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Arogundade TT, Gbadamosi I, Enaibe BU. Maternal diet supplemented with African walnuts enhances cortico-hippocampal gene expression and histomorphology in rat offspring. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:159-171. [PMID: 36635992 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2166804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain is built up during pregnancy. How it functions afterwards depends on how the expectant mother's diet nourishes it. Walnuts contain significant quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and bioactive phytochemicals, which enhance brain health and function even with advancing age. This study examined the effects of a walnut-enriched diet (WED) on corticohippocampal histoarchitecture and gene expression in rat offspring. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight female adult Wistar rats (n= 7) averaging about 185 g in weight were used for this study. After mating, pregnant dams were split randomly into four groups: A (standard rat chow/control), B (WED from GD 0 - PND 21), C (WED from GD 0 - PND 1), D (WED from PND 1 - PND 21). Offspring of dams were sacrificed at adolescence (PND 35), with brain tissues of interest harvested for subsequent analyses. RESULTS We observed no significant correlates in litter size, body, and brain weights across the experimental groups. Histomorphology revealed no distortion in cellular layering and delineation of cells in the PFC and dentate gyrus of both control and WED groups. Nissl staining intensity was enhanced in the offspring of dams exposed to WED versus the control, indicating improved proteostasis. Upregulated mRNA expression of DNMT3a, H2Ax, OPA1, and BDNF was observed in cortical and hippocampal tissues of WEDexposed offspring compared with the control group. CONCLUSION A diet enriched with African walnuts during early development induced changes predictive of cognitive improvements and enhanced stress-response signalling, plasticity, and neural resilience in rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope T Arogundade
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Gbadamosi
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY - Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Institute of Experimental Biology Marceli Nencki, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bernard U Enaibe
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Martins de Deus B, Fernandes C, Molina AK, Xavier V, Pires TCSP, Mandim F, Heleno SA, Finimundy TC, Barros L. Chemical Characterization, Bioactivity and Toxicity of European Flora Plant Extracts in Search for Potential Natural Origin Preservatives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2784. [PMID: 37570937 PMCID: PMC10420968 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Consumer demand for natural and healthier products has led to an increasing interest in the bioactive and therapeutic properties of plant extracts. In this study, we evaluated the phenolic compounds profile, bioactivities, and toxicities of plant extracts from eight European flora species, including Calendula officinalis L., Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, Hippophae rhamnoides L., Juglans regia L., Mentha cervina L., Rubus idaeus L., Sambucus nigra L., and Vitis vinifera L. The aim was to identify potential preservatives of natural origin. Phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Caffeic acid derivatives, ellagitannins, flavonols, and flavones were the major phenolic compounds identified. The total phenolic content varied from 16.0 ± 0.2 (V. vinifera) to 123 ± 2 mg/g (H. rhamnoides) of dry extract. All extracts showed antioxidant potential and exhibited activity against some of the microorganisms tested. S. nigra showed the highest activity in the inhibition of oxidative hemolysis (OxHLIA) assay and H. rhamnoides, notably, had the lowest IC50 values in TBARS and DPPH assays, as well as the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Regarding in vitro cytotoxicity, in tumor and non-tumor cell lines, although some extracts revealed toxicity against normal cells, it was found that the samples C. vulgaris, V. vinifera and R. idaeus might be used against tumor cells since the active concentration is much lower than the one causing toxicity. In vivo acute toxicity tests using Artemia franciscana suggest low toxicity for most extracts, with LC50 > 400 mg/L. These results showed the potential of the studied extracts as natural preservatives, given their richness in compounds with bioactive properties, highlight their potential value to the production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Martins de Deus
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.M.d.D.); (C.F.); (A.K.M.); (V.X.); (T.C.S.P.P.); (F.M.); (S.A.H.); (L.B.)
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Conceição Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.M.d.D.); (C.F.); (A.K.M.); (V.X.); (T.C.S.P.P.); (F.M.); (S.A.H.); (L.B.)
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Adriana K. Molina
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.M.d.D.); (C.F.); (A.K.M.); (V.X.); (T.C.S.P.P.); (F.M.); (S.A.H.); (L.B.)
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Virginie Xavier
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.M.d.D.); (C.F.); (A.K.M.); (V.X.); (T.C.S.P.P.); (F.M.); (S.A.H.); (L.B.)
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Tânia C. S. P. Pires
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.M.d.D.); (C.F.); (A.K.M.); (V.X.); (T.C.S.P.P.); (F.M.); (S.A.H.); (L.B.)
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Filipa Mandim
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.M.d.D.); (C.F.); (A.K.M.); (V.X.); (T.C.S.P.P.); (F.M.); (S.A.H.); (L.B.)
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Sandrina A. Heleno
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.M.d.D.); (C.F.); (A.K.M.); (V.X.); (T.C.S.P.P.); (F.M.); (S.A.H.); (L.B.)
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Tiane C. Finimundy
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.M.d.D.); (C.F.); (A.K.M.); (V.X.); (T.C.S.P.P.); (F.M.); (S.A.H.); (L.B.)
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (B.M.d.D.); (C.F.); (A.K.M.); (V.X.); (T.C.S.P.P.); (F.M.); (S.A.H.); (L.B.)
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Yilmaz S, Şanver Çelik E, Ergün S, Ahmadifar E, Abdel-Latif HMR. Effects of dietary walnut (Juglans regia) leaves extract on immunity, gene expression responses, and disease resistance in Oreochromis niloticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 135:108656. [PMID: 36868534 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The dietary effects of walnut leaf extract (WLE) on the growth, immunity, and resistance of Oreochromis niloticus to bacterial infection have been investigated. Five diets were prepared with various WLE doses of 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg, termed as Con (control), WLE250, WLE500, WLE750, and WLE1000, respectively. Fish (11.67 ± 0.21 g) were fed these diets for 60 days and then challenged with Plesiomonas shigelloides. Before the challenge, it was observed that dietary WLE did not significantly affect the growth, blood proteins (globulin, albumin, and total protein), and liver function enzymes (ALT and AST) activities. The WLE250 group significantly increased serum SOD and CAT activities more than other groups. The serum immunological indices (lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities) and hematological parameters (phagocytic activity %, phagocytic index, respiratory burst activity, and potential activity) were significantly increased in the WLE groups compared with the Con group. The expression of IgM heavy chain, IL-1β, and IL-8 genes were significantly upregulated in all WLE-supplemented groups in comparison with the Con group. The fish survival rates (SR; %) post challenge in the Con, WLE250, WLE500, WLE750 and WLE1000 groups were 40.0%, 49.3%, 86.7%, 73.3%, and 70.7%, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier survivorship curves illustrated that the highest SR% was found in the WLE500 group (86.7%) amongst the other groups. Accordingly, we can suggest that feeding O. niloticus with a diet supplied with WLE at a dose rate of 500 mg/kg over 60 days could enrich haemato-immune responses and increase the fish survival against the challenge with P. shigelloides. These results recommend using WLE as a herbal dietary supplement to substitute antibiotic use in aquafeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevdan Yilmaz
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, 17100, Turkey.
| | - Ekrem Şanver Çelik
- Department of Marine Technology, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Sebahattin Ergün
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, 17100, Turkey
| | - Ehsan Ahmadifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 22758, Egypt.
