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Gutiérrez-Cuevas J, López-Cifuentes D, Sandoval-Rodriguez A, García-Bañuelos J, Armendariz-Borunda J. Medicinal Plant Extracts against Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Associated with Obesity: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:967. [PMID: 39065815 PMCID: PMC11280341 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity has increasingly become a worldwide epidemic, as demonstrated by epidemiological and clinical studies. Obesity may lead to the development of a broad spectrum of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. In addition to hypertension, there are other cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) such as visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, elevated levels of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, and others, all of which increase the risk of CVD events. The mechanisms involved between obesity and CVD mainly include insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and adipokine dysregulation, which cause maladaptive structural and functional alterations of the heart, particularly left-ventricular remodeling and diastolic dysfunction. Natural products of plants provide a diversity of nutrients and different bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamins, minerals, fibers, and others, which possess a wide range of biological activities including antihypertensive, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and other activities, thus conferring cardiometabolic benefits. In this review, we discuss the main therapeutic interventions using extracts from herbs and plants in preclinical and clinical trials with protective properties targeting CRFs. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets of herb and plant extracts for the prevention and treatment of CRFs are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gutiérrez-Cuevas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.L.-C.); (A.S.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Daniel López-Cifuentes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.L.-C.); (A.S.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Doctorate in Sciences in Molecular Biology in Medicine, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana Sandoval-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.L.-C.); (A.S.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Jesús García-Bañuelos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.L.-C.); (A.S.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
| | - Juan Armendariz-Borunda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (D.L.-C.); (A.S.-R.); (J.A.-B.)
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud (EMCS), Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan 45201, Jalisco, Mexico
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2
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Kautzmann C, Castanha E, Aloísio Johann Dammann C, Andersen Pereira de Jesus B, Felippe da Silva G, de Lourdes Borba Magalhães M, Turnes Pasini Deolindo C, Pinto Kempka A. Roasted yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) infusions in bovine milk model before and after in vitro digestion: Bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, protein-polyphenol interactions and bioactive peptides. Food Res Int 2024; 183:114206. [PMID: 38760137 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Yerba mate is increasingly acknowledged for its bioactive properties and is currently being incorporated into various food and pharmaceutical products. When roasted, yerba mate transforms into mate tea, consumed as a hot aqueous infusion, and has gained popularity. This study investigated the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds, protein-polyphenol interactions, antioxidant activity, and bioactive peptides in roasted yerba mate infusions, utilizing whole, semi-skimmed, and skimmed bovine milk models. The phytochemical profile of roasted yerba mate was analyzed in infusions with water and milk (whole, semi-skimmed, and skimmed), before and after in vitro digestion, identifying 18 compounds that exhibited variations in composition and presence among the samples. Bioavailability varied across different milk matrices, with milk being four times more efficient as a solvent for extraction. Gastric digestion significantly impacted (p < 0.05) the release of phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid and rutin, with only chlorogenic acid remaining 100 % bioavailable in the infusion prepared with skimmed milk. Protein-polyphenol interaction did not influence protein digestion in different infusions, as there was a similarity in the hydrolysis pattern during the digestive process. Changes in antioxidant activity during digestion phases, especially after intestinal digestion in milk infusions, were related to alterations in protein structures and digestive interactions. The evaluation of total phenolic compounds highlighted that skimmed milk infusion notably preserved these compounds during digestion. Peptidomic analysis identified 253, 221, and 191 potentially bioactive peptides for whole, semi-skimmed, and skimmed milk-digested infusions, respectively, with a focus on anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, presenting a synergistic approach to promote health benefits. The selection of milk type is crucial for comprehending the effects of digestion and interactions in bioactive compound-rich foods, highlighting the advantages of consuming plant infusions prepared with milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kautzmann
- Santa Catarina State University. Department of Food Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Pinhalzinho, SC, Brazil.
| | - Eliezer Castanha
- Santa Catarina State University. Department of Food Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Pinhalzinho, SC, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Carolina Turnes Pasini Deolindo
- MinistryofAgriculture, Livestock, and FoodSupply, Federal Agricultural Defense Laboratory, São José, SC, Brazil; Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Food Science and Technology, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Aniela Pinto Kempka
- Santa Catarina State University. Department of Food Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Pinhalzinho, SC, Brazil.
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3
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Aimaretti E, Porchietto E, Mantegazza G, Gargari G, Collotta D, Einaudi G, Ferreira Alves G, Marzani E, Algeri A, Dal Bello F, Aragno M, Cifani C, Guglielmetti S, Mastrocola R, Collino M. Anti-Glycation Properties of Zinc-Enriched Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) Contribute to Prevention of Metaflammation in a Diet-Induced Obese Mouse Model. Nutrients 2024; 16:552. [PMID: 38398877 PMCID: PMC10892558 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) exert a key pathogenic role in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Thanks to its abundance in bioactive compounds, the microalga Arthrospira platensis (spirulina, SP) is proposed as a nutritional supplement. Here, we investigated the potential anti-glycating properties of SP enriched with zinc (Zn-SP) and the following impact on diet-induced metabolic derangements. Thirty male C57Bl6 mice were fed a standard diet (SD) or a high-fat high-sugar diet (HFHS) for 12 weeks, and a subgroup of HFHS mice received 350 mg/kg Zn-SP three times a week. A HFHS diet induced obesity and glucose intolerance and increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and transaminases. Zn-SP administration restored glucose homeostasis and reduced hepatic dysfunction and systemic inflammation. In the liver of HFHS mice, a robust accumulation of AGEs was detected, paralleled by increased expression of the main AGE receptor (RAGE) and depletion of glyoxalase-1, whereas Zn-SP administration efficiently prevented these alterations reducing local pro-inflammatory responses. 16S rRNA gene profiling of feces and ileum content revealed altered bacterial community structure in HFHS mice compared to both SD and HFHS + Zn-SP groups. Overall, our study demonstrates relevant anti-glycation properties of Zn-SP which contribute to preventing AGE production and/or stimulate AGE detoxification, leading to the improvement of diet-related dysbiosis and metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aimaretti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (M.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Elisa Porchietto
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Giacomo Mantegazza
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Giorgio Gargari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Debora Collotta
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Giacomo Einaudi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Alves
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Enrica Marzani
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessandro Algeri
- Italian Union of Biological Spirulin (Unione Spirulina Biologica Italiana, USBI), Curtatone (Mantova), 46010 Mantova, Italy;
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Manuela Aragno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (M.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Carlo Cifani
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences (BtBs), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mastrocola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (M.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
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González I, Lindner C, Schneider I, Diaz E, Morales MA, Rojas A. Emerging and multifaceted potential contributions of polyphenols in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:154-169. [PMID: 38464365 PMCID: PMC10921170 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i2.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is recognized as a serious public health concern with a considerable impact on human life, long-term health expenditures, and substantial health losses. In this context, the use of dietary polyphenols to prevent and manage T2DM is widely documented. These dietary compounds exert their beneficial effects through several actions, including the protection of pancreatic islet β-cell, the antioxidant capacities of these molecules, their effects on insulin secretion and actions, the regulation of intestinal microbiota, and their contribution to ameliorate diabetic complications, particularly those of vascular origin. In the present review, we intend to highlight these multifaceted actions and the molecular mechanisms by which these plant-derived secondary metabolites exert their beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana González
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Chile
| | - Cristian Lindner
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Ivan Schneider
- Centre of Primary Attention, South Metropolitan Health Service, Santiago 3830000, Chile
| | - Erik Diaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Miguel Angel Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Chile
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5
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Bork LV, Proksch N, Rohn S, Kanzler C. Contribution of Hydroxycinnamic Acids to Color Formation in Nonenzymatic Browning Reactions with Key Maillard Reaction Intermediates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1708-1720. [PMID: 38224245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The Maillard reaction is a vital part of food processing, involving a vast number of complex reaction pathways, resulting in high-molecular-weight colorants. So far, studies have been focused on the conversion of carbohydrates and amino compounds, but the literature elaborating the contribution of phenolic compounds to the formation of the colored end-products is still rare. The aim of this study was to characterize early reactions, underlying the formation of phenol-containing melanoidins. For this purpose, binary model systems of the prominent phenolic compounds caffeic acid and ferulic acid combined with α-dicarbonyl compounds typically formed in the Maillard reaction such as glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl were analyzed after heat treatment. High-resolution mass spectrometry revealed that decarboxylation, aromatic electrophilic substitution, and nucleophilic addition are important reaction steps that lead to colored heterogeneous oligomers. Polymerization was favored for phenolic compounds with a high electron density in the aromatic system and for α-dicarbonyl compounds carrying aldehyde functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Valentin Bork
