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Wu C, Liu L, Sui Y, Huang L, Chen Y, Hao H, Pan Y, Liu Z, Cheng G. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular typing of Salmonella in the chicken production chain in Hubei Province, China. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSalmonella is a significant foodborne zoonotic pathogen that endangers both human and animal health. The goal of this research is to gain a preliminary understanding of Salmonella contamination and antimicrobial resistance in the chicken production chain in Hubei Province, China. 1149 animal and environmental samples were collected from chicken farms, slaughterhouses, and retail markets in six cities across Hubei Province in China from 2019 to 2020, yielding Salmonella isolation rates of 4.68% (28/598), 12.21% (47/385), and 9.64% (16/166), respectively. Seventeen distinct serotypes were detected among 53 non-clonal Salmonella strains, of which Meleagridis (26.42%, 14/53) was the dominant serotype. Almost half of the strains (49.06%, 26/53) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) showed that 10 resistance genes (tetA, blaTEM, parC, qnrS1, floR, aac(6′)-Iy, aph(6)-Id, aph(3″)-Ib, aac(6′)-Iaa and sul2) and 7 categories of virulence genes were present in all three links in 22 non-clonal dominant serotype strains. It was shown that Salmonella in the chicken production chain in Hubei Province had a high resistance rate to Tetracycline (TET, 73.58%), Ofloxacin (OFL, 69.81%), Florfenicol (FFC, 60.38%) and Ampicillin (AMP, 39.62%) which was consistent with the widespread use of these drugs in the husbandry industry in China. Salmonella ST types determined by MLST and serotypes determined by WGS had a one-to-one correlation. Minimum spanning tree analysis revealed that there was cross contamination of Salmonella in farms and slaughterhouses, slaughterhouses and markets, animal samples and environmental samples. This work provides useful information for the prevention and control of contamination and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in the chicken production chain, as well as demonstrating the dependable role of WGS in Salmonella molecular typing.
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Coulombe G, Tamber S. Salmonella enterica Outbreaks Linked to the Consumption of Tahini and Tahini-Based Products. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112299. [PMID: 36422369 PMCID: PMC9694856 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the world. Although typically associated with foods of animal origin, low-moisture foods, such as tahini, are quickly gaining recognition as an important vehicle of Salmonella exposure. This review offers the Canadian perspective on the issue of Salmonella in tahini and tahini-based products. A summary of several recent food product recalls and foodborne outbreaks related to the presence of Salmonella in tahini and tahini-based products such as halva are presented. The properties of the food vehicles, their production practices, and potential routes of contamination are discussed. Particular focus is placed on the ecology of Salmonella in the tahini production continuum, including its survival characteristics and response to intervention technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Coulombe
- Microbiology Evaluation Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Sandeep Tamber
- Microbiology Research Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Correspondence:
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3
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Davies CP, Jurkiw T, Haendiges J, Reed E, Anderson N, Grasso-Kelley E, Hoffmann M, Zheng J. Changes in the genomes and methylomes of three Salmonella enterica serovars after long-term storage in ground black pepper. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970135. [PMID: 36160197 PMCID: PMC9507087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Low moisture foods (LMFs) have traditionally been recognized as safe for consumption, as most bacteria require higher water content to grow. However, outbreaks due to LMF foods are increasing, and the microbial pathogen Salmonella enterica is frequently implicated. S. enterica can survive in LMFs for years, but few serovars have been studied, and the mechanisms which underlie this longevity are not well understood. Here, we determine that S. enterica serovars S. Tennessee, S. Anatum, and S. Reading but not S. Oranienburg can survive in the ground black pepper for 6 years. S. Reading was not previously associated with any LMF. Using both Illumina and Pacific Biosciences sequencing technologies, we also document changes in the genomes and methylomes of the surviving serovars over this 6-year period. The three serovars acquired a small number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including seven substitutions (four synonymous, two non-synonymous, and one substitution in a non-coding region), and two insertion-deletions. Nine distinct N6-methyladenine (m6A) methylated motifs across the three serovars were identified including five which were previously known, Gm6ATC, CAGm6AG, BATGCm6AT, CRTm6AYN6CTC, and CCm6AN7TGAG, and four novel serovar-specific motifs, GRTm6AN8TTYG, GAm6ACN7GTA, GAA m6ACY, and CAAm6ANCC. Interestingly, the BATGCAT motif was incompletely methylated (35–64% sites across the genome methylated), suggesting a possible role in gene regulation. Furthermore, the number of methylated BATGCm6AT motifs increased after storage in ground black pepper for 6 years from 475 to 657 (S. Tennessee), 366 to 608 (S. Anatum), and 525 to 570 (S. Reading), thus warranting further study as an adaptive mechanism. This is the first long-term assessment of genomic changes in S. enterica in a low moisture environment, and the first study to examine the methylome of any bacteria over a period of years, to our knowledge. These data contribute to our understanding of S. enterica survival in LMFs, and coupled with further studies, will provide the information necessary to design effective interventions which reduce S. enterica in LMFs and maintain a healthy, safe food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary P. Davies
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, NEA, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Cary P. Davies,
| | - Thomas Jurkiw
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Julie Haendiges
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Nathan Anderson
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Elizabeth Grasso-Kelley
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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Schwensohn C, Nsubuga J, Cronquist L, Jose G, Mastel L, McCullough L, Smith L, Powell M, Booth H, Allen K, Classon A, Gieraltowski L. A Multiple-Serotype Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Linked to Kratom, United States, 2017-2018. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:648-653. [PMID: 35917511 PMCID: PMC10961741 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In early 2018, we investigated a large national multiple-serotype Salmonella outbreak linked to contaminated kratom, a raw minimally processed botanical substance. Kratom is a plant consumed for its stimulant effects and as an opioid substitute. A case was defined as a laboratory-confirmed Salmonella infection with one of the outbreak strains (serotypes I 4,[5],12:b:-, Heidelberg, Javiana, Okatie, Weltevreden, or Thompson) with illnesses onset during January 11, 2017-May 8, 2018. State and local officials collected detailed information on product consumption and sources. Suspected products were tested for Salmonella and traceback was conducted to determine product distribution chains and suppliers. We identified 199 cases from 41 states; 54 patients were hospitalized. Early interviews indicated kratom was an exposure of interest. Seventy-six (74%) of 103 people interviewed reported consuming kratom in pills, powders, or teas. Multiple serotypes of Salmonella were detected in samples of kratom collected from the homes of the patients and from retail locations. Several companies issued recalls of kratom products due to Salmonella contamination. To the authors' knowledge, this investigation is the first to establish kratom as a vehicle for Salmonella infection. Our findings underscore the serious safety concerns regarding minimally processed botanical substances intended for oral consumption and the challenges in investigating outbreaks linked to novel outbreak vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Schwensohn
