Effects of fermentation on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of soy germ

Effect of Encapsulated Phenolic Compounds of Cocoa on Growth of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Antioxidant Activity of Fortified Drinking Yogurt

The aim of this study was to obtain drinking yogurts enriched with ACTICOA cocoa powder (ACTICOA), its extract (EACTICOA) and pure phenolics, as well as their inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins and alginate-chitosan (A-Ch) capsules, and to evaluate the effects of these additives on the viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and antioxidant properties of fresh yogurts and yogurts stored for 14 days at 4 °C. The application of cocoa phenolic compounds in free form and in the form of EACTICOA to yogurts resulted in the greatest increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds and a significant improvement in the antioxidant properties of the fortified products. The highest TPC was found in yogurts enriched with free quercetin (107.98 mg CE/g). Yogurt fortified with free gallic acid showed the highest ability to neutralize free radicals (EC50 = 2.74 mg/mg DPPH, EC50 = 5.40 mg/mg ABTS) and reduce ferric ions (183.48 µM Trolox/g). The enrichment of yogurts with the tested phenolic compounds preparations, especially in the form of encapsulates, did not affect the viability of LAB during storage.

Regulation and analysis of Simiao Yong'an Decoction fermentation by Bacillus subtilis on the diversity of intestinal microbiota in Sprague-Dawley rats

Background and Aim

Simiao Yong'an decoction (SYD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that has the effects of clearing heat, detoxifying, promoting blood circulation, and relieving pain. In this study, we investigated the effect of SYD on the diversity of intestinal microbiota after fermentation by Bacillus subtilis.

Materials and Methods

SYD was fermented using B. subtilis. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following four groups with six rats in each group: Negative sample group (NS), water exaction non-fermentation group (WE), B. subtilis group (BS), and fermentation liquid group (FL). All rats were orally administered for 14 days. High-throughput Illumina sequencing was used to analyze 16S rRNA expression in rat fecal samples.

Results

A total of 2782 operational taxonomical units (OTUs) were identified in this study, and 634 OTUs were shared among all samples. Bacteroidetes (28.17%-53.20%) and Firmicutes (48.35%-67.83%) were the most abundant phyla identified among the four groups. The abundance of Escherichia and Alistipes was lower in the FL group than in the NS group, whereas the abundance of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus was increased in the FL group (p < 0.05). The abundance of Bifidobacterium was significantly upregulated in the FL group compared with the WE and BS groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

After fermentation, SYD had a significantly better effect than SYD or B. subtilis. SYD significantly promoted the growth of intestinal probiotics, inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and maintained the balance of intestinal microbiota in SD rats. This study provides new insights into the development and use of SYD.

Assessment of Sourdough Fermentation Impact on the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Pearl Millet from Burkina Faso

Millet, a gluten-free cereal, has received attention for its environmental friendliness and higher protein content than other grains. It represents a staple food in many African countries, where fermentation is traditionally used for preserving food products and preparing different cereal-based products. This study aimed to assess the impact of sourdough fermentation on bioactive compounds and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pearl millet from Burkina Faso. Phenolic compounds were investigated spectrophotometrically and by HPLC-DAD. The antioxidant activity of unfermented (MF) and fermented (FeMF) millet was evaluated in vitro by spectrophotometric and fluorometric assays and ex vivo on oxidized human erythrocytes for hemolysis inhibition. Finally, the potential anti-inflammatory effect of FeMF and MF was evaluated on human adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29) exposed to TNF-α inflammatory stimulus. Results revealed significantly higher levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and in vitro antioxidant activity following millet fermentation. Notable differences in phenolic composition between FeMF and MF are observed, with fermentation facilitating the release of bioactive compounds such as gallic acid, quercetin, and rutin. A dose-dependent protection against oxidative hemolysis was observed in both FeMF- and MF-pretreated erythrocytes. Similarly, pretreatment with FeMF significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory markers in TNF-α-treated cells, with effects comparable to those of MF. Fermentation with sourdough represents a simple and low-cost method to improve the bioactive compounds content and in vitro antioxidant activity of millet flour with promising nutraceutical potential.

The Potential of Plum Seed Residue: Unraveling the Effect of Processing on Phytochemical Composition and Bioactive Properties

Bioactive compounds extracted from plum seeds were identified and quantified, aiming to establish how the brandy manufacturing process affects the properties and possible cascade valorization of seed residues. Extraction with n-hexane using Soxhlet has provided oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids (92.24-92.51%), mainly oleic acid (72-75.56%), which is characterized by its heart-healthy properties. The fat extracts also contain tocopherols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. All the ethanol-water extracts of the defatted seeds contain neochlorogenic acid (90-368 µg·g-1), chlorogenic acid (36.1-117 µg·g-1), and protocatechuate (31.8-100 µg·g-1) that have an impact on bioactive properties such as antimicrobial and antioxidant. Anti-amyloidogenic activity (25 mg·mL-1) was observed in the after both fermentation and distillation extract, which may be related to high levels of caffeic acid (64 ± 10 µg·g-1). The principal component analysis showed that all plum seed oils could have potential applications in the food industry as edible oils or in the cosmetic industry as an active ingredient in anti-aging and anti-stain cosmetics, among others. Furthermore, defatted seeds, after both fermentation and distillation, showed the greatest applicability in the food and nutraceutical industry as a food supplement or as an additive in the design of active packaging.

Use of natural biotechnological processes to modify the nutritional properties of bean-based and lentil-based beverages

The market for plant-based beverages (PBBs) is relatively new; hence, to enable its further development, it is important to use new raw materials and improve production technology. The use of natural biotechnological processes can diversify the segment of PBBs, which may offer products with better functionality than those available in the market. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effects of fermentation and germination on the nutritional properties of bean-based beverages (BBs) and lentil-based beverages (LBs). The applied processes significantly (p ≤ 0.05) influenced the characteristics of PBBs. Fermentation improved the antioxidant properties (e.g., by increasing the level of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity by 2-6% and 3-7% for BBs and LBs, respectively) and modified the fatty acid (FA) profile of PBBs. This process increased the share of polyunsaturated FAs in the sn2 position in triacylglycerols, which may promote its absorption in the intestine. The simultaneous use of germination and fermentation was most effective in decreasing oligosaccharide content (< 1.55 mg/kg), which may reduce digestive discomfort after consuming PBBs. We recommend that the designing of innovative legume-based beverages should include the application of fermentation and germination to obtain products with probiotic bacteria and improved nutritional properties.