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Proksch
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Kanzler
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Gugliucci A. Sugar and Dyslipidemia: A Double-Hit, Perfect Storm. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5660. [PMID: 37685728 PMCID: PMC10488931 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of sugar has expanded over the past 50 years, due to improved industrial processes and corn subsidies, particularly in the form of sweetened beverages. This correlates with a surge in the prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders, which has brought this issue back into the spotlight for public health. In this narrative review, we focus on the role of fructose in the genesis of cardiometabolic dyslipidemia (an increase in serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL): VLDL, chylomicrons (CM), and their remnants) bringing together the most recent data on humans, which demonstrates the crucial interaction between glucose and fructose, increasing the synthesis while decreasing the catabolism of these particles in a synergistic downward spiral. After reviewing TRL metabolism, we discuss the fundamental principles governing the metabolism of fructose in the intestine and liver and the effects of dysregulated fructolysis, in conjunction with the activation of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP) by glucose and the resulting crosstalk. The first byproduct of fructose catabolism, fructose-1-P, is highlighted for its function as a signaling molecule that promotes fat synthesis. We emphasize the role of fructose/glucose interaction in the liver, which enhances de novo lipogenesis, triglyceride (TG) synthesis, and VLDL production. In addition, we draw attention to current research that demonstrates how fructose affects the activity of lipoprotein lipase by increasing the concentration of inhibitors such as apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) and angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3), which reduce the catabolism of VLDL and chylomicrons and cause the building up of their atherogenic remnants. The end outcome is a dual, synergistic, and harmful action that encourages atherogenesis. Thus, considering the growing concerns regarding the connection between sugar consumption and cardiometabolic disease, current research strongly supports the actions of public health organizations aimed at reducing sugar intake, including dietary guidance addressing "safe" limits for sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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7
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Rashedinia M, Rasti Arbabi Z, Sabet R, Emami L, Poustforoosh A, Sabahi Z. Comparison of Protective Effects of Phenolic Acids on Protein Glycation of BSA Supported by In Vitro and Docking Studies. Biochem Res Int 2023; 2023:9984618. [PMID: 37496561 PMCID: PMC10368515 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9984618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Several diabetic complications are associated with forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Different chemical and natural compounds are able to prevent the development of these products. In this study, glycosylation was induced as a model by incubating bovine serum albumin (BSA) with glucose. Consequently, BSA was treated with glucose and different concentrations (1.25, 2.5, and 5 μM) of syringic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, paracoumaric acid, and caffeic acid for 4 and 6 weeks. Biochemical experiments comprise measurements of fluorescent AGEs, protein carbonyl contents, total thiol, hemolysis tests, and also malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in RBC. These demonstrated the antiglycating mechanism of these phenolic acids. Most of the phenolic acids used in this study reduced MDA levels and protected thiol residues in protein structures. They also inhibited the formation of fluorescent AGEs and RBC lysis, except gallic acid. Moreover, ferulic acid, paracoumaric acid, and caffeic acid proteins significantly prevent carbonylation. Molecular docking and simulation studies showed that ellagic, caffeic, gallic, and syringic acids could interact with lysine and arginine residues in the active site of BSA and stabilize its structure to inhibit the formation of AGEs. Our results suggest that phenolic acid could be used as a potential phytochemical against protein glycation and related diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Rashedinia
- Food and Supplements Safety Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Rasti Arbabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Razieh Sabet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Emami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Poustforoosh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Sabahi
- Food and Supplements Safety Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Yadav N, Palkhede JD, Kim SY. Anti-Glucotoxicity Effect of Phytoconstituents via Inhibiting MGO-AGEs Formation and Breaking MGO-AGEs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087672. [PMID: 37108833 PMCID: PMC10141761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefits of phytochemicals in the treatment of various illnesses and disorders are well documented. They show significant promise for the discovery and creation of novel medications for treating a variety of human diseases. Numerous phytoconstituents have shown antibiotic, antioxidant, and wound-healing effects in the conventional system. Traditional medicines based on alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, and phytosterols have been in use for a long time and are crucial as alternative treatments. These phytochemical elements are crucial for scavenging free radicals, capturing reactive carbonyl species, changing protein glycation sites, inactivating carbohydrate hydrolases, fighting pathological conditions, and accelerating the healing of wounds. In this review, 221 research papers have been reviewed. This research sought to provide an update on the types and methods of formation of methylglyoxal-advanced glycation end products (MGO-AGEs) and molecular pathways induced by AGEs during the progression of the chronic complications of diabetes and associated diseases as well as to discuss the role of phytoconstituents in MGO scavenging and AGEs breaking. The development and commercialization of functional foods using these natural compounds can provide potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyoti Dnyaneshwar Palkhede
- Department of Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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9
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Advanced Glycation End-Products and Diabetic Neuropathy of the Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032927. [PMID: 36769249 PMCID: PMC9917392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a tissue-specific neurovascular impairment of the retina in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Several pathological factors are involved in the progressive impairment of the interdependence between cells that consist of the neurovascular units (NVUs). The advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are one of the major pathological factors that cause the impairments of neurovascular coupling in diabetic retinopathy. Although the exact mechanisms for the toxicities of the AGEs in diabetic retinopathy have not been definitively determined, the AGE-receptor of the AGE (RAGE) axis, production of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory reactions, and the activation of the cell death pathways are associated with the impairment of the NVUs in diabetic retinopathy. More specifically, neuronal cell death is an irreversible change that is directly associated with vision reduction in diabetic patients. Thus, neuroprotective therapies must be established for diabetic retinopathy. The AGEs are one of the therapeutic targets to examine to ameliorate the pathological changes in the NVUs in diabetic retinopathy. This review focuses on the basic and pathological findings of AGE-induced neurovascular abnormalities and the potential therapeutic approaches, including the use of anti-glycated drugs to protect the AGE-induced impairments of the NVUs in diabetic retinopathy.
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10
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Andrade C, Pereira DM, G M Gomes N, Ferreres F, Gil-Izquierdo A, Andrade PB, Duangsrisai S, Valentão P. Kitul, a food plant with antidiabetic-like effects: Reduction of intracellular reactive species in glucose-stimulated RIN-5F pancreatic β-cells and mitigation of pro-inflammatory mediators in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112615. [PMID: 37087203 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Kitul (Caryota urens L.) inflorescences are broadly used for sweet sap production in Asian countries and Kitul food products are known as being suitable for diabetic patients. Considering the strong ability to inhibit α-glucosidase, we hypothesize that kitul antidiabetic properties might also involve the modulation of inflammatory pathways and hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative damage. Hence, the effects of an inflorescence's methanol extract were investigated in glucose-stimulated pancreatic cells (RIN-5F) and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The extract reduced the overproduction of intracellular reactive species in pancreatic cells and also NO, L-citrulline and IL-6 levels in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (IC50 = 166.1 µg/mL) through an uncompetitive manner was also recorded upon treatment with C. urens inflorescences extract. The phenolic profile of the inflorescences was characterized by HPLC-DAD, six hydroxycinnamic acids being identified and quantified. Overall, our data provide additional evidence on the pleiotropic mechanisms of Kitul inflorescences as an antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Nelson G M Gomes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation (REM) Group, Universidad Católica de Murcia. UCAM, Campus Los Jerónimos, s/n., 30107 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Angel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus University Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sutsawat Duangsrisai
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Colombo R, Paolillo M, Frosi I, Ferron L, Papetti A. Effect of the simulated digestion process on the chlorogenic acid trapping activity against methylglyoxal. Food Funct 2023; 14:541-549. [PMID: 36533636 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02778j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acids are hydroxycinnamic derivatives widespread in food or food by-products, known for their antioxidant effects and ability to interfere with the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are potential glycotoxins involved in age-related disorders, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. The ability of chlorogenic acids to inhibit AGE formation under physiological conditions needs further investigation other than the in vitro assays. Therefore, in this study, the capacity of 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) to effectively trap methylglyoxal (MGO), an AGE precursor compound also present in daily consumed food, was investigated by evaluating 5-CQA and MGO metabolic fate when subjected to digestion. Two different in vitro digestion approaches (static based on the Infogest protocol and dynamic based on a novel millifluidic gastrointestinal model) were set up and the samples collected at different steps of the static and dynamic processes were analyzed by a validated RP-HPLC-DAD method. The obtained results indicated that the gastrointestinal process strongly affected the 5-CQA capacity to trap MGO and its resulting antiglycation activity. Therefore, preliminary investigation using advanced in vitro tests, particularly dynamic approaches, should always be performed to predict the effect of the digestion process on the potential bioactives present in food, food by-products, or plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mayra Paolillo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Frosi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Lucia Ferron