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Johnson Nsubuga
- Coordinated Outbreak Response and Evaluation Network, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Cronquist
- North Dakota Department of Health, Bismarck, North Dakota, USA
| | - Gino Jose
- North Dakota Department of Health, Bismarck, North Dakota, USA
| | - Laura Mastel
- North Dakota Department of Health, Bismarck, North Dakota, USA
| | | | - Lori Smith
- Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Hillary Booth
- Oregon Public Health Division, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Krisandra Allen
- Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Classon
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura Gieraltowski
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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Kowalska A, Manning L. Food Safety Governance and Guardianship: The Role of the Private Sector in Addressing the EU Ethylene Oxide Incident. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020204. [PMID: 35053936 PMCID: PMC8774432 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesame seeds within the European Union (EU) are classified as foods not of animal origin. Two food safety issues associated with sesame seeds have emerged in recent years, i.e., Salmonella contamination and the presence of ethylene oxide. Fumigation with ethylene oxide to reduce Salmonella in seeds and spices is not approved in the EU, so its presence in sesame seeds from India was a sentinel incident sparking multiple trans-European product recalls between 2020-2021. Following an interpretivist approach, this study utilises academic and grey sources including data from the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database to inform a critical appraisal of current EU foods not of animal origin legislation and associated governance structures and surveillance programs. This is of particular importance as consumers are encouraged towards plant-based diets. This study shows the importance of collaborative governance utilizing data from company testing and audits as well as official regulatory controls to define the depth and breadth of a given incident in Europe. The development of reflexive governance supported by the newest technology (e.g., blockchain) might be of value in public-private models of food safety governance. This study contributes to the literature on the adoption of risk-based food safety regulation and the associated hybrid public-private models of food safety governance where both regulators and private organizations play a vital role in assuring public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kowalska
- Institute of Economics and Finance, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Louise Manning
- School of Agriculture, Food and the Environment, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Road, Cirencester GL7 6JS, UK
- Correspondence:
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Soltys RC, Sakomoto CK, Oltean HN, Guard J, Haley BJ, Shah DH. High-Resolution Comparative Genomics of Salmonella Kentucky Aids Source Tracing and Detection of ST198 and ST152 Lineage-Specific Mutations. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.695368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major cause of foodborne illness globally. Salmonella Kentucky is a polyphyletic NTS serovar comprised of two predominant multilocus sequence types (STs): ST152 and ST198. Epidemiological studies have revealed that ST152 is most prevalent in US poultry whereas ST198 is more prevalent in international poultry. Interestingly, ST152 is sporadically associated with human illness, whereas ST198 is more commonly associated with human disease. The goal of this study was to develop a better understanding of the epidemiology of ST198 and ST152 in WA State. We compared the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genetic relationship, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, of 26 clinical strains of S. Kentucky isolated in Washington State between 2004 and 2014, and 140 poultry-associated strains of S. Kentucky mostly recovered from the northwestern USA between 2004 and 2014. We also sequenced whole genomes of representative human clinical and poultry isolates from the northwestern USA. Genome sequences of these isolates were compared with a global database of S. Kentucky genomes representing 400 ST198 and 50 ST152 strains. The results of the phenotypic, genotypic, and case report data on food consumption and travel show that human infections caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant (FluR) S. Kentucky ST198 in WA State originated from outside of North America. In contrast, fluoroquinolone-susceptible (FluS) S. Kentucky ST198 and S. Kentucky ST152 infection have a likely domestic origin, with domestic cattle and poultry being the potential sources. We also identified lineage-specific non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that distinguish ST198 and ST152. These SNPs may provide good targets for further investigations on lineage-specific traits such as variation in virulence, metabolic adaptation to different environments, and potential for the development of intervention strategies to improve the safety of food.
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7
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Dhowlaghar N, Zhu MJ. Control of Salmonella in low-moisture foods: Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a surrogate for thermal and non-thermal validation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5886-5902. [PMID: 33798006 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella has been implicated in multiple foodborne outbreaks and recalls associated with low water activity foods (LawF). To verify the effectiveness of a process against Salmonella in LawF, validation using a nonpathogenic surrogate strain is essential. Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 strain has been used as a potential surrogate of Salmonella in different processing of LawF. However, the survival of Salmonella and E. faecium in LawF during food processing is a dynamic function of aw, food composition and structure, processing techniques, and other factors. This review assessed pertinent literature on the thermal and non-thermal inactivation of Salmonella and its presumable surrogate E. faecium in various LawF and provided an overview of its suitibility in different LawF. Overall, based on the D-values, survival/reduction, temperature/time to obtain 4 or 5-log reductions, most studies concluded that E. faecium is a suitable surrogate of Salmonella during LawF processing as its magnitude of resistance was slightly greater or equal (i.e., statistical similar) as compared to Salmonella. Studies also showed its unsuitability which either does not provide a proper margin of safety or being overly resistant and may compromise the quality and organoleptic properties of food. This review provides useful information and guidance for future validation studies of LawF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Dhowlaghar
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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8
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D'Oca MC, Di Noto AM, Bartolotta A, Parlato A, Nicastro L, Sciortino S, Cardamone C. Assessment of contamination of Salmonella spp. in imported black pepper and sesame seed and salmonella inactivation by gamma irradiation. Ital J Food Saf 2021; 10:8914. [PMID: 33907684 PMCID: PMC8056450 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2021.8914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows the frequency of seeds samples contaminated by Salmonella spp. collected randomly from local markets; on 30 black pepper sample no contaminated sample was found while Salmonella spp. was detected in 3 of 36 (8.3%) analyzed sesame samples; three different serotypes were identified: S. Montevideo, S. Stanleyville e S. Tilene. The efficacy of gamma irradiation to inactivate Salmonella Montevideo in black pepper and sesame irradiated between 1 and 5 kGy was evaluated. 3 kGy is sufficient to reduce of 3-4 log CFU/g; whereas 5 kGy have been need to reduce 5.5-6 log CFU/g for samples of black pepper and sesame. No statistically significant differences were found between black pepper and sesame.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aldo Parlato