Effects of fermented soybean meal substitution for fish meal on intestinal flora and intestinal health in pearl gentian grouper

This study explored the role of replacing fish meal protein with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) protein on the growth performance and intestinal morphology, immunity, and microbiota of the pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂). Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with increasing levels of FSBM (0%, 20% and 40%; referred to as FM, FSBM20 and FSBM40 diets, respectively) as a replacement for fish meal were selected for this study. The pearl gentian grouper were fed these diets for 10 weeks. The findings revealed that the growth of fish fed the FSBM diets (FSBM20 and FSBM40) were remarkably lower than the fish fed the FM diet. Pathological manifestations of intestinal inflammation, such as shortened intestinal mucosal folds and thickened lamina propria, were observed in the fish fed the FSBM diets. Moreover, the gene expression levels of IL1β, IL12, IL17, and TNFα were remarkably upregulated in fish fed the FSBM40 diet, in contrast to the gene expression levels of IL4, IL5, IL10, and TGFβ1, which were remarkably downregulated (p < 0.05). The FSBM diets significantly affected the stability of the fish gut microbiota. Photobacterium was the dominant phylum in all experimental groups, and the proportion of these bacteria gradually decreased with increasing FSBM substitution. The composition of intestinal flora at the genus level was not the same in the three experimental groups, with a richer composition of intestinal bacteria detected in the FSBM20 and FSBM40 groups (p < 0.05). The correlation between intestinal flora balance and immune gene expression revealed that only Photobacterium was negatively correlated with the above upregulated genes, while other bacteria were positively correlated with these pro-inflammatory factors (p < 0.05). Photobacterium was positively correlated with the above downregulated genes, while other bacteria were negatively correlated with these anti-inflammatory factors (p < 0.05). In conclusion, high levels of substitution of FSBM for fish meal causes intestinal inflammation in pearl gentian grouper. This is likely associated with changes to the intestinal flora. More attention should be paid to the negative role of dietary FSBM on intestinal flora.

Influence of different lactic acid bacteria strains and milling process on the solid-state fermented green and red lentils (Lens culinaris L.) properties including gamma-aminobutyric acid formation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum No.122 and Lacticaseibacillus casei No.210) and milling process on the solid-state fermented (for 24 h, at 30°C) green and red lentils (Lens culinaris L.) properties, chiefly pH, LAB viable counts, color coordinates, free amino acid (FAA) profile, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and biogenic amine (BA) concentrations, fatty acid (FA) and volatile compound (VC) profiles. Results showed that both of the tested LAB strains are suitable for the fermentation of lentils: pH of fermented lentils was <4.5 and LAB viable counts >8.0 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/g. A very strong negative correlation was found (r = -0.973, p ≤ 0.0001) between LAB counts and pH of the samples. Also, fermentation and milling process were significant factors toward color coordinates of the lentils. In most of the cases, solid-state fermentation (SSF) increased essential FAA content in lentils; however, some of the non-essential FAA content was reduced. SSF significantly increased GABA concentration in lentils and milling process was a significant factor on GABA content of the samples (p ≤ 0.05). The main BA in lentils was spermidine, and SSF decreased their total BA content (34.8% on average in red lentils and 39.9% on average in green lentils). The main FA in lentils were linoleic and oleic. The main VC in lentils were hexanal, 1-hexanol, hexanoic acid, D-limonene and (E)-2-nonen-1-ol. Furthermore, most of the VC showed significant correlations with pH of lentil samples, LAB counts and FA content. Finally, the LAB strain used for fermentation and the milling process of lentils are significant factors for most of the analyzed parameters in lentil. Moreover, despite the higher GABA concentration found in green non-milled SSF lentils, application of combined milling and SSF is recommended because they showed the lowest BA content in addition to higher essential FAA and GABA concentrations.

Soy yogurt using Lactobacillus plantarum 200655 and fructooligosaccharides: neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 200655 and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on soymilk fermentation and the neuroprotective effects of fermented soymilk (FS). The addition of FOS did not affect the physicochemical properties during fermentation. It helped that L. plantarum 200655 survive for 21 days of storage at 4 °C. FOS increased the β-glucosidase activity of L. plantarum 200655, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities, such as radical scavenging and reducing power of FS. In addition, FS with FOS exerted neuroprotective effects in SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. FS with 3% and 5% FOS (FS3 and FS5) significantly increased cell viability and gene expression of neuronal markers, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine hydroxylase. Moreover, FS3 and FS5 significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase release and the gene expression of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-9, and caspase-3. These results indicated that FS3 and FS5, with enhanced antioxidant properties, could protect SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced damage. Therefore, soymilk fermented with L. plantarum 200655 and FOS can be used as a prophylactic functional food with neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress.

K. J, S. JC, Ramu R. Probiotic Potential Lacticaseibacillus casei and Limosilactobacillus fermentum Strains Isolated from Dosa Batter Inhibit α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Enzymes

Fermented food plays a major role in gastrointestinal health, as well as possesses other health benefits, such as beneficiary effects in the management of diabetes. Probiotics are thought to be viable sources for enhancing the microbiome of the human gut. In the present study, using biochemical, physiological, and molecular approaches, the isolated Lactobacillus spp. from dosa batter were identified. The cell-free supernatant (CS), cell-free extract (CE), and intact cells (IC) were evaluated for their inhibitory potential against the carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Then, 16S rDNA amplification and sequencing were used to identify the species. A homology search in NCBI database was performed that suggests the isolates are >95% similar to Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Lacticaseibacillus casei. Different standard parameters were used to evaluate the probiotic potential of strains RAMULAB07, RAMULAB08, RAMULAB09, RAMULAB10, RAMULAB11, and RAMULAB12. The strains expressed a significant tolerance to the gastric and intestinal juices with a higher survival rate (>98%). A high adhesion capability was observed by the isolates exhibited through hydrophobicity (>65%), aggregation assays (>75%), and adherence assay on HT-29 cells (>82%) and buccal epithelial cells. In addition, the isolates expressed antibacterial and antibiotic properties. Safety assessments (DNase and hemolytic assay) revealed that the isolates could be classified as safe. α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition of the isolates for CS, CE, and IC ranged from 7.50% to 65.01% and 20.21% to 56.91%, respectively. The results suggest that these species have exceptional antidiabetic potential, which may be explained by their use as foods that can have health-enhancing effects beyond basic nutrition.