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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12
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Rebouças EDL, da Silva AW, Rodrigues MC, Ferreira MKA, Mendes FRS, Marinho MM, Marinho EM, Pereira LR, Araújo JIFD, da Silva JYG, Moura LFWG, Magalhaes FEA, Salles Trevisan MT, Dos Santos HS, Marinho ES, Guedes MIF. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activities of the ethanolic Turnera subulata Sm. flower extract in adult zebrafish ( Danio rerio). J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:13062-13074. [PMID: 34629028 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1981449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Turnera subulata Sm. belongs to the family Turneraceae and is found in Brazil. The present study evaluated the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic potential of T. subulata flower extract (EtFloTsu) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The total phenol and flavonoid contents of EtFloTsu were determined and identified using the Folin Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride (AlCl3), respectively. The constituents of the extract were identified by HPLC-DAD, and the in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH) was determined, toxicity in brine shrimp, and acute toxicity of 96 h in adult zebrafish. In addition, adult zebrafish (n = 6/fish) were treated orally with EtFloTsu (4, 20, or 40 mg/kg; vo) and subjected to formalin-induced nociception tests (with its possible mechanism of action with camphor), carrageenan-induced inflammation, and D-glucose-induced hyperglycemia (111 mM). Oxidative stress in the liver and brain tissues was assessed. EtFloTsu showed high levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds with antioxidant activity. The phytochemicals chlorogenic acid, luteolin-7-o-glucoside, vitexin, and apigenin-7-o-glucoside were also identified in EtFloTsu. The synergism between these constituents was possibly responsible for the antinociceptive (via TRPA1), anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects of EtFloTsu in adult zebrafish, without causing toxicity in animals. Therefore, T. subulata flowers have therapeutic agents that could treat pain, inflammation, diabetes, and related complications.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela de Lima Rebouças
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Campus do Itaperi, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center (CCS), Itaperi Campus, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Antonio Wlisses da Silva
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry - LQPN-S, Science and Technology Center (CCT), Itaperi Campus, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marnielle Coutinho Rodrigues
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Campus do Itaperi, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Kueirislene Amâncio Ferreira
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry - LQPN-S, Science and Technology Center (CCT), Itaperi Campus, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Francisco Rogênio Silva Mendes
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry - LQPN-S, Science and Technology Center (CCT), Itaperi Campus, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuelle Machado Marinho
- Group of Theoretical Chemistry - GQT, Pici Campus, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lucas Ramos Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products, Bioprospecting and Biotechnology, CECITEC Campus, State University of Ceará, Tauá, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Ismael Feitosa de Araújo
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products, Bioprospecting and Biotechnology, CECITEC Campus, State University of Ceará, Tauá, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Ytalo Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center (CCS), Itaperi Campus, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Ernani Alves Magalhaes
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center (CCS), Itaperi Campus, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products, Bioprospecting and Biotechnology, CECITEC Campus, State University of Ceará, Tauá, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Hélcio Silva Dos Santos
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Campus do Itaperi, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry - LQPN-S, Science and Technology Center (CCT), Itaperi Campus, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, State University of Vale do Acaraú, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Group of Theoretical Chemistry and Electrochemical - GQTE, FAFIDAM Campus, State University of Ceará, Iguatu, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Florindo Guedes
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Campus do Itaperi, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Health Sciences Center (CCS), Itaperi Campus, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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13
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Fernandes ACF, Melo JB, Genova VM, Santana ÁL, Macedo G. Phytochemicals as Potential Inhibitors of Advanced Glycation End Products: Health Aspects and Patent Survey. RECENT ADVANCES IN FOOD, NUTRITION & AGRICULTURE 2022; 13:3-16. [PMID: 34053432 DOI: 10.2174/2212798412666210528130001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycation of proteins and lipids synthesizes the advanced glycation end products (AGEs), i.e., substances that irreversibly damage macromolecules present in tissues and organs, which contribute to the impairment of biological functions. For instance, the accumulation of AGEs induces oxidative stress, the inflammatory responses, and consequently the on set/worsening of diseases, including obesity, asthma, cognitive impairment, and cancer. There is a current demand on natural and low-cost sources of anti-AGE agents. As a result, food phytochemicals presented promising results to inhibit glycation and consequently, the formation of AGEs. OBJECTIVE Here we describe how the AGEs are present in food via Maillard reaction and in organs via natural aging, as well as the effects of AGEs on the worsening of diseases. Also we described the methods used to detect AGEs in samples, and the current findings on the use of phytochemicals (phenolic compounds, phytosterols, carotenoids, terpenes and vitamins) as natural therapeuticals to inhibit health damages via inhibition of AGEs in vitro and in vivo. METHODS This manuscript reviewed publications available in the PubMed and Science Direct databases dated from the last 20 years on the uses of phytochemicals for the inhibition of AGEs. Recent patents on the use of anti-AGEs drugs were reviewed with the use of Google Advanced Patents database. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There is no consensus about which concentration of AGEs in blood serum should not be hazardous to the health of individuals. Food phytochemicals derived from agroindustry wastes, including peanut skins, and the bagasses derived from citrus and grapes are promising anti-AGEs agents via scavenging of free radicals, metal ions, the suppression of metabolic pathways that induces inflammation, the activation of pathways that promote antioxidant defense, and the blocking of AGE connection with the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE). CONCLUSION Phytochemicals derived from agroindustry are promising anti-AGEs, which can be included to replace synthetic drugs to inhibit AGE formation, and consequently to act as therapeutical strategy to prevent and treat diseases caused by AGEs, including diabetes, ovarian cancer, osteoporosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayara C F Fernandes
- Bioprocesses Laboratory, Food and Nutrition Department, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil, Cidade Universitária "ZeferinoVaz", Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Jeane B Melo
- Bioprocesses Laboratory, Food and Nutrition Department, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil, Cidade Universitária "ZeferinoVaz", Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Vanize M Genova
- Bioprocesses Laboratory, Food and Nutrition Department, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil, Cidade Universitária "ZeferinoVaz", Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Ádina L Santana
- Bioprocesses Laboratory, Food and Nutrition Department, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil, Cidade Universitária "ZeferinoVaz", Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil.,264 Food Innovation Center, Nebraska Innovation Campus, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 N 21st street, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Gabriela Macedo
- Bioprocesses Laboratory, Food and Nutrition Department, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil, Cidade Universitária "ZeferinoVaz", Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
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14
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Kicel A, Magiera A, Skrzywanek M, Malczuk M, Olszewska MA. The Inhibition of α-Glucosidase, α-Amylase and Protein Glycation by Phenolic Extracts of Cotoneaster bullatus, Cotoneaster zabelii, and Cotoneaster integerrimus Leaves and Fruits: Focus on Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity and Kinetic Parameters. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207081. [PMID: 36296676 PMCID: PMC9610465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotoneaster species have gained significant importance in traditional Asian medicine for their ability to prevent and treat hyperglycemia and diabetes. Therefore, in this study, some aspects of the beneficial health effects of hydromethanolic extracts of C. bullatus, C. zabelii, and C. integerrimus leaves and fruits were evaluated, including their influence on α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and nonenzymatic protein glycation. The activity was investigated in relation to the polyphenolic profile of the extracts determined by UV-spectrophotometric and HPLC-PDA-fingerprint methods. It was revealed that all leaf and fruit extracts are a promising source of biological components (caffeic acid pseudodepsides, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols), and the leaf extracts of C. bullatus and C. zabelii contain the highest levels of polyphenols (316.3 and 337.6 mg/g in total, respectively). The leaf extracts were also the most effective inhibitors of digestive enzymes and nonenzymatic protein glycation. IC50 values of 8.6, 41.8, and 32.6 µg/mL were obtained for the most active leaf extract of C. bullatus (MBL) in the α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and glycation inhibition tests, respectively. In the kinetic study, MBL was displayed as a mixed-type inhibitor of both enzymes. The correlations between the polyphenol profiles and activity parameters (|r| > 0.72, p < 0.05) indicate a significant contribution of proanthocyanidins to the tested activity. These results support the traditional use of Cotoneaster leaves and fruits in diabetes and suggest their hydrophilic extracts be promising in functional applications.
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15
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Ferreira SS, Domingues MR, Barros C, Santos SA, Silvestre AJ, Silva AM, Nunes FM. Major anthocyanins in elderberry effectively trap methylglyoxal and reduce cytotoxicity of methylglyoxal in HepG2 cell line. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100468. [PMID: 36281231 PMCID: PMC9587298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiglycation effect of elderberries by methylglyoxal (MGO) trapping was studied. Cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside were almost totally reacted with MGO. Quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-3-rutinoside trap MGO in less extent. Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyanidin-5-glucoside-3-sambubioside did not react. Elderberries phenols trap MGO decreasing the induced MGO cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells.
The accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the body is implicated in numerous diseases, being methylglyoxal (MGO) one of the main precursors. One of the strategies to reduce AGEs accumulation might be acting in an early stage of glycation by trapping MGO. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the potential of elderberries polyphenols to trap MGO, access the formation of MGO adducts, and evaluate the cytoprotection effect in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. The results demonstrated that monoglycosylated anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside) are very efficient in trapping MGO, forming mono- and di-adducts. Quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-3-rutinoside reacted slowly, while diglycosylated anthocyanins did not react. The trapping of MGO by elderberry monoglycosylated anthocyanins significantly decreased the MGO cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells (∼70 % of cell viability), while the effect in Caco-2 cells was lower (∼50 %). Thus, elderberry phenolics present antiglycation potential by trapping MGO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine S. Ferreira
- Chemistry Research Center – Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab., University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal,Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M. Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal,CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Cristina Barros
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sónia A.O. Santos
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando J.D. Silvestre
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal,Corresponding authors at: Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal (A. M. Silva). CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Food and Wine Chemistry Lab., Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801; Vila Real, Portugal (F. M. Nunes).
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Chemistry Research Center – Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab., University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal,Department of Chemistry, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal,Corresponding authors at: Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal (A. M. Silva). CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Food and Wine Chemistry Lab., Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801; Vila Real, Portugal (F. M. Nunes).
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16
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Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End-Products in the Body and Dietary Habits. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193982. [PMID: 36235635 PMCID: PMC9572209 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) in tissues is a physiological process; however, excessive production and storage are pathological and lead to inflammation. A sedentary lifestyle, hypercaloric and high-fructose diet and increased intake of processed food elements contribute to excessive production of compounds, which are created in the non-enzymatic multi-stage glycation process. The AGE’s sources can be endogenous and exogenous, mainly due to processing food at high temperatures and low moisture, including grilling, roasting, and frying. Accumulation of AGE increases oxidative stress and initiates various disorders, leading to the progression of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and their complications. Inborn defensive mechanisms, recovery systems, and exogenous antioxidants (including polyphenols) protect from excessive AGE accumulation. Additionally, numerous products have anti-glycation properties, occurring mainly in fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices. It confirms the role of diet in the prevention of civilization diseases.
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17
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Rochín-Hernández LS, Rochín-Hernández LJ, Flores-Cotera LB. Endophytes, a Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds to Curtail the Formation–Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End Products: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144469. [PMID: 35889349 PMCID: PMC9322667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytes, microorganisms that live in the internal tissues and organs of the plants, are known to produce numerous bioactive compounds, including, at times, some phytochemicals of their host plant. For such reason, endophytes have been quoted as a potential source for discovering bioactive compounds, particularly, of medical interest. Currently, many non-communicable diseases are threatening global human health, noticeably: diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other ailment related to chronic inflammation and ageing. Intriguingly, the pathogenesis and development of these diseases have been linked to an excessive formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are a heterogeneous group of compounds that can alter the conformation, function, and lifetime of proteins. Therefore, compounds that prevent the formation and consequent accumulation of AGEs (AntiAGEs compounds) could be useful to delay the progress of some chronic diseases, and/or harmful effects of undue AGEs accumulation. Despite the remarkable ability of endophytes to produce bioactive compounds, most of the natural antiAGEs compounds reported in the literature are derived from plants. Accordingly, this work covers 26 plant antiAGEs compounds and some derivatives that have been reported as endophytic metabolites, and discusses the importance, possible advantages, and challenges of using endophytes as a potential source of antiAGEs compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lory Sthephany Rochín-Hernández
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Lory Jhenifer Rochín-Hernández
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Luis Bernardo Flores-Cotera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-13499526
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Hibiscus, Rooibos, and Yerba Mate for Healthy Aging: A Review on the Attenuation of In Vitro and In Vivo Markers Related to Oxidative Stress, Glycoxidation, and Neurodegeneration. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121676. [PMID: 35741873 PMCID: PMC9222775 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The world is currently undergoing a demographic change towards an increasing number of elderly citizens. Aging is characterized by a temporal decline in physiological capacity, and oxidative stress is a hallmark of aging and age-related disorders. Such an oxidative state is linked to a decrease in the effective mechanisms of cellular repair, the incidence of post-translational protein glycation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurodegeneration, just to name some of the markers contributing to the establishment of age-related reduction-oxidation, or redox, imbalance. Currently, there are no prescribed therapies to control oxidative stress; however, there are strategies to elevate antioxidant defenses and overcome related health challenges based on the adoption of nutritional therapies. It is well known that herbal teas such, as hibiscus, rooibos, and yerba mate, are important sources of antioxidants, able to prevent some oxidation-related stresses. These plants produce several bioactive metabolites, have a pleasant taste, and a long-lasting history as safe foods. This paper reviews the literature on hibiscus, rooibos, and yerba mate teas in the context of nutritional strategies for the attenuation of oxidative stress-related glycoxidation and neurodegeneration, and, here, Alzheimer’s Disease is approached as an example. The focus is given to mechanisms of glycation inhibition, as well as neuroprotective in vitro effects, and, in animal studies, to frame interest in these plants as nutraceutical agents related to current health concerns.
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19
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Natural aldose reductase inhibitors for treatment and prevention of diabetic cataract: A review. HERBA POLONICA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/hepo-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Introduction: Aldose reductase (AR) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol responsible for the development of diabetic complications like cataracts. Medicinal plants contain several phytocompounds that can inhibit this enzyme.
Objective: The purpose of this review is to cite medicinal plants that have been tested for their ability to inhibit aldose reductase and consequently prevent cataracts and classify the major isolated compounds that have this activity.
Methods: We reviewed 154 articles published between 1954 and 2020 in English via three databases: ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed. We have classified the plants that showed a significant anti-cataract effect, in the form of a list including the scientific and family names of each plant. Also, we have cited the IC50 values and the active constituents of each plant that showed inhibitory activity towards AR.
Results: We have described 38 herbs belonging to 29 families. Besides, 47 isolated compounds obtained from the cited herbs have shown an AR inhibitory effect: luteolin, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl-epi-quinic acid, delphinidin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside-3’-O-β-glucopyranoside, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, andrographolide, 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 7-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-methyl-8-β-O-D-glucoside-2H-chromen-2-one, E-4-(60-hydroxyhex-30-en-1-yl)phenyl propionate, delphinidin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside-3’,5’-di-O-β-glucopyranoside, 1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanol, (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methanol, trans-anethole, gallic acid 4-O-β-D-(6’-O-galloyl)-glucoside, β-glucogallin, puerariafuran, quercetin, gallic acid 4-O-β-D-glucoside, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone, protocatechuic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid and syringic acid.
Conclusion: natural therapy becomes an interesting alternative in the treatment and prevention of cataract by using medicinal plants rich in active compounds considered as AR inhibitors.
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Sarmah S, Roy AS. A review on prevention of glycation of proteins: Potential therapeutic substances to mitigate the severity of diabetes complications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:565-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Gawron-Gzella A, Chanaj-Kaczmarek J, Cielecka-Piontek J. Yerba Mate-A Long but Current History. Nutrients 2021; 13:3706. [PMID: 34835962 PMCID: PMC8622869 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bearing in mind the growing interest in Yerba Mate, a comprehensive study has been prepared containing the most important aspects and possibilities of its use. The introduction of the work contains the species characteristics of Yerba Mate, as well as information about the origin and places of cultivation. The next part focuses on the analysis of the composition, pointing to purine alkaloids, polyphenols, saponins, and minerals as groups of active compounds responsible for the clinical activity of Yerba Mate. The review of the results of preclinical and clinical studies indicates activity in relation to the stimulating effect, reducing weight by stimulating lipolysis, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The information about the action of Yerba Mate is supplemented by the characteristics of its potential toxicity in terms of PAHs content (in particular benzo[α]pyrene) and preparation as a determinant of increased irritation. The current data on the effects of Yerba Mate and the wide safety margin of its use position this raw material as a valuable component of functional food. The growing frequency of consuming Yerba Mate, conditioned by the availability resulting from the globalization of the market and the information provided about it's the pro-health effects, will position Yerba Mate's popularity among wider population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4 Swiecickiego Street, 61-781 Poznan, Poland; (A.G.-G.); (J.C.-K.)