- Department of Energy, Engineering of the information and Mathematical Models, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Nicastro
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Palermo "A. Mirri"
| | - Sonia Sciortino
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Palermo "A. Mirri"
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9
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JuÁrez Arana CD, MartÍnez Peniche RA, MartÍnez MG, Iturriaga MH. Microbiological Profile, Incidence, and Behavior of Salmonella on Seeds Traded in Mexican Markets. J Food Prot 2021; 84:99-105. [PMID: 32882022 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Consumption of seeds has increased in recent years due to their high nutrient content. However, Salmonella outbreaks associated with the consumption of low-water-activity food items have also increased, although these food items do not support microbial growth. The main goal of this study was to quantify microbial indicators and to determine the prevalence and content of Salmonella in chia, amaranth, and sesame seeds obtained from Mexican retail outlets. In addition, the behavior of this pathogen on seeds was evaluated. One hundred samples of each product (chia, amaranth, and sesame seeds) were collected from Queretaro City markets. Aerobic plate count, coliforms, and Escherichia coli bacteria were quantified, and the presence and number of Salmonella pathogens were also determined. Chia, amaranth, and sesame seeds (1 kg each) were inoculated with a cocktail of five Salmonella strains (∼6 log CFU mL-1) and stored at ambient temperature, and then populations of Salmonella were quantified. The median aerobic plate count contents in chia, amaranth, and sesame seeds were 2.1, 2.4, and 3.8 log CFU g-1, respectively, and the content of coliforms on the seeds ranged from 0.48 to 0.56 log most probable number (MPN) per g. E. coli was present at low concentrations in the three types of seeds. Salmonella was detected in chia (31%), amaranth (15%), and sesame (12%) seeds, and the population ranged from 0.48 to 0.56 log MPN g-1. Salmonella levels decreased through 240 days of storage, showing inactivation rates of 0.017, 0.011, and 0.016 log CFU h-1 in chia, amaranth, and sesame seeds, respectively. The high prevalence of Salmonella in the seeds highlights potential risks for consumers, particularly given that seeds are generally consumed without treatments guaranteeing pathogen inactivation. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian D JuÁrez Arana
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n. Col. Las Campanas 76010, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - RamÓn A MartÍnez Peniche
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n. Col. Las Campanas 76010, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Marcela GaytÁn MartÍnez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n. Col. Las Campanas 76010, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Montserrat HernÁndez Iturriaga
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n. Col. Las Campanas 76010, Querétaro, Querétaro, México.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3313-5433 [M.H.I.])
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10
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Ćwiek K, Korzekwa K, Tabiś A, Bania J, Bugla-Płoskońska G, Wieliczko A. Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation Capacity of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Strains Isolated from Poultry and Humans in Poland. Pathogens 2020; 9:E643. [PMID: 32784631 PMCID: PMC7459949 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis (S. enterica ser. Enteritidis) is the most frequently detected serovar in human salmonellosis, and its ability to produce a biofilm and the risk of transmission from animals and food of animal origin to humans are significant. The main aim of the present work was to compare S. enterica ser. Enteritidis strains isolated from poultry and human feces in terms of resistance profiles, prevalence of selected resistance genes, and their potential for biofilm formation, by assessing their biofilm growth intensity, the prevalence and expression of selected genes associated with this phenomenon, and the correlation between increased antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation ability of the two tested groups of S. enterica ser. Enteritidis. This study showed a difference in antimicrobial resistance (minimal inhibitory concentration value) between S. enterica ser. Enteritidis groups; however, the majority of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were isolated from poultry (environmental samples from chicken broilers, turkey broilers, and laying hens). Differences in the prevalence of resistance genes were observed; the most common gene among poultry strains was floR, and that among strains from humans was blaTEM. S. enterica ser. Enteritidis strains isolated from poultry under the tested incubation conditions exhibited better biofilm growth than strains isolated from humans. A higher level of gene expression associated with the production of cellulose was only detected in the S48 strain isolated from poultry. On the other hand, increased expression of genes associated with quorum sensing was observed in two strains isolated from poultry farms and one strain isolated from human feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Ćwiek
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Kamila Korzekwa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Wroclaw University, S. 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.K.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Aleksandra Tabiś
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.T.); (J.B.)
| | - Jacek Bania
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.T.); (J.B.)
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Wroclaw University, S. 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.K.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Alina Wieliczko
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
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11
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Olaimat AN, Osaili TM, Al-Holy MA, Al-Nabulsi AA, Obaid RS, Alaboudi AR, Ayyash M, Holley R. Microbial safety of oily, low water activity food products: A review. Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103571. [PMID: 32950156 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oily, low water activity (OL aw) products including tahini (sesame seed paste), halva (tahini halva), peanut butter, and chocolate, have been recently linked to numerous foodborne illness outbreaks and recalls. This review discusses the ingredients used and processing of OL aw products with a view to provide greater understanding of the routes of their contamination with foodborne pathogens and factors influencing pathogen persistence in these foods. Adequate heat treatment during processing may eliminate bacterial pathogens from OL aw foods; however, post-processing contamination commonly occurs. Once these products are contaminated, their high fat and sugar content can enhance pathogen survival for long periods. The physiological basis and survival mechanisms used by pathogens in these products are comprehensively discussed here. Foodborne outbreaks and recalls linked to OL aw foods are summarized and it was observed that serotypes of Salmonella enterica were the predominant pathogens causing illnesses. Further, intervention strategies available to control foodborne pathogens such as thermal inactivation, use of natural antimicrobials, irradiation and hydrostatic pressure are assessed for their usefulness to achieve pathogen control and enhance the safety of OL aw foods. Sanitation, hygienic design of manufacturing facilities, good hygienic practices, and environmental monitoring of OL aw food industries were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin N Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan.
| | - Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Murad A Al-Holy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan
| | - Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Reyad S Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Akram R Alaboudi
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Richard Holley
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2J 3L8, Canada
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12
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Hwang D, Rothrock MJ, Pang H, Guo M, Mishra A. Predicting Salmonella prevalence associated with meteorological factors in pastured poultry farms in southeastern United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136359. [PMID: 32019007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Consumer demand has increased for pastured poultry products as the drive for sustainable farming practices and ethical treatments of livestock have become popular in the press. It is necessary to identify the important meteorological factors associated with the prevalence of Salmonella in the pastured poultry settings since the presence of Salmonella in the environment could lead to contamination of the final product. The objective of this study was to develop a model to describe the relationship between meteorological factors and the presence of Salmonella on the pastured poultry farms. The random forest method was used to develop a model where 83 meteorological factors were included as the predicting variables. The soil model identified humidity as the most important variable associated with Salmonella prevalence, while high wind gust speed and average temperature were identified as important meteorological variables in the feces model. The developed models were robust in predicting the prevalence of Salmonella in pastured poultry farms with the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve values of 0.884 and 0.872 for the soil model and feces model, respectively. The predictive models developed in this study can provide users with practical and effective tools to make informed decisions with scientific evidence regarding the meteorological parameters that are important to monitor for increased on-farm Salmonella prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizy Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hao Pang
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Miao Guo
- PepsiCo Food Safety Center of Excellence, Beijing, China
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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13
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Xu J, Shah DH, Song J, Tang J. Changes in cellular structure of heat-treated Salmonella in low-moisture environments. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:434-442. [PMID: 32052556 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Salmonella cells desiccated in an environment with low-water activity (aw ) show longer survival times and enhanced resistance to heat. However, little is known about the cellular ultrastructure of Salmonella in low-aw environment in relation to the survival and persistence during desiccation. MATERIALS AND RESULTS In this study, Salmonella Enteritidis strain PT30 was dehydrated by exposure to air or by mixing with wheat flour (aw 0·30 at room temperature) for 7 days followed by heat treatment at 80°C for 10, 20, 60 min respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to examine and compare the ultrastructure of heat-treated S. Enteritidis cells after desiccation with the cells suspended in trypticase soy broth (TSB). Cells suspended in TSB broth showed disrupted ribosomes, congregated proteins and denatured DNA. However, no significant alterations were observed in the ultrastructure of the desiccated cells after heat treatment. The number of desiccated S. Enteritidis cells decreased by <1·5 log CFU per gram after 80°C treatment for 60 min, however, cells suspended in TSB declined more than 5 log10 CFU per mL at 80°C within 5 min. CONCLUSIONS A drastic difference in the number of survivors and cellular ultrastructure was observed between vegetative and air or food-dried S. Enteritidis cells after subjecting to heat treatment at 80°C. No significant ultrastructure changes were observed in desiccated cells after heat treatment except for roughening and corrugating surfaces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides a direct comparison to illustrate how desiccation influences the cell ultrastructure before/after heat treatment, which will aid in better understanding of the fundamental mechanism underlying the increased thermal resistance of Salmonella cells in low-aw environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - D H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - J Song
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - J Tang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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14
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Decontamination of chilli flakes in a fluidized bed using combined technologies: Infrared, UV and ozone. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Spices in the desiccated state provide an environment that allows the survival of many foodborne pathogens. Currently, the incidence of pathogen-positive spices imported into the United States is 1.9 times higher than for any other imported food. Correspondingly, imported spices have been associated with numerous foodborne outbreaks and multiple product recalls. Despite the association with recalls and outbreaks, the actual pathogen populations in spices, when found, are frequently extremely small. In addition to pathogenic bacterial species, toxigenic molds have been frequently recovered from spices, and aflatoxins have been found in as many as 58% of the spices sampled. The presence of toxigenic molds is especially problematic to the immunocompromised or those on immunosuppressive therapy and has been linked to gut aspergillosis. Numerous detection methods, including both traditional and advanced DNA regimes, are being tested to optimize recovery of pathogens from spices. Further, a number of new inactivation intervention methods to decontaminate spices are examined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Gurtler
- Eastern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 10460, USA
| | - Susanne E. Keller
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
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16
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Chattaway MA, Chandra N, Painset A, Shah V, Lamb P, Acheampong E, Lo J, Patel B, Larkin L, Sergeant M, Cormican M, Litrup E, Crook P. Genomic approaches used to investigate an atypical outbreak of Salmonella Adjame. Microb Genom 2019; 5. [PMID: 30648934 PMCID: PMC6412060 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017, an outbreak of gastroenteritis in England attributed to Salmonella Adjame was detected and investigated. With the introduction of whole genome sequencing (WGS) for microbial typing, methods for comparing international outbreak data require evaluation. A case was defined as a person resident in England with a clinical sample from 1 June 2017 to 27 July 2017 from whom S. Adjame was isolated. Cases were interviewed and exposures analysed. Backward tracing of food provenance was undertaken. WGS was performed on isolates from cases and historical isolates and compared using Public Health England’s SnapperDB high-quality SNP pipeline and Enterobase’s Salmonella core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) scheme. In total, 14 cases were identified. The majority were vegetarian, probably of South Asian descent, with a median age of 66.5 years with no recent international travel reported. Cases consumed a range of fresh food products including herbs and spices bought from South Asian grocers. Backward tracing did not identify a common source. WGS typing showed sub-clustering and considerable genetic variation across human samples. cgMLST allele-based analysis was comparable to SNP-derived phylogenetic analysis and clusters were defined using each method. Imported herbs or spices were suspected vehicles. The cases were linked in time and place but WGS showed marked heterogeneity, atypical of a point source Salmonella outbreak. The application of incorporating SNP or allelic differences into the case definition may not always be appropriate. With further validation, cgMLST could be used for international outbreak alerts when WGS analysis is being undertaken to facilitate comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anaïs Painset
- 1Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Victoria Shah
- 3North West London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Peter Lamb
- 2Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Elsie Acheampong
- 3North West London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Janice Lo
- 3North West London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Bharat Patel
- 4Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Lesley Larkin
- 5Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Martin Cormican
- 7School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eva Litrup
- 8Bacterial Typing, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Crook
- 2Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, London, UK
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17
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Channaiah LH, Michael M, Acuff J, Lopez K, Vega D, Milliken G, Thippareddi H, Phebus R. Validation of a Simulated Commercial Frying Process to Control Salmonella in Donuts. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:763-769. [PMID: 30407081 PMCID: PMC6306667 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study validated a typical commercial donut frying process as an effective kill-step against a 7-serovar Salmonella cocktail (Newport, Typhimurium, Senftenberg, Tennessee, and three dry food isolates) when contamination was introduced through inoculated flour. The bread and pastry flour mix (3:1) was inoculated with the Salmonella cocktail, and subsequently dried back to original preinoculation moisture content, achieving a Salmonella population of 7.6 log CFU/g. Inoculated flour was used to prepare a typical commercial donut batter, which was fried using 375°F (190.6°C) oil temperature. No viable Salmonella was detected using an enrichment plating protocol in the donuts after 2 min of frying, resulting in >7-log reduction in Salmonella population. The internal donut temperature increased from ∼30°C to ∼119°C at the end of 2 min of frying. The water activities of the donut crumb and crust after 2 min of frying, followed by 30 min of ambient air cooling, were 0.944 and 0.852, respectively. The donut pH after ambient-air cooling was 5.51. The D- and z-values of the Salmonella cocktail in donut dough were determined using thermal-death-time disks and temperature-controlled water baths. The D-values of the cocktail were 8.6, 2.9, and 2.1 min at 55°C, 58°C, and 61°C, respectively, whereas the z-value was 10°C. This study validated that >7-log reduction could be achieved if donuts are fried for at least 2 min in the oil at 190.6°C, and calculated D- and z-values present the heat resistance of Salmonella in donut dough at the start of the frying processes. However, results from this study should not be extrapolated when donut composition and frying parameters are changed significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minto Michael
