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Lorusso L, Shum P, Piredda R, Mottola A, Maiello G, Cartledge EL, Neave EF, Di Pinto A, Mariani S. Mismanagement and poor transparency in the European processed seafood supply revealed by DNA metabarcoding. Food Res Int 2024; 194:114901. [PMID: 39232529 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
In the global processed seafood industry, disparate actors play different roles along the supply chain, creating multiple opportunities for mistakes, malpractice, and fraud. As a consequence, consumers may be exposed to non-authentic products, which hinder informed purchasing decisions and broader efforts to improve trade transparency and sustainability. Here, we characterised the taxonomic composition of 62 processed seafood products in Italian, British and Albanian retailers, purposefully obtained from different supply routes, using multiple DNA metabarcoding markers. By combining molecular results with metadata reported on labels, we revealed patterns of mislabelling in 24 products (39%) across sampling regions, denoting lack of transparency of processed seafood products based on resources sourced from either Europe or globally. We show that the accuracy of label claims and the mis-represented and underestimated levels of traded biodiversity are largely determined by the management of raw material by global processors. Our study shows that DNA metabarcoding is a powerful and novel authentication tool that is mature for application at different stages of the seafood supply chain to protect consumers and improve the sustainable management of fish stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilia Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine - University of Bari Aldo Moro - Prov. le Casamassima, Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Peter Shum
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St, Liverpool L33AF, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Piredda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine - University of Bari Aldo Moro - Prov. le Casamassima, Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Mottola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine - University of Bari Aldo Moro - Prov. le Casamassima, Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Giulia Maiello
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St, Liverpool L33AF, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Cartledge
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St, Liverpool L33AF, United Kingdom; School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell NG250QF, United Kingdom
| | - Erika F Neave
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St, Liverpool L33AF, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Di Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine - University of Bari Aldo Moro - Prov. le Casamassima, Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariani
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St, Liverpool L33AF, United Kingdom.
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2
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Estevez P, Oses-Prieto J, Castro D, Penin A, Burlingame A, Gago-Martinez A. First Detection of Algal Caribbean Ciguatoxin in Amberjack Causing Ciguatera Poisoning in the Canary Islands (Spain). Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:189. [PMID: 38668614 PMCID: PMC11054928 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is an illness associated with the consumption of fish contaminated with potent natural toxins found in the marine environment, commonly known as ciguatoxins (CTXs). The risk characterization of CP has become a worldwide concern due to the widespread expansion of these natural toxins. The identification of CTXs is hindered by the lack of commercially available reference materials. This limitation impedes progress in developing analytical tools and conducting toxicological studies essential for establishing regulatory levels for control. This study focuses on characterizing the CTX profile of an amberjack responsible for a recent CP case in the Canary Islands (Spain), located on the east Atlantic coast. The exceptional sensitivity offered by Capillary Liquid Chromatography coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (cLC-HRMS) enabled the detection, for the first time in fish contaminated in the Canary Islands, of traces of an algal ciguatoxin recently identified in G. silvae and G. caribeaus from the Caribbean Sea. This algal toxin was structurally characterized by cLC-HRMS being initially identified as C-CTX5. The total toxin concentration of CTXs was eight times higher than the guidance level proposed by the Food and Drug Administration (0.1 ng C-CTX1/g fish tissue), with C-CTX1 and 17-hydroxy-C-CTX1 as major CTXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (P.E.); (J.O.-P.); (A.B.)
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Juan Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (P.E.); (J.O.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - David Castro
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Alejandro Penin
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Alma Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (P.E.); (J.O.-P.); (A.B.)
| | - Ana Gago-Martinez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.C.); (A.P.)
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3
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Mudge EM, Robertson A, Uhlig S, McCarron P, Miles CO. 3-Epimers of Caribbean ciguatoxins in fish and algae. Toxicon 2024; 237:107536. [PMID: 38043714 PMCID: PMC10826338 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is endemic to several subtropical and tropical regions and is caused by the consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The recent discovery of Caribbean CTXs (C-CTXs) in Gambierdiscus spp. isolated from the Caribbean resulted in the identification of a precursor analogue, C-CTX5, that is reduced into C-CTX1. C-CTX5 has two reducible sites, a ketone at C-3 and hemiketal at C-56. Chemical reductions of C-CTX5 into C-CTX3/4 resulted in two peaks in the LC-HRMS chromatograms with a ratio that differed markedly from that observed in fish extracts and the reduction of C-CTX1 isolated from fish. Reduction of C-CTX5 should have produced four diastereoisomers of C-CTX3/4, prompting a more detailed study of the reduction products. LC-HRMS with a slow gradient was used to separate and detect the four stereoisomers of C-CTX3/4, and to determine the distribution of these analogues in naturally contaminated fish tissues and following chemical reduction of isolated analogues. The results showed that in naturally contaminated fish tissues C-CTX1/2 is a mixture of two diastereoisomers at C-3 and that C-CTX3/4 is a mixture of two pairs of diastereoisomers at C-3 and C-56. The data suggests that there is variability in the enzymatic reduction at C-3 and C-56 of C-CTXs in reef fish, leading to variations in the ratios of the four stereoisomers. Based on these findings, a naming convention for C-CTXs is proposed which aligns with that used for Pacific CTX congeners and will aid in the identification of the structure and stereochemistry of the different CTX analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Mudge
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Alison Robertson
- Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA; Marine Ecotoxicology Lab, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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Li Q, Mahmudiono T, Mohammadi H, Nematollahi A, Hoseinvandtabar S, Mehri F, Hasanzadeh V, Limam I, Fakhri Y, Thai VN. Concentration ciguatoxins in fillet of fish: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18500. [PMID: 37554806 PMCID: PMC10404960 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, an attempt was made to meta-analyze and discuss the concentration of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in fillets of fish based on country and water resources subgroups. The search was conducted in Scopus and PubMed, Embase and Web of Science to retrieve papers about the concentration of CTXs in fillet fish until July 2022. Meta-analysis concentration of CTXs was conducted based on countries and water resources subgroups in the random effects model (REM). The sort of countries based on the pooled concentration of CTXs was Kiribati (3.904 μg/kg) > Vietnam (1.880 μg/kg) > Macaronesia (1.400 μg/kg) > French (1.261 μg/kg) > China (0.674 μg/kg) > Japan (0.572 μg/kg) > USA (0.463 μg/kg) > Spain (0.224 μg/kg) > UK (0.170 μg/kg) > Fiji (0.162 μg/kg) > Mexico (0.150 μg/kg) > Australia (0.138 μg/kg) > Portugal (0.011 μg/kg). CTXs concentrations in all countries are higher than the safe limits of CTX1C (0.1 μg/kg). However, based on the safe limits of CTX1P, the concentrations of CTXs in just Portugal meet the regulation level (0.01 μg/kg). The minimum and maximum concentrations of CTXs were as observed in Selvagens Islands (0.011 μg/kg) and St Barthelemy (7.875 μg/kg) respectively. CTXs concentrations in all water resources are higher than safe limits of CTX1C (0.1 μg/kg) and CTX1B (0.01 μg/kg). Therefore, it is recommended to carry out continuous control pans of CTXs concentration in fish in different countries and water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiao Li
