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Shahdadi F, Khorasani S, Salehi-Sardoei A, Fallahnajmabadi F, Fazeli-Nasab B, Sayyed RZ. GC-MS profiling of Pistachio vera L., and effect of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of it's essential oil compared to chemical counterparts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21694. [PMID: 38066078 PMCID: PMC10709598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
All elements of the pistachio tree are considered raw pistachio by-products. The soft hull makes up the majority of these by-products. It contains proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, phenolics contents (TPC), and antioxidants. Early smiling pistachios are one of the most important sources of pistachio contamination with aflatoxin in the garden and processing stages. The present study aimed to evaluate pistachio hull essential oil (EO) composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties under in vitro conditions. TPC, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, and serial dilution titration method, respectively. A gas chromatography system with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was utilized to determine the chemical components of the EO. The findings revealed that the quantity of TPC and anti-radical activity in IC50 were 245.43 mg gallic acid/mL and 206.32 µL/L, respectively. The free radical absorption activity of DPPH (%) increased with EO content. The inhibitory activity of EO on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis was much lower than that of streptomycin and penicillin. Aspergillus flavus was effectively inhibited by pistachio hull EO, comparable to fluconazole. The results obtained from GC-MS showed that the major compounds in pistachio hull essential oil include α-pinene (47.36%), terpinolene (10.57%), limonene (9.13%), and L-bornyl acetate (8.57%). The findings indicated that pistachio hull EO has potent antibacterial and antioxidant components and can be employed as a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant in food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shahdadi
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, 7867155311, Iran
| | - Sepideh Khorasani
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 7616913439, Iran
| | - Ali Salehi-Sardoei
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Fazeli-Nasab
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agriculture Institute, Research Institute of Zabol, Zabol, 9861335884, Iran.
| | - R Z Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal's S I Patil Arts, G B Patel Science and STKVS Commerce College, Shahada, 425409, India.
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2
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Influence of abiotic factors (water activity and temperature) on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in a chickpea-based medium. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 379:109841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Phan LTK, Nguyen HX, De Saeger S, Jacxsens L, Eeckhout M, Devlieghere F. Predictive modelling of the radial growth of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium proliferatum on paddy and white rice (Oryza sativa). Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 375:109743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Pei P, Xiong K, Wang X, Sun B, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Yu J. Predictive growth kinetic parameters and modelled probabilities of deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium graminearum on wheat during simulated storing conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:349-361. [PMID: 35365897 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mathematical models were employed to predict the growth kinetic parameters of F. graminearum and the accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) during wheat storage as a function of different moisture contents (MCs) and temperatures. METHODS AND RESULTS The colony counting method was used to quantify F. graminearum growth under different environmental conditions, and kinetic and probability models were developed to describe the effect of different MCs and temperatures on fungal growth and DON production during wheat storage. Among the employed secondary models (Arrhenius-Davey, Gibson, and Cardinal), the general polynomial best predicted the fungal growth rate under varying temperature and MC during wheat storage. According to the logistic model, DON contamination was correctly predicted in 96.5% of cases. CONCLUSIONS The maximum growth rate of fungi was 0.4889±0.092 Log CFU g-1 d-1 at 25°C and 30% moisture according to the polynomial model. At below 17°C and ≤15% moisture, no fungal growth was observed. The probability model of toxin production showed no toxin production at less than 15% moisture (aw ≤ 0.76) and below 15°C. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first application of a probability model of DON production during wheat storage, providing a reference for preventing fungal growth and mycotoxin accumulation by F. graminearum during wheat storage and guaranteeing food product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penggang Pei
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU),, Beijing, China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xiong
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU),, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU),, Beijing, China.,College of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU),, Beijing, China.,Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyao Zhao
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU),, Beijing, China.,College of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU),, Beijing, China.,College of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Jiabin Yu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China.,College of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
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5
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Natarajan S, Balachandar D, Senthil N, Paranidharan V. Interaction of water activity and temperature on growth, gene expression, and aflatoxin B 1 production in Aspergillus flavus on Indian senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.). Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 361:109457. [PMID: 34742145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) is a medicinal crop with laxative properties, and it has significant demand in the global pharmaceutical market. Senna pods are highly susceptible to aflatoxin contamination, and the successful export of pods is hindered due to the regulatory limits of importing countries. The senna pod water activity (aw) from harvest to storage is the key factor determining AFB1 accumulation. The temperature conditions from field to warehouse also interact with pod aw, which influences fungal growth and AFB1 production. The determination of an ideal combination of aw and temperature led to the assessment of the critical control point for AFB1 synthesis in senna. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of aw (0.99, 0.96, 0.93, 0.90, and 0.87 aw) and temperature (20, 28, and 37 °C) on fungal growth, gene expression (aflR and aflS), and AFB1 production by A. flavus in senna agar medium. The fungus showed the longest lag time (7.7 days) at 20 °C with 0.87 aw. We observed that 0.96 aw (P < 0.01) was optimum for the diametric growth rate at 28 and 37 °C. However, the peak expression of regulatory genes (aflR and aflS) and the maximum AFB1 production were observed only at 28 °C (0.96 aw). The highest growth rate occurred at 37 °C, which did not favor the expression of genes and AFB1 production. However, at 28 °C, it positively correlated with gene expression and AFB1 production. The suppressed expression of regulatory genes and a trace amount of aflatoxin B1 were found at 20 °C with all the tested aw. In our experiments, the low aw (0.87 and 0.90 aw) suppressed the fungal growth, gene expression, and AFB1 production of A. flavus at all of the tested temperatures (20, 28, and 37 °C). The rapid drying of senna pods with a low water activity (≤0.87 aw) and storage at low temperature (20 °C) are ideal conditions to avoid AFB1 and ensure the quality of produce for export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Natarajan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003, India
| | - Dananjeyan Balachandar
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003, India
| | - Natesan Senthil
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003, India
| | - Vaikuntavasan Paranidharan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003, India.