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jennifer Acuff
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Keyla Lopez
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Daniel Vega
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - George Milliken
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | | | - Randall Phebus
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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18
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Newkirk JJ, Wu J, Acuff JC, Caver CB, Mallikarjunan K, Wiersema BD, Williams RC, Ponder MA. Inactivation of Salmonella enterica and Surrogate Enterococcus faecium on Whole Black Peppercorns and Cumin Seeds Using Vacuum Steam Pasteurization. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Chen Y, Pouillot R, Santillana Farakos SM, Duret S, Spungen J, Fu T, Shakir F, Homola PA, Dennis S, Van Doren JM. Risk Assessment of Salmonellosis from Consumption of Alfalfa Sprouts and Evaluation of the Public Health Impact of Sprout Seed Treatment and Spent Irrigation Water Testing. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 38:1738-1757. [PMID: 29341180 PMCID: PMC6099441 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed a risk assessment of human salmonellosis associated with consumption of alfalfa sprouts in the United States to evaluate the public health impact of applying treatments to seeds (0-5-log10 reduction in Salmonella) and testing spent irrigation water (SIW) during production. The risk model considered variability and uncertainty in Salmonella contamination in seeds, Salmonella growth and spread during sprout production, sprout consumption, and Salmonella dose response. Based on an estimated prevalence of 2.35% for 6.8 kg seed batches and without interventions, the model predicted 76,600 (95% confidence interval (CI) 15,400-248,000) cases/year. Risk reduction (by 5- to 7-fold) predicted from a 1-log10 seed treatment alone was comparable to SIW testing alone, and each additional 1-log10 seed treatment was predicted to provide a greater risk reduction than SIW testing. A 3-log10 or a 5-log10 seed treatment reduced the predicted cases/year to 139 (95% CI 33-448) or 1.4 (95% CI <1-4.5), respectively. Combined with SIW testing, a 3-log10 or 5-log10 seed treatment reduced the cases/year to 45 (95% CI 10-146) or <1 (95% CI <1-1.5), respectively. If the SIW coverage was less complete (i.e., less representative), a smaller risk reduction was predicted, e.g., a combined 3-log10 seed treatment and SIW testing with 20% coverage resulted in an estimated 92 (95% CI 22-298) cases/year. Analysis of alternative scenarios using different assumptions for key model inputs showed that the predicted relative risk reductions are robust. This risk assessment provides a comprehensive approach for evaluating the public health impact of various interventions in a sprout production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Chen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Régis Pouillot
- Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege ParkMDUSA
| | | | - Steven Duret
- Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Judith Spungen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Tong‐Jen Fu
- Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationBedford ParkILUSA
| | - Fazila Shakir
- Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Patricia A. Homola
- Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Sherri Dennis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Jane M. Van Doren
- Center for Food Safety and Applied NutritionU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege ParkMDUSA
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20
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Beaubrun JJG, Addy N, Keltner Z, Farris S, Ewing L, Gopinath G, Hanes DE. Evaluation of the Impact of Varied Carvacrol Concentrations on Salmonella Recovery in Oregano and How Corn Oil Can Minimize the Effect of Carvacrol during Preenrichment. J Food Prot 2018; 81:977-985. [PMID: 29749766 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds, like carvacrol, in oregano interfere with the detection of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica. Carvacrol concentration varies based on plant cultivars and growth region. Six oregano cultivars were used to compare the impact of carvacrol concentration on Salmonella and to evaluate the effectiveness of corn oil to help increase Salmonella survival for detection. The results of Agilent 1200 series high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that carvacrol concentration in the six oregano cultivars ranged from 64 to 11,200 ppm. Oregano samples were artificially contaminated with S. enterica and were preenriched in Trypticase soy broth with or without 2% (v/v) corn oil. After 18 to 24 h at 37°C, aliquots were transferred to selective enrichment broths. Salmonella was recovered onto xylose lysine Tergitol 4 agar. Six Salmonella serovars were compared, and recovery varied based on carvacrol concentration and serovar. Samples with higher concentrations of carvacrol showed Salmonella recovery only when they were preenriched with corn oil. Based on metagenomic analysis, the microflora associated with the oregano also varied per cultivar. The results show that, as carvacrol levels increased, Salmonella survival decreased. However, the addition of corn oil to the preenrichment broth can minimize the antimicrobial effects of the phenolic compounds, thus allowing for increased detection of Salmonella from oregano cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junia Jean-Gilles Beaubrun
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Nicole Addy
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708.,2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Technology, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and
| | - Zachary Keltner
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Samantha Farris
- 2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Technology, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830; and.,3 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Laura Ewing
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Gopal Gopinath
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
| | - Darcy E Hanes
- 1 U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708
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21
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22
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Zhang H, Qi Y, Wang L, Zhang S, Deng X. Salmonella survival during thermal dehydration of fresh garlic and storage of dehydrated garlic products. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 263:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Zhang G, Hu L, Pouillot R, Tatavarthy A, Doren JMV, Kleinmeier D, Ziobro GC, Melka D, Wang H, Brown EW, Strain E, Bunning VK, Musser SM, Hammack TS. Prevalence of Salmonella in 11 Spices Offered for Sale from Retail Establishments and in Imported Shipments Offered for Entry to the United States. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1791-1805. [PMID: 28981375 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration conducted a survey to evaluate Salmonella prevalence and aerobic plate counts in packaged (dried) spices offered for sale at retail establishments in the United States. The study included 7,250 retail samples of 11 spice types that were collected during November 2013 to September 2014 and October 2014 to March 2015. No Salmonella-positive samples (based on analysis of 125 g) were found among retail samples of cumin seed (whole or ground), sesame seed (whole, not roasted or toasted, and not black), and white pepper (ground or cracked), for prevalence estimates of 0.00% with 95% Clopper and Pearson's confidence intervals of 0.00 to 0.67%, 0.00 to 0.70%, and 0.00 to 0.63%, respectively. Salmonella prevalence estimates (confidence intervals) for the other eight spice types were 0.19% (0.0048 to 1.1%) for basil leaf (whole, ground, crushed, or flakes), 0.24% (0.049 to 0.69%) for black pepper (whole, ground, or cracked), 0.56% (0.11 to 1.6%) for coriander seed (ground), 0.19% (0.0049 to 1.1%) for curry powder (ground mixture of spices), 0.49% (0.10 to 1.4%) for dehydrated garlic (powder, granules, or flakes), 0.15% (0.0038 to 0.83%) for oregano leaf (whole, ground, crushed, or flakes), 0.25% (0.03 to 0.88%) for paprika (ground or cracked), and 0.64% (0.17 to 1.6%) for red pepper (hot red pepper, e.g., chili, cayenne; ground, cracked, crushed, or flakes). Salmonella isolates were serotyped, and genomes were sequenced. Samples of these same 11 spice types were also examined from shipments of imported spices offered for entry to the United States from 1 October 2011 to 30 September 2015. Salmonella prevalence estimates (based on analysis of two 375-g composite samples) for shipments of imported spices were 1.7 to 18%. The Salmonella prevalence estimates for spices offered for sale at retail establishments for all of the spice types except dehydrated garlic and basil were significantly lower than estimates for shipments of imported spice offered for entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - Lijun Hu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - Régis Pouillot
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - Aparna Tatavarthy
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - Jane M Van Doren
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - Daria Kleinmeier
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - George C Ziobro
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - David Melka
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - Hua Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - Eric W Brown
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - Errol Strain
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - Vincent K Bunning
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - Steven M Musser
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
| | - Thomas S Hammack
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-5212 [R.P.])