- College of Grain Engineering, Henan Industry and Trade Vocational College, Zhengzhou,451191, Henan Province, China
| | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hossein Mohammadi
- Department of Bioimaging, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amene Nematollahi
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Somayeh Hoseinvandtabar
- Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Center of Excellence for Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Vajihe Hasanzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Intissar Limam
- Laboratory of Materials, Treatment and Analysis, National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis; and High School for Science and Health Techniques of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Van Nam Thai
- HUTECH Institute of Applied Sciences, HUTECH University, 475A, Dien Bien Phu, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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5
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Pottier I, Lewis RJ, Vernoux JP. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean: Reconciling the Multiplicity of Ciguatoxins and Analytical Chemistry Approach for Public Health Safety. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:453. [PMID: 37505722 PMCID: PMC10467118 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera is a major circumtropical poisoning caused by the consumption of marine fish and invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs): neurotoxins produced by endemic and benthic dinoflagellates which are biotransformed in the fish food-web. We provide a history of ciguatera research conducted over the past 70 years on ciguatoxins from the Pacific Ocean (P-CTXs) and Caribbean Sea (C-CTXs) and describe their main chemical, biochemical, and toxicological properties. Currently, there is no official method for the extraction and quantification of ciguatoxins, regardless their origin, mainly due to limited CTX-certified reference materials. In this review, the extraction and purification procedures of C-CTXs are investigated, considering specific objectives such as isolating reference materials, analysing fish toxin profiles, or ensuring food safety control. Certain in vitro assays may provide sufficient sensitivity to detect C-CTXs at sub-ppb levels in fish, but they do not allow for individual identification of CTXs. Recent advances in analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with low- or high-resolution mass spectrometry provide new opportunities to identify known C-CTXs, to gain structural insights into new analogues, and to quantify C-CTXs. Together, these methods reveal that ciguatera arises from a multiplicity of CTXs, although one major form (C-CTX-1) seems to dominate. However, questions arise regarding the abundance and instability of certain C-CTXs, which are further complicated by the wide array of CTX-producing dinoflagellates and fish vectors. Further research is needed to assess the toxic potential of the new C-CTX and their role in ciguatera fish poisoning. With the identification of C-CTXs in the coastal USA and Eastern Atlantic Ocean, the investigation of ciguatera fish poisoning is now a truly global effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivannah Pottier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, France;
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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6
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Mudge EM, Miles CO, Ivanova L, Uhlig S, James KS, Erdner DL, Fæste CK, McCarron P, Robertson A. Algal ciguatoxin identified as source of ciguatera poisoning in the Caribbean. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138659. [PMID: 37044143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a severe seafood-borne disease, caused by the consumption of reef fish contaminated with Caribbean ciguatoxins (C-CTXs) in the Caribbean and tropical Atlantic. However, C-CTXs have not been identified from their presumed algal source, so the relationship to the CTXs in fish causing illness remains unknown. This has hindered the development of detection methods, diagnostics, monitoring programs, and limited fundamental knowledge on the environmental factors that regulate C-CTX production. In this study, in vitro and chemical techniques were applied to unambiguously identify a novel C-CTX analogue, C-CTX5, from Gambierdiscus silvae and Gambierdiscus caribaeus strains from the Caribbean. Metabolism in vitro by fish liver microsomes converted algal C-CTX5 into C-CTX1/2, the dominant CTX in ciguatoxic fish from the Caribbean. Furthermore, C-CTX5 from G. silvae was confirmed to have voltage-gated sodium-channel-specific activity. This finding is crucial for risk assessment, understanding the fate of C-CTXs in food webs, and is a prerequisite for development of effective analytical methods and monitoring programs. The identification of an algal precursor produced by two Gambierdiscus species is a major breakthrough for ciguatera research that will foster major advances in this important seafood safety issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Mudge
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Lada Ivanova
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Keiana S James
- School of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, AL, 36688, USA; Marine Ecotoxicology Group, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Deana L Erdner
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Dr, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Christiane K Fæste
- Chemistry and Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Alison Robertson
- School of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, AL, 36688, USA; Marine Ecotoxicology Group, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA.
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7
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Tartaglione L, Loeffler CR, Miele V, Varriale F, Varra M, Monti M, Varone A, Bodi D, Spielmeyer A, Capellacci S, Penna A, Dell'Aversano C. Dereplication of Gambierdiscusbalechii extract by LC-HRMS and in vitro assay: First description of a putative ciguatoxin and confirmation of 44-methylgambierone. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:137940. [PMID: 36702405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marine toxins have a significant impact on seafood resources and human health. Up to date, mainly based on bioassays results, two genera of toxic microalgae, Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa have been hypothesized to produce a suite of biologically active compounds, including maitotoxins (MTXs) and ciguatoxins (CTXs) with the latter causing ciguatera poisoning (CP) in humans. The global ubiquity of these microalgae and their ability to produce (un-)known bioactive compounds, necessitates strategies for screening, identifying, and reducing the number of target algal species and compounds selected for structural elucidation. To accomplish this task, a dereplication process is necessary to screen and profile algal extracts, identify target compounds, and support the discovery of novel bioactive chemotypes. Herein, a dereplication strategy was applied to a crude extract of a G. balechii culture to investigate for bioactive compounds with relevance to CP using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, in vitro cell-based bioassay, and a combination thereof via a bioassay-guided micro-fractionation. Three biologically active fractions exhibiting CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity were identified. A naturally incurred fish extract (Sphyraena barracuda) was used for confirmation where standards were unavailable. Using this approach, a putative I/C-CTX congener in G. balechii was identified for the first time, 44-methylgambierone was confirmed at 8.6 pg cell-1, and MTX-like compounds were purported. This investigative approach can be applied towards other harmful algal species of interest. The identification of a microalgal species herein, G. balechii (VGO920) which was found capable of producing a putative I/C-CTX in culture is an impactful advancement for global CP research. The large-scale culturing of G. balechii could be used as a source of I/C-CTX reference material not yet commercially available, thus, fulfilling an analytical gap that currently hampers the routine determination of CTXs in various environmental and human health-relevant matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Christopher R Loeffler