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6
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HU D, XUE Y, KOU X, SHAN C, JIANG C, TANG F, JI H. Growth modeling kinetics of Alternaria alternata in dried jujube at different temperatures. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.125621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Die HU
- Shihezi University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hua JI
- Shihezi University, China
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7
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Microbiological predictive modeling and risk analysis based on the one-step kinetic integrated Wiener process. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Soares Mateus AR, Barros S, Pena A, Sanches Silva A. Mycotoxins in Pistachios ( Pistacia vera L.): Methods for Determination, Occurrence, Decontamination. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:682. [PMID: 34678975 PMCID: PMC8538126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of pistachios (Pistacia vera L.) has been increasing, given their important benefit to human health. In addition to being an excellent nutritional source, they have been associated with chemical hazards, such as mycotoxins, resulting in fungal contamination and its secondary metabolism. Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most common mycotoxins in pistachio and the most toxic to humans, with hepatotoxic effects. More mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEA) and trichothecenes (T2, HT2 and DON) and emerging mycotoxins have been involved in nuts. Because of the low levels of concentration and the complexity of the matrix, the determination techniques must be very sensitive. The present paper carries out an extensive review of the state of the art of the determination of mycotoxins in pistachios, concerning the trends in analytical methodologies for their determination and the levels detected as a result of its contamination. Screening methods based on immunoassays are useful due to their simplicity and rapid response. Liquid chromatography (LC) is the gold standard with new improvements to enhance accuracy, precision and sensitivity and a lower detection limit. The reduction of Aspergillus' and aflatoxins' contamination is important to minimize the public health risks. While prevention, mostly in pre-harvest, is the most effective and preferable measure to avoid mycotoxin contamination, there is an increased number of decontamination processes which will also be addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Soares Mateus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.S.M.); (A.S.S.)
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
| | - Sílvia Barros
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
| | - Angelina Pena
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.S.M.); (A.S.S.)
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Stª Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.S.M.); (A.S.S.)
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, 55142 Oporto, Portugal
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9
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Abdel-Hadi A, Alshehri B, Waly M, Aboamer M, Banawas S, Alaidarous M, Palanisamy M, Awad M, Baazeem A. Predictive Modeling and Validation on Growth, Production of Asexual Spores and Ochratoxin A of Aspergillus Ochraceus Group under Abiotic Climatic Variables. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1321. [PMID: 34204446 PMCID: PMC8235597 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to generate predictive models for growth, sporulation, and ochratoxin A (OTA) production under abiotic climatic variables, including temperatures (15-35 °C) and water activity levels (0.99-0.90 aw) by Aspergillus ochraceus group. The data were divided into three sets: one for training, one for testing, and the third one for model validation. Optimum growth occurred at 0.95 aw and 25 °C and 0.95 aw and 30 °C for A. westerdijkiae and A. steynii, respectively. Significantly improved A. westerdijkiae and A. steynii spore production occurred at 0.95 aw and 20 °C and 0.90 aw and 35 °C, respectively. A. steynii and A. westerdijkiae produced the majority of OTA at 35 °C and 0.95 aw and 25-30 °C at 0.95-0.99 aw, respectively. The accuracy of the third-order polynomial regression model reached 96% in growth cases, 94.7% in sporulation cases, and 90.9% in OTA production cases; the regression coefficients (R2) ranged from 0.8819 to 0.9978 for the Aspergillus ochraceus group. A reliable agreement was reached between the predicted and observed growth, sporulation, and OTA production. The effects of abiotic climatic variables on growth, sporulation, and OTA production of A. ochraceus group have been effectively defined, and the models generated were responsible for adequately predicted and validated models against data from other strains within A. ochraceus group that had been published in the literature under the current treatments. These models could be successfully implemented to predict fungal growth and OTA contamination on food matrices for these strains under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdel-Hadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (S.B.); (M.A.); (M.P.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Assuit 71524, Egypt;
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (S.B.); (M.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Mohammed Waly
- Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Aboamer
- Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (S.B.); (M.A.); (M.P.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mohammed Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (S.B.); (M.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Manikandan Palanisamy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (B.A.); (S.B.); (M.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Mohamed Awad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Assuit 71524, Egypt;
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alaa Baazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
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10
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Garcia-Lopez MT, Luo Y, Ortega-Beltran A, Jaime R, Moral J, Michailides TJ. Quantification of the Aflatoxin Biocontrol Strain Aspergillus flavus AF36 in Soil and in Nuts and Leaves of Pistachio by Real-Time PCR. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1657-1665. [PMID: 33084543 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-20-1097-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The species Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are commonly found in the soils of nut-growing areas in California. Several isolates can produce aflatoxins that occasionally contaminate nut kernels, conditioning their sale. Strain AF36 of A. flavus, which does not produce aflatoxins, is registered as a biocontrol agent for use in almond, pistachio, and fig crops in California. After application in orchards, AF36 displaces aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus spp. and thus reduces aflatoxin contamination. Vegetative compatibility assays (VCAs) have traditionally been used to track AF36 in soils and crops where it has been applied. However, VCAs are labor intensive and time consuming. Here, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) protocol to quantify proportions of AF36 accurately and efficiently in different substrates. Specific primers to target AF36 and toxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were designed based on the sequence of aflC, a gene essential for aflatoxin biosynthesis. Standard curves were generated to calculate proportions of AF36 based on threshold cycle values. Verification assays using pure DNA and conidial suspension mixtures demonstrated a significant relationship by regression analysis between known and qPCR-measured AF36 proportions in DNA (R2 = 0.974; P < 0.001) and conidia mixtures (R2 = 0.950; P < 0.001). Tests conducted by qPCR in pistachio leaves, nuts, and soil samples demonstrated the usefulness of the qPCR method to precisely quantify proportions of AF36 in diverse substrates, ensuring important time and cost savings. The outputs of this study will serve to design better aflatoxin management strategies for pistachio and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Agronomy (Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit), University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