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Chan MZA, Lu Y, Liu SQ. In vitro bioactivities of coffee brews fermented with the probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM-I745. Food Res Int 2021; 149:110693. [PMID: 34600688 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated the production of bioactive metabolites (e.g., indole-3-lactate, 4-hydroxyphenyllactate, 3-phenyllactate, 2-isopropylmalate) by the probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM-I745 during coffee brew fermentation. However, it remains unclear if in situ production of bioactive metabolites confers additional health benefits to coffee brews. Here, we aimed to investigate the in vitro bioactivities of freeze-dried cell-free coffee supernatants fermented with L. rhamnosus GG and/or S. boulardii CNCM-I745, compared to non-fermented coffee supernatants. In vitro bioactivity assays pertained to α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, antiglycative activities, anti-proliferation against human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HCT116, and HepG2), cellular antioxidant activities, and anti-inflammatory activities. We demonstrated that non-fermented coffee supernatants displayed weak starch hydrolase inhibition (IC50 > 36.00 mg/mL), but otherwise displayed strong anti-glycative (IC50 0.71-0.74 mg/mL), anti-proliferative (IC50 0.45, 0.36, and < 0.5 mg/mL for MCF-7, HCT116, and HepG2 respectively), cellular antioxidant (85,844.22 µmol quercetin equivalents/100 g coffee supernatant), and anti-inflammatory activities (35.7% reduction in nitrite production at 0.13 mg/mL). In all the assays tested, probiotic fermented coffee supernatants exhibited very similar bioactivities compared to non-fermented coffee supernatants, and improvements were not observed. Overall, in vitro bioactivities of coffee brews were not improved via in situ metabolite production by L. rhamnosus GG and/or S. boulardii CNCM-I745. Therefore, bioactive metabolites produced during probiotic-induced food fermentations may not necessarily confer additional health benefits compared to non-fermented counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhi Alcine Chan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore.
| | - Yuyun Lu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore.
| | - Shao-Quan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Abdi F, golchinfar Z, Tabibiazar M, Taghvimi A, Ghorbani M. Effect of tannic and gallic acid on glycation of egg white protein and formation N-(Carboxyl methyl) lysine. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Advanced Glycation End Products: New Clinical and Molecular Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147236. [PMID: 34299683 PMCID: PMC8306599 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the most massive epidemics of the twenty-first century due to its high mortality rates caused mainly due to its complications; therefore, the early identification of such complications becomes a race against time to establish a prompt diagnosis. The research of complications of DM over the years has allowed the development of numerous alternatives for diagnosis. Among these emerge the quantification of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) given their increased levels due to chronic hyperglycemia, while also being related to the induction of different stress-associated cellular responses and proinflammatory mechanisms involved in the progression of chronic complications of DM. Additionally, the investigation for more valuable and safe techniques has led to developing a newer, noninvasive, and effective tool, termed skin fluorescence (SAF). Hence, this study aimed to establish an update about the molecular mechanisms induced by AGEs during the evolution of chronic complications of DM and describe the newer measurement techniques available, highlighting SAF as a possible tool to measure the risk of developing DM chronic complications.
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Glycoside Hydrolases and Non-Enzymatic Glycation Inhibitory Potential of Viburnum opulus L. Fruit-In Vitro Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060989. [PMID: 34205673 PMCID: PMC8235151 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals of various origins are of great interest for their antidiabetic potential. In the present study, the inhibitory effects against carbohydrate digestive enzymes and non-enzymatic glycation, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds composition of Viburnum opulus L. fruits have been studied. Crude extract (CE), purified extract (PE), and ethyl acetate (PEAF) and water (PEWF) fractions of PE were used in enzymatic assays to evaluate their inhibitory potential against α-amylase with potato and rice starch as substrate, α-glucosidase using maltose and sucrose as substrate, the antioxidant capacity (ABTS, ORAC and FRAP assays), antiglycation (BSA-fructose and BSA-glucose model) properties. Among four tested samples, PEAF not only had the highest content of total phenolics, but also possessed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibition, antiglycation and antioxidant activities. UPLC analysis revealed that this fraction contained mainly chlorogenic acid, proanthocyanidin oligomers and flavalignans. Contrary, the anti-amylase activity of V. opulus fruits probably occurs due to the presence of proanthocyanidin polymers and chlorogenic acids, especially dicaffeoylquinic acids present in PEWF. All V. opulus samples have an uncompetitive and mixed type inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Considering strong anti-glucosidase, antioxidant and antiglycation activities, V. opulus fruits may find promising applications in nutraceuticals and functional foods with antidiabetic activity.
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Bungthong C, Wrigley C, Sonteera T, Siriamornpun S. Amino Acid Profile and Biological Properties of Silk Cocoon as Affected by Water and Enzyme Extraction. Molecules 2021; 26:3455. [PMID: 34200149 PMCID: PMC8201060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the efficacy for protein extraction of water versus enzymatic extraction. The amino-acid composition, inhibitory activity against enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and anti-glycation activities of silk protein extract (SPE) were determined. We used water extraction (100 °C, six hours) and protease-enzymatic extraction. The microstructure of silk fibers was obviously different after extraction. The results showed that enzymatic extraction gave the greater values of protein content, amino acids, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), as well as all biological activities parameters tested, but it also provided a more bitter taste in the extract-contributing amino acids of 51% (arginine, phenylalanine, histidine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and leucine) and less sweet and umami taste contributing amino acids than did water extraction, which could be more suitable to be used as concentrated nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuleeporn Bungthong
- Research Unit of Process and Product Development of Functional Foods, Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand;
| | - Colin Wrigley
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Thanathat Sonteera
- Managing Director, Siam Natural Products Co., Ltd., Sutthisan Winitchai Road, Samsen Nai, Khet Phaya Thai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Sirithon Siriamornpun
- Research Unit of Process and Product Development of Functional Foods, Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand;
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Khanam A, Ahmad S, Husain A, Rehman S, Farooqui A, Yusuf MA. Glycation and Antioxidants: Hand in the Glove of Antiglycation and Natural Antioxidants. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:899-915. [PMID: 32039678 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200210103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The non-enzymatic interaction of sugar and protein resulting in the formation of advanced glycation end products responsible for cell signaling alterations ultimately leads to the human chronic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. Studies suggest that AGEs upon interaction with receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) result in the production of pro-inflammatory molecules and free radicals that exert altered gene expression effect. To date, many studies unveiled the potent role of synthetic and natural agents in inhibiting the glycation reaction at a lesser or greater extent. This review focuses on the hazards of glycation reaction and its inhibition by natural antioxidants, including polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afreen Khanam
- IIRC-1, Laboratory of Glycation Biology and Metabolic Disorders, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- IIRC-1, Laboratory of Glycation Biology and Metabolic Disorders, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Arbab Husain
- IIRC-1, Laboratory of Glycation Biology and Metabolic Disorders, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Shahnawaz Rehman
- IIRC-1, Laboratory of Glycation Biology and Metabolic Disorders, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Alvina Farooqui
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Yusuf
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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Pineapple ( Ananas comosus L.) By-Products Valorization: Novel Bio Ingredients for Functional Foods. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113216. [PMID: 34072026 PMCID: PMC8198275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pineapple is consumed on a large scale around the world due to its appreciated sensorial characteristics. The industry of minimally processed pineapple produces enormous quantities of by-products (30–50%) which are generally undervalued. The end-of-life of pineapple by-products (PBP) can be replaced by reuse and renewal flows in an integrated process to promote economic growth by reducing consumption of natural resources and diminishing food waste. In our study, pineapple shell (PS) and pineapple core (PC), vacuum-packed separately, were subjected to moderate hydrostatic pressure (225 MPa, 8.5 min) (MHP) as abiotic stress to increase bromelain activity and antioxidant capacity. Pressurized and raw PBP were lyophilized to produce a stable powder. The dehydrated samples were characterized by the following methodologies: chemical and physical characterization, total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant capacity, bromelain activity, microbiology, and mycotoxins. Results demonstrated that PBP are naturally rich in carbohydrates (66–88%), insoluble (16–28%) and soluble (2–4%) fiber, and minerals (4–5%). MHP was demonstrated to be beneficial in improving TPC (2–4%), antioxidant activity (2–6%), and bromelain activity (6–32%) without affecting the nutritional value. Furthermore, microbial and mycotoxical analysis demonstrated that powdered PC is a safe by-product. PS application is possible but requires previous decontamination to reduce the microbiological load.