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Chemical Profiling, Bioactive Properties, and Anticancer and Antimicrobial Potential of Juglans regia L. Leaves. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041989. [PMID: 36838977 PMCID: PMC9966981 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the biological potential of the polyphenolic fraction isolated from J. regia leaves, collected in the Subcarpathian region (Poland). The phenolic profile was determined using the UPLC-PDA-MS/MS method. Biological activity was determined by evaluating the antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. Prior to this study, the purified polyphenolic fraction was not been tested in this regard. A total of 40 phenolic compounds (104.28 mg/g dw) were identified, with quercetin 3-O-glucoside and quercetin pentosides dominating. The preparation was characterized by a high ability to chelate iron ions and capture O2•- and OH• radicals (reaching IC50 values of 388.61, 67.78 and 193.29 µg/mL, respectively). As for the anticancer activity, among the six tested cell lines, the preparation reduced the viability of the DLD-1, Caco-2, and MCF-7 lines the most, while in the antibacterial activity, among the seven tested strains, the highest susceptibility has been demonstrated against K. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, and S. aureus. Depending on the needs, such a preparation can be widely used in the design of functional food and/or the cosmetics industry.
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Evaluation of Major Constituents of Medicinally Important Plants for Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiabetic and AGEs Inhibiting Properties: In Vitro and Simulatory Evidence. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196715. [PMID: 36235251 PMCID: PMC9571302 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health concern that is associated with several micro- and macrovascular complications. We evaluated several important medicinal plant constituents, including polyphenols and flavonoids, for α-glucosidase inhibition, AGEs’ inhibitory activities using oxidative and no-oxidative assays, the inhibition of protein cross link formation, 15-lipoxydenase inhibition and molecular docking. The molecular docking studies showed high binding energies of flavonoids for transcriptional regulars 1IK3, 3TOP and 4F5S. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, a significant inhibition was noted for quercitrin (IC50 7.6 µg/mL) and gallic acid (IC50 8.2 µg/mL). In the AGEs inhibition assays, quercetin showed significant results in both non-oxidative and (IC50 0.04 mg/mL) and oxidative assays (IC50 0.051 mg/mL). Furthermore, quercitrin showed inhibitory activity in the non-oxidative (IC50 0.05 mg/mL) and oxidative assays (IC50 0.34 mg/mL). A significant inhibition of protein cross link formation was observed by SDS-PAGE analysis. Quercitrin (65%) and quercetin (62%) showed significant inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase. It was thus concluded that flavonoids and other polyphenols present in plant extracts can be effective in management of diabetes and allied co-morbidities.
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Wojdyło A, Turkiewicz IP, Tkacz K, Nowicka P, Bobak Ł. Nuts as functional foods: Variation of nutritional and phytochemical profiles and their in vitro bioactive properties. Food Chem X 2022; 15:100418. [PMID: 36211787 PMCID: PMC9532779 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional, biological and in vitro anti-diabetic, -obesity, -cholinergic of nuts. Polymeric procyanidins dominant polyphenols. Oleanic and pomolic acids dominant triterpenes. Nuts are low in Cu, Zn, Mn, Na, but rich in K and Mg. All nuts showed high activity in inhibiting intestinal α-glucosidase.
The aim of the present study was to examine the nutritional (fat, fatty acids, minerals, sugars) and bioactive compounds (polyphenols, tocochromanols, triterpene) and their influence on in vitro anti-diabetic (pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase), anti-obesity (pancreatic lipase) and anti-cholinergic (AChE and BuChE) inhibitory activity of 8 different popular nuts—pecan, pine, hazelnuts, pistachio, almonds, cashew, walnuts, and macadamia. The total content of phenolic compounds in nuts ranged from 432.9 (walnuts) to 5.9 (pistachio) mg/100 g. The dominant polyphenols are polymeric procyanidins (walnuts – 415.1 mg/100 g). Nuts are rich in tocochromanols (832.9–4377.5 μg/100 g), especially α- and γ-tocopherols. The highest content of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) was detected in hazelnuts and almonds (2551.0 and 2489.7 μg/100 g, respectively) while the lowest amounts were detected in macadamia, cashew and walnuts. The most abundant in nuts are oleanic and pomolic acids (35 and 22 % of total, respectively), while betulin, uvaol and erythrodiol are less characteristic triterpenes for nuts (<1%). Pine nuts are the nuts with the highest content of triterpene (690.3 mg/100 g). Pistachio and almonds are the richest in total fat (>45 %), but monounsaturated (17.5–79.3 %; hazelnuts, almonds, cashew, macadamia, pistachio and pecan) and polyunsaturated (7.5–69.3 %; pine, walnuts) are the dominant fatty acids. Moreover, nuts are low in Cu, Zn, Mn and Na content, but rich in K (464.5–1772.3 mg/100 g) and Mg (197.0–502.5 mg/100 g). Macadamia, walnuts and cashew are good sources of Se. Pistachio, almonds and cashew were characterized by the highest content of sugars, but the dominant sugar was saccharose (58.2–2399.3 mg/100 g). All nuts showed high activity in inhibiting intestinal α-glucosidase (>90 %), but lower ability to inhibit pancreatic α-amylase and pancreatic lipase activity. The activity in inhibiting acetyl- and butylcholinesterase was up to 30 %. As described above, all nuts contain various compounds that improve the nutritional value. Therefore they should be one of the important components of the daily human diet rich in functional foods.
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Qin J, Yue X, Fang S, Qian M, Zhou S, Shang X, Yang W. Nitrogen addition modifies the relative gene expression level and accumulation of carbon-based bioactive substances in Cyclocarya paliurus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 188:70-80. [PMID: 35988389 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In China, lots of Cyclocarya paliurus plantations have been established for tea and functional food production on nitrogen (N)-limited land. The optimum N levels require for biosynthesis and accumulation of carbon-based bioactive substances vary among plant species. This study integrated field trial with hydroponic culture to assess impact of nitrogen addition on accumulation and relative gene expression level of carbon-based secondary metabolites in C. paliurus. N addition significantly influenced not only contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and triterpenoids and relative gene expression levels of their biosynthetic pathway in C. paliurus leaves but also leaf biomass production and the bioactive substance accumulations. An intermediate N addition induced the highest contents of polyphenols, flavonoids and triterpenoids in leaves, but the optimized accumulation of these bioactive substances in the leaves was the trade-off between their contents and leaf biomass production. Correlation analysis showed that related gene expression levels were closely correlated with contents of their leaf corresponding secondary metabolites. Compared with ratios of carbon/N (C/N) and carbon/phosphorus (C/P) in the soil, ratios of C/N and C/P in the leaves were more strongly related to the contents and accumulations of polyphenols, flavonoids and triterpenoids. To obtain higher yields of targeted phytochemicals, the threshold ratios of C/N and C/P in the leaves are recommended for N and P fertilization at similar sites. Overall, our findings would provide the theoretical basis and technical support for manipulating N fertilization in C. paliurus plantations to obtain higher accumulations of targeted bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qin
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiliang Yue
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengzuo Fang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Mengyu Qian
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuntao Zhou
- Anhui Green and Selenium Technology Development Company in Agriculture and Ecology, Shitai, China
| | - Xulan Shang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanxia Yang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Mineral Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Urease, and Antibiofilm Potential of Juglans Regia Leaves and Unripe Fruits. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS CIBINIENSIS. SERIES E: FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aucft-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The leaves and unripe fruits from 5 walnut clones were tested in terms of mineral composition, antioxidant activity, and the inhibitory effect on model urease. It has been shown that the leaves are richer in minerals and also have higher antioxidant potential than unripe fruits. HPTLC polyphenolic profiles of leaves extract were found more abundant in flavonoids regardless of the sample origin. Only green walnut extracts showed an effect as urease inhibitors. Higher antibacterial activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus in comparison with Staphylococcus epidermidis. Both leaf and fruit extracts showed antibiofilm activity, up to 95% of biofilm inhibition. It was shown that all tested Juglans regia extracts can serve as a valuable antibacterial agent against staphylococci infections.