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy; Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Miele
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Varriale
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Varra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcello Monti
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Varone
- Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology "G. Salvatore," National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Dorina Bodi
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samuela Capellacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus E. Mattei, Urbino, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus E. Mattei, Urbino, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
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8
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Estevez P, Oses Prieto J, Burlingame A, Gago Martinez A. Characterization of the Ciguatoxin Profile in Fish Samples from the Eastern Atlantic Ocean using Capillary Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 418:135960. [PMID: 36965390 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning is an emerging risk in the east Atlantic Ocean. Despite characterization efforts, the complete profile of ciguatoxin chemical species in these waters is still unknown. These efforts have been complicated by a lack of reference materials and scarcity of fish contaminated with high levels of ciguatoxins. Development and application of analytical methods with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity is essential for ciguatoxin characterization. Here, we developed an analytical characterization approach using capillary liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry applied to reference materials obtained from ciguatoxin contaminated fish. Capillary LC coupled mass spectrometry resulted in increased sensitivity leading to the confirmation of C-CTX1 as the principal ciguatoxin present in these samples. We also detected and structurally characterized minor C-CTXs analogues consisting of C-CTX3/4, hydroxy-, didehydro-, and methoxy- metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Juan Oses Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alma Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ana Gago Martinez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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9
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Clinical Characteristics of Ciguatera Poisoning in Martinique, French West Indies—A Case Series. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080535. [PMID: 36006197 PMCID: PMC9415704 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is one of the most common causes worldwide of marine poisoning associated with fish consumption from tropical areas. Its incidence is underreported. CP cases seem to increase with grouped cases reported during summer. Exposure to ciguatoxins, toxins responsible for CP with sodium-channel agonistic, voltage-gated potassium channel blocking, cholinergic, and adrenergic activities, may result in a large spectrum of manifestations. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, management, and outcome of CP in Martinique, French West Indies. We conducted an observational retrospective single-center study during six years (October 2012 to September 2018) including all CP patients managed by the prehospital medical services, admitted to the university hospital emergency department, or declared to the regional health agency. A total of 149 CP patients (81 females/63 males; median age, 46 years (interquartile range, 34–61)) were included. Acute features consisted in general (91%; mainly, myalgia pruritus, and asthenia), gastrointestinal (90%; mainly diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea), neurological (72%; mainly, paresthesia, dysgeusia, and impairment of hot/cold feeling), and cardiovascular manifestations (22%; bradycardia, hypotension, and heart conduction disorders). Management was supportive. No patient died but symptoms persisted in 40% of the 77 patients with follow-up at day 15. CP was mainly attributed to the ingestion of trevallies (59%), snappers (13%), and king mackerels (8%) with collective contaminations (71%). Unusual fish (tuna, salmon, and spider conchs) were suspected in rare cases. Ingestion of trevallies was associated with significantly higher persistent symptoms (odds ratio, 3.00; 95% confidence interval, (1.20–8.00); p = 0.03). CP incidence was 0.67 cases per 10,000 patient-years in Martinique over the study period. To conclude, CP represents an increasing public health issue in Martinique, as is the case in other Caribbean islands. Patients present usual but possibly life-threatening features. Outcome is excellent despite frequently prolonged manifestations.
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10
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Loeffler CR, Abraham A, Stopa JE, Flores Quintana HA, Jester ELE, La Pinta J, Deeds J, Benner RA, Adolf J. Ciguatoxin in Hawai'i: Fisheries forecasting using geospatial and environmental analyses for the invasive Cephalopholis argus (Epinephelidae). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112164. [PMID: 34627798 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species can precede far-reaching environmental and economic consequences. In the Hawai'ian Archipelago Cephalopholis argus (family Serranidae) is an established invasive species, now recognized as the dominant local reef predator, negatively impacting the native ecosystem and local fishery. In this region, no official C. argus fishery exists, due to its association with Ciguatera seafood poisoning (CP); a severe intoxication in humans occurring after eating (primarily) fish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Pre-harvest prediction of CP is currently not possible; partly due to the ubiquitous nature of the microalgae producing CTXs and the diverse bioaccumulation pathways of the toxins. This study investigated the perceived risk of CP in two geographically discrete regions (Leeward and Windward) around the main island of Hawai'i, guided by local fishers. C. argus was collected and investigated for CTXs using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) CTX testing protocol (in vitro neuroblastoma N2a-assay and LC-MS/MS). Overall, 76% of fish (87/113) exceeded the FDA guidance value for CTX1B (0.01 ng g-1 tissue equivalents); determined by the N2a-assay. Maximum CTX levels were ≅2× higher at the Leeward vs Windward location and, respectively, 95% (64/67) and 54% (25/46) of fish were positive for CTX-like activity. Fisher persons and environmental understandings, regarding the existence of a geographic predictor (Leeward vs Windward) for harvest, were found to be (mostly) accurate as CTXs were detected in both locations and the local designation of C. argus as a risk for CP was confirmed. This study provides additional evidence that supports the previous conclusions that this species is a severe CP risk in the coastal food web of Hawai'i, and that ocean exposure (wave power) may be a prominent factor influencing the CTX content in fish within a hyperendemic region for CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Loeffler
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA.