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Brito TGDS, Silva APSD, Cunha RXD, Fonseca CSMD, Araújo TFDS, Campos JKDL, Nascimento WM, Araújo HDAD, Silva JPRE, Tavares JF, Santos BSD, Lima VLDM. Anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and analgesic activities of Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel (Brazilian grape) epicarp. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113611. [PMID: 33242623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel, known in Brazil as jabuticaba or jaboticaba has been used by Brazilian native populations for medicinal purposes, including those related to inflammatory conditions, such as asthma, diarrhea, disorders in female genitourinary tract, and tonsillitis. Inflammation has emerged as a main factor for the oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia present in chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Such disturbances have been a leading cause of death worldwide for decades, despite significant efforts in developing new therapies. Therefore, strengthening the relevance of ethnobotanic approaches, as P. cauliflora has the potential to become a natural, native, and traditional product to prevent and treat inflammation-associated diseases more effectively for more people. AIM OF THE STUDY Evaluate anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and analgesic properties of hydroethanolic extract of P. cauliflora epicarps (PcE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytochemical compound from the PcE were identified through HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn analysis. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging. The anti-inflammatory potential was investigated by carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis in mice. Analgesic effect was assessed, in mice, though hot plate test and acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential were evaluated using alloxan-induced diabetic mice. RESULTS Tannins, phenolic acids, and their derivatives were the predominant phytochemicals found. Overall, PcE showed different properties related to the treatment of clinical conditions associated with chronic diseases as a potent antioxidant activity, demonstrating a radical scavenging action similar to gallic acid. PcE oral administration also significantly reduced inflammation induced by paw edema and partially blocked leukocyte migration. Moreover, PcE produced peripheral and central analgesic effects, as evaluated in the writhing model and hot plate tests. Treatment with PcE significantly improved glucose levels and lipid markers in diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS P. cauliflora fruits are rich sources of secondary metabolites, mainly tannins and phenolic acids with high biological potential, which can effectively contribute to the approach of preventing and controlling chronic NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaíse Gabriele da Silva Brito
- Laboratório de Lipídios e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas. Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Sant'Anna da Silva
- Laboratório de Lipídios e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas. Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Xavier da Cunha
- Laboratório de Lipídios e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas. Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Caíque Silveira Martins da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Lipídios e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas. Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Ferreira da Silva Araújo
- Colegiado de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Vale Eo São Francisco, Avenida José de Sá Maniçoba, S/N, CEP 56304917, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Janaína Karin de Lima Campos
- Laboratório Morfofuncional, Curso de Medicina, Núcleo de Ciências da Vida, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rodovia BR-104, Km 62, S/N, CEP, 55014-908, Caruaru, PE, Brazil
| | - Weber Melo Nascimento
- Laboratório de Lipídios e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas. Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Hallysson Douglas Andrade de Araújo
- Laboratório de Lipídios e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas. Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Joanda Paolla Raimundo E Silva
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Caracterização e Análise - LMCA, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, Campus I, Castelo Branco III, S/N, 58033-455, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Caracterização e Análise - LMCA, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, Campus I, Castelo Branco III, S/N, 58033-455, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Bianka Santana Dos Santos
- Laboratório Morfofuncional, Curso de Medicina, Núcleo de Ciências da Vida, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rodovia BR-104, Km 62, S/N, CEP, 55014-908, Caruaru, PE, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia de Menezes Lima
- Laboratório de Lipídios e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas. Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Attenuation of methylglyoxal-induced glycation and cellular dysfunction in wound healing by Centella cordifolia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:813-824. [PMID: 33424371 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current pre-clinical evidences of Centella focus on its pharmacological effects on normal wound healing but there are limited studies on the bioactivity of Centella in cellular dysfunction associated with diabetic wounds. Hence we planned to examine the potential of Centella cordifolia in inhibiting methylglyoxal (MGO)-induced extracellular matrix (ECM) glycation and promoting the related cellular functions. A Cell-ECM adhesion assay examined the ECM glycation induced by MGO. Different cell types that contribute to the healing process (fibroblasts, keratinocytes and endothelial cells) were evaluated for their ability to adhere to the glycated ECM. Methanolic extract of Centella species was prepared and partitioned to yield different solvent fractions which were further analysed by high performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) method. Based on the antioxidant [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay] screening, anti-glycation activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of the different Centella species and fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction of C. cordifolia was selected for further investigating its ability to inhibit MGO-induced ECM glycation and promote cellular distribution and adhesion. Out of the three Centella species (C. asiatica, C. cordifolia and C. erecta), the methanolic extract of C. cordifolia showed maximum inhibition of Advanced glycation end products (AGE) fluorescence (20.20 ± 4.69 %, 25.00 ± 3.58 % and 16.18 ± 1.40 %, respectively). Its ethyl acetate fraction was enriched with phenolic compounds (3.91 ± 0.12 mg CAE/μg fraction) and showed strong antioxidant (59.95 ± 7.18 μM TE/μg fraction) and antiglycation activities. Improvement of cells spreading and adhesion of endothelial cells, fibroblasts and keratinocytes was observed for ethyl acetate treated MGO-glycated extracellular matrix. Significant reduction in attachment capacity of EA.hy926 cells seeded on MGO-glycated fibronectin (41.2%) and attachment reduction of NIH3t3 and HaCaT cells seeded on MGO-glycated collagen (33.7% and 24.1%, respectively) were observed. Our findings demonstrate that ethyl acetate fraction of C. cordifolia was effective in attenuating MGO-induced glycation and cellular dysfunction in the in-vitro wound healing models suggesting that C. cordifolia could be a potential candidate for diabetic wound healing. It could be subjected for further isolation of new phytoconstituents having potential diabetic wound healing properties.
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Key Words
- AGA, minoguanidine hydrochloride
- AGEs, Advanced glycation end products
- AlCl3, Aluminum chloride
- Antiglycation
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- Centella
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- Diabetic complications
- EA, Ethyl acetate fraction
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- FN, Fibronectin
- HEPES, Hydroxyethyl piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HPLC-PDA
- HPLC-PDA, High performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector
- HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c
- MGO, Methylglyoxal
- Methylglyoxal
- NaNO2, Sodium nitrite
- NaOH, Sodium hydroxide
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- RAGE, Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SDS-PAGE, Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TLC, Thin-layer chromatography
- TNBSA, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
- TNBSA, Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
- TPC, Total phenolic content
- Trolox, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
- Wounds
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Anwar S, Khan S, Almatroudi A, Khan AA, Alsahli MA, Almatroodi SA, Rahmani AH. A review on mechanism of inhibition of advanced glycation end products formation by plant derived polyphenolic compounds. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:787-805. [PMID: 33389535 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are naturally occurring biomolecules formed by interaction of reducing sugars with biomolecules such as protein and lipids etc., Long term high blood sugar level and glycation accelerate the formation of AGEs. Unchecked continuous formation and accumulation of AGEs are potential risks for pathogenesis of various chronic diseases. Current mode of antidiabetic therapy is based on synthetic drugs that are often linked with severe adverse effects. Polyphenolic compounds derived from plants are supposed to inhibit glycation and formation of AGEs at multiple levels. Some polyphenolic compounds regulate the blood glucose metabolism by amplification of cell insulin resistance and activation of insulin like growth factor binding protein signaling pathway. Their antioxidant nature and metal chelating activity, ability to trap intermediate dicarbonyl compounds could be possible mechanisms against glycation and AGEs formation and hence, against AGEs induced health complications. Although, few species of polyphenolic compounds are being used in in vitro trials and their in vivo study is still in progress, increasing the area of research in this field may produce a fruitful approach in management of overall diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehwaz Anwar
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shifa Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, JNMC, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Ali Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6699, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsahli
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia.
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Bednarska K, Kuś P, Fecka I. Investigation of the Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Methylglyoxal Trapping Effect of Galega officinalis L. Herb In Vitro. Molecules 2020; 25:E5810. [PMID: 33317096 PMCID: PMC7764533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Galega officinalis L. has been known for centuries as an herbal medicine used to alleviate the symptoms of diabetes, but its comprehensive chemical composition and pharmacological activity are still insufficiently known. The current study involved the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and in vitro evaluation of the antioxidative and methylglyoxal (MGO) trapping properties of galega herb. Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with both the electrospray ionization mass spectrometer and diode-array detector (UHPLC-ESI-MS and UHPLC-DAD) were used to investigate the composition and evaluate the anti-MGO capability of extracts and their components. Hot water and aqueous methanol extracts, as well as individual compounds representing phytochemical groups, were also assessed for antioxidant activity using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. Quercetin and metformin were used as a positive control. We confirmed the presence of tricyclic quinazoline alkaloids, guanidines, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) in galega extracts. The polyphenolic fraction was dominated by mono-, di-, and triglycosylated flavonols, as well as monocaffeoylhexaric acids. The in vitro tests indicated which G. officinalis components exhibit beneficial antioxidative and MGO trapping effects. For galega extracts, flavonols, and HCAs, a potent antiradical activity was observed. The ability to trap MGO was noted for guanidines and flavonoids, whereas HCA esters and quinazoline alkaloids were ineffective. The formation of mono-MGO adducts of galegine, hydroxygalegine, and rutin in the examined water infusion was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bednarska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.K.); (I.F.)
