. In this paper, we review some of the most recent advances in our understanding of the environmental influences of Trichoderma spp., with particular emphasis on their multiple interactions at different trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico.
| | - Sandra Goretti Adame-Garnica
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ek Del-Val
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico
| | - John Larsen
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico
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22
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Zhu M, Cen Y, Ye W, Li S, Zhang W. Recent Advances on Macrocyclic Trichothecenes, Their Bioactivities and Biosynthetic Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E417. [PMID: 32585939 PMCID: PMC7354583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic trichothecenes are an important group of trichothecenes bearing a large ring. Despite the fact that many of trichothecenes are of concern in agriculture, food contamination, health care and building protection, the macrocyclic ones are becoming the research hotspot because of their diversity in structure and biologic activity. Several researchers have declared that macrocyclic trichothecenes have great potential to be developed as antitumor agents, due to the plenty of their compounds and bioactivities. In this review we summarize the newly discovered macrocyclic trichothecenes and their bioactivities over the last decade, as well as identifications of genes tri17 and tri18 involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis and putative biosynthetic pathway. According to the search results in database and phylogenetic trees generated in the review, the species of the genera Podostroma and Monosporascus would probably be great sources for producing macrocyclic trichothecenes. Moreover, we propose that the macrocyclic trichothecene roridin E could be formed via acylation or esterification of the long side chain linked with C-4 to the hydroxyl group at C-15, and vice versa. More assays and evidences are needed to support this hypothesis, which would promote the verification of the proposed pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weimin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.); (S.L.)
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23
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Proctor RH, McCormick SP, Gutiérrez S. Genetic bases for variation in structure and biological activity of trichothecene toxins produced by diverse fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5185-5199. [PMID: 32328680 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpene toxins produced by diverse but relatively few fungal species in at least three classes of Ascomycetes: Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. Approximately 200 structurally distinct trichothecene analogs have been described, but a given fungal species typically produces only a small subset of analogs. All trichothecenes share a core structure consisting of a four-ring nucleus known as 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene. This structure can be substituted at various positions with hydroxyl, acyl, or keto groups to give rise to the diversity of trichothecene structures that has been described. Over the last 30 years, the genetic and biochemical pathways required for trichothecene biosynthesis in several species of the fungi Fusarium and Trichoderma have been elucidated. In addition, phylogenetic and functional analyses of trichothecene biosynthetic (TRI) genes from fungi in multiple genera have provided insights into how acquisition, loss, and changes in functions of TRI genes have given rise to the diversity of trichothecene structures. These analyses also suggest both divergence and convergence of TRI gene function during the evolutionary history of trichothecene biosynthesis. What has driven trichothecene structural diversification remains an unanswered question. However, insight into the role of trichothecenes in plant pathogenesis of Fusarium species and into plant glucosyltransferases that detoxify the toxins by glycosylating them point to a possible driver. Because the glucosyltransferases can have substrate specificity, changes in trichothecene structures produced by a fungus could allow it to evade detoxification by the plant enzymes. Thus, it is possible that advantages conferred by evading detoxification have contributed to trichothecene structural diversification. KEY POINTS : • TRI genes have evolved by diverse processes: loss, acquisition and changes in function. • Some TRI genes have acquired the same function by convergent evolution. • Some other TRI genes have evolved divergently to have different functions. • Some TRI genes were acquired or resulted from diversification in function of other genes. • Substrate specificity of plant glucosyltransferases could drive trichothecene diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Proctor
- United States Department of Agriculture, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, 61604-3902, USA.
| | - S P McCormick
- United States Department of Agriculture, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, 61604-3902, USA
| | - S Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400, Ponferrada, Spain.