| | | | - Ramon Jaime
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
| | - Juan Moral
- Department of Agronomy (Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit), University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Themis J Michailides
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
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11
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Verheecke-Vaessen C, Garcia-Cela E, Lopez-Prieto A, Osk Jonsdottir I, Medina A, Magan N. Water and temperature relations of Fusarium langsethiae strains and modelling of growth and T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxin production on oat-based matrices. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 348:109203. [PMID: 33930835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the UK and Northern Europe, ripening oats can become contaminated with T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxins, produced mainly by Fusarium langsethiae. There are indicative levels related to the maximum limits for oat grain for these toxins. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of interacting conditions of temperature (10-30 °C) and water activity (aw, 0.995-0.90) on (a) lag times prior to growth, (b) growth and (c) T-2 and HT-2 toxins by two strains of F. langsethiae isolated from oats in the UK and compare this with the type strain (Fl201059) which has been genomically sequenced, and (d) develop (and validated with published data) a probabilistic models for impacts of temperature × aw on growth and toxin production. All three strains had an optimum aw range and temperature of 0.995-0.98 and 25 °C for growth. For T-2 + HT-2 production these were 0.995 aw and 20 °C. Overall, the type strain produced higher amounts of T-2 + HT-2 with a HT-2/T-2 ratio of up to 76. Using this study data sets and those from the literature, probabilistic models were developed and validated for growth and T-2 + HT-2 toxin production in relation to temperature × aw conditions. These models, when applied in stored oats, will be beneficial in determining the conditions on the relative level of risk of contamination with these two toxins in the context of the EU indicative maximum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Esther Garcia-Cela
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK; Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL109AB, UK
| | - Alejandro Lopez-Prieto
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK; Chemical Engineering Department, School of Industrial Engineering, Centro de Investigación Tecnológico Industrial (MTI), University of Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Inga Osk Jonsdottir
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, UK
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12
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Baazeem A, Garcia-Cela E, Medina A, Magan N. Interacting Abiotic Factors Affect Growth and Aflatoxin B 1 Production Profiles of Aspergillus flavus Strains on Pistachio-Based Matrices and Pistachio Nuts. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:624007. [PMID: 33552034 PMCID: PMC7855869 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.624007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pistachio nuts are an economically important commodity produced by many countries. They can be colonized by mycotoxigenic fungi, especially Aspergillus flavus, resulting in contamination with aflatoxins (AFs), especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a Class 1a carcinogen. The objectives were to examine the effect of interactions between the two key abiotic factors, temperature and water activity (a w ) on (a) in vitro growth and AFB1 production by four strains of A. flavus isolated from pistachio nuts, on a milled pistachio nut medium modified ionically (NaCl) and non-ionically (glycerol) in the range 20-35°C and 0.995-0.85 a w , (b) colonization of layers of raw pistachio nuts stored at different interacting temperature x a w conditions and on relative AFB1 production and (c) develop models to produce contour maps of the optimal and marginal boundary conditions for growth and AFB1 production by up to 4 strains of this species. On pistachio nut-based media, optimum growth of four strains of A. flavus was at 0.98-0.95 a w and 30-35°C. Optimum AFB1 production was at 30-35°C and 0.98 a w . No significant differences in growth was found on ionic and non-ionically modified media. Colonization of layers of raw pistachio nuts was slower and contamination with AFB1 significantly less than in in vitro studies. Contour maps based on the pooled data for up to four strains (in vitro, in situ) showed the optimum and marginal conditions for growth and AFB1 production. These data can be used to identify those conditions which represent a high, intermediate or low risk of colonization and AFB1 contamination in the pistachio nut processing chain. These results are discussed in the context of the development of appropriate intervention strategies to minimize AFB1 contamination of this economically important commodity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Baazeem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esther Garcia-Cela
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
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13
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Greco M, Pose G, Pardo A. Growth characterization and predictive behavior of Eurotium species in a feedstuff matrix. Rev Argent Microbiol 2021; 53:248-256. [PMID: 33384198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal feeds are characterized by low water activity values. Nevertheless, fungal contamination with Eurotium species are quite common, causing nutritional depletion, spoilage and economic losses. The aim of this work was to assess Eurotium amstelodami, E. chevalieri, E. repens and E. rubrum growth in a feed matrix at different conditions of water activity (0.71-0.97) and temperature (5, 15, 25, 30 and 37°C). It was found that Eurotium species are able to grow in a wide range of water activity and temperature in a short period of time (7 days) and faster than in synthetic media. Rosso and probabilistic models were applied in order to determine the limiting and optimum growth conditions as well as growth probability at certain combinations of environmental factors. Both models provided an accurate fit to the cardinal parameters and good performance for growth/no growth cases. This is the first report assessing the growth parameters of Eurotium species directly in animal feed. Data obtained in the present study is useful to predict and avoid Eurotium species growth in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Greco
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Graciela Pose
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Alejandro Pardo
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352, B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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14