| | - Ann Abraham
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Justin E Stopa
- Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering, University of Hawaii Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Harold A Flores Quintana
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Edward L E Jester
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Joshua La Pinta
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawaii Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Jonathan Deeds
- Office of Regulatory Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Ronald A Benner
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, USA
| | - Jason Adolf
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawaii Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
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11
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Darius HT, Paillon C, Mou-Tham G, Ung A, Cruchet P, Revel T, Viallon J, Vigliola L, Ponton D, Chinain M. Evaluating Age and Growth Relationship to Ciguatoxicity in Five Coral Reef Fish Species from French Polynesia. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040251. [PMID: 35447924 PMCID: PMC9027493 DOI: 10.3390/md20040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) results from the consumption of coral reef fish or marine invertebrates contaminated with potent marine polyether compounds, namely ciguatoxins. In French Polynesia, 220 fish specimens belonging to parrotfish (Chlorurus microrhinos, Scarus forsteni, and Scarus ghobban), surgeonfish (Naso lituratus), and groupers (Epinephelus polyphekadion) were collected from two sites with contrasted risk of CP, i.e., Kaukura Atoll versus Mangareva Island. Fish age and growth were assessed from otoliths’ yearly increments and their ciguatoxic status (negative, suspect, or positive) was evaluated by neuroblastoma cell-based assay. Using permutational multivariate analyses of variance, no significant differences in size and weight were found between negative and suspect specimens while positive specimens showed significantly greater size and weight particularly for E. polyphekadion and S. ghobban. However, eating small or low-weight specimens remains risky due to the high variability in size and weight of positive fish. Overall, no relationship could be evidenced between fish ciguatoxicity and age and growth characteristics. In conclusion, size, weight, age, and growth are not reliable determinants of fish ciguatoxicity which appears to be rather species and/or site-specific, although larger fish pose an increased risk of poisoning. Such findings have important implications in current CP risk management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Christelle Paillon
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - Gérard Mou-Tham
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - Dominique Ponton
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, c/o Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines (IH.SM), Université de Toliara, Rue Dr. Rabesandratana, P.O. Box 141, Toliara 601, Madagascar;
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
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12
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Tudó À, Rambla-Alegre M, Flores C, Sagristà N, Aguayo P, Reverté L, Campàs M, Gouveia N, Santos C, Andree KB, Marques A, Caixach J, Diogène J. Identification of New CTX Analogues in Fish from the Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos by Neuro-2a CBA and LC-HRMS. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040236. [PMID: 35447910 PMCID: PMC9031360 DOI: 10.3390/md20040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is caused by consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Presently CP is a public concern in some temperate regions, such as Macaronesia (North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Toxicity analysis was performed to characterize the fish species that can accumulate CTXs and improve understanding of the ciguatera risk in this area. For that, seventeen fish specimens comprising nine species were captured from coastal waters inMadeira and Selvagens Archipelagos. Toxicity was analysed by screening CTX-like toxicity with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). Afterwards, the four most toxic samples were analysed with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirteen fish specimens presented CTX-like toxicity in their liver, but only four of these in their muscle. The liver of one specimen of Muraena augusti presented the highest CTX-like toxicity (0.270 ± 0.121 µg of CTX1B equiv·kg−1). Moreover, CTX analogues were detected with LC-HRMS, for M. augusti and Gymnothorax unicolor. The presence of three CTX analogues was identified: C-CTX1, which had been previously described in the area; dihydro-CTX2, which is reported in the area for the first time; a putative new CTX m/z 1127.6023 ([M+NH4]+) named as putative C-CTX-1109, and gambieric acid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-977-74-54-27 (ext. 1824)
| | - Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Núria Sagristà
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Paloma Aguayo
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Laia Reverté
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Neide Gouveia
- Regional Fisheries Management-Madeira Government, Direção de Serviços de Investigação das Pescas (DSI-DRP), Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Carolina Santos
- Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e Recursos Naturais, Regional Government of Madeira, IFCN IP-RAM, 9050-027 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Antonio Marques
- Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Division of Aquaculture, Seafood Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
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13
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Agrawal P, Grab J. A Case of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in South Georgia. Cureus 2022; 14:e22728. [PMID: 35251872 PMCID: PMC8890610 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a seafood-associated non-infectious condition, caused by Ciguatoxins. It is known to be the most frequently reported cause of seafood-toxin-related illness in the world. CFP can cause a wide range of gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular symptoms which can last from a few days to a few months. We describe a case of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in South Georgia after ingestion of a fish from the Caribbean Sea. This case report brings the attention of clinicians for early recognition of the condition and appropriate treatment.
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14
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Jiang X, Zhao Y, Tang C, Appelbaum M, Rao Q. Aquatic food animals in the United States: Status quo and challenges. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1336-1382. [PMID: 35150203 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes (1) the U.S. status quo for aquatic food animal production and marketing; (2) major food safety and quality issues/concerns for aquatic food animals in the United States, including fish misbranding, finfish/shellfish allergies, pathogens, toxins and harmful residues, microplastics, and genetically engineered salmon; and (3) various U.S. regulations, guidances, and detection methods for the surveillance of fishery products. Overall, fish misbranding is the biggest challenge in the United States due to the relatively low inspection rate. In addition, due to the regulatory differences among countries, illegal animal drugs and/or pesticide residues might also be identified in imported aquatic food animals. Future regulatory and research directions could focus on further strengthening international cooperation, enhancing aquatic food animal inspection, and developing reliable, sensitive, and highly efficient detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Chunya Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Megan Appelbaum
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Qinchun Rao
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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15
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Extraction and LC-MS/MS Analysis of Ciguatoxins: A Semi-Targeted Approach Designed for Fish of Unknown Origin. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090630. [PMID: 34564634 PMCID: PMC8473320 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are polyether marine biotoxins that can cause ciguatera poisoning (CP) after the consumption of fish or invertebrates containing sub ppb levels; concentrations that present a challenge for current extraction and analysis methods. Here, a newly developed and (partly) validated single-day extraction protocol is presented. First, the fish sample is broken-down by enzymatic digestion, followed by extraction and extract clean-up by defatting and two solid-phase extractions. Final extracts were investigated using two different CTX-analysis methods; an in vitro cytotoxicity assay (N2a-assay) and by LC-MS/MS. Validation was performed for both fillet and freeze-dried samples of snapper, parrotfish, and grouper spiked with CTX1B, 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, and CTX3C. Based on recovery rates (35–88%) and matrix effects (66–116%) determined by LC-MS/MS, the enzyme protocol is applicable to various matrices. The protocol was applied to naturally contaminated fish tissue (Lutjanus bohar) obtained during a CP incident in Germany. Several potential CTX congeners were identified by a two-tier LC-MS/MS approach (screening of sodium adducts, high-resolution or low-resolution confirmation via ammonium adducts). Inclusion of >30 known CTX congeners into the LC-MS/MS methods and single-day sample preparation make the method suitable for analysis of ciguatera suspect samples at sub ppb levels also with undisclosed CTX profiles.
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Loeffler CR, Tartaglione L, Friedemann M, Spielmeyer A, Kappenstein O, Bodi D. Ciguatera Mini Review: 21st Century Environmental Challenges and the Interdisciplinary Research Efforts Rising to Meet Them. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3027. [PMID: 33804281 PMCID: PMC7999458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the livelihoods of over a billion people are affected by changes to marine ecosystems, both structurally and systematically. Resources and ecosystem services, provided by the marine environment, contribute nutrition, income, and health benefits for communities. One threat to these securities is ciguatera poisoning; worldwide, the most commonly reported non-bacterial seafood-related illness. Ciguatera is caused by the consumption of (primarily) finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins, potent neurotoxins produced by benthic single-cell microalgae. When consumed, ciguatoxins are biotransformed and can bioaccumulate throughout the food-web via complex pathways. Ciguatera-derived food insecurity is particularly extreme for small island-nations, where fear of intoxication can lead to fishing restrictions by region, species, or size. Exacerbating these complexities are anthropogenic or natural changes occurring in global marine habitats, e.g., climate change, greenhouse-gas induced physical oceanic changes, overfishing, invasive species, and even the international seafood trade. Here we provide an overview of the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century regarding the many facets of ciguatera, including the complex nature of this illness, the biological/environmental factors affecting the causative organisms, their toxins, vectors, detection methods, human-health oriented responses, and ultimately an outlook towards the future. Ciguatera research efforts face many social and environmental challenges this century. However, several future-oriented goals are within reach, including digital solutions for seafood supply chains, identifying novel compounds and methods with the potential for advanced diagnostics, treatments, and prediction capabilities. The advances described herein provide confidence that the tools are now available to answer many of the remaining questions surrounding ciguatera and therefore protection measures can become more accurate and routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Loeffler
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- CoNISMa—National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Friedemann
- Department Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Oliver Kappenstein
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Dorina Bodi
- National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (O.K.); (D.B.)