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Sikandar S, Saqib AY, Afzal I. Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Bioactive Compounds for Plant Defense. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Antimicrobial secondary metabolites from agriculturally important fungi as next biocontrol agents. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9287-9303. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Foroud NA, Baines D, Gagkaeva TY, Thakor N, Badea A, Steiner B, Bürstmayr M, Bürstmayr H. Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains - An Update. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E634. [PMID: 31683661 PMCID: PMC6891312 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by fungi from the order Hypocreales, including members of the Fusarium genus that infect cereal grain crops. Different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and strains have different trichothecene chemotypes belonging to the Type A and B class. These fungi cause a disease of small grain cereals, called Fusarium head blight, and their toxins contaminate host tissues. As potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes pose a health risk to human and animal consumers of infected cereal grains. In 2009, Foroud and Eudes published a review of trichothecenes in cereal grains for human consumption. As an update to this review, the work herein provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the Fusarium trichothecenes covering topics in chemistry and biochemistry, pathogen biology, trichothecene toxicity, molecular mechanisms of resistance or detoxification, genetics of resistance and breeding strategies to reduce their contamination of wheat and barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Danica Baines
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Tatiana Y Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), St. Petersburg, Pushkin 196608, Russia.
| | - Nehal Thakor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Ana Badea
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada.
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Maria Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | - Hermann Bürstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln 3430, Austria.
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27
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A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene required for biosynthesis of the trichothecene toxin harzianum A in Trichoderma. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8087-8103. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Izquierdo-Bueno I, Moraga J, Cardoza RE, Lindo L, Hanson JR, Gutiérrez S, Collado IG. Relevance of the deletion of the Tatri4 gene in the secondary metabolome of Trichoderma arundinaceum. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:2955-2965. [PMID: 29623313 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00338f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum (Ta37) has a significant biocontrol application which has been related to the production of the trichothecene, harzianum A (2). Previous studies with a strain of T. arundinaceum which was blocked for the production of 2, revealed the existence of a chemical cross-regulation between the biocontrol fungus and its target organism. A study of the secondary metabolome of a single culture of a mutant of T. arundinaceum TaΔTri4 which produces trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates, has now been carried out. The production of secondary metabolites in a co-culture with the phytopathogen, Botrytis cinerea, was then analyzed. The mutant produced a larger quantity of the aspinolides B (6) and C (7) and other derivatives when compared to the wild type Ta37. Ten new metabolites were isolated: three aspinolides 12-14, the γ-lactones 15 and 16, two hemi-ketals 17 and 18 and three aspinolide degradation products, 19, 21 and 22. In the confrontation cultures involving the TaΔTri4 and the B. cinerea B05.10 strains, there was a higher production of the aspinolides B and C by the TaΔTri4 mutant while the production of the botryanes and botcinins by B. cinerea was reduced in the area of interaction between the cultures. These results shed light on the chemical cross-talk and ecological interactions between these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Izquierdo-Bueno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4° planta, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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29
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Lindo L, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Busman M, Alexander NJ, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Requirement of Two Acyltransferases for 4- O-Acylation during Biosynthesis of Harzianum A, an Antifungal Trichothecene Produced by Trichoderma arundinaceum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:723-734. [PMID: 30558420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid toxins produced by multiple fungi, including plant pathogens, entomopathogens, and saprotrophs. Most of these fungi have the acyltransferase-encoding gene tri18. Even though its function has not been determined, tri18 is predicted to be involved in trichothecene biosynthesis because of its pattern of expression and its location near other trichothecene biosynthetic genes. Here, molecular genetic, precursor feeding, and analytical chemistry experiments indicate that in the saprotroph Trichoderma arundinaceum the tri18-encoded acyltransferase (TRI18) and a previously characterized acyltransferase (TRI3) are required for conversion of the trichothecene biosynthetic intermediate trichodermol to harzianum A, an antifungal trichothecene analog with an octa-2,4,6-trienedioyl acyl group. On the basis of the results, we propose that TRI3 catalyzes trichothecene 4- O-acetylation, and subsequently, TRI18 catalyzes replacement of the resulting acetyl group with octa-2,4,6-trienedioyl to form harzianum A. Thus, the findings provide evidence for a previously unrecognized two-step acylation process during trichothecene biosynthesis in T. arundinaceum and possibly other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lindo