Effect of Lactic Acid Fermentation on Legume Protein Properties, a Review

Legume proteins have a promising future in the food industry due to their nutritional, environmental, and economic benefits. However, their application is still limited due to the presence of antinutritional and allergenic compounds, their poor technological properties, and their unpleasant sensory characteristics. Fermentation has been traditionally applied to counteract these inconveniences. At present, lactic acid fermentation of legumes is attracting the attention of researchers and industry in relation to the development of healthier, tasty, and technologically adapted products. Hence, we aimed to review the literature to shed light on the effect of lactic acid fermentation on legume protein composition and on their nutritional, functional, technological, and sensorial properties. The antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria during legume fermentation was also considered. The heterogenicity of raw material composition (flour, concentrate, and isolate), the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (nutriment requirements, metabolic pathways, and enzyme production), and the numerous possible fermenting conditions (temperature, time, oxygen, and additional nutrients) offer an impressive range of possibilities with regard to fermented legume products. Systematic studies are required in order to determine the specific roles of the different factors. The optimal selection of these criteria will allow one to obtain high-quality fermented legume products. Fermentation is an attractive technology for the development of legume-based products that are able to satisfy consumers’ expectations from a nutritional, functional, technological, and sensory point of view.

Fermentation Affects the Antioxidant Activity of Plant-Based Food Material through the Release and Production of Bioactive Components

This review reports on the effects of fermentation on the chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of plant-based food materials. Fermentation involves a series of reactions that modify the chemical components of the substrate. It could be considered a tool to increase the bioactive compounds and functional properties of food plant materials. Oxidative damage is key to the progression of many human diseases, and the production of antioxidant compounds by fermentation will be helpful to reduce the risk of these diseases. Fermentation also can improve antioxidant activity given its association with increased phytochemicals, antioxidant polysaccharides, and antioxidant peptides produced by microbial hydrolysis or biotransformation. Additionally, fermentation can encourage the breakdown of plant cell walls, which helps to liberate or produce various antioxidant compounds. Overall, results indicated that fermentation in many cases contributed to enhancing antioxidants' content and antioxidant capacity, supporting the fermentation use in the production of value-added functional food. This review provides an overview of the factors that impact the effects of fermentation on bioactive compound composition and antioxidant activity. The impacts of fermentation are summarized as a reference to its effects on food plant material.

Correlations between the Chemical, Microbiological Characteristics and Sensory Profile of Fungal Fermented Food

Fungal fermented foods are nutritious, environmentally friendly and sustainable protein sources. To develop fungal fermented food with acceptable sensory characteristics, it is important to assess factors that can affect the sensory characteristics of the product. The current study aimed to investigate the correlations between the chemical and microbiological characteristics and sensory characteristics of fungal fermented food. Soybeans were fermented using five local Indonesian strains of the genus Rhizopus sp. and one strain of industrial starter to mimic traditional Indonesian tempe. The chemical (amino acid and ammonia content), microbiological (lactic acid bacteria, proteolytic bacteria and yeast) and sensory characteristics of the fermented products were examined. The results showed that there is a correlation between the chemical properties, particularly glutamic acid and aspartic acid, and the overall liking of different types of tempe. In general, Rhizopus oligosporus-fermented products had better sensory characteristics than those fermented with Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus delemar. The sensory characteristics of the fermented products in this work made from isolates are comparable to those made with an industrial starter culture. In addition, taste and texture affect the overall liking of the product. The results of this study contribute to the development of acceptable sensory fungal fermented food and, in particular, the screening of potential starters.

Variation of bitter components of the asparagus juices during lactic acid bacteria fermentation

To investigate the bitterness status of asparagus juices during lactic acid fermentation, Limosilactobacillus fermentum Xd, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Yd, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 5-7-3, and their various combinations were used for single and mixed fermentation of asparagus juices. The fermentation characteristics and variation of the main bitter substances were studied. For the single and cofermented samples, the viable counts, pH value, and acidity were ranged from 8.33-8.65 lg CFU/mL, 3.58-3.86, and 6.29-6.52 g/kg, respectively. By sensory evaluation, the bitterness of every fermented sample was continuously reduced by at least 77% during fermentation, and the corresponding content of total saponins, flavonoids, and 9 bitter amino acids showed varying degrees of declination. These results suggested that it was feasible to develop novel low-bitter asparagus juices fermented by the lactic acid bacteria used in this study.

Protein, Amino Acid, Oil, Fatty Acid, Sugar, Anthocyanin, Isoflavone, Lutein, and Antioxidant Variations in Colored Seed-Coated Soybeans

Different physiological and genetic studies show that the variations in the accumulation of pigment-stimulating metabolites result in color differences in soybean seed coats. The objective of this study was to analyze the nutrient contents and antioxidant potential in black, brown, and green seed-coated soybeans. Significant variations in protein (38.9-43.3%), oil (13.9-20.4%), total sugar (63.5-97.0 mg/g seed), total anthocyanin (3826.0-21,856.0 μg/g seed coat), total isoflavone (709.5-3394.3 μg/g seed), lutein (1.9-14.8 μg/g), total polyphenol (123.0-385.8 mg gallic acid/100 g seed), total flavonoid (22.1-208.5 mg catechin/100 g seed), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS; 275.0-818.8 mg Trolox/100 g seed), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH; 96.3-579.7 mg Trolox/100 g seed) were found among the soybean genotypes. Ilpumgeomjeong2 contained the lowest protein but the highest oil and total sugar. The lowest oil-containing Wonheug had the highest protein content. Socheong2 was rich in all four variables of antioxidants. Anthocyanins were detected only in black soybeans but not in brown and green soybeans. The variation in isoflavone content was up to 5-fold among the soybean genotypes. This study could be a valuable resource for the selection and improvement of soybean because an understanding of the nutrient content and antioxidant potentials is useful to develop effective strategies for improving the economic traits; for example, the major emphasis of soybean breeding for fatty acids is to enhance the oleic and linoleic acid contents and to decrease linolenic acid content.