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Norlia M, Jinap S, Nor-Khaizura MAR, Radu S, John JM, Rahman MAH, Peter ML, Sharif Z. Modelling the effect of temperature and water activity on the growth rate of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in peanut meal extract agar. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 335:108836. [PMID: 33065380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is the predominant species that produce aflatoxins in stored peanuts under favourable conditions. This study aimed to describe the growth and aflatoxin production by two A. flavus strains isolated from imported raw peanuts and to model the effects of temperature and aw on their colony growth rate as a function of temperature and aw in Peanut Meal Extract Agar (PMEA). A full factorial design with seven aw levels (0.85-0.98 aw) and five temperature levels (20-40 °C) was used to investigate the growth and aflatoxin production. Colony diameter was measured daily for 28 days while AFB1 and total aflatoxin were determined on day 3, 7, 14, and 21. The maximum colony growth rate, μmax (mm/day) was estimated by using the primary model of Baranyi, and the μmax was then fitted to the secondary model; second-order polynomial and linear Arrhenius-Davey to describe the colony growth rate as a function of temperature and aw. The results indicated that both strains failed to grow at temperature of 20 °C with aw <0.94 and aw of 0.85 for all temperatures except 30 °C. The highest growth rate was observed at 30 °C, with 0.98 aw for both strains. The analysis of variance showed a significant effect of strain, temperature, and aw on the fungal growth and aflatoxin production (p < 0.05). Furthermore, both secondary models were in good agreement with the observed μmax. However, the polynomial model was found to be a better predictor of the experimental data. A similar pattern was observed in aflatoxin production but in a narrower range of temperature (25-35 °C) and aw (0.92-0.98 aw). The highest production of aflatoxins was observed on day 21 at 30 °C with the aw level of 0.98 for both strains. Overall, the current findings may help in improving the mycotoxin management and intervention strategies in peanuts, especially during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahror Norlia
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Selamat Jinap
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Son Radu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Joshua Mark John
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azuar Hamizan Rahman
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mshelia Ladi Peter
- Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Zawiyah Sharif
- Food Safety and Quality Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Presint 3, 62675 Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya, Malaysia
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15
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Schabo DC, Martins LM, Iamanaka BT, Maciel JF, Taniwaki MH, Schaffner DW, Magnani M. Modeling aflatoxin B 1 production by Aspergillus flavus during wheat malting for craft beer as a function of grains steeping degree, temperature and time of germination. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 333:108777. [PMID: 32745828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to model the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by A. flavus in wheat grains during malting for craft beer. A total of sixty-four different combinations of grains steeping degree (ST; 41, 43, 45 and 47%), temperature (13, 15, 17 and 19 °C) and time of germination (48, 72, 96 and 120 h), comprising the range of malting conditions that allow the production of quality malt, were assayed. AFB1 was produced in a range of 15.78 ± 3.54 μg/kg (41% ST, 13 °C for 48 h) to 284.66 ± 44.34 μg/kg (47% ST, 19 °C for 120 h). The regression model showing an acceptable fit to the experimental data (adjusted R2 0.84) for AFB1 as a function of grains steeping degree, temperature and time of germination. Results showed that AFB1 levels in wheat malt increase with increase of the temperature or time of germination. Within the range of tested malting conditions, no significant effects were observed for steeping degree on AFB1 levels in wheat malt. The generated model is useful to estimate the AFB1 levels in wheat malt. Findings highlight overall that if wheat grains are contaminated with A. flavus, AFB1 might be produced in malt in levels above the limits set by regulatory agencies, regardless the steeping conditions used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danieli C Schabo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Colorado, Do Oeste, Brazil; Department of Food Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Ligia M Martins
- Center for Science and Food Quality, Food Technology Institute, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Beatriz T Iamanaka
- Center for Science and Food Quality, Food Technology Institute, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Janeeyre F Maciel
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marta H Taniwaki
- Center for Science and Food Quality, Food Technology Institute, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, EUA, United States of America
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
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16
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Valente S, Meloni GR, Prencipe S, Spigolon N, Somenzi M, Fontana M, Gullino ML, Spadaro D. Effect of Drying Temperatures and Exposure Times on Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Production on Artificially Inoculated Hazelnuts. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1241-1247. [PMID: 32221534 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aspergillus flavus may colonize hazelnuts and produce aflatoxins in the field and during storage. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of drying temperature and exposure times on the viability of A. flavus and its ability to produce aflatoxins during the drying process and storage. Hazelnuts were inoculated with A. flavus and dried at different temperatures to reach 6% moisture content and a water activity (aw) of 0.71, a commercial requirement to avoid fungal development and aflatoxin contamination. Hazelnuts were dried at 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50°C and subsequently stored at 25°C for 14 days. After drying at 30, 35, and 40°C, increased amounts of A. flavus were evident, with the highest concentration occurring after drying at 35°C ([6.1 ± 2.4] × 106A. flavus CFU/g). At these temperatures, aflatoxins were detected only at 30 and 35°C. Aflatoxins, however, were present at higher levels after drying at 30°C, with concentrations of 1.93 ± 0.77 μg/g for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 0.11 ± 0.04 μg/g for aflatoxin B2 (AFB2). After 14 days of storage, the highest A. flavus concentration and the highest levels of mycotoxins were detected in samples treated at 35°C ([8.2 ± 2.1] × 107A. flavus CFU/g and 9.30 ± 1.58 μg/g and 0.89 ± 0.08 μg/g for AFB1 and AFB2, respectively). In hazelnuts dried at 45 or 50°C, no aflatoxins were found either after drying or storage, and a reduction of A. flavus viable conidia was observed, suggesting that a shorter and warmer drying is essential to guarantee nut safety. The lowest temperature that guarantees the lack of aflatoxins should be selected to maintain the organoleptic quality of hazelnuts. Therefore, 45°C should be the recommended drying temperature to limit A. flavus growth and aflatoxin contamination on hazelnuts. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Valente
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-9345 [D.S.]).,Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giovanna Roberta Meloni
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-9345 [D.S.]).,Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Simona Prencipe
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Nicola Spigolon
- Soremartec Italia S.r.l., Piazzale Ferrero 1, 12051 Alba, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Marco Somenzi
- Soremartec Italia S.r.l., Piazzale Ferrero 1, 12051 Alba, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Mauro Fontana
- Soremartec Italia S.r.l., Piazzale Ferrero 1, 12051 Alba, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-9345 [D.S.]).,Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Davide Spadaro
- AGROINNOVA-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agroenvironmental Sector, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-9345 [D.S.]).,Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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17