- Area of Microbiology , University of León, Campus de Ponferrada , Ponferrada 24400 , Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit , National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture , Peoria , Illinois 61604-3902 , United States
| | - Rosa E Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology , University of León, Campus de Ponferrada , Ponferrada 24400 , Spain
| | - Mark Busman
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit , National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture , Peoria , Illinois 61604-3902 , United States
| | - Nancy J Alexander
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit , National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture , Peoria , Illinois 61604-3902 , United States
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit , National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture , Peoria , Illinois 61604-3902 , United States
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology , University of León, Campus de Ponferrada , Ponferrada 24400 , Spain
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30
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Lindo L, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Kim HS, Brown DW, Alexander NJ, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Role of Trichoderma arundinaceum tri10 in regulation of terpene biosynthetic genes and in control of metabolic flux. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 122:31-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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31
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Sharma S, Kour D, Rana KL, Dhiman A, Thakur S, Thakur P, Thakur S, Thakur N, Sudheer S, Yadav N, Yadav AN, Rastegari AA, Singh K. Trichoderma: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Industrial Applications. RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY THROUGH FUNGI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-10480-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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32
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Lindo L, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Brown DW, Kim HS, Alexander NJ, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Effect of deletion of a trichothecene toxin regulatory gene on the secondary metabolism transcriptome of the saprotrophic fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 119:29-46. [PMID: 30121242 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are terpenoid toxins produced by multiple fungal species with diverse lifestyles. In these fungi, the trichothecene biosynthetic gene (tri) cluster includes a gene encoding a Cys2His2 Zn-finger protein (TRI6). Analyses of plant pathogenic Fusarium species indicate that tri6 regulates tri gene expression. Here, we analyzed TRI6 function in the saprotrophic fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum, which produces the antimicrobial trichothecene harzianum A (HA). Deletion of the TRI6-encoding gene, tri6, blocked HA production and reduced expression of tri genes, and mevalonate biosynthetic genes required for synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), the primary metabolite that feeds into trichothecene biosynthesis. In contrast, tri6 deletion did not affect expression of ergosterol biosynthetic genes required for synthesis of ergosterol from FPP, but did increase ergosterol production, perhaps because increased levels of FPP were available for ergosterol synthesis in the absence of trichothecene production. RNA-seq analyses indicated that genes in 10 of 49 secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthetic gene clusters in T. arundinaceum exhibited increased expression and five exhibited reduced expression in a tri6 deletion mutant (Δtri6). Despite the metabolic and transcriptional changes, Δtri6 mutants were not reduced in their ability to inhibit growth of fungal plant pathogens. Our results indicate that T. arundinaceum TRI6 regulates expression of both tri and mevalonate pathway genes. It remains to be determined whether the effects of tri6 deletion on expression of other SM clusters resulted because TRI6 can bind to promoter regions of cluster genes or because trichothecene production affects other SM pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lindo
- Area of Microbiology, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Ponferrada, Spain.
| | - Susan P McCormick
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States.
| | - Rosa E Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Ponferrada, Spain.
| | - Daren W Brown
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States.
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States.
| | - Nancy J Alexander
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Robert H Proctor
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States.
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Ponferrada, Spain.