Rice Bran Fermented with Kimchi-Derived Lactic Acid Bacteria Prevents Metabolic Complications in Mice on a High-Fat and -Cholesterol Diet

This aim of this study was to investigate the potential beneficial effects of rice bran powder, fermented by Weissella koreensis DB1 isolated from kimchi, to protect against obesity and dyslipidemia induced by a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet, in a mouse model. Male mice were fed a modified AIN-93M diet containing high fat/high-cholesterol (HFCD), or same diet supplemented with non-fermented rice bran powder (HFCD-RB) or fermented rice bran powder (HFCD-FRB) for 10 weeks. In the HFCD-FRB group, body weight, liver and white fat pads weights, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), non-high-density lipopreotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), insulin, glucose and leptine levels in serum, TG levels and the ratio of fat droplets in the liver, TG levels and fat cell size in adipose tissue were decreased, and (high-density lipopreotein cholesterol) HDL-C and adiponectin levels in serum were increased, compared with the HFCD group. The HFCD-FRB group had significantly lower CCAAT-enhancer-binding potein α (C/EBPα), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) gene expression when compared to the HFCD group. The anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects were marginally greater in the HFCD-FRB group than in the HFCD-RB group. These results suggest that fermented rice bran powder by Weissella koreensis DB1 may have potential beneficial effects on the obesity-related abnormalities and the dysfunction of lipid metabolism.

Genome-based selection and application of food-grade microbes for chickpea milk fermentation towards increased L-lysine content, elimination of indigestible sugars, and improved flavour

Background

Plant-based milk alternatives are more popular than ever, and chickpea-based milks are among the most commercially relevant products. Unfortunately, limited nutritional value because of low levels of the essential amino acid l-lysine, low digestibility and unpleasant taste are challenges that must be addressed to improve product quality and meet consumer expectations.

Results

Using in-silico screening and food safety classifications, 31 strains were selected as potential l-lysine producers from approximately 2,500 potential candidates. Beneficially, 30% of the isolates significantly accumulated amino acids (up to 1.4 mM) during chickpea milk fermentation, increasing the natural level by up to 43%. The best-performing strains, B. amyloliquefaciens NCC 156 and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei NCC 2511, were tested further. De novo lysine biosynthesis was demonstrated in both strains by ¹³C metabolic pathway analysis. Spiking small amounts of citrate into the fermentation significantly activated l-lysine biosynthesis in NCC 156 and stimulated growth. Both microbes revealed additional benefits in eliminating indigestible sugars such as stachyose and raffinose and converting off-flavour aldehydes into the corresponding alcohols and acids with fruity and sweet notes.

Conclusions

B. amyloliquefaciens NCC 156 and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei NCC 2511 emerged as multi-benefit microbes for chickpea milk fermentation with strong potential for industrial processing of the plant material. Given the high number of l-lysine-producing isolates identified in silico, this concept appears promising to support strain selection for food fermentation.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01595-2.

A comprehensive review of cereal germ and its lipids: Chemical composition, multi-objective process and functional application

Cereal germ (CG), a by-product of grain milling, has drawn much attention in the food industry because of its nutritional and functional advantages. Nowadays, the utilization of cereal germ from animal feeds to foodstuff is a popular trend. CGs have high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in their lipids (43.9-64.9% of total fatty acids), but they are also induced to oxidative rancidity under the catalytic reaction of enzymes. Chemical and structural properties of lipids in CGs are affected by different treatments. Thermal and non-thermal effects prevent lipid oxidation or promote lipid combination with starch/protein in CG. Thus, the functional properties and final quality of CG are directly changed. In this review, the chemical composition and application of CGs especially the endogenous lipids are summarized and the effects of various processes on CG lipids/matrices are discussed for CG future development.

Enhancing Micronutrients Bioavailability through Fermentation of Plant-Based Foods: A Concise Review

Plant-based foods are rich sources of vitamins and essential micronutrients. For the proper functioning of the human body and their crucial role, trace minerals (iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, etc.) are required in appropriate amounts. Cereals and pulses are the chief sources of these trace minerals. Despite these minerals, adequate consumption of plant foods cannot fulfill the human body’s total nutrient requirement. Plant foods also contain ample amounts of anti-nutritional factors such as phytate, tannins, phenols, oxalates, etc. These factors can compromise the bioavailability of several essential micronutrients in plant foods. However, literature reports show that fermentation and related processing methods can improve nutrient and mineral bioavailability of plant foods. In this review, studies related to fermentation methods that can be used to improve micronutrient bioavailability in plant foods are discussed.

In Vitro Expanded Bioaccessibility of Quercetin-3-Rutinoside and Quercetin Aglycone from Buckwheat Biscuits Formulated from Flours Fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria

The expanded bioaccessibility of rutin (Ru) and quercetin (Q) from buckwheat biscuits (BBs) formulated from liquid-state fermented flours by selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were determined after gastrointestinal digestion. Fermentation of buckwheat flours caused a LAB-dependent variation in Ru and Q content. BBs baked at 220 °C for 30 min showed lower content of Ru and Q, and no correlation was found between the content of these compounds in fermented flours and BBs. The expanded bioaccessibility of Ru from BBs was low when its content in the soluble and insoluble fractions remaining after digestion in vitro was taken into account. Contrary results were found for Q bioaccessibility which had an index greater than 1, indicating the high Q bioaccessibility from BBs. Since very low Q content was noted in the insoluble fraction remaining after BBs digestion, the high Q bioaccessibility was determined to be due to its concentration in the soluble fraction.