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Aghdam MS, Luo Z, Aminian-Dehkordi R, Jannatizadeh A, Farmani B, Younessi-Hamzekhanlu M, Ahmadpour A, Razavi F. Exogenous β-aminobutyric acid application attenuates Aspergillus decay, minimizes aflatoxin B 1 accumulation, and maintains nutritional quality in fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2130-2135. [PMID: 31884686 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pistachio fruits suffer from postharvest decay, caused by Aspergillus flavus. This results in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) accumulation in kernels, which is hazardous for human health due to its carcinogenic activity. In this study, the mechanism used by exogenous β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) treatment for attenuating Aspergillus decay, minimizing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) accumulation, and maintaining nutritional quality in fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels, infected by A. flavus during storage at 25 °C for 18 days, was investigated. RESULT Results of an in vivo assay showed that the spore germination and germ tube elongation of A. flavus was repressed by BABA treatment at 7.5 mM. Aspergillus decay accompanied by AFB1 accumulation was also minimized in fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels treated with BABA at 7.5 mM and infected by A. flavus. Fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels, infected by A. flavus, treated with BABA at 7.5 mM, also exhibited higher phenol and flavonoid accumulation and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity accompanied by higher phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity. CONCLUSION Promoting phenylpropanoid pathway activity with higher PAL enzyme activity in fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels treated with BABA may not only reduce Aspergillus decay in kernels by cell wall fortification but also may be favorable for maintaining the kernels' nutritional quality through its effects on ROS scavenging capacity. As oxidative stress, represented by ROS accumulation, is responsible for A. flavus growth and AFB1 accumulation, higher phenol and flavonoid accumulation in fresh-in-hull pistachio kernels treated with BABA may be beneficial for attenuating Aspergillus decay and minimizing AFB1 accumulation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Roghayeh Aminian-Dehkordi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Abbasali Jannatizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Boukaga Farmani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Ahar, Iran
| | - Mehdi Younessi-Hamzekhanlu
- Department of Forestry and Medicinal Plants, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Ahar, Iran
| | - Abdollah Ahmadpour
- Higher Education Center Shahid Bakeri Miyandoab, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Farhang Razavi
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
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18
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Pigłowski M. Food hazards on the European Union market: The data analysis of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1603-1627. [PMID: 32180969 PMCID: PMC7063371 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine similarities in notifications on main hazards within food reported in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) in 1979-2017. The main problems were mycotoxins in nuts, pathogenic microorganisms in poultry meat and fish, pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, and heavy metals in fish. The increase in the number of notifications has been observed since 2002/2003. Products were notified mainly by Italy, Germany, and United Kingdom and originated from Asian and European Union countries. The notification basis was border control and official control, and the notification type was border rejections, information, and alerts. Notified products were not distributed and not placed on the market, distribution status could be also not specified, or distribution was possible, also to other countries. The risk decision on hazard was usually not made. Products were redispatched, withdrawn from the market, and destroyed, or import was not authorized. Remarks, which can be used to improve the RASFF database, were also presented. It was further pointed out that European law should significantly reduce the use of pesticides, drugs, and food additives, and European agriculture should be reoriented from an intensive farming to a more sustainable and ecological one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pigłowski
- Department of Commodity and Quality ManagementFaculty of Entrepreneurship and Quality ScienceGdynia Maritime UniversityGdyniaPoland
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19
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Recent progress of the effect of environmental factors on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxins production on foods. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxins (AFs) has been considered as one of the most serious food safety problems due to their acute and chronic adverse effects on humans and animals. This review collects the available information from recent years on the effect of the major environmental factors such as water activity (aw), temperature, CO2, and pH on the fungal growth, the expression of AFs-related genes, and AFs production by A. flavus on foods. In particular, the relationship between the relative expression of key regulatory (aflR and aflS) and structural genes (aflD, aflO, aflQ, etc.) and AFs production under different environmental conditions are collected and discussed. The information collected in this review can be used to design control strategies of A. flavus and AFs contamination in practical applications, primarily during storage and processing. These data suggest that integrating various post-harvest methods with synergistic functions may be more efficient for the control of A. flavus growth and AFs production, although the individual environmental factors alone have an impact.
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20
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Peromingo B, Caballero D, Rodríguez A, Caro A, Rodríguez M. Application of data mining techniques to predict the production of aflatoxin B1 in dry-cured ham. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Pigłowski M. Comparative analysis of notifications regarding mycotoxins in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2018.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pigłowski
- Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
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22
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Lv C, Jin J, Wang P, Dai X, Liu Y, Zheng M, Xing F. Interaction of water activity and temperature on the growth, gene expression and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus on paddy and polished rice. Food Chem 2019; 293:472-478. [PMID: 31151636 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Water activity (aw) and temperature are two pivotal environmental factors affecting Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production. Here, we found that AFB1 production on polished rice can occur over a wider range of temperature × aw levels than that on paddies. For fungal growth on polished rice, the optimum conditions were aw 0.92-0.96 and 28-37 °C. The maximum amounts of AFB1 on polished rice was observed at 33 °C and aw 0.96. Compared to 33 °C, all tested genes of A. flavus on polished rice were significantly up-regulated at 25 °C under aw 0.96. The late structural genes of pathway were significantly down-regulated at 37 °C under aw 0.96, although aflR and aflS and most of early structural genes were up-regulated. Compared to aw 0.96, most of pathway genes were significantly down-regulated at aw 0.90 and 0.99 under 33 °C, although two regulatory genes were up-regulated at aw 0.90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Jing Jin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China.
| | - Mumin Zheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China.