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Loeffler CR, Bodi D, Tartaglione L, Dell'Aversano C, Preiss-Weigert A. Improving in vitro ciguatoxin and brevetoxin detection: selecting neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells with lower sensitivity to ouabain and veratridine (OV-LS). HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101994. [PMID: 33980434 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine biotoxins accumulating in seafood products pose a risk to human health. These toxins are often potent in minute amounts and contained within complex matrices; requiring sensitive, reliable, and robust methods for their detection. The mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cytotoxicity assay (N2a-assay) is a sensitive, high-throughput, in vitro method effective for detecting sodium channel-specific marine biotoxins. The N2a-assay can be conducted to distinguish between specific effects on voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels, caused by toxins that activate (e.g., ciguatoxins (CTXs), brevetoxins (PbTxs)) or block (e.g., tetrodotoxins, saxitoxins) the target NaV. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay to compounds activating the NaV are achieved through the addition of the pharmaceuticals ouabain (O) and veratridine (V). However, these compounds can be toxic to Neuro-2a cells and their application at insufficient or excessive concentrations can reduce the effectiveness of this assay for marine toxin detection. Therefore, during growth incubation, Neuro-2a cells were exposed to O and V, and surviving cells exhibiting a lower sensitivity to O and V (OV-LS) were propagated. OV-LS Neuro-2a cells were selected for 60-80% survival when exposed to 0.22/0.022 mM O/V during the cytotoxicity assay. At these conditions, OV-LS N2a cells demonstrated a 3.5-fold higher survival rate 71% ± 7.9 SD (n = 232), and lower sensitivity to O/V, compared to the original Neuro-2a cells 20% ± 9.0 SD (n = 16). Additionally, OV-LS N2a cells were 1.3-2.6-fold more sensitive for detecting CTX3C 1.35 pg/ml, CTX1B 2.06 pg/ml, and PbTx-3 3.04 ng/ml compared to Neuro-2a cells using 0.1/0.01 mM O/V. Detection of CTX3C in a complex fish matrix using OV-LS cells was 0.0048 pg CTX3C/mg fish tissue equivalent. This work shows the potential for a significant improvement in sensitivity for CTX3C, CTX1B, and PbTx-3 using the OV-LS N2a-assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Loeffler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Dorina Bodi
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelika Preiss-Weigert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Safety in the Food Chain, National Reference Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany - www.bfr.bund.de
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18
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Chinain M, Gatti CMI, Darius HT, Quod JP, Tester PA. Ciguatera poisonings: A global review of occurrences and trends. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101873. [PMID: 33875186 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is the most prevalent, phycotoxin related seafood poisoning across the globe, affecting between 10,000 and 50,000 people annually. This illness results from the consumption of seafood contaminated with lipid soluble toxins known as ciguatoxins (CTXs) that are produced by benthic dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The present work reviews the global occurrence of CP events and outbreaks, based on both scientific and gray literature. Ciguatera prevalence is significantly underestimated due to a lack of recognition of ciguatera symptoms, limited collection of epidemiological data on a global level, and reticence to report ciguatera in CP-endemic regions. Analysis of the time-series data available for a limited number of countries indicates the highest incidence rates are consistently reported from two historical CP-endemic areas i.e., the Pacific and Caribbean regions, a situation due in part to the strong reliance of local communities on marine resources. Ciguatera-related fatalities are rare (<0.1% of reported cases). The vast majority of outbreaks involve carnivorous fish including snappers, groupers, wrasses, and barracudas. Since 2000, an expansion of the geographical range of CP has been observed in several areas like Macaronesia and east and southeast Asia. In some of these locales, random surveys confirmed the presence of CTXs in locally sourced fish, consistent with the concurrent report of novel CP incidents (e.g., Canary Islands, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, New South Wales). One characteristic of outbreaks occurring in Asia is that they often present as large disease clusters due to group consumption of a single contaminated fish. Similar observations are reported from the Indian Ocean in the form of shark poisoning outbreaks which often lead to singular types of CP characterized by a high fatality rate. Other atypical forms of CP linked to the consumption of marine invertebrates also have been documented recently. Owing to the significant health, socioeconomic and socio-cultural impacts of ciguatera, there is an urgent need for increased, standardized, coordinated efforts in ciguatera education, monitoring and research programs. Several regional and international initiatives have emerged recently, that may help improve patients' care, data collection at a global scale, and risk monitoring and management capabilities in countries most vulnerable to CP's toxic threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chinain
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - C M I Gatti
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - H T Darius
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé - UMR 241 EIO, BP 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - J-P Quod
- ARVAM-Pareto, Technopole de la Réunion, 14 rue Henri Cornu, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - P A Tester
- Ocean Tester, LLC, 295 Dills Point Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
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Longo S, Sibat M, Darius HT, Hess P, Chinain M. Effects of pH and Nutrients (Nitrogen) on Growth and Toxin Profile of the Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E767. [PMID: 33291542 PMCID: PMC7761829 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Ciguatera outbreaks are expected to increase worldwide with global change, in particular as a function of its main drivers, including changes in sea surface temperature, acidification, and coastal eutrophication. In French Polynesia, G. polynesiensis is regarded as the dominant source of CTXs entering the food web. The effects of pH (8.4, 8.2, and 7.9), Nitrogen:Phosphorus ratios (24N:1P vs. 48N:1P), and nitrogen source (nitrates vs. urea) on growth rate, biomass, CTX levels, and profiles were examined in four clones of G. polynesiensis at different culture age (D10, D21, and D30). Results highlight a decrease in growth rate and cellular biomass at low pH when urea is used as a N source. No significant effect of pH, N:P ratio, and N source on the overall CTX content was observed. Up to ten distinct analogs of Pacific ciguatoxins (P-CTXs) could be detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in clone NHA4 grown in urea, at D21. Amounts of more oxidized P-CTX analogs also increased under the lowest pH condition. These data provide interesting leads for the custom production of CTX standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Longo
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, Rue de I’lle d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Phycotoxins Laboratory, IFREMER, Rue de I’lle d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé-UMR241 EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
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Estevez P, Sibat M, Leão-Martins JM, Tudó A, Rambla-Alegre M, Aligizaki K, Diogène J, Gago-Martinez A, Hess P. Use of Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Diversity of Toxins Produced by Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa Species from Balearic Islands and Crete (Mediterranean Sea) and the Canary Islands (Northeast Atlantic). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E305. [PMID: 32392808 PMCID: PMC7291038 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, knowledge has significantly increased on the taxonomic identity and distribution of dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Additionally, a number of hitherto unknown bioactive metabolites have been described, while the role of these compounds in ciguatera poisoning (CP) remains to be clarified. Ciguatoxins and maitotoxins are very toxic compounds produced by these dinoflagellates and have been described since the 1980s. Ciguatoxins are generally described as the main contributors to this food intoxication. Recent reports of CP in temperate waters of the Canary Islands (Spain) and the Madeira archipelago (Portugal) triggered the need for isolation and cultivation of dinoflagellates from these areas, and their taxonomic and toxicological characterization. Maitotoxins, and specifically maitotoxin-4, has been described as one of the most toxic compounds produced by these dinoflagellates (e.g., G. excentricus) in the Canary Islands. Thus, characterization of toxin profiles of Gambierdiscus species from adjacent regions appears critical. The combination of liquid chromatography coupled to either low- or high-resolution mass spectrometry allowed for characterization of several strains of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa from the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands. Maitotoxin-3, two analogues tentatively identified as gambieric acid C and D, a putative gambierone analogue and a putative gambieroxide were detected in all G. australes strains from Menorca and Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) while only maitotoxin-3 was present in an F. paulensis strain of the same region. An unidentified Gambierdiscus species (Gambierdiscus sp.2) from Crete (Greece) showed a different toxin profile, detecting both maitotoxin-3 and gambierone, while the availability of a G. excentricus strain from the Canary Islands (Spain) confirmed the presence of maitotoxin-4 in this species. Overall, this study shows that toxin profiles not only appear to be species-specific but probably also specific to larger geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.E.); (J.M.L.-M.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Rue de l’Île d’Yeu 44311 Nantes, France;
| | - José Manuel Leão-Martins
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.E.); (J.M.L.-M.)