Mast Cell Regulation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Effects of Food Components with Potential Nutraceutical Use

Mast cells are key actors in inflammatory reactions. Upon activation, they release histamine, heparin and nerve growth factor, among many other mediators that modulate immune response and neuron sensitization. One important feature of mast cells is that their population is usually increased in animal models and biopsies from patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, mast cells and mast cell mediators are regarded as key components in IBS pathophysiology. IBS is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder affecting the quality of life of up to 20% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits, with heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from constipation to diarrhea, with a mixed subtype and even an unclassified form. Nutrient intake is one of the triggering factors of IBS. In this respect, certain components of the daily food, such as fatty acids, amino acids or plant-derived substances like flavonoids, have been described to modulate mast cells' activity. In this review, we will focus on the effect of these molecules, either stimulatory or inhibitory, on mast cell degranulation, looking for a nutraceutical capable of decreasing IBS symptoms.

The Effect of Diet with Fermented Soybean Meal on Blood Metabolites and Redox Status of Chickens

The aim of the study was to determine whether replacing soybean meal with 3% or 6% fermented soybean meal would positively affect blood metabolites and redox status of broiler chickens. The experiment was carried out on 600 broiler chickens assigned to three experimental groups of 200 chickens each (10 replications of 20 individuals each). In the control group, soybean meal (SBM) was the main source of dietary protein, whereas the remaining groups were fed diets in which soybean meal was partially replaced with 3% or 6% fermented soybean meal (FSBM-3%, FSBM-6%). The fermentation of the SBM contributed to an increase of Lactobacillus, content of crude protein, methionine and lysine, and especially over a 30-fold increase in the concentration of lactic acid. The inclusion of 3% or 6% share of FSBM in the diet of chickens contributed to an increase in total antioxidant potential (FRAP) and plasma total glutathione content. In blood of chickens receiving FSBM an increase of total protein and HDL cholesterol content, aspartate aminotransferase activity and a decrease in urea content were noted. In addition to the positive effect on protein and lipid metabolism as well as antioxidant defence, the diet with a 6% share of FSBM improved body weight gain of chickens. In conclusion, it can be suggested that introducing 6% share of FSBM in place of FSM is more justified.

Effects of Cabbage-Apple Juice Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum EM on Lipid Profile Improvement and Obesity Amelioration in Rats

This study aimed to investigate the potential of cabbage-apple juice, fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum EM isolated from kimchi, to protect against obesity and dyslipidemia that are induced by a high-fat diet in a rat model. Male rats were fed a modified AIN-93M high-fat diet (HFD), the same diet supplemented with non-fermented cabbage-apple juice, or the same diet supplemented with fermented cabbage-apple juice for eight weeks. In the HFD-fermented cabbage- apple juice administered groups the following parameters decreased: body weight, liver and white fat pad weights, serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, insulin, glucose and leptin levels, TG levels, while HDL-C and adiponectin levels in serum increased as compared with the HFD group. The HFD-fed rats that were supplemented with fermented cabbage-apple juice exhibited significantly lower fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and malic enzyme gene expression levels when compared to the exclusively HFD-fed rats. The anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects were marginally greater in the fermented juice administered group than in the non-fermented juice administered group. These results suggest that cabbage-apple juice-especially fermented cabbage-apple juice-might have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism dysfunction and obesity-related abnormalities. However, further studies are necessary for analyzing the biochemical regulatory mechanisms of fermented juice for obesity amelioration and lipid metabolic homeostasis.

Extrusion and nixtamalization conditions influence the magnitude of change in the nutrients and bioactive components of cereals and legumes

Cereal and legume diets make up the bulk of caloric sources for a majority of households in the developing world. They contain macro- and micronutrients as well as phytochemicals embedded as one matrix. Some phytochemicals are antinutritional factors which can bind nutrients thereby hindering their bioavailability. While there are other methods that can be used to enhance nutrient utilization from such foods, we summarize how food processing methods such as extrusion and nixtamalization are employed to break the food matrix and release these nutrients. Both extrusion and nixtamalization can break down complex carbohydrates into simpler, more soluble forms while at the same time inactivating or denaturing protein inhibitors and other antinutritional factors. Such disruptions of complexes within the food matrix are essential for harnessing optimum nutritional and health benefit from these foods. We present mechanistic approaches explaining how these processes enhance nutrient and mineral bioavailability and phytochemical bioactivity while minimizing the undesirable effects of antinutritional factors that coexist in the complex food matrix.

In vitro study of the antioxidative and antiproliferative capabilities of Lactobacillus casei 16-fermented soymilk

In this study, soymilk was fermented with Lactobacillus casei 16. The contents of aglycone isoflavones, saponins, total phenolic, and free amino acid in the fermented soymilk, and the protection for the HepG2 cells against 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP) damage and the antiproliferative effects of the fermented soymilk on the HT-29 cells and Caco-2 cells were studied. The results showed that the levels of total phenolic, aglycone isoflavones, and free amino acids in the L. casei 16-fermented soymilk were enhanced. The ethanol extract and the water extract of the L. casei 16-fermented soymilk showed protection for HepG2 cells against ABAP damage and inhibited the proliferation of the HT-29 cells and Caco-2 cells, which may be attributed to the enhanced level of total phenolic, aglycone isoflavones, and free amino acids in the L. casei 16-fermented soymilk.