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Cao Q, Huang Y, Zhu QF, Song M, Xiong S, Manyande A, Du H. The mechanism of chlorogenic acid inhibits lipid oxidation: An investigation using multi-spectroscopic methods and molecular docking. Food Chem 2020; 333:127528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Protein glycation and oxidation inhibitory activity of Centella asiatica phenolics (CAP) in glucose-mediated bovine serum albumin glycoxidation. Food Chem 2020; 332:127302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Morais MG, Saldanha AA, Costa Rodrigues JP, Cotta Mendes I, Ferreira LM, Avelar Amado P, de Souza Farias K, Samúdio Santos Zanuncio V, Brentan da Silva D, Carmo Horta Pinto F, Soares AC, Alves Rodrigues Dos Santos Lima L. Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the ethanol extract of ripe fruits of Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. (Solanaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 262:113125. [PMID: 32736057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. (Solanaceae) is widely distributed in the Brazilian Cerrado and is used in folk medicine for treatment of inflammatory disorders, such as asthma and hepatitis, as weel as antirheumatic. AIM OF THE STUDY The aims of this study were to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the ethanol extract (EE) obtained from the ripe fruits of S. lycocarpum and to identify its chemical constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extract was obtained by percolation with ethanol. This extract was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and mass spectrometer (LC-DAD-MS) for identify its chemical constituents. The antioxidant activity was determined by the reaction with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). In vivo anti-inflammatory potential was assessed using carrageenan-induced paw edema model, while qualitative and quantitative histological analyses evaluated of the inflammatory infiltrate at different times and treatments. The antinociceptive effect of the EE was evaluated by acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test, formalin-induced nociception and hot-plate test. RESULTS The main compounds identified in EE were steroidal glycoalkaloids (such as robeneoside B or hydroxysolasonine isomers and solanandaine isomers), the aglycone alkaloids peiminine and solasodine, di- and tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, O-coumaroyl caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, N1,N10-bis-(dihydrocaffeoyl)spermidine, di-O-hexoside, and hexonic acid. In addition, the EE showed significant antioxidant activity. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment with EE (300 mg/kg) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. Qualitative and quantitative histological analyses showed that EE significantly reduced the cell infiltrate in acute inflammation. The EE, in all doses evaluated, significantly reduced the abdominal contortions in mice. Besides, reduced licking time was found in both phases in the formalin test after treatment with EE (100 and 300 mg/kg). In addition, the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone reversed the antinociceptive activity of morphine in the both phases the test, but it did not reverse the antinociceptive activity of the EE. The EE (300 mg/kg) also caused an increase in the latency to response in the hot-plate test. CONCLUSION The ripe fruits of S. lycocarpum exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive activities, attributed mainly to the presence of alkaloids, such as solasodine and peiminine, as well as caffeoylquinic acids in their chemical composition. These results contribute to use of S. lycocarpum ripe fruits for the treatment of inflammatory and painful process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Grazielle Morais
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain and Inflammation, Federal University of São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil; Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Federal University of São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Aline Aparecida Saldanha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain and Inflammation, Federal University of São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Costa Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain and Inflammation, Federal University of São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Iara Cotta Mendes
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Federal University of São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Letícia Marcelle Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Federal University of São João Del Rei, Campus Dom Bosco, São João Del Rei, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Paula Avelar Amado
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain and Inflammation, Federal University of São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Katyuce de Souza Farias
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry (LAPNEM), Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Samúdio Santos Zanuncio
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry (LAPNEM), Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan da Silva
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry (LAPNEM), Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia Carmo Horta Pinto
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Federal University of São João Del Rei, Campus Dom Bosco, São João Del Rei, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cristina Soares
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Pain and Inflammation, Federal University of São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Divinópolis, 35501-296, Brazil
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The Herbal Combination CPA4-1 Inhibits Changes in Retinal Capillaries and Reduction of Retinal Occludin in db/db Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070627. [PMID: 32708791 PMCID: PMC7402168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) plays an important role in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) via blood-retinal barrier (BRB) dysfunction, and reduction of AGEs has been suggested as a therapeutic target for DR. In this study, we examined whether CPA4-1, a herbal combination of Cinnamomi Ramulus and Paeoniae Radix, inhibits AGE formation. CPA4-1 and fenofibrate were tested to ameliorate changes in retinal capillaries and retinal occludin expression in db/db mice, a mouse model of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes. CPA4-1 (100 mg/kg) or fenofibrate (100 mg/kg) were orally administered once a day for 12 weeks. CPA4-1 (the half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 6.84 ± 0.08 μg/mL) showed approximately 11.44-fold higher inhibitory effect on AGE formation than that of aminoguanidine (AG, the inhibitor of AGEs, IC50 = 78.28 ± 4.24 μg/mL), as well as breaking effect on AGE-bovine serum albumin crosslinking with collagen (IC50 = 1.30 ± 0.37 μg/mL). CPA4-1 treatment ameliorated BRB leakage and tended to increase retinal occludin expression in db/db mice. CPA4-1 or fenofibrate treatment significantly reduced retinal acellular capillary formation in db/db mice. These findings suggested the potential of CPA4-1 as a therapeutic supplement for protection against retinal vascular permeability diseases.
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Dariya B, Nagaraju GP. Advanced glycation end products in diabetes, cancer and phytochemical therapy. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1614-1623. [PMID: 32652310 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The irreversible glycation and oxidation of proteins and lipids produces advanced glycation end products (AGEs). These modified AGEs are triggered to bind the receptor for AGE (RAGE), thereby activating its downstream signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, ultimately leading to diabetes and cancers. In this review, we focus on the interaction of AGE-RAGE and their associated pathways. We also consider the activity of phytochemicals, such as genistein and curcumin, that trap dicarbonyl compounds including methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxalase that arise from multiple pathways to block AGE formation and prevent its interaction with RAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Dariya
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Anis MA, Sreerama YN. Inhibition of protein glycoxidation and advanced glycation end-product formation by barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) phenolics. Food Chem 2020; 315:126265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Healthy eating recommendations: good for reducing dietary contribution to the body's advanced glycation/lipoxidation end products pool? Nutr Res Rev 2020; 34:48-63. [PMID: 32450931 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422420000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The present review aims to give dietary recommendations to reduce the occurrence of the Maillard reaction in foods and in vivo to reduce the body's advanced glycation/lipoxidation end products (AGE/ALE) pool. A healthy diet, food reformulation and good culinary practices may be feasible for achieving the goal. A varied diet rich in fresh vegetables and fruits, non-added sugar beverages containing inhibitors of the Maillard reaction, and foods prepared by steaming and poaching as culinary techniques is recommended. Intake of supplements and novel foods with low sugars, low fats, enriched in bioactive compounds from food and waste able to modulate carbohydrate metabolism and reduce body's AGE/ALE pool is also recommended. In conclusion, the recommendations made for healthy eating by the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC) and Harvard University seem to be adequate to reduce dietary AGE/ALE, the body's AGE/ALE pool and to achieve sustainable nutrition and health.
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Inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds and plant extracts on the formation of advance glycation end products: A comprehensive review. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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González I, Morales MA, Rojas A. Polyphenols and AGEs/RAGE axis. Trends and challenges. Food Res Int 2020; 129:108843. [PMID: 32036875 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) is a key pathophysiological event linked not only to the onset and progression of diabetic complications, but also to neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and others important human diseases. AGEs contributions to pathophysiology are mainly through the formation of cross-links and by engaging the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found largely in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and beverages, and during many years, important efforts have been made to elucidate their beneficial effects on human health, mainly ascribed to their antioxidant activities. In the present review, we highlighted the beneficial actions of polyphenols aimed to diminish the harmful consequences of advanced glycation, mainly by the inhibition of ROS formation during glycation, the inhibition of Schiff base, Amadori products, and subsequent dicarbonyls group formation, the activation of the glyoxalase system, as well as by blocking either AGEs-RAGE interaction or cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana González
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Miguel A Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chil
| | - Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.