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Mirzababaei A, Daneshvar M, Abaj F, Daneshzad E, Hosseininasab D, Clark CCT, Mirzaei K. The Effect of Walnut ( Juglans regia) Leaf Extract on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Clin Nutr Res 2022; 11:120-132. [PMID: 35558998 PMCID: PMC9065396 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2022.11.2.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical trials have examined the beneficial effects of Juglans regia leaf extract (JRLE) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the results of these studies are inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted the current systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of JRLE on glycemic control and lipid profile in T2DM patients. We searched online databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science for randomized controlled clinical trials that examined the effect of JRLE on glycemic and lipid indices in T2DM patients. Data were pooled using both fixed and random-effect models and weighted mean difference (WMD) was considered as the overall effect size. Of the total records, 4 eligible studies, with a total sample size of 195 subjects, were included. The meta-analysis revealed that JRLE supplementation significantly reduces fasting blood glucose (WMD, −18.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], −32.88 mg/dL, −3.21 mg/dL; p = 0.017) and significantly increases fasting insulin level (WMD, 1.93; 95% CI, 0.40 U/L, 3.45 U/L; p = 0.014). Although the overall effect of JRLE supplementation on hemoglobin A1c was not significant, a significant reduction was seen in studies with an intervention duration of > 8 weeks (WMD, −0.64; 95% CI, −1.16%, −0.11%; p = 0.018). Moreover, we also found no significant change in lipid parameters. Our findings revealed a beneficial effect of JRLE supplementation on glycemic indices in T2DM patients, but no significant improvement was found for lipid profile parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6117, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Daneshvar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6117, Iran
| | - Faezeh Abaj
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6117, Iran
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149779453, Iran
| | - Dorsa Hosseininasab
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1468763785, Iran
| | - Cain C. T. Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6117, Iran
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Dynamics of Polyphenol Biosynthesis by Calli Cultures, Suspension Cultures and Wild Specimens of the Medicinal Plant Ligaria cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae). Analysis of Their Biological Activity. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081713. [PMID: 34451763 PMCID: PMC8401021 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ligaria cuneifolia (R. et P.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae) is a South American hemiparasitic species with antioxidant, antitumoral, antimicrobial, and antilipidemic activities attributed to its polyphenolic content. We studied the polyphenolic pattern of L. cuneifolia during different phenological stages: flowering, fruiting, and post-fruiting. The highest total phenolic content was found in stems at post-fruiting (214 ± 12.1 mg gallic acid eq·g-1 DW) and fruiting (209 ± 13.7 mg gallic acid eq·g-1 DW), followed by post-fruiting leaves (207 ± 17.5 mg gallic acid eq·g-1 DW). Flavonoids accumulated at higher levels in leaves and hydroxycinnamic acids in leaves at flowering and post-fruiting. The polyphenolic pattern was similar between organs from wild plants and in vitro cultures, although at a significantly lower level in the latter ones. The performance of calli growing under a 16 h photoperiod in a modified White medium with 1-naphthalene acetic acid (2.50 μM) and Kinetin (9.20 μM) was better than in the dark. When calli grew in media only with auxins (IAA, NAA, and 2,4-D, all at 2.50 µM concentration), its growth and polyphenolic content improved. Cell suspensions with 2.50 µM NAA and 9.20 µM KIN grew slowly and produced very small amounts of polyphenols. As for the antioxidant activity, it was detected in all samples (approximately 1000 µmol trolox eq·g-1 DW) except fruits, where a lower value was found (328 µmol trolox eq·g-1 DW). In vitro cultures have the lowest antioxidant activity when compared to methanolic extracts from organs of wild specimens. Finally, antimutagenic or mutagenic activity in wild plants and in vitro culture extracts was not detected by the Ames test.
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Calligonum polygonoides L. as Novel Source of Bioactive Compounds in Hot Arid Regions: Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061156. [PMID: 34204128 PMCID: PMC8229425 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Calligonum polygonoides L. (Phog) is an endemic perennial herb that is highly resistant to all type of abiotic stresses and dominant biomass as well as phytochemicals producer in its natural habitat of the “Thar Desert” of Rajasthan, India. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of extreme environmental conditions on the phenolic, flavonoids, tannin content, and total antioxidant activities of C. polygonoides foliage harvested during different months. It exhibited a significant variation in the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidant activity with harvesting time and all parameters are positively correlated to each other. The highest phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was observed during severe winter and summer months, when monthly average environmental temperature was lowest and highest of the year, respectively. On the basis of the results, two harvests of C. polygonoides foliage during June and December are advised to maximize the phenolic compound production with highest antioxidant activity. These results demonstrate C. polygonoides, which is a dominant biomass producer under the harsh climatic conditions, can be an important source for the development of the functional foods rich in antioxidants in hot arid regions.
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Devidas SB, Rahmatkar SN, Singh R, Sendri N, Purohit R, Singh D, Bhandari P. Amelioration of cognitive deficit in zebrafish by an undescribed anthraquinone from Juglans regia L.: An in-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo approach. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174234. [PMID: 34090895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An undescribed anthraquinone assigned as 1-Hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-9,10-anthraquinone (compound 1) was isolated from ethylacetate extract of Juglans regia L. The structure of the compound was established on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC, COSY), ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectroscopy. The molecular docking studies of compound 1 indicated similar molecular interactions as that of co-crystalized inhibitor. Compound 1 showed hydrogen bonds with residues PHE295, GLY121, π-σ interactions with TYR 341, π-π interactions with HIS 447 residues, and π-alkyl with TRP86 and TYR 337. On the basis of in-silico interaction studies of compound 1 with proteins, it was tested using acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity test of zebrafish larva, and scopolamine-induced cognitive deficit model of adult zebrafish. The compound 1 showed potent acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity, prevented acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity and improved learning and memory functions in T-maze test. The results established compound 1 to be a potential neuroprotective natural product for amelioration of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinde Bhagatsing Devidas
- Natural Product Chemistry & Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shubham Nilkanth Rahmatkar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nitisha Sendri
- Natural Product Chemistry & Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Pamita Bhandari
- Natural Product Chemistry & Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Nasiry D, Khalatbary AR, Ahmadvand H, Talebpour Amiri FB. Effects of Juglans regia L. leaf extract supplementation on testicular functions in diabetic rats. Biotech Histochem 2020; 96:41-47. [PMID: 32476484 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1755893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular dysfunction is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Juglans regia L. (JRL) leaf extract is a source of phenolic compounds that exhibits hypoglycemic and antioxidative properties. We investigated whether JRL leaf extract could inhibit the adverse effects of DM on oxidative stress, testis histology and testosterone hormone production. We used four groups of male rats: control group (non-diabetic) given saline, diabetic group, diabetic + JRL group that received JRL leaf extract, and JRL group (nondiabetic) that received JRL leaf extract only. To evaluate the effects of JRL leaf extract on testicular functions in diabetic animals, we evaluated histopathological and histomorphometric changes; serum testosterone; and malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels. Decreased of MDA along with improved antioxidant status in the testis of diabetic rats; these abnormalities were attenuated by JRL leaf extract. We detected significantly decreased antioxidant biomarkers (GSH, SOD, CAT) and testosterone levels in the diabetic rats; these levels were normalized after JRL leaf extract administration. The MDA level and improved antioxidant status in the testis of diabetic rats was detected after JRL leaf extract administration. Our findings suggest that JRL leaf extract exerts preventive effects against diabetic dysfunction in the testis, which might be due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Nasiry
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Science, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khalatbary
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran
| | - Hassan Ahmadvand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences , Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Beigom Talebpour Amiri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari, Iran
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Vieira V, Calhelha RC, Barros L, Coutinho JAP, C. F. R. Ferreira I, Ferreira O. Insights on the Extraction Performance of Alkanediols and Glycerol: Using Juglans regia L. Leaves as a Source of Bioactive Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112497. [PMID: 32471297 PMCID: PMC7321402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol and alkanediols are being studied as alternative solvents to extract phytochemicals from plant material, often as hydrogen bond donors in deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Many of those alcohols are liquid at room temperature, yet studies of their use as extraction solvents are scarce. In this work, glycerol and a series of alkanediols (1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, and 1,2-hexanediol) were studied for the extraction of phenolic compounds from Juglans regia L. leaves, a rich source of this class of bioactive compounds. The extraction yield was quantified, and the bioactivity of both extracts and pure solvents was evaluated by measuring the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. The solvents showing the best combined results were 1,2 and 1,3-propanediol, as their extracts presented a high amount of phenolic compounds, close to the results of ethanol, and similar cytotoxicity against cervical carcinoma cells, with no impact on non-tumor porcine liver cells in the studied concentration range. On the other hand, none of the extracts (and solvents) presented anti-inflammatory activity. Overall, the results obtained in this work contribute to the study of alternative solvents that could potentially be used also as formulation media, highlighting the importance of walnut leaves as a source of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vieira
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Complexo de Laboratórios Tecnológicos, Aveiro University, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.A.P.C.)