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23
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Krulj J, Markov S, Bočarov-Stančić A, Pezo L, Kojić J, Ćurčić N, Janić-Hajnal E, Bodroža-Solarov M. The effect of storage temperature and water activity on aflatoxin B 1 accumulation in hull-less and hulled spelt grains. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3703-3710. [PMID: 30663055 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In concomitance with shifts in climate conditions in recent years, an increasingly frequent emergence of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins in cereals has been observed. In this study the effects of temperature (15, 23, 30 and 37 °C) and water activity (aw ) (0.85, 0.90, 0.95 and 0.99) on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) production by A. flavus isolate inoculated on hull-less and hulled spelt grains were investigated. RESULTS The optimal conditions for AFB1 biosynthesis were reached at 30 °C and aw value of 0.99 in the all tested samples (hull-less grains, dehulled spelt grains and hulls). The AFB1 accumulation was significantly higher in hull-less than in dehulled grains, that implicated a protective effect of spelt hulls. The levels of AFB1 were about 10-170 times higher in hulls than in grains. In order to determine the possibility of predicting the occurrence of AFB1 under different storage conditions mathematical models [second order polynomial (SOP) and artificial neural network (ANN)] were applied. CONCLUSION The achievement of such estimation facilitates further decisions on continuous monitoring of the potential hazard related to AFB1 contamination of stored spelt-based food. The knowledge of the storage temperature and aw effects on the AFB1 content in spelt during the postharvest phase is of great practical importance. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Krulj
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Siniša Markov
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Bočarov-Stančić
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute for Science Application in Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Jovana Kojić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Ćurčić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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24
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Abdolshahi A, Marvdashti LM, Salehi B, Sharifi‐Rad M, Ghobakhloo S, Iriti M, Sharifi‐Rad J. Antifungal activities of coating incorporated withSaccharomyces cerevisiaecell wall mannoprotein onAspergillus flavusgrowth and aflatoxin production in pistachio (Pistacia veraL.). J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Abdolshahi
- Food Safety Research Center (salt)Semnan University of Medical Sciences Semnan Iran
| | - Leila Monjazeb Marvdashti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of AgricultureFerdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research CommitteeSchool of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences Bam Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharifi‐Rad
- Department of Medical ParasitologyZabol University of Medical Sciences Zabol Iran
| | - Safiyeh Ghobakhloo
- Department of Environmental Health EngineeringSemnan University of Medical Sciences Semnan Iran
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesMilan State University Milan Italy
| | - Javad Sharifi‐Rad
- Food Safety Research Center (salt)Semnan University of Medical Sciences Semnan Iran
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25
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Chestnut Drying Is Critical in Determining Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Contamination. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120530. [PMID: 30544921 PMCID: PMC6316821 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chestnut drying is used to prevent postharvest losses and microorganism contamination during storage. Several studies reported the contamination by aflatoxins (AFs) produced by Aspergillus spp. in chestnuts. The effect of drying temperatures (from 30 to 50 °C) was evaluated on the growth of A. flavus and the production of aflatoxins in chestnuts. The influence of the treatment on the proximate composition, the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of chestnuts was considered. Fungal colonization was observed on the nuts dried at 30, 35, and 40 °C; the incidence was lower at 40 °C. The highest concentrations of AFB1 and AFB2 were produced at 40 °C. No aflatoxins were detected at 45 or 50 °C. At 40 °C A. flavus was under suboptimal conditions for growth (aw 0.78), but the fungus was able to synthesize aflatoxins. As the temperatures applied increased, the total phenol content increased, while the antioxidant activity decreased. A drying treatment at 45 °C for seven days (aw 0.64) could be a promising method to effectively control both the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi and the production of aflatoxins. This study provides preliminary data useful to improve the current drying conditions used in chestnut mills, to reduce both fungal growth and aflatoxin production.
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Zhang SY, Wang H, Yang M, Yao DS, Xie CF, Liu DL. Versicolorin A is a potential indicator of aflatoxin contamination in the granary-stored corn. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:972-984. [PMID: 29337658 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1419579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the predictive monitoring of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) under granary conditions, since mycotoxin contamination of the stored grain represents an important issue. Using the storage test, we investigated the relationship between versicolorin A (Ver A, an intermediate in AFB1 biosynthesis) levels and the levels of aflatoxigenic fungi, and their relationship with aflatoxin production. All samples, except for one, were found to be contaminated with aflatoxigenic fungi using PCR analyses, while their AFB1 levels were not detectable before the storage test using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method with an LOD of 2 μg/kg. Aflatoxigenic fungi levels were analysed, as well as Ver A levels prior to the accumulation of AFB1 (Levels were ≥5 μg/kg; the permissible levels of AFB1 in corn intended for direct consumption are <5 μg/kg (EC)). Statistical analyses demonstrated that aflatoxin levels after both actual storage and safe storage (AFB1˂5μg/kg) times are significantly correlated with the Ver A levels and the changes in Ver A levels (ΔVer A). Both high and variable Ver A levels were indicative of the vigorous metabolic activity of aflatoxigenic fungi. In contrast, steady Ver A levels showed that aflatoxin production by the fungi was not active. Monitoring Ver A levels and their changes may allow an earlier detection of harmful aflatoxin contamination in the stored grain. Additionally, the toxicity of Ver A should be further examined. The results of our study indicate that the monitoring of Ver A levels, even when the AFB1 levels are very low, may increase the safety of grain consumption, especially considering Ver A toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yao Zhang
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application , Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hao Wang
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Min Yang
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dong-Sheng Yao
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,d National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chun-Fang Xie
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,d National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine , Guangzhou , China
| | - Da-Ling Liu
- a Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China.,c Institute of Microbial Biotechnology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
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Aldars-García L, Berman M, Ortiz J, Ramos AJ, Marín S. Probability models for growth and aflatoxin B 1 production as affected by intraspecies variability in Aspergillus flavus. Food Microbiol 2017; 72:166-175. [PMID: 29407394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The probability of growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production of 20 isolates of Aspergillus flavus were studied using a full factorial design with eight water activity levels (0.84-0.98 aw) and six temperature levels (15-40 °C). Binary data obtained from growth studies were modelled using linear logistic regression analysis as a function of temperature, water activity and time for each isolate. In parallel, AFB1 was extracted at different times from newly formed colonies (up to 20 mm in diameter). Although a total of 950 AFB1 values over time for all conditions studied were recorded, they were not considered to be enough to build probability models over time, and therefore, only models at 30 days were built. The confidence intervals of the regression coefficients of the probability of growth models showed some differences among the 20 growth models. Further, to assess the growth/no growth and AFB1/no- AFB1 production boundaries, 0.05 and 0.5 probabilities were plotted at 30 days for all of the isolates. The boundaries for growth and AFB1 showed that, in general, the conditions for growth were wider than those for AFB1 production. The probability of growth and AFB1 production seemed to be less variable among isolates than AFB1 accumulation. Apart from the AFB1 production probability models, using growth probability models for AFB1 probability predictions could be, although conservative, a suitable alternative. Predictive mycology should include a number of isolates to generate data to build predictive models and take into account the genetic diversity of the species and thus make predictions as similar as possible to real fungal food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Aldars-García
- Food Technology Dept., XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Spain.