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33
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Liu H, Wang G, Li W, Liu X, Li E, Yin WB. A highly efficient genetic system for the identification of a harzianum B biosynthetic gene cluster in Trichoderma hypoxylon. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:769-778. [PMID: 29557773 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma hypoxylon is a fungicolous species which produces rich secondary metabolites. However, no genetic transformation method is available for further studies. Here, we developed a marker-less transformation system based on the complementation of an uridine/uracil biosynthetic gene by protoplast transformation. An uridine/uracil auxotrophic mutant of Δthpyr4 was obtained by using a positive screening protocol with 5'-fluoroorotic acid as a selective reagent. To improve the homologous integration rates, the orthologues of ku70 and lig4 which play critical roles in non-homologous end-joining recombination were disrupted. The resulting thlig4 mutant showed remarkable transformation rates of 89 %, while no change was found in the thku70 deletion mutant compared with the WT strain. This suggests that thlig4 play a key role in the non-homologous recombination in this strain. Using this system, the biosynthetic gene cluster of trichothecene (tri) harzianum B was identified by deletion of the thtri5 in T. hypoxylon. Comparative genome analysis revealed that the trichothecene biosynthetic gene cluster in T. hypoxylon shared similar organizations with T. arundinaceum and T. brevicompactum, even though their encoded products are different in structures. Taken together, the highly efficient genetic system provides a convenient tool for studying the biosynthetic diversity and mining the novel natural product from the fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
| | - Erwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
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35
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Abstract
Mycoparasitism is a lifestyle where one fungus establishes parasitic interactions with other fungi. Species of the genus Trichoderma together with Clonostachys rosea are among the most studied fungal mycoparasites. They have wide host ranges comprising several plant pathogens and are used for biological control of plant diseases. Trichoderma as well as C. rosea mycoparasites efficiently overgrow and kill their fungal prey by using infection structures and by applying lytic enzymes and toxic metabolites. Most of our knowledge on the putative signals and signaling pathways involved in prey recognition and activation of the mycoparasitic response is derived from studies with Trichoderma. These fungi rely on G-protein signaling, the cAMP pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades during growth and development as well as during mycoparasitism. The signals being recognized by the mycoparasite may include surface molecules and surface properties as well as secondary metabolites and other small molecules released from the prey. Their exact nature, however, remains elusive so far. Recent genomics-based studies of mycoparasitic fungi of the order Hypocreales, i.e., Trichoderma species, C. rosea, Tolypocladium ophioglossoides, and Escovopsis weberi, revealed not only several gene families with a mycoparasitism-related expansion of gene paralogue numbers, but also distinct differences between the different mycoparasites. We use this information to illustrate the biological principles and molecular basis of necrotrophic mycoparasitism and compare the mycoparasitic strategies of Trichoderma as a "model" mycoparasite with the behavior and special features of C. rosea, T. ophioglossoides, and E. weberi.
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36
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Gomes EV, Ulhoa CJ, Cardoza RE, Silva RN, Gutiérrez S. Involvement of Trichoderma harzianum Epl-1 Protein in the Regulation of Botrytis Virulence- and Tomato Defense-Related Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:880. [PMID: 28611802 PMCID: PMC5446994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Several Trichoderma spp. are well known for their ability to: (i) act as important biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi; (ii) function as biofertilizers; (iii) increase the tolerance of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses; and (iv) induce plant defense responses via the production and secretion of elicitor molecules. In this study, we analyzed the gene-regulation effects of Trichoderma harzianum Epl-1 protein during the interactions of mutant Δepl-1 or wild-type T. harzianum strains with: (a) the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea and (b) with tomato plants, on short (24 h hydroponic cultures) and long periods (4-weeks old plants) after Trichoderma inoculation. Our results indicate that T. harzianum Epl-1 protein affects the in vitro expression of B. cinerea virulence genes, especially those involved in the botrydial biosynthesis (BcBOT genes), during the mycoparasitism interaction. The tomato defense-related genes were also affected, indicating that Epl-1 is involved in the elicitation of the salicylic acid pathway. Moreover, Epl-1 also regulates the priming effect in host tomato plants and contributes to enhance the interaction with the host tomato plant during the early stage of root colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriston V. Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cirano J. Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Rosa E. Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of LeónPonferrada, Spain
| | - Roberto N. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of LeónPonferrada, Spain