| | - Angels Tudó
- Marine and Continental Waters programme, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (A.T.); (M.R.-A.)
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Marine and Continental Waters programme, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (A.T.); (M.R.-A.)
| | - Katerina Aligizaki
- Laboratory Unit on Harmful Marine Microalgae, Biology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Marine and Continental Waters programme, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (A.T.); (M.R.-A.)
| | - Ana Gago-Martinez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.E.); (J.M.L.-M.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Rue de l’Île d’Yeu 44311 Nantes, France;
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Viallon J, Chinain M, Darius HT. Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E281. [PMID: 32349302 PMCID: PMC7290318 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) is widely used for the detection of marine biotoxins in seafood products, yet a consensus protocol is still lacking. In this study, six key parameters of CBA-N2a were revisited: cell seeding densities, cell layer viability after 26 h growth, MTT incubation time, Ouabain and Veratridine treatment and solvent and matrix effects. A step-by-step protocol was defined identifying five viability controls for the validation of CBA-N2a results. Specific detection of two voltage gated sodium channel activators, pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX3C) and brevetoxin (PbTx3) and two inhibitors, saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dc-STX) was achieved, with EC50 values of 1.7 ± 0.35 pg/mL, 5.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL, 3 ± 0.5 ng/mL and 15.8 ± 3 ng/mL, respectively. When applied to the detection of ciguatoxin (CTX)-like toxicity in fish samples, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.031 ± 0.008 and 0.064 ± 0.016 ng P-CTX3C eq/g of flesh, respectively. Intra and inter-assays comparisons of viability controls, LOD, LOQ and toxicity in fish samples gave coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 3% to 29%. This improved test adaptable to either high throughput screening or composite toxicity estimation is a useful starting point for a standardization of the CBA-N2a in the field of marine toxin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins-UMR 241-EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (M.C.)
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22
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Estevez P, Sibat M, Leão-Martins JM, Reis Costa P, Gago-Martínez A, Hess P. Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Confirmation of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 as the Main Toxin Responsible for Ciguatera Poisoning Caused by Fish from European Atlantic Coasts. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040267. [PMID: 32326183 PMCID: PMC7232264 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a common seafood intoxication mainly caused by the consumption of fish contaminated by ciguatoxins. Recent studies showed that Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX1) is the main toxin causing CP through fish caught in the Northeast Atlantic, e.g., Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). The use of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with neuroblastoma cell assay (N2a) allowed the initial confirmation of the presence of C-CTX1 in contaminated fish samples from the abovementioned areas, nevertheless the lack of commercially available reference materials for these particular ciguatoxin (CTX) analogues has been a major limitation to progress research. The EuroCigua project allowed the preparation of C-CTX1 laboratory reference material (LRM) from fish species (Seriola fasciata) from the Madeira archipelago (Portugal). This reference material was used to implement a liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for the detection of C-CTX1, acquisition of full-scan as well as collision-induced mass spectra of this particular analogue. Fragmentation pathways were proposed based on fragments obtained. The optimized LC-HRMS method was then applied to confirm C-CTX1 in fish (Bodianus scrofa) caught in the Selvagens Islands (Portugal).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.E.); (J.M.L.-M.)
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l’Île d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France;
| | - José Manuel Leão-Martins
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.E.); (J.M.L.-M.)
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (P.E.); (J.M.L.-M.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.-M.); (P.H.); Tel.: +34-647-343417 (A.G.-M.); +33-2-4037-4257 (P.H.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l’Île d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France;
- Correspondence: (A.G.-M.); (P.H.); Tel.: +34-647-343417 (A.G.-M.); +33-2-4037-4257 (P.H.)