| | - María Berman
- Food Technology Dept., XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Spain.
| | - Jordi Ortiz
- Food Technology Dept., XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Ramos
- Food Technology Dept., XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Spain.
| | - Sonia Marín
- Food Technology Dept., XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Spain.
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Pigłowski M. Product categories and hazard categories in the RASFF notifications: dependences between chosen variables. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pigłowski
- Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
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Aldars-García L, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ, Marín S. Single vs multiple-spore inoculum effect on growth kinetic parameters and modeled probabilities of growth and aflatoxin B1 production of Aspergillus flavus on pistachio extract agar. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 243:28-35. [PMID: 27940413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to assess the differences in modeled growth/AFB1 production probability and kinetic growth parameters for Aspergillus flavus inoculated as single spores or in a concentrated inoculation point (~500 spores). The experiment was carried out at 25°C and at two water activities (0.85 and 0.87) on pistachio extract agar (3%). Binary data obtained from growth and AFB1 studies were modeled using linear logistic regression analysis. The radial growth curve for each colony was fitted to a linear model for the estimation of the lag phase for growth and the mycelial growth rate. In general, radial growth rate and lag phase for growth were not normally distributed and both of them were affected by the inoculation type, with the lag phase for growth being more affected. Changing from the multiple spore to the single spore inoculation led to a delay of approximately 3-5days on the lag phase and higher growth rates for the multiple spore experiment were found. The same trend was observed on the probability models, with lower predicted probabilities when colonies came up from single spores, for both growth and AFB1 production probabilities. Comparing both types of models, it was concluded that a clear overestimation of the lag phase for growth occurred using the linear model, but only in the multiple spore experiment. Multiple spore inoculum gave very similar estimated time to reach some set probabilities (t10, t50 and t100) for growth or AFB1 production due to the abruptness of the logistic curve developed. The observed differences suggest that inoculum concentration greatly affects the outcome of the predictive models, the estimated times to growth/AFB1 production being much earlier for the concentrated inoculum than for a single spore colony (up to 9days). Thus the number of spores used to generate data in predictive mycology experiments should be carefully controlled in order to predict as accurately as possible the fungal behavior in a foodstuff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Aldars-García
- Food Technology Dept., XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Spain.
| | - Vicente Sanchis
- Food Technology Dept., XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Ramos
- Food Technology Dept., XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Spain.
| | - Sonia Marín
- Food Technology Dept., XaRTA-UTPV, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Spain.
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Alonso V, Cavaglieri L, Ramos AJ, Torres A, Marin S. Modelling the effect of pH and water activity in the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from corn silage. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1048-1056. [PMID: 28052586 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this work was to use mathematical kinetic modelling to assess the combined effects of aW, pH, O2 availability and temperature on the growth rate and time to growth of Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from corn silage. METHODS AND RESULTS A full factorial design was used in which two factors were assayed: pH and aW . The aW levels assayed were 0·80, 0·85, 0·90, 0·92, 0·94, 0·96, 0·98 and 0·99. The levels of pH assayed were 3·5, 4, 4·5, 5, 6, 7, 7·5 and 8. The assay was performed at normal oxygen tension at 25 and 37°C, and at reduced oxygen tension at 25°C. Two strains of A. fumigatus isolated from corn silage were used. Kinetic models were built to predict growth of the strain under the assayed conditions. The cardinal models gave a good quality fit for radial growth rate data. The results indicate that the environmental conditions which take place during silage production, while limiting the growth of most micro-organisms, would not be able to control A. fumigatus. Moreover, pH levels in silage, far from limiting its growth, are also close to its optimum. Carbon dioxide at 5% in the environment did not significantly affect its growth. CONCLUSIONS A need for a further and controlled acidification of the silage exists, as no growth of A. fumigatus was observed at pH 3·5, as long as the organoleptic characteristics of the silage are not much compromised. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the major opportunistic pathogens able to cause illness such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma and invasive aspergillosis to rural workers. Exposure of animals to A. fumigatus spores can result in infections, particularly in those organs exposed to external invasion, such as the airways, mammary gland and uterus at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.,Member of Research Career CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.,Member of Research Career CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A J Ramos
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnic Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - A Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.,Member of Research Career CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Marin
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnic Center, Lleida, Spain
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Aldars-García L, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V, Marín S. Modeling postharvest mycotoxins in foods: recent research. Curr Opin Food Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mycotoxin production and predictive modelling kinetics on the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus isolates in whole black peppercorns (Piper nigrum L). Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 228:44-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Effects of temperature, water activity and incubation time on fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 production by toxinogenic Aspergillus flavus isolates on sorghum seeds. Rev Argent Microbiol 2016; 48:78-85. [PMID: 26920121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum, which is consumed in Tunisia as human food, suffers from severe colonization by several toxigenic fungi and contamination by mycotoxins. The Tunisian climate is characterized by high temperature and humidity that stimulates mold proliferation and mycotoxin accumulation in foodstuffs. This study investigated the effects of temperature (15, 25 and 37°C), water activity (aw, between 0.85 and 0.99) and incubation time (7, 14, 21 and 28 d) on fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by three Aspergillus flavus isolates (8, 10 and 14) inoculated on sorghum grains. The Baranyi model was applied to identify the limits of growth and mycotoxin production. Maximum diameter growth rates were observed at 0.99 a(w) at 37°C for two of the isolates. The minimum aw needed for mycelial growth was 0.91 at 25 and 37°C. At 15°C, only isolate 8 grew at 0.99 a(w). Aflatoxin B1 accumulation could be avoided by storing sorghum at low water activity levels (≤0.91 a(w)). Aflatoxin production was not observed at 15°C. This is the first work on the effects of water activity and temperature on A. flavus growth and AFB1 production by A. flavus isolates on sorghum grains.