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Inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase by phenolic compounds of Rumex maderensis (Madeira sorrel). Influence of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on hyperglycaemia-related damage linked with aldose reductase activity and protein glycation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lee SM, Zheng LW, Jung Y, Hwang GS, Kim YS. Effects of hydroxycinnamic acids on the reduction of furan and α-dicarbonyl compounds. Food Chem 2019; 312:126085. [PMID: 31896460 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hydroxycinnamic acids such as cinnamic acid (CNA), p-coumaric acid(CMA), caffeic acid (CFA), and chlorogenic acid (CGA) on the reduction of furan in canned-coffee model systems (CCMS) containing α-dicarbonyls [glyoxal (GO) or methylglyoxal (MGO)] were investigated. The concentration of furan in CCMS containing GO, which was 59.76 μg/L, was reduced by the addition of CFA and CGA to 48.31 μg/L and 41.38 μg/L, respectively; similarly, the furan concentration in model system containing MGO was 45.79 μg/L, and this decreased to 35.41 μg/L (by CFA) and 32.65 μg/L (by CGA), respectively. In addition, the effects of hydroxycinnamic acids on the trapping of GO and MGO were determined. CFA and CGA greatly reduced the concentration of GO to 303.51 μg/L and 267.80 μg/L, respectively (compared to 515.79 μg/L in the control), whereas that of MGO was decreased to 207.01 μg/L and 219.14 μg/L (compared to 417.14 μg/L in the control). The trapping of α-dicarbonyls such as GO and MGO by CFA and CGA could be closely related to furan reduction in CCMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Li Wei Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngae Jung
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 120-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 120-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang H, Zhang H, Troise AD, Fogliano V. Melanoidins from Coffee, Cocoa, and Bread Are Able to Scavenge α-Dicarbonyl Compounds under Simulated Physiological Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10921-10929. [PMID: 31496242 PMCID: PMC6876928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Free amino residues react with α-dicarbonyl compounds (DCs) contributing to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Phenolic compounds can scavenge DCs, thus controlling the dietary carbonyl load. This study showed that high-molecular weight cocoa melanoidins (HMW-COM), HMW bread melanoidins (HMW-BM), and especially HMW coffee melanoidins (HMW-CM) are effective DC scavengers. HMW-CM (1 mg/mL) scavenged more than 40% DCs within 2 h under simulated physiological conditions, suggesting some physiological relevance. Partial acid hydrolysis of HMW-CM decreased the dicarbonyl trapping capacity, demonstrating that the ability to react with glyoxal, methylglyoxal (MGO), and diacetyl was mainly because of polyphenols bound to macromolecules. Caffeic acid (CA) and 3-caffeoylquinic acid showed a DC-scavenging kinetic profile similar to that of HMW-CM, while mass spectrometry data confirmed that hydroxyalkylation and aromatic substitution reactions led to the formation of a stable adduct between CA and MGO. These findings corroborated the idea that antioxidant-rich indigestible materials could limit carbonyl stress and AGE formation across the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- School
of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Food
Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University
& Research, Wageningen NL-6708 WG, Netherlands
| | - Hui Zhang
- School
of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan
University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Antonio Dario Troise
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Naples ‘‘Federico II’’, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food
Quality & Design Group, Wageningen University
& Research, Wageningen NL-6708 WG, Netherlands
- E-mail: .
Phone: +31 317485171
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Rebollo-Hernanz M, Fernández-Gómez B, Herrero M, Aguilera Y, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Uribarri J, del Castillo MD. Inhibition of the Maillard Reaction by Phytochemicals Composing an Aqueous Coffee Silverskin Extract via a Mixed Mechanism of Action. Foods 2019; 8:E438. [PMID: 31557849 PMCID: PMC6835918 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the contribution of isoflavones and melatonin to the aqueous extract obtained from the coffee silverskin (CSE) antiglycative properties, which has not been previously studied. To achieve this goal, two model systems constituted by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and reactive carbonyls (glucose or methylglyoxal) in the presence or absence of pure phytochemicals (chlorogenic acid (CGA), genistein, and melatonin) and CSE were employed. Glucose was used to evaluate the effect on the formation of glycation products formed mainly in the early stage of the reaction, while methylglyoxal was employed for looking at the formation of advanced products of the reaction, also called methylglyoxal-derivative advanced glycation end products (AGE) or glycoxidation products. CGA inhibited the formation of fructosamine, while genistein and melatonin inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end products and protein glycoxidation. It was also observed that phenolic compounds from CSE inhibited protein glycation and glycoxidation by forming BSA-phytochemical complexes. CSE showed a significant antiglycative effect (p < 0.05). Variations in the UV-Vis spectrum and the antioxidant capacity of protein fractions suggested the formation of protein-phytochemical complexes. Fluorescence quenching and in silico analysis supported the formation of antioxidant-protein complexes. For the first time, we illustrate that isoflavones and melatonin may contribute to the antiglycative/antiglycoxidative properties associated with CSE. CGA, isoflavones, and melatonin composing CSE seem to act simultaneously by different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (B.F.-G.); (M.H.); marí
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Gómez
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (B.F.-G.); (M.H.); marí
| | - Miguel Herrero
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (B.F.-G.); (M.H.); marí
| | - Yolanda Aguilera
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (B.F.-G.); (M.H.); marí
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Martín-Cabrejas
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (B.F.-G.); (M.H.); marí
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Uribarri
- Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - María Dolores del Castillo
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, UAM-CSIC), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-H.); (B.F.-G.); (M.H.); marí
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Starowicz M, Zieliński H. Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End-Product Formation by High Antioxidant-Leveled Spices Commonly Used in European Cuisine. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8040100. [PMID: 30991695 PMCID: PMC6523868 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spices and herbs, as good sources of polyphenols, could be strong inhibitors of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation. The aim of this research was to measure the ability of various spices to inhibit AGEs and to study the correlation of AGE inhibition with total phenolic (TP) content and antioxidant capacity. Fourteen spices commonly used in European cuisine were extracted with a 50% ethanol solution, and their water and total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities were examined. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using three methods: (1) Measurement of the radical scavenging ability of 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and (2) 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●); and (3) photochemiluminescence (PCL) assay. Antiglycation properties were studied in vivo using two model systems: Bovine serum albumin-glucose (BSA-glucose) and bovine serum albumin-methylglyoxal (BSA-MGO). The most potent glycation inhibitors, according to the BSA-MGO assay, were star anise (88%), cinnamon (85%), allspice (81%), and cloves (79%), whereas in the BSA-glucose measurement, oregano was noted to be a very effective inhibitor of the glycation process. The ability to inhibit glycation was highly correlated with TP values in the BSA-MGO and BSA-glucose assay (r = 0.84 and 0.76, respectively). Our research showed the high antiglycation ability of cinnamon, cloves, and allspice, and we suggest, for the first time, that anise could also be considered a good glycation inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Starowicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Henryk Zieliński
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Aalim H, Belwal T, Jiang L, Huang H, Meng X, Luo Z. Extraction optimization, antidiabetic and antiglycation potentials of aqueous glycerol extract from rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Asgharpour Dil F, Ranjkesh Z, Goodarzi MT. A systematic review of antiglycation medicinal plants. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1225-1229. [PMID: 31336468 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The present review shows a list of anti-glycation plants with their anti-glycation activity mechanisms that can attract the attention of pharmacologist for further scientific research towards finding better remedy for diabetic complications. MATERIALS Google scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus were searched. The terms were advanced glycation end products (AGEs), medicinal plants, antiglycation products. RESULTS plants that studied in this review inhibit glycation in several possible mechanisms. Some of these plants inhibit the production of shiff base and amadori products. The others inhibit the generation of amadori products in the advanced phase. Some others blocked the aggregation of AGEs and some plants have antioxidant activity and reduce AGEs formation by preventing oxidation of amadori product and metal-catalyzed glucoxidation. CONCLUSION This review can help pharmacologist to find antiglycation natural substance that can be useful in treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Ranjkesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Heemann ACW, Heemann R, Kalegari P, Spier MR, Santin E. Enzyme-assisted extraction of polyphenols from green yerba mate. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from plants has been studied as an alternative green technology and the carbohydrases have been candidates to improve the extraction process of numerous such compounds from plants. Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites, generally involved in the defense against different types of stress and yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil., Aquifoliaceae) is a natural source of these antioxidant compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the enzyme-assisted extraction of polyphenols from green yerba mate employing response surface methodology (RSM), in order to determine the best extraction conditions. The independent variables were temperature (33.2 to 66.8 °C), enzyme concentration (0 to 336 FGBU/100g), reaction time (19 to 221 minutes) and pH (2.82 to 6.18). The use of carbohydrases increased the extraction of polyphenols from about 38.67% to 52.08%. The present results showed that all the independent variables were significant at the linear level and that temperature and pH were not significant at the quadratic level. The interactions of temperature and pH; enzyme and reaction time; and enzyme and pH were significant. The regression model presented a determination coefficient (R2) close to 0.85 and a fitted value close to 0.45. Considering the results of this study and their industrial viability, the best conditions for the extraction of polyphenols from green yerba mate are a temperature of 50.0 °C, enzyme concentration of 168 FGB/100 g, reaction time of 120 minutes and pH value of 4.50. This study was the first RSM-based report of the optimization of the enzyme-assisted extraction of total phenolic compounds from green yerba mate.
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Angelica Stem: A Potential Low-Cost Source of Bioactive Phthalides and Phytosterols. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123065. [PMID: 30477097 PMCID: PMC6321507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese Angelica is a significant medical plant due to the various therapeutic constituents in its root; whereas the aerial part is considered worthless and often discarded as agricultural waste. In this work, phytochemicals from the stem were first systematically analyzed by means of GC–MS after derivatization and HPLC–MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Phthalides, ferulic acid, and coniferyl ferulate were detected in the stem; although their content is relatively low in comparison with the root. Some specific compounds, such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, 4-hydroxyphenyl-1, 2-ethanediol, thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside, etc. and a significant amount of phytosterols (1.36 mg/g stem, mainly β-sitosterol) were detected in the stem. The extracted oil from the stem contained a considerable amount of phthalides (48.5 mg/g), β-sitosterol (56.21 mg/g), and stigmasterol (14.03 mg/g); no other bioactive compounds were found that could be potentially used as pharmaceuticals or additives to healthcare food.
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