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24
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Tadapaneni RK, Syamaladevi RM, Villa-Rojas R, Tang J. Design of a novel test cell to study the influence of water activity on the thermal resistance of Salmonella in low-moisture foods. J FOOD ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Tatavarthy A, Ali L, Gill V, Hu L, Deng X, Adachi Y, Rand H, Hammack T, Zhang G. Evaluation of Three Real-Time PCR Methods for Detection of Salmonella from Cloves. J Food Prot 2017; 80:982-989. [PMID: 28467188 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate three real-time PCR platforms for rapid detection of Salmonella from cloves and to compare three different DNA extraction methods. Six trials were conducted with two clove cultivars, Ceylon and Madagascar, and three Salmonella serotypes, Montevideo, Typhimurium, and Weltevreden. Each trial consisted of 20 test portions. The preenrichment cultures were used to perform PCR for comparison of the effectiveness of U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Pacific Regional Laboratory Southwest (FDA-PRLSW), Applied Biosystems Inc. (ABI) MicroSEQ, and GeneDisc platforms for detection of Salmonella. Three DNA extraction methods were used: standard extraction method for each PCR platform, boil preparation, and LyseNow food pathogen DNA extraction cards. The results from real-time PCR correlated well with FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual culture assay results, with a wide range of cycle threshold (CT) values among the three PCR platforms for intended positive samples. The mean CT values for MicroSEQ (16.36 ± 2.78) were significantly lower than for PRLSW (20.37 ± 3.45) and GeneDisc (23.88 ± 2.90) (P < 0.0001). Pairwise comparisons between PCR platforms using different DNA extraction methods indicate that the CT values are inversely proportional to the relative DNA quantity (RDQ) yields by different platform-extraction combinations. The pairing of MicroSEQ and boil preparation generated the highest RDQ of 120 and the lowest average CT value of 14.48, whereas the pairing of GeneDisc and LyseNow generated the lowest RDQ of 0.18 and the highest average CT of 25.97. Boil preparation yielded higher RDQ than the other extraction methods for all three PCR platforms. Although the MicroSEQ platform generated the lowest CT values, its sensitivity was compromised by narrow separations between the positive and negative samples. The PRLSW platform generated the best segregation between positive and negative groups and is less likely to produce false results. In conclusion, FDA-PRLSW was the most efficient PCR assay for Salmonella detection, and boil preparation was the best method for DNA extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Tatavarthy
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Laila Ali
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Vikas Gill
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Lijun Hu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Xiaohong Deng
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Yoko Adachi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Hugh Rand
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Thomas Hammack
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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26
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Zhang G, Ali L, Gill V, Tatavarthy A, Deng X, Hu L, Brown EW, Hammack TS. Development and Validation of a Cultural Method for the Detection and Isolation of Salmonella in Cloves. J Food Prot 2017; 80:376-382. [PMID: 28199150 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Detection of Salmonella in some spices, such as cloves, remains a challenge due to their inherent antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this study was to develop an effective detection method for Salmonella from spices using cloves as a model. Two clove varieties, Ceylon and Madagascar, were used in the study. Cloves were inoculated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes Montevideo, Typhimurium, or Weltevreden at about 1, 3, or 6 log CFU/25 g. Two test portion sizes, 10 and 25 g, were compared. After adding Trypticase soy broth (TSB) to the weighed cloves for preenrichment, three preenrichment methods were compared: cloves were left in the TSB for 24 h during preenrichment (PreE1), or the cloves-TSB mixture was shaken vigorously for 30 s (PreE2) or 60 s (PreE3), and the decanted material was transferred to a new bag for 24 h of preenrichment. The rest of the procedures were carried out according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM). At the low inoculation level (<1 log CFU/25 g), the detection rate was low across the three preenrichment methods, with the highest for PreE3 and lowest for PreE1. At the medium and high inoculation levels (3 and 6 log CFU/25 g), all samples from PreE2 and PreE3 were positive for Salmonella , whereas PreE1 produced only 12 positive samples from the 48 samples at the medium inoculation level and 38 positive samples from the 48 samples at the high inoculation level. Therefore, PreE3 with 25 g of cloves per sample was more effective than the other two tested methods. This newly designed method was then validated by comparing with the BAM method in six trials, with each trial consisting of 40 test samples. The results showed that PreE3 detected Salmonella from 88 of 120 inoculated test samples compared with only 31 positive from 120 test samples with the BAM method. Thus, our newly designed method PreE3 was more sensitive and easier to operate than the current BAM method for detection of Salmonella in cloves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Laila Ali
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Vikas Gill
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Aparna Tatavarthy
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Xiaohong Deng
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Lijun Hu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Eric W Brown
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Thomas S Hammack
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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27
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Jean-Gilles Beaubrun J, Tall BD, Flamer ML, Patel I, Gopinath G, Auguste W, Jean C, George M, Tartera C, Ewing L, Hanes DE. Increased secretion of exopolysaccharide and virulence potential of a mucoid variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Montevideo under environmental stress. Microb Pathog 2016; 103:107-113. [PMID: 28012986 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During an investigation to increase the recovery of Salmonella enterica from Oregano, an increased expression of exopolysaccharide was induced in Salmonella serovar Montevideo. The atypical mucoid (SAL242S) and the non-mucoid (SAL242) strains of Montevideo were compared and characterized using various methods. Serotyping analysis demonstrated that both strains are the same serovar Montevideo. Electron microscopy (EM) of cultured SAL242S cells revealed the production of a prominent EPS-like structure enveloping aggregates of cells that are composed of cellulose. Mucoid cells possessed a higher binding affinity for Calcofluor than that of the non-mucoid strain. Genotypic analysis revealed no major genomic differences between these morphotypes, while expression analyses using a DNA microarray shows that the mucoid variant exhibited heightened expression of genes encoding proteins produced by the SPI-1 type III secretion system. This increased expression of SPI1 genes may play a role in protecting Salmonella from environmental stressors. Based on these observations, Salmonella serovar Montevideo mucoid variant under stressful or low-nutrient environments presented atypical growth patterns and phenotypic changes, as well as an upregulated expression of virulence factors. These findings are significant in the understanding of survival abilities of Salmonella in a various food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben D Tall
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - M-L Flamer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States; UMCP JIFSAN Program, 5201 Paint Branch Pkwy Patapsco Building Suite 2134, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, United States
| | - I Patel
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - G Gopinath