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Rai S, Kashyap PL, Kumar S, Srivastava AK, Ramteke PW. Identification, characterization and phylogenetic analysis of antifungal Trichoderma from tomato rhizosphere. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1939. [PMID: 27917337 PMCID: PMC5102998 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of Trichoderma isolates with efficient antagonistic activity represents a potentially effective and alternative disease management strategy to replace health hazardous chemical control. In this context, twenty isolates were obtained from tomato rhizosphere and evaluated by their antagonistic activity against four fungal pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides and Rhizoctonia solani). The production of extracellular cell wall degrading enzymes of tested isolates was also measured. All the isolates significantly reduced the mycelial growth of tested pathogens but the amount of growth reduction varied significantly as well. There was a positive correlation between the antagonistic capacity of Trichoderma isolates towards fungal pathogens and their lytic enzyme production. The Trichoderma isolates were initially sorted according to morphology and based on the translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequence similarity, the isolates were designated as Trichoderma harzianum, T. koningii, T. asperellum, T. virens and T. viride. PCA analysis explained 31.53, 61.95, 62.22 and 60.25% genetic variation among Trichoderma isolates based on RAPD, REP-, ERIC- and BOX element analysis, respectively. ERG-1 gene, encoding a squalene epoxidase has been used for the first time for diversity analysis of antagonistic Trichoderma from tomato rhizosphere. Phylogenetic analysis of ERG-1 gene sequences revealed close relatedness of ERG-1sequences with earlier reported sequences of Hypocrea lixii, T. arundinaceum and T. reesei. However, ERG-1 gene also showed heterogeneity among some antagonistic isolates and indicated the possibility of occurrence of squalene epoxidase driven triterpene biosynthesis as an alternative biocontrol mechanism in Trichoderma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Rai
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275103 India
| | - Prem Lal Kashyap
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275103 India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, 171002 India
| | - Sudheer Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Alok Kumar Srivastava
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275103 India
| | - Pramod W. Ramteke
- Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHIATS), Allahabad, 211007 India
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Kumari I, Ahmed M, Akhter Y. Deciphering the protein translation inhibition and coping mechanism of trichothecene toxin in resistant fungi. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 78:370-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Malmierca MG, Izquierdo-Bueno I, Mccormick SP, Cardoza RE, Alexander NJ, Moraga J, Gomes EV, Proctor RH, Collado IG, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Botrydial and botcinins produced by Botrytis cinerea regulate the expression of Trichoderma arundinaceum genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1017-31. [PMID: 26575202 PMCID: PMC6638445 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma arundinaceum IBT 40837 (Ta37) and Botrytis cinerea produce the sesquiterpenes harzianum A (HA) and botrydial (BOT), respectively, and also the polyketides aspinolides and botcinins (Botcs), respectively. We analysed the role of BOT and Botcs in the Ta37-B. cinerea interaction, including the transcriptomic changes in the genes involved in HA (tri) and ergosterol biosynthesis, as well as changes in the level of HA and squalene-ergosterol. We found that, when confronted with B. cinerea, the tri biosynthetic genes were up-regulated in all dual cultures analysed, but at higher levels when Ta37 was confronted with the BOT non-producer mutant bcbot2Δ. The production of HA was also higher in the interaction area with this mutant. In Ta37-bcbot2Δ confrontation experiments, the expression of the hmgR gene, encoding the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, which is the first enzyme of the terpene biosynthetic pathway, was also up-regulated, resulting in an increase in squalene production compared with the confrontation with B. cinerea B05.10. Botcs had an up-regulatory effect on the tri biosynthetic genes, with BotcA having a stronger effect than BotcB. The results indicate that the interaction between Ta37 and B. cinerea exerts a stimulatory effect on the expression of the tri biosynthetic genes, which, in the interaction zone, can be attenuated by BOT produced by B. cinerea B05.10. The present work provides evidence for a metabolic dialogue between T. arundinaceum and B. cinerea that is mediated by sesquiterpenes and polyketides, and that affects the outcome of the interaction of these fungi with each other and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G Malmierca
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Izquierdo-Bueno
- Biomolecules Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Susan P Mccormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, 61604, IL, USA
| | - Rosa E Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Nancy J Alexander
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, 61604, IL, USA
| | - Javier Moraga
- Biomolecules Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Eriston V Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14040-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, 61604, IL, USA
| | - Isidro G Collado
- Biomolecules Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37185, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
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Malmierca MG, Izquierdo-Bueno I, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Alexander NJ, Barua J, Lindo L, Casquero PA, Collado IG, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Trichothecenes and aspinolides produced by Trichoderma arundinaceum
regulate expression of Botrytis cinerea
genes involved in virulence and growth. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3991-4004. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G. Malmierca
- Area of Microbiology; Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers. University of León; Ponferrada Spain
| | | | - Susan P. McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS; National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research; Peoria IL USA
| | - Rosa E. Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology; Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers. University of León; Ponferrada Spain
| | - Nancy J. Alexander