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Ricardo C. Calhelha
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (O.F.); Tel.: +351-273-330901 (L.B.); Tel.: +351-273-303087 (O.F.)
| | - João A. P. Coutinho
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Complexo de Laboratórios Tecnológicos, Aveiro University, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (V.V.); (J.A.P.C.)
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Olga Ferreira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (R.C.C.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (O.F.); Tel.: +351-273-330901 (L.B.); Tel.: +351-273-303087 (O.F.)
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Lachowicz S, Kapusta I, Świeca M, Stinco CM, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Bieniek A. In Vitro Biological Activities of Fruits and Leaves of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. and Their Isoprenoids and Polyphenolics Profile. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050436. [PMID: 32429578 PMCID: PMC7278795 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was in-depth identification of carotenoids and polyphenolic compounds in leaves and fruits of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. An additional aim was to assay their antioxidant and in vitro biological activities (the ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase activity) of two cultivars: ‘Sweet Scarlet’ and ‘Jahidka’. Study results showed the presence of 70 bioactive compounds, including 20 isoprenoids and 50 polyphenols. The profile of identified bioactive compounds had not been examined in this respect until now. The total carotenoid, chlorophyll, and polyphenol levels and antioxidant activity of the foliar samples were virtually identical in both cultivars and clearly higher relative to those in the fruits. On the other hand, the ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase activity of the fruits was clearly higher as compared to the leaves. The highest amount of phenolic acids, flavonols, and polymeric procyanidins was in the ‘Sweet Scarlet’ for fruit and leaves, while the highest amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids was in the ‘Jahidka’. The inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase activities appeared to be better correlated with the carotenoid content, which warrants further studies of the possible anti-diabetic and anti-obesity actions of the major carotenoids found in the fruits (lycopene, phytoene, and lutein). In addition, strong correlation between antioxidant activity and phenols of E. multiflora Thunb. components can be effective in removing reactive oxygen species. The results of our study show that both the fruits and leaves of E. multiflora Thunb. can be important for health promotion through the diet and for innovating in the industry of functional food and (nutri)cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Lachowicz
- Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, Rzeszow University, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Michał Świeca
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Carla M. Stinco
- Food Colour & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.M.S.); (A.J.M.-M.)
| | - Antonio J. Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Colour & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.M.S.); (A.J.M.-M.)
| | - Anna Bieniek
- Department of Horticulture, University of Warmia and Mazury, Prawocheńskiego 21, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Rajković KM, Vasić M, Drobac M, Mutić J, Jeremić S, Simić V, Stanković J. Optimization of extraction yield and chemical characterization of optimal extract from Juglans nigra L. leaves. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Refait P, Rahal C, Masmoudi M. Corrosion inhibition of copper in 0.5 M NaCl solutions by aqueous and hydrolysis acid extracts of olive leaf. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.113834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jahanban-Esfahlan A, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Tabibiazar M, Roufegarinejad L, Amarowicz R. Recent advances in the use of walnut (Juglans regia L.) shell as a valuable plant-based bio-sorbent for the removal of hazardous materials. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7026-7047. [PMID: 35493920 PMCID: PMC9049835 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective use of agricultural by-products is definitely a major challenge in waste management. In the walnut fruit processing industry, large amounts of shells are produced as agricultural by-products and discarded or burned produced as fuel. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a valuable tree nut in the Juglandaceae family. The fruit is composed of four main parts: the kernel, the skin, the shell, and the husk. The importance of walnuts is mostly related to theirs valuable kernels. However, their shells are currently experiencing as much interest as their kernels due to the beneficial effects of the shells. In the past several years, walnut shell (WS) has been widely explored as a naturally inert plant-based biosorbent. In this review, we first highlight recent scientific literature regarding the development of adsorbents from WS in the form of carbon-based materials including unmodified/modified WS, and activated carbons (ACs). Next, we discuss the potential applications of WS-derived by-products as natural yet effective adsorbents for the removal of various hazardous materials including heavy metals (HMs), synthetic industrial dyes, and harmful chemicals. The effective use of agricultural by-products is definitely a major challenge in waste management.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Nutrition Research Center
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Student Research Committee
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Drug Applied Research Center
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology
| | - Mahnaz Tabibiazar
- Biotechnology Research Center
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Tabriz
- Iran
- Department of Food Science
| | | | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Department of Food Science
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences
- Olsztyn
- Poland
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Fernández-Agulló A, Castro-Iglesias A, Freire MS, González-Álvarez J. Optimization of the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Walnut ( Juglans major 209 x Juglans regia) Leaves: Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Profile. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 9:antiox9010018. [PMID: 31878207 PMCID: PMC7022385 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work studies the extraction of phenolic compounds from walnut leaves of the hybrid Juglans major 209 x Juglans regia based on extract antioxidant capacity. Once the solid/liquid ratio was selected (1/10 g/mL), by means of a Box-Benkhen experimental design, the influence of temperature (25-75 °C), time (30-120 min), and aqueous ethanol concentration (10-90%) on extraction yield and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) antioxidant activities were analyzed. In all cases, the quadratic effect of % EtOH was the most significant, followed by the linear effect of temperature and, for most of the responses, the effect of time was almost negligible. Response surface analysis allowed to select the optimal extraction conditions: 75 °C, 120 min and 50% ethanol, which led to the following extract properties: extraction yield, 30.17%; FRAP, 1468 nmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/mg extract d.b.; DPPH, 1.318 mmol Trolox equivalents (TRE)/g extract d.b.; DPPH EC50, 0.11 mg/mL; ABTS, 1.256 mmol TRE/g extract (on dry basis) and ABTS EC50, 0.985 mg/mL. Quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside, neochlorogenic acid, and chlorogenic acid, in this order, were the main compounds identified in this extract by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS), with various potential applications that support this valorization alternative for walnut leaves.
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Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Juglans regia L. Leaves and Husk Extracts. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10110988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to characterize the antioxidant capacity and establish the profile of polyphenolic compounds in walnut extracts (different extracts prepared from walnut leaf and green husks). The correlation between bioingredients of the product tested and their ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce them by chelating various metal ions were examined. Research technology combining TG (thermogravimetry), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), high-performance liquid chromatography system (HPLC) with electrochemical methods (cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry) and spectrophotometric methods (ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays) was used to rate the potential oxidation-reduction components of walnut extracts. A high affinity for scavenging free radicals ABTS and DPPH was found for natural substances present in leaves and green husks. The walnut is beneficial to health as it contains alpha-linolenic acid in its lipid fraction and, as demonstrated in this study, its husks are rich in polyphenolics with high antioxidant capacity.