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - Winny Auguste
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States; Frostburg State University, 101 Braddock Rd, Frostburg MD 21532, United States
| | - Catherine Jean
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States; Branch High School 14121 Old Columbia Pike, Burtonsville MD 20866, United States
| | - Melvin George
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States; Branch High School 14121 Old Columbia Pike, Burtonsville MD 20866, United States
| | - Carmen Tartera
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - L Ewing
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - D E Hanes
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
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28
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Bae D, Kweon O, Khan AA. Isolation and Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica Serovars from Imported Food Products. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1348-54. [PMID: 27497122 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine antimicrobial resistance and elucidate the resistance mechanism in nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from food products imported into the United States from 2011 to 2013. Food products contaminated with antimicrobial-resistant nontyphoidal S. enterica were mainly imported from Taiwan, Indonesia, Vietnam, and China. PCR, DNA sequencing, and plasmid analyses were used to characterize antimicrobial resistance determinants. Twentythree of 110 S. enterica isolates were resistant to various antimicrobial classes, including β-lactam, aminoglycoside, phenicol, glycopeptide, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and/or fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents. Twelve of the isolates were multidrug resistant strains. Antimicrobial resistance determinants blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-9, blaOXA-1, tetA, tetB, tetD, dfrA1, dfrV, dhfrI, dhfrXII, drf17, aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, orfC, qnrS, and mutations of gyrA and parC were detected in one or more antimicrobial-resistant nontyphoidal S. enterica strains. Plasmid profiles revealed that 12 of the 23 antimicrobial-resistant strains harbored plasmids with incompatibility groups IncFIB, IncHI1, IncI1, IncN, IncW, and IncX. Epidemiologic and antimicrobial resistance monitoring data combined with molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance determinants in Salmonella strains isolated from imported food products may provide information that can be used to establish or implement food safety programs to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongryeoul Bae
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Microbiology, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Ohgew Kweon
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Microbiology, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
| | - Ashraf A Khan
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Microbiology, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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29
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Jean-Gilles Beaubrun J, Flamer ML, Addy N, Ewing L, Gopinath G, Jarvis K, Grim C, Hanes DE. Evaluation of corn oil as an additive in the pre-enrichment step to increase recovery of Salmonella enterica from oregano. Food Microbiol 2016; 57:195-203. [PMID: 27052719 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds associated with essential oils of spices and herbs possess a variety of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that interfere with Salmonella detection from fresh and dried products. Finding a compound to neutralize the effect of these antimicrobial compounds, while allowing Salmonella growth during pre-enrichment, is a crucial step in both traditional pathogen isolation and molecular detection from these foods. This study evaluated the effectiveness of corn oil as a component of the pre-enrichment broth to counteract antimicrobial compounds properties and increase the recovery of Salmonella from spices. Oregano samples artificially contaminated with Salmonella enterica were pre-enriched in modified Buffered Peptone Water (mBPW) supplemented with and without 2% (vol/vol) corn oil respectively. Samples were incubated overnight at 37 °C. The results showed that recovery of Salmonella from oregano samples was increased by ≥50% when pre-enriched with corn oil. Serovars were confirmed using a PCR serotyping method. In addition, shot-gun metagenomics analyses demonstrated bacterial diversity and the effect of corn oil on the relative prevalence of Salmonella in the oregano samples. Modifying pre-enrichment broths with corn oil improved the detection and isolation of Salmonella from oregano, and may provide an alternative method for pathogen detection in dried food matrices such as spices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Laure Flamer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA; UMCP JIFSAN Program, 5201 Paint Branch Pkwy Patapsco Building Suite 2134, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, USA
| | - Nicole Addy
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Technology, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Laura Ewing
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Gopal Gopinath
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Karen Jarvis
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Chris Grim
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Technology, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Darcy E Hanes
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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30
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Fusco V, Besten HMWD, Logrieco AF, Rodriguez FP, Skandamis PN, Stessl B, Teixeira P. Food safety aspects on ethnic foods: toxicological and microbial risks. Curr Opin Food Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Young I, Waddell L, Cahill S, Kojima M, Clarke R, Rajić A. Application of a Rapid Knowledge Synthesis and Transfer Approach To Assess the Microbial Safety of Low-Moisture Foods. J Food Prot 2015; 78:2264-78. [PMID: 26613924 PMCID: PMC5172422 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Low-moisture foods (LMF) are increasingly implicated in outbreaks of foodborne illness, resulting in a significant public health burden. To inform the development of a new Codex Alimentarius code of hygienic practice for LMF, we applied a rapid knowledge synthesis and transfer approach to review global research on the burden of illness, prevalence, and interventions to control nine selected microbial hazards in eight categories of LMF. Knowledge synthesis methods included an integrated scoping review (search strategy, relevance screening and confirmation, and evidence mapping), systematic review (detailed data extraction), and meta-analysis of prevalence data. Knowledge transfer of the results was achieved through multiple reporting formats, including evidence summary cards. We identified 214 unique outbreaks and 204 prevalence and 126 intervention studies. Cereals and grains (n = 142) and Salmonella (n = 278) were the most commonly investigated LMF and microbial hazard categories, respectively. Salmonella was implicated in the most outbreaks (n = 96, 45%), several of which were large and widespread, resulting in the most hospitalizations (n = 895, 89%) and deaths (n = 14, 74%). Salmonella had a consistently low prevalence across all LMF categories (0 to 3%), but the prevalence of other hazards (e.g., Bacillus cereus) was highly variable. A variety of interventions were investigated in small challenge trials. Key knowledge gaps included underreporting of LMF outbreaks, limited reporting of microbial levels in prevalence studies, and a lack of intervention efficacy research under commercial conditions. Summary cards were a useful knowledge transfer format to inform complementary risk ranking activities. This review builds upon previous work in this area by synthesizing a broad range of evidence using a structured, transparent, and integrated approach to provide timely evidence informed inputs into international guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Young
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Suite 206, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5B2; Food Safety and Quality Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Roma 00153, Italy.