How Fermentation Affects the Antioxidant Properties of Cereals and Legumes

The major role of antioxidant compounds in preserving food shelf life, as well as providing health promoting benefits, combined with the increasing concern towards synthetic antioxidants, has led the scientific community to focus on natural antioxidants present in food matrices or resulting from microbial metabolism during fermentation. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the effect of fermentation on the antioxidant compounds of vegetables, with emphasis on cereals- and legumes- derived foods. Polyphenols are the main natural antioxidants in food. However, they are often bound to cell wall, glycosylated, or in polymeric forms, which affect their bioaccessibility, yet several metabolic activities are involved in their release or conversion in more active forms. In some cases, the antioxidant properties in vitro, were also confirmed during in vivo studies. Similarly, bioactive peptides resulted from bacterial and fungal proteolysis, were also found to have ex vivo protective effect against oxidation. Fermentation also influenced the bioaccessibility of other compounds, such as vitamins and exopolysaccharides, enabling a further improvement of antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. The ability of fermentation to improve food antioxidant properties strictly relies on the metabolic activities of the starter used, and to further demonstrate its potential, more in vivo studies should be carried out.

Laminaria japonica Extract Enhances Intestinal Barrier Function by Altering Inflammatory Response and Tight Junction-Related Protein in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Caco-2 Cells

In the normal physiological state, intestinal epithelial cells act as a defensive frontline of host mucosal immunity to tolerate constant exposure to external stimuli. In this study, we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory and gut permeability protective effects of Laminaria japonica (LJ) water extract (LJE) and three types of fermented Laminaria japonica water extracts (LJE-F1, LJE-F2, and LJE-F3) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Caco-2, human intestinal epithelial cells. All four extracts significantly decreased the production of nitric oxide and interleukin-6 induced by LPS stimulus. In addition, LJE and the three types of LJE-Fs also inhibited LPS-induced loss of monolayer permeability, as assessed by changes in transepithelial electrical resistance. All four LJ extracts significantly prevented the inhibition of the protein levels of occludin, whereas LJE, LJE-F1, and LJE-F3 significantly attenuated the reduction in phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase compared with the LPS-treated group in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, LJE and its fermented water extracts appear to have potential gut health-promoting effects by reducing inflammation and partially regulating the tight junction-related proteins in human intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, additional studies are warranted to evaluate Laminaria japonica as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory bowel diseases.

Germinated soy germ extract ameliorates obesity through beige fat activation

Obesity is a worldwide public health concern requiring safe and effective strategies. Recent studies suggest that bioactive compounds from soybeans have beneficial effects on weight loss and reducing fat accumulation. However, despite the biochemical and nutritional changes during germination, the biological effects of germinated soy germ have not been fully investigated. In this article, germinated soy germ extract (GSGE) was evaluated as a potential treatment option for obesity using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that GSGE suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into mature adipocytes, along with reductions in lipid accumulation and lipid droplet formation. In vivo studies also showed that a daily dose of 1 mg kg-1 of GSGE reduced weight gain, adipocyte area, serum triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol in HFD-fed mice. The GSGE treatment promoted browning, which was associated with increased UCP1 expression in vitro and in vivo. In addition, GSGE treatment induced beige fat activation by upregulation of lipolysis and beta-oxidation. Furthermore, gene and protein expression levels of endocannabinoid system-related factors such as NAPE-PLD, FAAH, DAGL-α, and CB2 were altered along with browning and beige fat activation by GSGE. The present study indicates that GSGE effectively inhibits lipid accumulation and promotes beige fat transition and activation. Therefore, we suggest that GSGE treatment could be a promising strategy for the prevention of obesity by promoting weight loss, reducing fat accumulation, and improving obesity-related metabolic disorders.

Fermentation and germination improve nutritional value of cereals and legumes through activation of endogenous enzymes

Cereals and legumes are outstanding sources of macronutrients, micronutrients, phytochemicals, as well as antinutritional factors. These components present a complex system enabling interactions with different components within food matrices. The interactions result in insoluble complexes with reduced bioaccessibility of nutrients through binding and entrapment thereby limiting their release from food matrices. The interactions of nutrients with antinutritional factors are the main factor hindering nutrients release. Trypsin inhibitors and phytates inherent in cereals and legumes reduce protein digestibility and mineral release, respectively. Interaction of phytates and phenolic compounds with minerals is significant in cereals and legumes. Fermentation and germination are commonly used to disrupt these interactions and make nutrients and phytochemicals free and accessible to digestive enzymes. This paper presents a review on traditional fermentation and germination processes as a means to address myriad interactions through activation of endogenous enzymes such as α‐amylase, pullulanase, phytase, and other glucosidases. These enzymes degrade antinutritional factors and break down complex macronutrients to their simple and more digestible forms.

Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties and Isoflavones of Tempeh Fermented in Two Different Wrapping Materials

Tempeh is an Indonesian traditional fermented soybean food that is well known for its nutritional value and health benefit. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two commonly used packaging materials in tempeh production, namely banana leaf and polyethylene bag, on the antioxidant properties. Isoflavones, include daidzein and genistein, of tempeh fermented in banana leaf (TBL) and polyethylene bag (TP) were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activities were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, DPPH radical scavenging and β-carotene-linoleate bleaching assays, respectively. The changes of antioxidant properties of tempeh after different fermentation periods in both wrapping materials were observed, on day 0 (unfermented), day 1, day 2 and day 4. Total phenolic content, daidzein, genistein and the antioxidant activities were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in both TBL and TP as the fermentation progressed. A higher total phenolic content was found in TBL on day 1 and day 2 but TP exhibited the highest total phenolic content on day 4. Daidzein was the highest in TBL on day 2 but it was reduced on day 4 while genistein was the highest in TP on day 4. Antioxidant activities were positively (r = 0.272–0.969, p < 0.05) correlated to total phenolic content, daidzein and genistein. Although tempeh wrapped in banana leaf is a traditional way for tempeh packaging, it provided better antioxidant properties on day 1 and day 2, which is within the best period of tempeh consumption. Hence, the current findings provided useful information to manufacturer and consumer in selecting the suitable wrapping material for tempeh with optimal phytonutrients.