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Jahanban-Esfahlan A, Ostadrahimi A, Tabibiazar M, Amarowicz R. A Comprehensive Review on the Chemical Constituents and Functional Uses of Walnut ( Juglans spp.) Husk. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3920. [PMID: 31409014 PMCID: PMC6719079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The walnut (Juglans spp.) is an appreciated nut that belongs to the Juglandaceae family. The fruit includes four main parts: the kernel, the skin, the shell, and the green husk. It is widely cultivated due to its edible kernel. In walnut production centers, high amounts of the husk as an agro-forest waste product are produced and discarded away. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the walnut green husk could be valued as a source of different natural bioactive compounds with excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Regarding this respect, in this contribution, the current scientific knowledge on the antioxidant and antiradical activities, various identified and isolated individual chemical constituents, as well as the functional applications of the walnut husk with more emphasis on the Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Tabibiazar
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran.
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-468 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Seasonal Variation in Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10080624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja is a plant with nutraceutical importance since its leaves have been used historically as folk medicines for hundreds of years. The content of 10 phenolic compounds was determined throughout the growing season by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector, while the antioxidant activities of C. paliurus leaf extracts were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. Seasonal variations in phenolic concentration and antioxidant activity as well as linkage between the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity were assessed. A significant seasonal variation of phenolic compounds was observed in the leaves and the highest content appeared in May, July, and November. Seventy percent ethanol extract of C. paliurus leaves possessed a good radical scavenging potency. Meanwhile, a significant correlation between antioxidant activities and contents of phenolics was detected. Results of the relationship between molecular structures and their antioxidant activities showed that both the number and configuration of H-donating hydroxyl groups are the main structural features influencing the antioxidant capacity of phenolics, while glycosylation may reduce the antioxidant capacity. The information provided by this study not only revealed the accumulative dynamics of phenolic compounds, but also established a basis for determining the optimal time for harvesting to improve the content of beneficial compounds in the leaves of C. paliurus in the future.
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Comparison of different properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the green (using Juglans regia L. leaf extract) and chemical methods. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Degano I, Mattonai M, Sabatini F, Colombini MP. A Mass Spectrometric Study on Tannin Degradation within Dyed Woolen Yarns. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122318. [PMID: 31234558 PMCID: PMC6631721 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural tannins from various plants have been used throughout human history in textile dyeing, often as mordant dyes. The ageing behavior of these dyes is a challenge in conservation science, requiring a thorough knowledge of the textile–mordant-dye system. In this work, we analyzed reference wool yarns dyed with natural tannins from oak gallnuts, walnut (Juglans regia), and catechu (Acacia catechu), after artificial ageing. To gain insights on the composition of the dyestuffs and on how they aged, an analytical procedure based on extraction with Na2EDTA/DMF (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/dimethylformamide) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry detection was used. Since conventional reversed-phase (RP) columns usually show poor retention efficiency of highly polar compounds such as tannins, an RP-amide embedded polar group stationary phase was used to achieve optimal retention of the most polar compounds. Tannins from oak gallnuts showed little degradation after ageing, while a significant increase in the content of hydroxybenzoic acids was observed for tannins from walnut and catechu. Finally, the analytical procedure was applied to characterize the tannin dyes in historical tapestries from the 15th to 16th century, and the results were discussed in comparison with the reference yarns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Degano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marco Mattonai
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Jahanban-Esfahlan A, Ostadrahimi A, Tabibiazar M, Amarowicz R. A Comparative Review on the Extraction, Antioxidant Content and Antioxidant Potential of Different Parts of Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) Fruit and Tree. Molecules 2019; 24:E2133. [PMID: 31195762 PMCID: PMC6600437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a valuable tree nut, walnut is a well-known member of the Juglandaceae family. The fruit is made up of an outer green shell cover or husk, the middle shell which must be cracked to release the kernel, a thin layer known as skin or the seed coat, and finally, the kernel or meat. The nutritional importance of walnut fruit is ascribed to its kernel. The shell and husk are burned as fuel or discarded away as waste products. In the past two decades, the evaluation of the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different parts of walnut has received great interest. In this contribution, the recent reports on the extraction and quantification of phenolic content from each part of the walnut tree and fruit using different solvents were highlighted and comparatively reviewed. The current review paper also tries to describe the antioxidant content of phenolic extracts obtained from different parts of the walnut tree and fruit. Additionally, the antioxidant and antiradical activities of the prepared extracts have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran.
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran.
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran.
| | - Mahnaz Tabibiazar
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran.
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Division of Food Sciences, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-468 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Borkowski K, Yim SJ, Holt RR, Hackman RM, Keen CL, Newman JW, Shearer GC. Walnuts change lipoprotein composition suppressing TNFα-stimulated cytokine production by diabetic adipocyte. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 68:51-58. [PMID: 31030167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Walnut consumption can provide both vascular and metabolic health benefits, and walnut-induced changes in lipoprotein particle chemical payloads may be responsible for these health benefits. To explore this possibility with a focus on metabolic health, this study investigated the impact of walnut consumption on lipoprotein lipid composition and changes in LDL anti-inflammatory properties, as reported by inflamed adipocyte. Hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal females were treated with 40 g/day (i.e., 1.6 servings/day; n=15) of walnuts for 4 weeks. Fatty acids and their oxygenated metabolites, i.e., oxylipins, were quantified in isolated lipoproteins. Human primary adipocytes were exposed to LDL and TNFα-stimulated adipokine production was measured. Walnut treatment elevated α-linolenic acid and its epoxides in all lipoproteins and depleted mid-chain alcohols in VLDL and LDL, but not HDL. Walnuts also reduced TNFα-induced diabetic adipocyte production of IL-6 (-48%, P=.0006) and IL-8 (-30%, P=.01), changes inversely correlated with levels of α-linolenic acid-derived epoxides but not α-linolenic acid itself. In conclusion, modest walnut consumption can alter lipoprotein lipid profiles and enhance their ability to inhibit TNFα-dependent pro-inflammatory responses in human diabetic primary adipocytes. Moreover, this study suggests the oxylipins, rather than the parent fatty acids, mediate LDL action of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Borkowski
- Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Davis, CA.
| | - Sun J Yim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Roberta R Holt
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Robert M Hackman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Carl L Keen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - John W Newman
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA; Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Davis, CA
| | - Gregory C Shearer
- Dept. of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Gutiérrez Ortiz AL, Berti F, Navarini L, Crisafulli P, Colomban S, Forzato C. Aqueous extracts of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves: quantitative analyses of hydroxycinnamic and chlorogenic acids. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:753-760. [PMID: 29762631 PMCID: PMC6296405 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification of both hydroxycinnamic and chlorogenic acids present in aqueous extracts of walnut leaves (Juglans regia L.) were carried out by using, for the first time, standard compounds not commercially available for qualitative identification. In particular, in addition to caffeic, ferulic, p-coumaric and sinapic acids, cis and trans mono-caffeoylquinic, dicaffeoylquinic, mono-feruloylquinic and cis and trans mono-p-coumaroylquinic acid isomers were detected and quantified by Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatography and the seasonal variations of these secondary metabolites were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Berti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Paola Crisafulli
- Aromalab, illycaffè S.p.A., AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Colomban
- Aromalab, illycaffè S.p.A., AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristina Forzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste, Italy
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Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Juglans regia Leaf Extract and Evaluation of Their Physico-Chemical and Antibacterial Properties. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7030068. [PMID: 30061517 PMCID: PMC6165499 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized using Juglans regia (J. regia) leaf extract, as both reducing and stabilizing agents through microwave irradiation method. The effects of a 1% (w/v) amount of leaf extract (0.1⁻0.9 mL) and an amount of 1 mM AgNO₃ solution (15⁻25 mL) on the broad emission peak (λmax) and concentration of the synthesized Ag NPs solution were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated the main functional groups existing in the J. regia leaf extract. Dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the synthesized Ag NPs. Fabricated Ag NPs with the mean particle size and polydispersity index and maximum concentration and zeta potential of 168 nm, 0.419, 135.16 ppm and -15.6 mV, respectively, were obtained using 0.1 mL of J. regia leaf extract and 15 mL of AgNO₃. The antibacterial activity of the fabricated Ag NPs was assessed against both Gram negative (Escherichia coli) and positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria and was found to possess high bactericidal effects.