| | - Lisa Waddell
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Suite 206, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5B2
| | - Sarah Cahill
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Roma 00153, Italy
| | - Mina Kojima
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Renata Clarke
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Roma 00153, Italy
| | - Andrijana Rajić
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Roma 00153, Italy
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32
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Gradl DR, Sun L, Larkin EL, Chirtel SJ, Keller SE. Survival of Salmonella during Drying of Fresh Ginger Root (Zingiber officinale) and Storage of Ground Ginger. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1954-9. [PMID: 26555517 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The survival of Salmonella on fresh ginger root (Zingiber officinale) during drying was examined using both a laboratory oven at 51 and 60°C with two different fan settings and a small commercially available food dehydrator. The survival of Salmonella in ground ginger stored at 25 and 37°C at 33% (low) and 97% (high) relative humidity (RH) was also examined. To inoculate ginger, a four-serovar cocktail of Salmonella was collected by harvesting agar lawn cells. For drying experiments, ginger slices (1 ± 0.5 mm thickness) were surface inoculated at a starting level of approximately 9 log CFU/g. Higher temperature (60°C) coupled with a slow fan speed (nonstringent condition) to promote a slower reduction in the water activity (aw) of the ginger resulted in a 3- to 4-log reduction in Salmonella populations in the first 4 to 6 h with an additional 2- to 3-log reduction by 24 h. Higher temperature with a higher fan speed (stringent condition) resulted in significantly less destruction of Salmonella throughout the 24-h period (P < 0.001). Survival appeared related to the rate of reduction in the aw. The aw also influenced Salmonella survival during storage of ground ginger. During storage at 97% RH, the maximum aw values were 0.85 at 25°C and 0.87 at 37°C; Salmonella was no longer detected after 25 and 5 days of storage, respectively, under these conditions. At 33% RH, the aw stabilized to approximately 0.35 at 25°C and 0.31 at 37°C. Salmonella levels remained relatively constant throughout the 365-day and 170-day storage periods for the respective temperatures. These results indicate a relationship between temperature and aw and the survival of Salmonella during both drying and storage of ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana R Gradl
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - Lingxiang Sun
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute for Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - Emily L Larkin
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA; Center for Medical Mycology, 11100 Euclid Avenue, LKS-5028, Cleveland, OH 44106-5028, USA
| | - Stuart J Chirtel
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Susanne E Keller
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA.
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Microbiological analysis of pre-packed sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) leaves for the presence of Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 208:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Bae D, Cheng CM, Khan AA. Characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) from imported food products. Int J Food Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26210532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Food contaminated with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica has emerged as an important global issue due to the international food-product trade. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether imported food products can serve as a reservoir for non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) that can transmit β-lactam-resistance to humans through ingestion of the contaminated food. NTS isolates (n=110) were collected from various imported food products (n=3480) from 2011 to 2013. The NTS isolates were analyzed by serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, and plasmid profiling. Salmonella ser. Weltevreden, Salmonella ser. Newport, Salmonella ser. Senftenberg, Salmonella ser. Virchow, Salmonella ser. Enteritidis, Salmonella ser. Typhimurium, and Salmonella ser. Bareilly were the most prevalent serovars. Nine NTS strains were resistant to ampicillin and/or one or more cephalosporins (MIC>32 μg/mL). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection revealed that all nine isolates carried the bla(TEM-1) β-lactamase gene, with or without the bla(CTX-M-9) or bla(OXA-1) genes. Two isolates, PSS_913 and PSS_988, exhibited decreased susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and ampicillin. Plasmids ranging in size from less than 8 to over 165 kbp, from all of the 9 resistant isolates, belonged to the IncHI1, IncI1, IncN, or IncX groups. Conjugation experiments and Southern hybridization, using bla(TEM-1), confirmed the plasmid-mediated transfer of ESBL genes, which resulted in increased MICs of β-lactams for Escherichia coli transconjugants. The contamination of imported food products by NTS with conjugative plasmid-borne ESBL genes may contribute to the spread of ESBL-producing NTS and compromise the therapeutic activity of extended-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongryeoul Bae
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Chorng-Ming Cheng
- Pacific Regional Laboratory-Southwest, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Irvine, CA 92612, United States
| | - Ashraf A Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
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Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Give, Isolated from an Imported Chili Powder Product. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/4/e00726-15. [PMID: 26139723 PMCID: PMC4490851 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00726-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the genome sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Give (CFSAN012622), isolated from imported chili powder in 2014. This genome contains genes previously reported to be specific only to S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. This strain shows a unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern clustering with serovar Enteritidis (JEG X01.0005).
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36
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Van Doren JM, Blodgett RJ, Pouillot R, Westerman A, Kleinmeier D, Ziobro GC, Ma Y, Hammack TS, Gill V, Muckenfuss MF, Fabbri L. Prevalence, level and distribution of Salmonella in shipments of imported capsicum and sesame seed spice offered for entry to the United States: Observations and modeling results. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:149-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Van Doren JM, Neil KP, Parish M, Gieraltowski L, Gould LH, Gombas KL. Foodborne illness outbreaks from microbial contaminants in spices, 1973–2010. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:456-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Torlak E, Sert D, Ulca P. Efficacy of gaseous ozone against Salmonella and microbial population on dried oregano. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:276-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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