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS; National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research; Peoria IL USA
| | - Javier Barua
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences; University of Cádiz; Puerto Real Spain
| | - Laura Lindo
- Area of Microbiology; Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers. University of León; Ponferrada Spain
| | - Pedro A. Casquero
- Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture; Natural Resources Institute, University of León; León 24071 Spain
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences; University of Cádiz; Puerto Real Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics; University of Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology; Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers. University of León; Ponferrada Spain
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41
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Zeilinger S, Gruber S, Bansal R, Mukherjee PK. Secondary metabolism in Trichoderma – Chemistry meets genomics. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Kumari I, Ahmed M, Akhter Y. Multifaceted impact of trichothecene metabolites on plant-microbe interactions and human health. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5759-71. [PMID: 27198722 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungi present in rhizosphere produce trichothecene metabolites which are small in size and amphipathic in nature and some of them may cross cell membranes passively. Hypocreaceae family of rhizosphere fungi produce trichothecene molecules, however it is not a mandatory characteristic of all genera. Some of these molecules are also reported as growth adjuvant, while others are reported as deleterious for the plant growth. In this review, we are exploring the roles of these compounds during plant-microbe interactions. The three-way interaction among the plants, symbiotic microbial agents (fungi and bacteria), and the pathogenic microbes (bacteria, fungi) or multicellular pathogens like nematodes involving these compounds may only help us to understand better the complex processes happening in the microcosm of rhizosphere. These metabolites may further modulate the activity of different proteins involved in the cell signalling events of defence-related response in plants. That may induce the defence system against pathogens and growth promoting gene expression in plants, while in animal cells, these molecules have reported biochemical and pharmacological effects such as inducing oxidative stress, cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, and may be involved in maintenance of membrane integrity. The biochemistry, chemical structures and specific functional group-mediated activity of these compounds have not been studied in details yet. Few of these molecules are also recently reported as novel anti-cancer agent against human chondrosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Kumari
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India.
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Abstract
The widely used biotechnologically important fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma are rich sources of secondary metabolites. Even though the genomes of several Trichoderma spp. have been published, and data are available on the genes involved in biosynthesis of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases, no genome-wide data are available for the terpenoid biosynthesis machinery in these organisms. In the present study, we have identified the genes involved in terpene biosynthesis in the genomes of three Trichoderma spp., viz., T. virens, T. atroviride and T. reesei. While the genes involved in the condensation steps are highly conserved across the three species, these fungi differed in the number and organization of terpene cyclases. T. virens genome harbours eleven terpene cyclases, while T. atroviride harbours seven, and T. reeseisix in their genomes; seven, three and two being part of putative secondary metabolism related gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Prasun Kumar Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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44
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, del-Val E, Larsen J. Ecological functions ofTrichodermaspp. and their secondary metabolites in the rhizosphere: interactions with plants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw036. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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45
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Identification of mycoparasitism-related genes in Clonostachys rosea 67-1 active against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18169. [PMID: 26657839 PMCID: PMC4677357 DOI: 10.1038/srep18169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a mycoparasite that has shown great potential in controlling various plant fungal pathogens. In order to find mycoparasitism-related genes in C. rosea, the transcriptome of the efficient isolate 67-1 in association with sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was sequenced and analysed. The results identified 26,351 unigenes with a mean length of 1,102 nucleotides, among which 18,525 were annotated in one or more databases of NR, KEGG, Swiss-Prot, GO and COG. Differentially expressed genes at 8 h, 24 h and 48 h after sclerotial induction were analysed, and 6,890 unigenes were upregulated compared with the control without sclerotia. 713, 1,008 and 1,929 genes were specifically upregulated expressed, while 1,646, 283 and 529 genes were specifically downregulated, respectively. Gene ontology terms analysis indicated that these genes were mainly involved in metabolism of biological process, catalysis of molecular function and cellular component. The expression levels of 12 genes that were upregulated after encountering with S. sclerotiorum were monitored using real-time PCR. The results indicated that the quantitative detection was consistent with the transcriptome analysis. The study provides transcriptional gene expression information on C. rosea parasitizing S. sclerotiorum and forms the basis for further investigation of mycoparasitism-related genes of C. rosea.