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Shi B, Zhang W, Li X, Pan X. Seasonal variations of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of walnut (Juglans sigillata Dode) green husks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1381706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Shi
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wene Zhang
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xue Li
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Pandareesh MD, Chauhan V, Chauhan A. Walnut Supplementation in the Diet Reduces Oxidative Damage and Improves Antioxidant Status in Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:1295-1305. [PMID: 30040727 PMCID: PMC6087457 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study has shown beneficial effects of walnuts on memory and learning skills in transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD-tg). To understand underlying mechanism, we studied here whether walnuts can reduce oxidative stress in AD. From 4 months of age, experimental AD-tg mice were fed diets containing 6% (T6) or 9% walnuts (T9) (equivalent to 1 or 1.5 oz, of walnuts per day in humans) for 5, 10, or 15 months. The control groups, i.e., AD-tg (T0) and wild-type (Wt) mice, were fed diets without walnuts. Free radicals, i.e., reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and antioxidant enzymes were assessed in these mice at different ages. AD-tg mice on control diet (T0) showed significant age-dependent increase in ROS levels, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation coupled with impaired activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase] compared to Wt mice. Oxidative stress was significantly reduced in AD-tg mice on diets with walnuts (T6, T9), as evidenced by decreased levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation, as well as by enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes compared to T0 mice. Long-term supplementation with walnuts for 10 or 15 months was more effective in reducing oxidative stress in AD-tg mice. Our findings indicate that walnuts can reduce oxidative stress, not only by scavenging free radicals, but also by protecting antioxidant status, thus leading to reduced oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in AD. Therefore, by reducing oxidative stress, a walnut-enriched diet may help reduce the risk or delay the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirazkar D. Pandareesh
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Ved Chauhan
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Abha Chauhan
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
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Schwindl S, Kraus B, Heilmann J. Phytochemical study of Juglans regia L. leaves. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 144:58-70. [PMID: 28888783 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A methanolic extract of Juglans regia L. leaves was fractioned by various chromatographic techniques yielding a total of 40 metabolites belonging to megastigmane, tetralone, phenylpropanoid, neolignane and juglone glycosides. Ten unknown megastigmane glucoside derivatives (juglanionosides A-K, 1-10) and six unknown tetralone glucoside derivatives (juglanosides J-O, 11-16) together with 24 known compounds - among them 16 described for the first time in Juglans - were isolated. As characteristic structural feature, the previously undescribed compounds showed acylation of the sugar units with sinapic, ferulic, coumaric, benzoic or salicylic acid. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR techniques, HRESIMS as well as CD spectroscopy. Absolute stereochemistry was revealed by mild alkaline hydrolysis and comparison of CD and polarimetric data to literature values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schwindl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Universitätsstr. 31, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany
| | - Birgit Kraus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Universitätsstr. 31, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Universitätsstr. 31, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany.
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Anti-hyperglycemic effect of aqueous extract of Juglans regia L. leaf (walnut leaf) on type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized controlled trial. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Nasiry D, khalatbary AR, Ahmadvand H, Talebpour Amiri F, Akbari E. Protective effects of methanolic extract of Juglans regia L. leaf on streptozotocin-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:476. [PMID: 28969623 PMCID: PMC5625610 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), the most common and debilitating complications of diabetes mellitus. There is accumulating evidence that Juglans regia L. (GRL) leaf extract, a rich source of phenolic components, has hypoglycemic and antioxidative properties. This study aimed to determine the protective effects of Juglans regia L. leaf extract against streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy in rat. Methods The DPN rat model was generated by intraperitoneal injection of a single 55 mg/kg dose of streptozotocin (STZ). A subset of the STZ-induced diabetic rats intragastically administered with GRL leaf extract (200 mg/kg/day) before or after the onset of neuropathy, whereas other diabetic rats received only isotonic saline as the same volume of GRL leaf extract. To evaluate the effects of GRL leaf extract on the diabetic neuropathy various parameters, including histopathology and immunohistochemistry of apoptotic and inflammatory factors were assessed along with nociceptive and biochemical assessments. Results Degeneration of the sciatic nerves which was detected in the STZ-diabetic rats attenuated after GRL leaf extract administration. Greater caspase-3, COX-2, and iNOS expression could be detected in the STZ-diabetic rats, which were significantly attenuated after GRL leaf extract administration. Also, attenuation of lipid peroxidation and nociceptive response along with improved antioxidant status in the sciatic nerve of diabetic rats were detected after GRL leaf extract administration. In other word, GRL leaf extract ameliorated the behavioral and structural indices of diabetic neuropathy even after the onset of neuropathy, in addition to blood sugar reduction. Conclusion Our results suggest that GRL leaf extract exert preventive and curative effects against STZ-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats which might be due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. Graphical abstract Protection against neuropathy![]()
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Feasibility of UV-VIS-Fluorescence spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition techniques to authenticate a new category of plant food supplements. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:2422-2432. [PMID: 28740300 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bud extracts, named also "gemmoderivatives", are a new category of natural products, obtained macerating meristematic fresh tissues of trees and plants. In the European Community these botanical remedies are classified as plant food supplements. Nowadays these products are still poorly studied, even if they are widely used and commercialized. Several analytical tools for the quality control of these very expensive supplements are urgently needed in order to avoid mislabelling and frauds. In fact, besides the usual quality controls common to the other botanical dietary supplements, these extracts should be checked in order to quickly detect if the cheaper adult parts of the plants are deceptively used in place of the corresponding buds whose harvest-period and production are extremely limited. This study aims to provide a screening analytical method based on UV-VIS-Fluorescence spectroscopy coupled to multivariate analysis for a rapid, inexpensive and non-destructive quality control of these products.