Isolation and identification of new bacterial stains producing equol from Pueraria lobata extract fermentation

Equol is a nonsteroidal estrogen that is produced by intestinal bacterial metabolism. Equol and equol-producing bacteria have been extensively investigated with soybean-based materials under anaerobic condition. In this study, an under-appreciated plant material, Pueraria lobata, was used to find new bacterial strains that produce equol under aerobic conditions. Three new intestinal bacteria, CS1, CS2, and CS3, were isolated, and internal transcribed spacer analysis revealed that belonging to genus Pediococcus and Lactobacillus. HPLC analysis showed that these strains produced equol or its related intermediates when fermenting P. lobata extract. In comparison to fermentation of P. lobata extract, soybean germ extract was also fermented. While the isolated strains did not produce equol in this extract, they produced other equol-related precursors. To test the modularity effect of these fermentation mixtures with the newly isolated bacteria, MCF-7 cell proliferation assay was performed, which showed that all extracts fermented with those strains has a modularity effect. Fermenting P. lobata extract with strain CS1 demonstrated the best modularity effect.

Should Research on the Nutritional Potential and Health Benefits of Fermented Cereals Focus More on the General Health Status of Populations in Developing Countries?

Cereal foods fermented by lactic acid bacteria are staples in many countries around the world particularly in developing countries, but some aspects of the nutritional and health benefits of traditional fermented foods in developing countries have not been sufficiently investigated compared to fermented foods in high-income countries. Today, malnutrition worldwide is characterized by a double burden, excess leading to non-communicable diseases like obesity or diabetes alongside micronutrient deficiencies. In addition, populations in developing countries suffer from infectious and parasitic diseases that can jeopardize the health benefits provided by their traditional fermented foods. Using examples, we argue that research on traditional fermented cereals in developing countries should focus more on their effect on inflammation and oxidative stress under conditions including infectious or non-infectious gut inflammation.

Antioxidant Capability of Ultra-high Temperature Milk and Ultra-high Temperature Soy Milk and their Fermented Products Determined by Four Distinct Spectrophotometric Methods

Background:

Due to the recent emerging information on the antioxidant properties of soy products, substitution of soy milk for milk in the diet has been proposed by some nutritionists. We aimed to compare four distinct antioxidant measuring methods in the evaluation of antioxidant properties of industrial ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk, UHT soy milk, and their fermented products by Lactobacillus plantarum A7.

Materials and Methods:

Ascorbate auto-oxidation inhibition assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, hydrogen peroxide neutralization assay and reducing activity test were compared for the homogeneity and accuracy of the results.

Results:

The results obtained by the four tested methods did not completely match with each other. The results of the DPPH assay and the reducing activity were more coordinated than the other methods. By the use of these methods, the antioxidant capability of UHT soy milk was measured more than UHT milk (33.51 ± 6.00% and 945 ± 56 μM cysteine compared to 8.70 ± 3.20% and 795 ± 82 μM cysteine). The negative effect of fermentation on the antioxidant potential of UHT soy milk was revealed as ascorbate auto-oxidation inhibition assay, DPPH method and reducing activity tests ended to approximately 52%, 58%, and 80% reduction in antioxidant potential of UHT soy milk, respectively.

Conclusions:

The antioxidative properties of UHT soy milk could not be solely due to its phenolic components. Peptides and amino acids derived from thermal processing in soy milk probably have a main role in its antioxidant activity, which should be studied in the future.

Antioxidant efficacy of soybean cake extracts in soy oil protection

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and possibility of extracting compounds with antioxidant properties of soybean cake to extend the storage stability of soybean oil. Results showed that the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for sample to solvent ratio 1:25 while extracting by 70% ethanol for 3 h). The most phenolic compounds equivalents (Gallic acid) was observed for sample to solvent ratio 1:25 while extracting by 70% methanol for 14 h. In addition, the soybean cake extract at concentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm in soybean oil could significantly lower the peroxide, diene and p-anisidine values of soy oil during storage at 65 °C.

Effect of Monascus aged vinegar on isoflavone conversion in soy germ by soaking treatment

Soy germ rich in isoflavones has attracted much attention for health-promoting characteristics. An effective approach via Monascus aged vinegar soaking was adopted to enhance the aglycone amount. The profiles and interconversion of soy germ isoflavones via Monascus aged vinegar soaking were investigated, and the distribution in vinegars were also explored. The aglycones were dramatically increased by 40.76 times. Concomitantly, β-glycosides and malonylglycosides were significantly decreased. The proportion of aglycones presented a sharp increase with the endogenous β-glucosidase activity at the initial 4h incubation. There appeared to be correlations between β-glucosidase activity and the hydrolysis of conjugated isoflavones. The results demonstrated that the reactions of decarboxylation, de-esterification and de-glycosylation were involved in the Monascus aged vinegar soaking, supporting synergistic effects of enzymolysis by endogenous β-glucosidase from soy germ and acid hydrolysis of vinegars. Soaking by vinegar is a promising pathway for preparing aglycone-rich soy germ.

Biotransformation of Momordica charantia fresh juice by Lactobacillus plantarum BET003 and its putative anti-diabetic potential

Lactobacillus plantarum BET003 isolated from Momordica charantia fruit was used to ferment its juice. Momordica charantia fresh juice was able to support good growth of the lactic acid bacterium. High growth rate and cell viability were obtained without further nutrient supplementation. In stirred tank reactor batch fermentation, agitation rate showed significant effect on specific growth rate of the bacterium in the fruit juice. After the fermentation, initially abundant momordicoside 23-O-β-Allopyranosyle-cucurbita-5,24-dien-7α,3β,22(R),23(S)-tetraol-3-O-β-allopyranoside was transformed into its corresponding aglycone in addition to the emergence of new metabolites. The fermented M. charantia juice consistently reduced glucose production by 27.2%, 14.5%, 17.1% and 19.2% at 15-minute intervals respectively, when compared against the negative control. This putative anti-diabetic activity can be attributed to the increase in availability and concentration of aglycones as well as other phenolic compounds resulting from degradation of glycosidic momordicoside. Biotransformation of M. charantia fruit juice via lactic acid bacterium fermentation reduced its bitterness, reduced its sugar content, produced aglycones and other metabolites as well as improved its inhibition of α-glucosidase activity compared with the fresh, non-fermented juice.