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Gomes EV, Costa MDN, de Paula RG, de Azevedo RR, da Silva FL, Noronha EF, Ulhoa CJ, Monteiro VN, Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Silva RN. The Cerato-Platanin protein Epl-1 from Trichoderma harzianum is involved in mycoparasitism, plant resistance induction and self cell wall protection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17998. [PMID: 26647876 PMCID: PMC4673615 DOI: 10.1038/srep17998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum species are well known as biocontrol agents against important fungal phytopathogens. Mycoparasitism is one of the strategies used by this fungus in the biocontrol process. In this work, we analyzed the effect of Epl-1 protein, previously described as plant resistance elicitor, in expression modulation of T. harzianum genes involved in mycoparasitism process against phytopathogenic fungi; self cell wall protection and recognition; host hyphae coiling and triggering expression of defense-related genes in beans plants. The results indicated that the absence of Epl-1 protein affects the expression of all mycoparasitism genes analyzed in direct confrontation assays against phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as well as T. harzianum itself; the host mycoparasitic coiling process and expression modulation of plant defense genes showing different pattern compared with wild type strain. These data indicated the involvement T. harzianum Epl-1 in self and host interaction and also recognition of T. harzianum as a symbiotic fungus by the bean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana do Nascimento Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Graciano de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ricci de Azevedo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eliane F Noronha
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Cirano José Ulhoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Rosa Elena Cardoza
- Department of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Roberto Nascimento Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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47
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Malmierca MG, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Monte E, Alexander NJ, Gutiérrez S. Trichodiene Production in a Trichoderma harzianum erg1-Silenced Strain Provides Evidence of the Importance of the Sterol Biosynthetic Pathway in Inducing Plant Defense-Related Gene Expression. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1181-1197. [PMID: 26168138 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-15-0127-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are often used as biocontrol agents against plant-pathogenic fungi. A complex molecular interaction occurs among the biocontrol agent, the antagonistic fungus, and the plant. Terpenes and sterols produced by the biocontrol fungus have been found to affect gene expression in both the antagonistic fungus and the plant. The terpene trichodiene (TD) elicits the expression of genes related to tomato defense and to Botrytis virulence. We show here that TD itself is able to induce the expression of Botrytis genes involved in the synthesis of botrydial (BOT) and also induces terpene gene expression in Trichoderma spp. The terpene ergosterol, in addition to its role as a structural component of the fungal cell membranes, acts as an elicitor of defense response in plants. In the present work, using a transformant of T. harzianum, which is silenced in the erg1 gene and accumulates high levels of squalene, we show that this ergosterol precursor also acts as an important elicitor molecule of tomato defense-related genes and induces Botrytis genes involved in BOT biosynthesis, in both cases, in a concentration-dependent manner. Our data emphasize the importance of a balance of squalene and ergosterol in fungal interactions as well as in the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Malmierca
- 1 Area of Microbiology, Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada. Avda, Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - S P McCormick
- 2 Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604-3902, U.S.A
| | - R E Cardoza
- 1 Area of Microbiology, Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada. Avda, Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - E Monte
- 3 Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - N J Alexander
- 2 Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604-3902, U.S.A
| | - S Gutiérrez
- 1 Area of Microbiology, Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada. Avda, Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
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48