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Sanchez-Henao A, García-Álvarez N, Silva Sergent F, Estévez P, Gago-Martínez A, Martín F, Ramos-Sosa M, Fernández A, Diogène J, Real F. Presence of CTXs in moray eels and dusky groupers in the marine environment of the Canary Islands. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 221:105427. [PMID: 32044545 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Local population frequently consumes moray eels and dusky groupers from the Canary Islands. These species are top predators and the interactions between them include predation but also, in some cases, collaborative hunting. These fish are well known to cause ciguatera (CFP) outbreaks in several marine areas such as Japan, Hawaii, French Polynesia and Caribe. Groupers have been involved in CFP events in the Canary Islands, however, moray eels have not yet been well studied in this regard. The present research seeks to describe the finding of a black moray in the stomach of a positive dusky grouper during its necropsy, and to clarify the implication of groupers and moray eels in the food webs, accumulating CTXs in the Canarian environment. The study also updates statistics on the presence of toxic groupers in this archipelago. For these purposes, 248 grouper samples from the CFP official control in the Canary Islands (2018-2019) were analysed and 36 moray eels (5 species) were collected under the EuroCigua project and one was obtained during a dusky grouper necropsy. All samples were analysed with the Neuro-2a cell-based assay (CBA) to evidence CTX-like toxicity. Regarding the necropsied grouper and the moray eel found in its stomach content, the LCMS/MS method allowed the identification and quantification of CCTX1 in both fish at similar levels while none of the P-CTXs for which standards were available were detected. Among groupers, 25.4 % displayed CTX-like toxicity with differences between islands. For moray eels 38.9 % showed toxicity, involving 4 species. Black moray exhibited a high proportion of positives (9/12) and a positive correlation was found between CTX-like toxicity quantification and the black moray weight. Regarding the grouper, and the moray eel found in its stomach, the LCMS/MS method allowed the identification and quantification of C-CTX1 in both fish at similar levels. This found suggests a trophic interaction between these species and their role in maintaining CTXs in the Canary waters where local population commonly demand those species for consumption. The island of El Hierro stands out above all the other Canary Islands with the concerning percentage of positive grouper samples and the high CTX toxicity levels obtained in moray eel specimens analysed in this marine area. This is the first report of CTX-like toxicity in flesh of moray eels fished in the Canary archipelago and the confirmation of the presence of C-CTX1 by LCMS/MS in a black moray from this marine area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Sanchez-Henao
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Natalia García-Álvarez
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Freddy Silva Sergent
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Pablo Estévez
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco Martín
- Canary Health Service, Directorate-General for Public Health, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Ramos-Sosa
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Marine and Continental Waters Environmental Monitoring, IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Fernando Real
- Division of Fish Health and Pathology, University Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
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LC-HRMS and Chemical Derivatization Strategies for the Structure Elucidation of Caribbean Ciguatoxins: Identification of C-CTX-3 and -4. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18040182. [PMID: 32244322 PMCID: PMC7230550 DOI: 10.3390/md18040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is linked to the ingestion of seafood that is contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The structural variability of these polyether toxins in nature remains poorly understood due to the low concentrations present even in highly toxic fish, which makes isolation and chemical characterization difficult. We studied the mass spectrometric fragmentation of Caribbean CTXs, i.e., the epimers C-CTX-1 and -2 (1 and 2), using a sensitive UHPLC–HRMS/MS approach in order to identify product ions of diagnostic value. We found that the fragmentation of the ladder-frame backbone follows a characteristic pattern and propose a generalized nomenclature for the ions formed. These data were applied to the structural characterization of a pair of so far poorly characterized isomers, C-CTX-3 and -4 (3 and 4), which we found to be reduced at C-56 relative to 1 and 2. Furthermore, we tested and applied reduction and oxidation reactions, monitored by LC–HRMS, in order to confirm the structures of 3 and 4. Reduction of 1 and 2 with NaBH4 afforded 3 and 4, thereby unambiguously confirming the identities of 3 and 4. In summary, this work provides a foundation for mass spectrometry-based characterization of new C-CTXs, including a suite of simple chemical reactions to assist the examination of structural modifications.
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Wang Z, Fuquay JM, Ledreux A, Barbieri M, Ramsdell JS. Sample preparation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of selected Pacific ciguatoxins in blood samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1621:461050. [PMID: 32265050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of ciguatoxin-contaminated seafood can lead to ciguatera poisoning (CP). The diagnosis of CP in humans is based on the clinical symptoms after eating the fish from tropical or subtropical areas because no confirmatory clinical tests are available. One of the challenges for ciguatoxin analysis is their extremely low but toxicologically relevant concentration in biological samples. We previously reported a method using acetonitrile to precipitate proteins and extract the ciguatoxins simultaneously in whole blood samples from animals for toxin quantification by N2A cell-based assay. However, a test method for unambiguous confirmation of exposure of marine animals or humans to ciguatoxins is still needed. In the present study, we adopted the acetonitrile extraction method and added sample clean-up in the sample preparation for the determination of Pacific ciguatoxins CTX1B (aka P-CTX-1), 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B (aka P-CTX-2), and CTX3C (aka P-CTX-3C) in blood plasma by LC-MS/MS. We investigated sample clean-up, LC mobile phases, LC solvent programming, and settings of the two mass spectrometers (4000 Q TRAP and AB SCIEX Triple Quad 5500) in order to improve the ability to detect the Pacific ciguatoxins at ppt level. Rat blood plasma was used for the method development. Average recoveries of the three toxins in the rat plasma samples ranged from 90% to 116% with relative standard deviations of less than 15%. The method detection limits were still not low enough for the determination of the Pacific ciguatoxins in individual blood samples from Hawaiian monk seals with the two LC-MS systems. The methods were applied to a pooled sample of blood plasma collected from Hawaiian monk seals for confirmation of toxin exposure. This study will benefit monitoring of Pacific ciguatoxins in marine mammals and potentially humans by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Wang
- CSS, Inc. under contract to NOAA, HAB Monitoring & Reference Branch, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jennifer Maucher Fuquay
- CSS, Inc. under contract to NOAA, HAB Monitoring & Reference Branch, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Aurelie Ledreux
- HAB Monitoring & Reference Branch, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Michelle Barbieri
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, No. 176, Honolulu, HI 96818, USA
| | - John S Ramsdell
- HAB Monitoring & Reference Branch, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, NOAA National Ocean Service, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Estevez P, Leao JM, Yasumoto T, Dickey RW, Gago-Martinez A. Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 stability under strongly acidic conditions: Characterisation of a new C-CTX1 methoxy congener. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:519-529. [PMID: 31881166 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1705400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of ciguatera in the eastern Atlantic, particularly in the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal) prompted the development and implementation of liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) methods for the detection of ciguatoxins in fish. The complexity of fish tissue matrices, low concentrations of ciguatoxins in hazardous fish, and the scarcity of ciguatoxin standards present challenging issues for successful implementation of routine ciguatoxin analysis. A laboratory reference material of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX1), which was previously confirmed in fish responsible for ciguatera outbreaks in the Canary Islands, was used to assess the toxin's stability under strongly acidic conditions and solvent systems commonly used in LC-MS/MS. It was observed that strongly acidic conditions caused the transformation of C-CTX1 to a C56 methoxy congener, C-CTX1-Me. C-CTX1 was structurally characterised by LC-MS/MS and fragmentation pathways are presented showing the same fragmentation pattern as C-CTX1-Me. These results suggest that the use of strongly acidic conditions during sample pretreatment for C-CTX analysis, might produce significant artefacts, and risks failing to detect the presence of C-CTX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Leao
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Takeshi Yasumoto
- Tama Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert W Dickey
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - Ana Gago-Martinez
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Murata K, Yasumoto T. Chemiluminescent Receptor Binding Assay for Ciguatoxins and Brevetoxins Using Acridinium Brevetoxin-B2. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100580. [PMID: 31600892 PMCID: PMC6833909 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera is the term for poisoning resulting from eating fish from tropical or subtropical regions. The causative toxins collectively named ciguatoxins (CTXs) widely differ in structures depending on their geographic origins, which range from the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean to the Caribbean Sea. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is caused by the ingestion of bivalve shellfish contaminated with brevetoxins (BTXs). Structurally, both CTXs and BTXs consist of fused ether rings aligned in a ladder shape. Pharmacologically, they bind at the same site (site-5) of voltage-gated sodium channels. However, the great structural diversity and the rare availability of reference toxins hinder LC-MS and ELISA methods, which operate on structure-based recognition. In this study, we prepared a chemiluminescent ligand, acridinium BTXB2 (ABTX), and tested its suitability for use in competitive binding assays to detect CTXs and BTXs. The affinity of ABTX to the rat brain synaptosome estimated by Ki (1.66 pM) was approximately two-fold higher than that of PbTx-3 (BTX3). In addition, the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) was 0.84 nM, the maximum number of binding was 6.76 pmol toxin/mg protein, and the detection limit was 1.4 amol. The assays performed on samples spiked with CTX3C or BTXB4 (N-palmitoylBTXB2) at 0.2–1.0 ng CTX/g fish flesh, and 200–800 ng BTXB4/g shellfish showed a linear relationship between the theoretical and observed toxin amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Murata
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yasumoto
- Japan Food Research Laboratories, Tama Laboratory, Nagayama 6-11-10, Tama 206-0025, Japan.