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An attempt to model the probability of growth and aflatoxin B1 production of Aspergillus flavus under non-isothermal conditions in pistachio nuts. Food Microbiol 2015; 51:117-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Perrone G, Gallo A, Logrieco AF. Biodiversity of Aspergillus section Flavi in Europe in relation to the management of aflatoxin risk. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:377. [PMID: 25101075 PMCID: PMC4104701 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins and the producing fungi Aspergillus section Flavi are widely known as the most serious and dangerous mycotoxin issue in agricultural products. In Europe, before the outbreak of aflatoxins on maize (2003-2004) due to new climatic conditions, their contamination was confined to imported foods. Little information is available on molecular biodiversity and population structure of Aspergillus section Flavi in Europe. Preliminary reports evidenced the massive presence of Aspergillus flavus L -morphotype as the predominant species in maize field, no evidence of the highly toxigenic S-morphotype and of other aflatoxigenic species are reported. The risk of a shift in traditional occurrence areas for aflatoxins is expected in the world and in particular in South East of Europe due to the increasing average temperatures. Biological control of aflatoxin risk in the field by atoxigenic strains of A. flavus starts to be widely used in Africa and USA. Studies are necessary on the variation of aflatoxin production in populations of A. flavus to characterize stable atoxigenic A. flavus strains. The aim of present article is to give an overview on biodiversity and genetic variation of Aspergillus section Flavi in Europe in relation to the management of aflatoxins risk in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Unit of Lecce, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council Bari, Italy
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Lee S, Yoon Y, Kim DM, Kim DS, Park KH, Chun HS. Mathematical models to predict kinetic behavior and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus under various temperature and water activity conditions. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Mycotoxins in a changing global environment--a review. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:220-30. [PMID: 24769018 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungal species that commonly contaminate staple foods and feeds. They represent an unavoidable problem due to their presence in globally consumed cereals such as rice, maize and wheat. Most mycotoxins are immunosuppressive agents and some are carcinogens, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, and neurotoxins. Worldwide trends envision a stricter control of mycotoxins, however, the changing global environment may not be the ideal setting to control and reduce the exposure to these toxins. Although new technologies allow us to inspect the multi-mycotoxin presence in foods, new sources of exposure, gaps in knowledge of mycotoxins interactions, appearance of "emergent" mycotoxins and elucidation of consequent health effects can complicate their control even more. While humans are adapting to cope with environmental changes, such as food scarcity, decreased food quality, mycotoxin regulations, crop production and seasonality, and other climate related modifications, fungal species are also adapting and increased cases of mycotoxin adverse health effects are likely to occur in the future. To guarantee access to quality food for all, we need a way to balance global mycotoxin standards with the realistic feasibility of reaching them, considering limitations of producers and designing strategies to reduce mycotoxin exposure based on sound research.
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Lozano-Ojalvo D, Rodríguez A, Bernáldez V, Córdoba JJ, Rodríguez M. Influence of temperature and substrate conditions on the omt-1 gene expression of Aspergillus parasiticus in relation to its aflatoxin production. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 166:263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Modeling kinetics of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in maize-based medium and maize grain. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:182-9. [PMID: 23422844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Predictive mycology has dealt mainly with germination, growth and inactivation of fungi while the issue of mycotoxin production remains relatively unexplored. Very few studies provide biomass dry weight/colony size data along with mycotoxin data for the same sample times, thus the ratio mycotoxin accumulation per fungal biomass dry weight/colony size has rarely been reported. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to model the kinetics of mycotoxin production under the assumption of existing both no-growth-associated and growth-associated production. Aspergillus flavus was chosen as a model mycotoxigenic microorganism, and it was grown in maize agar medium and maize grain at 0.90 and 0.99 aw at 25°C. A significant positive correlation (p<0.05) was observed among the biomass responses (colony radius and biomass dry weight) in agar medium and colony radius in maize at both aw levels assayed. The Luedeking-Piret model was used to model AFB1 production and reasonable percentages of variability were explained. Moreover, AFB1 production was in general slightly better predicted through colony area. As conclusion, aflatoxin production may follow a mixed-growth associated trend, confirming that toxin formation does not present a clear delay in relation to growth under certain conditions.
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