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Tsasi G, Milošević-Ifantis T, Skaltsa H. Phytochemical Study of Juglans regia L. Pericarps from Greece with a Chemotaxonomic Approach. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1636-1640. [PMID: 27467713 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemical research of different polarity extracts from green Juglans regia L. pericarps from Greece afforded 32 compounds: four pentacyclic triterpenes (1 - 4), three sesquiterpenes (5 - 7), four tetralones (8 - 11), two naphthoquinones (12 and 13), seven phenolic acids (14 - 20), one diarylheptanoid (21), one neo-lignan (22), seven flavonoids (23 - 29), two phenylethanoids (30 and 31) and one hydrolysed tannin (32). Compounds 4 and 29 are isolated for the first time from the species, while compounds 3, 7, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30 are reported for the first time in Juglandaceae. Chemotaxonomic significance of isolated compounds into Junglandaceae family is thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimia Tsasi
- Division of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Compounds, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, GR-157 71, Athens
| | - Tanja Milošević-Ifantis
- Division of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Compounds, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, GR-157 71, Athens
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Division of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Compounds, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, GR-157 71, Athens
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Piotrowski W, Oszmiański J, Wojdyło A, Łabanowska BH. Changing the content of phenolic compounds as the response of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves after blackcurrant leaf midge (Dasineura tetensi Rübs.) infestation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 106:149-158. [PMID: 27161581 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Blackcurrant leaf midge (Dasineura tetensi) is one of the most common pests of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum). The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the content of phenolic compounds in the leaves damaged by the larvae of this pest. Additionally, susceptibility of different blackcurrant cultivars to the midge attack was investigated. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of control and pest-infested blackcurrant leaves were performed using LC-PDA-QTOF/MS and UPLC-PDA-FL systems. A total of 39 types of phenolic compounds were identified in blackcurrant leaf extracts and they included 3 flavan-3-ols, 14 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and 22 flavonols. Feeding of blackcurrant leaf midge on blackcurrant leaves lowered the content of leaf polyphenolic compounds. The greatest differences in polyphenolics between control and infected leaves were observed in 'Ruben', 'Fariegh', 'Foxendown', 'Ores', 'Ben Hope', 'Ben Connan' and 'Tisel' cultivars that were probably highly susceptible to the pest attack. In the other cultivars: 'Ben Finlay', 'Polares', 'Tiben', and 'Gofert' the differences in phenolics content were less pronounced, so they were probably less susceptible to D. tetensi attack. Plant polyphenolic compounds was strongly involved in pathogen-plant interaction, and their accumulation significantly decreased as a result of the pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Piotrowski
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Pomology; St. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Jan Oszmiański
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Grain Technology, St. J. Chełmoński 37, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Wojdyło
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Grain Technology, St. J. Chełmoński 37, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara H Łabanowska
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Pomology; St. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
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Figueroa F, Marhuenda J, Zafrilla P, Villaño D, Martínez-Cachá A, Tejada L, Cerdá B, Mulero J. High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector determination and availability of phenolic compounds in 10 genotypes of walnuts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1199036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Moravej H, Salehi A, Razavi Z, Moein MR, Etemadfard H, Karami F, Ghahremani F. Chemical Composition and the Effect of Walnut Hydrosol on Glycemic Control of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 14:e34726. [PMID: 27335580 PMCID: PMC4914821 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.34726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walnut hydrosol (WH) is used extensively by Iranian people with diabetes in order to control blood sugar (BS). There are few data regarding the effect of walnut on controlling diabetes. OBJECTIVES A pilot study to determine the efficacy and safety of WH in patients with type 1 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 were enrolled in the study. They did not use any medicine except insulin. They were advised to drink 250 mL WH after meals twice a day for four weeks. Their BS level was measured and their insulin dose was changed according to their BS. After four weeks, they discontinued WH use and their BS level was checked for two weeks. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Also, the essential oil of the sample was extracted using a liquid extractor and then analysis of the constituents was performed. RESULTS The average daily BS level and insulin dose decreased in seven subjects. Two subjects developed generalized pruritic erythematous skin rash. One patient presented hypoglycemic coma. She had no other coma risk factor. Seven compounds were identified in the walnut essential oil and the rate of monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons were 53.45% and 5.95%, respectively. The main constituents of the oil were carvacrol (33.21%), thymol (16%) and homoveratrole (15.83%). CONCLUSIONS WH may control the glycemic level in people with diabetes, but it may be associated with minor and major side effects. Further in vitro studies, using these seven compounds, are recommended to determine the efficacy and complications of WH in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Moravej
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hossein Moravej, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9171058371, Fax: +98-7136474298, E-mail:
| | - Alireza Salehi
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Razavi
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mahmood Reza Moein
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Plants Processing Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Hamed Etemadfard
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Plants Processing Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Forough Karami
- Central Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
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Nenadis N, Llorens L, Koufogianni A, Díaz L, Font J, Gonzalez JA, Verdaguer D. Interactive effects of UV radiation and reduced precipitation on the seasonal leaf phenolic content/composition and the antioxidant activity of naturally growing Arbutus unedo plants. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:435-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Matławska I, Bylka W, Widy-Tyszkiewicz E, Stanisz B. Determination of the Juglone Content of Juglans regia Leaves by GC/MS. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The constituents of walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves are represented by tannins, phenolics, and naphthoquinones, the characteristic compound being juglone. The content of juglone in the methanolic extract of the leaves determined by the GC/MS method was 9.9±0.2 mg/100 g; small amounts (1.3±0.02 mg/100 g) were recorded in the infusion, whereas in the decoction it was not detected. As some studies indicate toxicity of juglone, only decoctions should be recommended for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Matławska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiesława Bylka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Widy-Tyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Beata Stanisz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Pharmacological and Genotoxic Properties of Polyphenolic Extracts of Cedrela odorata L. and Juglans regia L. Barks in Rodents. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:187346. [PMID: 25945104 PMCID: PMC4402197 DOI: 10.1155/2015/187346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Cedrela odorata L. and Juglans regia L. bark extracts was performed in vitro. Juglans regia showed greater extract concentration and higher antioxidant activity. Hypoglycemic activity in rats was assessed by generating a glucose tolerance curve and determining the area under the curve (AUC). Diabetes was later induced by an injection with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg of b.w.) and confirmed after 24 hours. The extract was administered (200 mg/kg b.w.) over 10 days, and blood glucose was monitored and compared with a control group. The glucose AUC showed a hypoglycemic effect of J. regia and C. odorata in normal rats. Both extracts reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats. Polyphenolic extracts reduced cholesterol levels in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model and decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation. Polyphenolic extract doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. were administered alone or with cyclophosphamide (CPA) 50 mg/kg ip, which was used as a positive control. Analyses were performed using leukocytes in a comet assay after 4 and 24 h of treatment. Genotoxic effects were evaluated by the comet assay, which showed that while J. regia extract had no effect, C. odorata extract induced slight damage at 200 mg/kg, with the formation of type 0 and 1 comets.
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Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in kernels, oil and bagasse pellets of common walnut (Juglans regia L.). Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Flavonoids in Juglans regia L. leaves and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity via intracellular and chemical methods. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:303878. [PMID: 25133218 PMCID: PMC4124233 DOI: 10.1155/2014/303878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are rich in Juglans regia L. leaves. They have potent antioxidant properties, which have been related to regulating immune function and enhancing anticancer activity. Herein, qualitative and quantitative determination of flavonoids from J. regia leaves was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization and negative ion detection (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) by comparison of the retention times and mass spectral fragments with standard substances or related literatures. Seventeen compounds were identified and major components are quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (453.11 μg/g, dry weight), quercetin-3-O-arabinoside (73.91 μg/g), quercetin-3-O-xyloside (70.04 μg/g), kaempferol-O-pentoside derivative (49.04 μg/g), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (48.61 μg/g), and kaempferol-O-pentoside (48.46 μg/g). The in vitro intracellular antioxidation indicated that flavonoids from J. regia leaves could reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in RAW264.7 cells and showed good radical scavenging activities. These results proved to be more related to the flavonoids that could be considered in the design of new formulations of dietary supplements or functional foods.