Physicochemical and functional properties of yeast fermented brown rice flour

In the current study, effects of fermentation on physicochemical and functional properties of brown rice flour (BRF) were investigated. Fermentation conditions were optimized using response surface methodology to achieve moderate acidity (pH 5-6), specifically pH 5.5 of brown rice batter with time, temperature and yeast concentration as the independent variables. The results indicated that brown rice batter was well fermented to maintain pH 5.5 at optimum conditions of 32 °C for 6.26 h using 1 % yeast concentration. Fermentation at moderate acidity significantly increased the levels of protein, total ash, insoluble fiber, soluble fibre, minerals, phenolics, antioxidants, resistant starch, riboflavin, pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, γ-tocotrienol, and δ-tocotrienol. However, it reduced the contents of γ-oryzanol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, phytic acid, amylose and total starch. Foaming capacity, foaming stability, oil holding capacity, gelatinization temperatures, enthalpy and whiteness of BRF were increased after fermentation. In contrast, its swelling power, water solubility index, hot paste viscosity, breakdown, and setback significantly decreased. Microstructure of BRF was also influenced, where its starch granules released from its enclosed structure after fermentation. This investigation shows evidence that yeast fermentation modified the functionality of BRF and can be used as a functional food ingredient.

Innovative Approach to the Accumulation of Rubrosterone by Fermentation of Asparagus filicinus with Fusarium oxysporum

Rubrosterone, possessing various remarkable bioactivities, is an insect-molting C19-steroid. However, only very small amounts are available for biological tests due to its limited content from plant sources. Fungi of genus Fusarium have been reported to have the ability to convert C27-steroids into C19-steroids. In this study, Asparagus filicinus, containing a high content of 20-hydroxyecdysone, was utilized to accumulate rubrosterone through solid fermentation by Fusarium oxysporum. The results showed that F. oxysporum had the ability to facilitate the complete biotransformation of 20-hydroxyecdysone to rubrosterone by solid-state fermentation. The present method could be an innovative and efficient approach to accumulate rubrosterone with an outstanding conversion ratio.

Anti-Amnesic Effect of Fermented Ganoderma lucidum Water Extracts by Lactic Acid Bacteria on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats

This study investigated the anti-amnesic effect of fermented Ganoderma lucidum water extracts (GW) on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats. GW were fermented by the lactic acid bacterium Bifidobacterium bifidum (FGWB), followed by Lactobacillus sakei LI033 (FGWBL). To induce amnesia, scopolamine (1 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into rats 30 min before the behavioral tests. Step-through latencies of rats treated with primary fermented extracts (300 mg/kg, FGWB) and secondary fermented extracts (300 mg/kg, FGWBL) were significantly longer than those of rats treated with GW (300 mg/kg) in the retention trial of the multiple trial passive avoidance test. In the Morris water maze task, FGWBL significantly shortened escape latencies in training trials. Furthermore, swimming times within the target zone during the probe trial with FGWBL were significantly higher than the GW and FGWB treatments. In addition, acetylcholinesterase activities were lower in the brains of scopolamine-treated rats treated with FGWBL. These results suggest that FGWBL could be useful to enhance learning memory and cognitive function via cholinergic dysfunction.

A systematic, comparative study on the beneficial health components and antioxidant activities of commercially fermented soy products marketed in China

The objectives of this study are to systematically assess the bioactive substances and overall antioxidant capacities of commercially fermented soy products and to find the relationships between the presence of beneficial components in different types of soybean fermented products. The results show that phenolic profiles increased significantly after fermentation as compared with raw yellow soybeans. Among all the samples, the douchi and fermented black bean sauce had the highest detected antioxidant profiles. Even though the total isoflavone content was reduced in fermented soybean products (794.84 μg/g on average) as compared with raw yellow soybeans (3477.6 μg/g), there was an obvious trend of conversion of the glucoside form in raw soybeans into the aglycone-form isoflavones in the fermented soybean products. The highest daidzein and genistein values were found in the "Yangfan" black bean douchi, i.e. 860.3 μg/g and 1025.9 μg/g, respectively. The amounts of essential amino acids also were improved in most fermented soybean products. The douchi and black bean fermented products are recommended for consumption due to their abundant bioactive substances.

Protection of Saururus Chinensis Extract against Liver Oxidative Stress in Rats of Triton WR-1339-induced Hyperlipidemia

Saururus chinensis has been reported to contain compounds such as lignans, alkaloids, diterpenes, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and lipids. Fermentation is commonly used to break down certain undesirable compounds, to induce effective microbial conversion, and to improve the potential nutraceutical values. Previous studies have reported that the fermentation process could modify naturally occurring constituents, including isoflavons, saponins, phytosterols, and phenols, and could enhance biological activities, specifically antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The probiotic strains used for fermentation exert beneficial effects and are safe. In this study, the antioxidative effects of the Bacillus subtilis fermentation of Saururus chinensis were investigated in a rat model with Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia by comparing the measured antioxidative biological parameters of fermented Saururus chinensis extract to those of nonfermented Saururus chinensis extract. Fermentation played a more excellent role than nonfermentation in ultimately protecting the body from oxidative stress in the liver of the experimental rats with Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia.

Primary and secondary metabolite profiling of doenjang, a fermented soybean paste during industrial processing

In this study, a comprehensive metabolite profile analysis of doenjang, a fermented soybean paste, at various steps of its industrial 5-step production process was conducted, by combining gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques with multivariate analysis. From the partial least squares discriminant analysis of primary and secondary metabolites, the patterns were clearly distinguishable between the various processing steps (step 1: steaming, step 2: drying, step 3: meju fermentation, step 4: brining, step 5: doenjang aging). Of the primary metabolites, most of the monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids increased in steps 3-5. Isoflavone and soyasaponin derivatives were major secondary metabolites identified during the processing of doenjang. Isoflavone glycosides gradually decreased after step 1, while isoflavone aglycones distinctly increased in steps 4-5. Soyasaponins generally decreased during processing after step 2. Increased isoflavone aglycones, such as daidzein, glycitein, and genistein, were observed in steps 4-5 showed the strongest positive correlation with doenjang's antioxidant potential and total phenolic content.