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Effects of Trichothecene Production on the Plant Defense Response and Fungal Physiology: Overexpression of the Trichoderma arundinaceum tri4 Gene in T. harzianum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6355-66. [PMID: 26150463 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01626-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are fungal sesquiterpenoid compounds, the majority of which have phytotoxic activity. They contaminate food and feed stocks, resulting in potential harm to animals and human beings. Trichoderma brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum produce trichodermin and harzianum A (HA), respectively, two trichothecenes that show different bioactive properties. Both compounds have remarkable antibiotic and cytotoxic activities, but in addition, trichodermin is highly phytotoxic, while HA lacks this activity when analyzed in vivo. Analysis of Fusarium trichothecene intermediates led to the conclusion that most of them, with the exception of the hydrocarbon precursor trichodiene (TD), have a detectable phytotoxic activity which is not directly related to the structural complexity of the intermediate. In the present work, the HA intermediate 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) was produced by expression of the T. arundinaceum tri4 gene in a transgenic T. harzianum strain that already produces TD after transformation with the T. arundinaceum tri5 gene. Purified EPT did not show antifungal or phytotoxic activity, while purified HA showed both antifungal and phytotoxic activities. However, the use of the transgenic T. harzianum tri4 strain induced a downregulation of defense-related genes in tomato plants and also downregulated plant genes involved in fungal root colonization. The production of EPT by the transgenic tri4 strain raised levels of erg1 expression and reduced squalene accumulation while not affecting levels of ergosterol. Together, these results indicate the complex interactions among trichothecene intermediates, fungal antagonists, and host plants.
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49
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50
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Mayo S, Gutiérrez S, Malmierca MG, Lorenzana A, Campelo MP, Hermosa R, Casquero PA. Influence of Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma spp. in growth of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and in the induction of plant defense-related genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:685. [PMID: 26442006 PMCID: PMC4584982 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many Trichoderma species are well-known for their ability to promote plant growth and defense. We study how the interaction of bean plants with R. solani and/or Trichoderma affect the plants growth and the level of expression of defense-related genes. Trichoderma isolates were evaluated in vitro for their potential to antagonize R. solani. Bioassays were performed in climatic chambers and development of the plants was evaluated. The effect of Trichoderma treatment and/or R. solani infection on the expression of bean defense-related genes was analyzed by real-time PCR and the production of ergosterol and squalene was quantified. In vitro growth inhibition of R. solani was between 86 and 58%. In in vivo assays, the bean plants treated with Trichoderma harzianum T019 always had an increased size respect to control and the plants treated with this isolate did not decrease their size in presence of R. solani. The interaction of plants with R. solani and/or Trichoderma affects the level of expression of seven defense-related genes. Squalene and ergosterol production differences were found among the Trichoderma isolates, T019 showing the highest values for both compounds. T. harzianum T019 shows a positive effect on the level of resistance of bean plants to R. solani. This strain induces the expression of plant defense-related genes and produces a higher level of ergosterol, indicating its ability to grow at a higher rate in the soil, which would explain its positive effects on plant growth and defense in the presence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mayo
- Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Institute, University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of LeónPonferrada, Spain
| | - Monica G. Malmierca
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of LeónPonferrada, Spain
| | - Alicia Lorenzana
- Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Institute, University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - M. Piedad Campelo
- Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Institute, University of LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Centre for Agricultural Research, University of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain
| | - Pedro A. Casquero
- Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Institute, University of LeónLeón, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pedro A. Casquero, Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Institute, University of León, Av. Portugal 41, 24071 León, Spain
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