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Cosmulescu S, Trandafir I, Nour V. Seasonal variation of the main individual phenolics and juglone in walnut (Juglans regia) leaves. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:575-580. [PMID: 24251848 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.853813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Walnut [Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae)] is a rich source of phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, naphtoquinones and flavonoids. The increasing interest in the powerful biological activities of plant phenolics has outlined the necessity of determining their content in leaves of different walnut cultivars. OBJECTIVE In this study, walnut leaves from walnut cultivars, originating from the same orchard and from the same year of production, were analyzed for their content in ellagic acid, rutin, myricetin and juglone. In addition, the seasonal variation of these major individual phenolics from June to August was determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS An HPLC method was used for identification and quantification of ellagic acid, rutin, myricetin and juglone contained in the methanol extract of walnut leaves in nine different cultivars grown under the same agricultural, geographical and climatic conditions. RESULTS Cultivars and sampling date had statistically significant influence on the phenolics contents in walnut leaves. The results showed that ellagic acid, rutin, myricetin and juglone were more abundant in July 15th samples (average content is 84.62 mg/100 g FW, 98.9 mg/100 g FW, 178.09 mg/100 g FW and 73.81 mg/100 g FW, respectively). Their contents increases similarly in all the cultivars; therefore, the walnut leaves should preferentially be collected until early August, when phenolics content is higher. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results reported here show that genotype and its interaction with the environment could make significant differences in leaf polyphenols. Walnut leaves may become a noticeable source of compounds with health protective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Cosmulescu
- Department of Horticulture & Food Science, Agriculture & Horticulture Faculty and
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Pitschmann A, Zehl M, Atanasov AG, Dirsch VM, Heiss E, Glasl S. Walnut leaf extract inhibits PTP1B and enhances glucose-uptake in vitro. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:599-602. [PMID: 24548753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Walnut, Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae), is one of the medicinal plants used to treat diabetic symptoms in Austrian folk medicine. The air-dried green leaves are either used as aqueous decoctions or liquor preparations and are consumed on a daily basis. We investigated the hypoglycemic effect of a methanolic Juglans regia leaf extract on glucose uptake, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibition and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Hypoglycemic activity was assessed by glucose-uptake in C2C12 myocytes, inhibition of PTP1B and activation of PPARγ. Phytochemical characterization of the extract was carried out by LC-MS and GC-MS. RESULTS Methanolic Juglans regia leaf extract enhanced the glucose uptake rate in C2C12 myocytes at concentrations of 25µg/mL compared to untreated cells. This activity may partly be explained by the inhibition of PTP1B but not PPARγ agonism. LC-MS analyses revealed chlorogenic acid (1), 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid (2), a trihydroxynaphthalene-hexoside (3), as well as eight flavonoids (4-11) as main phenolic constituents in the active extract. CONCLUSIONS The finding that Juglans regia leaf extract enhances glucose uptake and inhibits PTP1B provides an in vitro-based rationale for the traditional use of walnut leaf preparations against elevated blood-glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pitschmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Zehl
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Glasl
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Hosseini S, Jamshidi L, Mehrzadi S, Mohammad K, Najmizadeh AR, Alimoradi H, Huseini HF. Effects of Juglans regia L. leaf extract on hyperglycemia and lipid profiles in type two diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 152:451-456. [PMID: 24462785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Juglans regia L. leaf has been traditionally used for treatment of diabetes mellitus in Iran. But yet, no controlled human study has determined its efficacy in diabetic patients. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the Juglans regia leaf extract on hyperglycemia and lipid profiles in type II diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHOD Total 61 patients, suffering from type II diabetes with fasting blood glucose (FBG) between 150 and 200mg/dL, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) between 7% and 9% and aged between 40 and 60 years were selected, and randomly divided in to two groups of Juglans regia and placebo. First group received 100mg Juglans regia leaf extract in capsules form two times a day for 3 months and other group received 100mg placebo capsule with the same dosage. The standard anti-diabetic therapy (metformin and glibenclamide, and nutritional regimen) was continued in both groups. At the baseline and after three months the FBG, insulin, HbA1c, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL and liver and renal function tests were determined. In addition general satisfaction with the treatment was identified using health questionnaires. RESULTS The results indicated that FBG, HbA1c, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in Juglans regia treated patients significantly decreased compared with the baseline and with placebo group. Patients in Juglans regia group were significantly satisfied with Juglans regia treatment compared with the placebo group. No liver, kidney and other side effects were observed in the groups, except more GI events (specially a mild diarrhea) associated with extract treatment at the beginning of the study. CONCLUSION In conclusion, treatment of type II diabetic patients with 100mg Juglans regia leaf extract two times a day for three months improves lipid profile and glycemic control without any tangible adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Hosseini
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Jamshidi
- Department of Nutrition, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Mohammad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Houman Alimoradi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hasan Fallah Huseini
- Pharmacology and Applied Medicine Department of Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, P.O.Box 31375-369, Karaj, Iran.
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Hosseini S, Huseini HF, Larijani B, Mohammad K, Najmizadeh A, Nourijelyani K, Jamshidi L. The hypoglycemic effect of Juglans regia leaves aqueous extract in diabetic patients: A first human trial. Daru 2014; 22:19. [PMID: 24447826 PMCID: PMC3913956 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-22-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juglans regia L. (J. regia ) is one of the medicinal plants traditionally used for treatment of diabetes in Iranian medicine. The effect of this plant has already been investigated on animal models; however, this is the first study conducted on human subjects. The aim of this study is to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of J. regia leaves aqueous extract in type 2 diabetes patients. Fifty eight Iranian male and female patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups. One group (n = 30) received J. regia leaves extract while the other group (n = 28) received placebo. Fasting blood samples were collected at the beginning of the study and after two months for determination of HbA1c and blood glucose level as a main outcome and insulin, SGOT, SGPT, and ALP level as secondary outcome. RESULTS Our analysis showed that serum fasting HbA1C and blood glucose levels were significantly decreased and the insulin level was increased in patients in the J. regia arm. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that J. regia aqueous extract favorably affects blood levels of glucose, insulin and HbA1C in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Hosseini
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Fallah Huseini
- Pharmacology and Applied Medicine Department of Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Mohammad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Keramt Nourijelyani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Jamshidi
- Department of Nutrition, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Tehran, Iran
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Regueiro J, Sánchez-González C, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Simal-Gándara J, Lamuela-Raventós R, Izquierdo-Pulido M. Comprehensive identification of walnut polyphenols by liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 152:340-8. [PMID: 24444946 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies and clinical trials have demonstrated consistent benefits of walnut consumption on coronary heart disease risk and other chronic diseases. Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) have been described previously as a rich source of polyphenols with a broad array of different structures. However, an accurate screening of its complete phenolic profile is still lacking. In the present work, liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization hybrid linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-LTQ-Orbitrap) was applied for a comprehensive identification of phenolic compounds in walnuts. A total of 120 compounds, including hydrolysable and condensed tannins, flavonoids and phenolic acids were identified or tentatively identified on the base of their retention times, accurate mass measurements and subsequent mass fragmentation data, or by comparing with reference substances and literature. The peak area of each signal in mass chromatograms was used to provide semiquantitative information for comparison purposes. The most abundant ions were observed for ellagitannins, ellagic acid and its derivatives. Furthermore, the high-resolution MS analysis revealed the presence of eight polyphenols that have never been reported in walnuts: stenophyllanin C, malabathrin A, eucalbanin A, cornusiin B, heterophylliin E, pterocarinin B, reginin A and alienanin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Regueiro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, Ourense 32004, Spain
| | - Claudia Sánchez-González
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Jesús Simal-Gándara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, Ourense 32004, Spain
| | - Rosa Lamuela-Raventós
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Maria Izquierdo-Pulido
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN, CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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Schmitzer V, Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Stampar F. Sepal phenolic profile during Helleborus niger flower development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1407-1415. [PMID: 23796521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Morphological changes and phenolic patterns of developing hellebore sepals and the effects of pistil removal on these parameters were studied by comparing six flower stages of Helleborus niger. Color changes were evaluated colorimetrically, chlorophyll content was measured spectrophotometrically, and anthocyanins and flavonols were identified and quantified with HPLC-MS. Pistil removal not only altered the morphological development of hellebore flower resulting in smaller flower and significant color changes but also lead to several biochemical modifications. Five cyanidin glycosides have been identified from the group of anthocyanins in hellebore. Individual and total anthocyanin content increased from bud to subsequent developmental stages. Moreover, significantly higher content levels of individual and total anthocyanins have been measured in non-pollinated flower sepals compared to sepals of pollinated flowers. From the group of flavonols eight quercetin and kaempferol compounds have been quantified in hellebore sepals. Flavonol content significantly decreased during flower development with lowest levels recorded in sepals of non-pollinated and senescent pollinated hellebore flowers. Sepals of pollinated flowers contained highest levels of chlorophyll and significantly lower amounts of chlorophyll were measured in non-pollinated flowers and in sepals of senescent stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Schmitzer
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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