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Estevez P, Castro D, Pequeño-Valtierra A, Giraldez J, Gago-Martinez A. Emerging Marine Biotoxins in Seafood from European Coasts: Incidence and Analytical Challenges. Foods 2019; 8:E149. [PMID: 31052406 PMCID: PMC6560407 DOI: 10.3390/foods8050149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants in food and the sources of the contamination are relevant issues in food safety. The impact of climate change on these contaminations is a topic widely debated; however, the consequences of climate change for the food system is not as deeply studied as other human and animal health and welfare issues. Projections of climate change in Europe have been evaluated through the EU Commission, and the impact on the marine environment is considered a priority issue. Marine biotoxins are produced by toxic microalgae and are natural contaminants of the marine environment. They are considered to be an important contaminant that needs to be evaluated. Their source is affected by oceanographic and environmental conditions; water temperature, sunlight, salinity, competing microorganisms, nutrients, and wind and current directions affect the growth and proliferation of microalgae. Although climate change should not be the only reason for this increase and other factors such as eutrophication, tourism, fishery activities, etc. could be considered, the influence of climate change has been observed through increased growth of dinoflagellates in areas where they have not been previously detected. An example of this is the recent emergence of ciguatera fish poisoning toxins, typically found in tropical or subtropical areas from the Pacific and Caribbean and in certain areas of the Atlantic Sea such as the Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). In addition, the recent findings of the presence of tetrodotoxins, typically found in certain areas of the Pacific, are emerging in the EU and contaminating not only the fish species where these toxins had been found before but also bivalve mollusks. The emergence of these marine biotoxins in the EU is a reason for concern in the EU, and for this reason, the risk evaluation and characterization of these toxins are considered a priority for the European Food Safety Authorities (EFSA), which also emphasize the search for occurrence data using reliable and efficient analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - David Castro
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ana Pequeño-Valtierra
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jorge Giraldez
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ana Gago-Martinez
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- EU Reference Laboratory for marine biotoxins, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Implementation of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of ciguatera fish poisoning in contaminated fish samples from Atlantic coasts. Food Chem 2019; 280:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Estevez P, Castro D, Pequeño-Valtierra A, Leao JM, Vilariño O, Diogène J, Gago-Martínez A. An Attempt to Characterize the Ciguatoxin Profile in Seriola fasciata Causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Macaronesia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040221. [PMID: 31013948 PMCID: PMC6521267 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning is a worldwide concern caused by the consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins not only in endemic regions in the Pacific Ocean or the Caribbean Sea but also in emerging areas of Macaronesia on the eastern Atlantic. The recent emergence of these toxins in other coastal areas worldwide, prompted the need for the characterization of the risk in these areas. This Ciguatera Fish Poisoning risk has been recently identified as a potential threat in subtropical areas of the Atlantic coast and scientific efforts are being focused in the identification and confirmation of the toxins involved in this potential risk. Neuroblastoma cell assay has been widely used for the evaluation of the toxicity in several marine biotoxin groups, and found to be a very useful tool for toxicity screening. LC-MS/MS has been also used for confirmatory purposes although the main limitation of the advances on LC-MS/MS development is due to commercial unavailability of reference materials and hampers method implementation and validation or even confirmation of the ciguatoxins (CTXs) responsible for the toxic profiles. While neuroblastoma cell assay (N2a) is typically used for toxicity screening as mentioned above, being necessary to confirm this N2a toxicity by LC-MS/MS, this study is designed using N2a as a tool to confirm the toxicity of the fractions obtained corresponding to potential CTXs analogues according to the analysis by LC-MS/MS. With this aim, an amberjack sample (Seriola fasciata) from Selvagen Islads (Portugal) and implicated in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning was analyzed by LC-MS/MS and Caribbean Ciguatoxins were found to be mainly responsible for the toxicity. N2a was used in this work as a tool to help in the confirmation of the toxicity of fractions obtained by HPLC. Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 was found as the main analogue responsible for the N2a toxicity while three Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX1) metabolites which contribute to the total toxicity were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Estevez
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - David Castro
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ana Pequeño-Valtierra
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - José M Leao
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Oscar Vilariño
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Marine and Continental Waters, Ctra. Poble Nou, km. 5.5, E-43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- University of Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Costa PR, Estevez P, Castro D, Soliño L, Gouveia N, Santos C, Rodrigues SM, Leao JM, Gago-Martínez A. New Insights into the Occurrence and Toxin Profile of Ciguatoxins in Selvagens Islands (Madeira, Portugal). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E524. [PMID: 30544529 PMCID: PMC6316156 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs), endemic from tropical and subtropical regions of the Pacific and Indian Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, have caused several human poisonings during the last decade in Europe. Ciguatera fish poisonings (CFP) in Madeira and Canary Islands appear to be particularly related with consumption of fish caught close to Selvagens Islands, a Portuguese natural reserve composed of three small islands that harbor high fish biomass. In this study, fish specimens considered as potential vectors of CTXs were caught in Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos for toxins determination via sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC⁻MS/MS). CTXs were found in most of the fish samples from Selvagens and none from Madeira. Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX1) was the only toxin congener determined, reaching the highest value of 0.25 µg C-CTX1 kg-1 in a 4.6 kg island grouper (Mycteroperca fusca). This study indicates that a diversity of fish from different trophic levels contains CTXs, Selvagens appear to be one of the most favorable locations for CTXs food web transfer and finally, this study highlights the need of further research based on intensive environmental and biological sampling on these remote islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Pablo Estevez
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - David Castro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Lucía Soliño
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Neide Gouveia
- Regional Fisheries Management-Madeira Government, DSI-DRP, Estrada da Pontinha 9004-562 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
| | - Carolina Santos
- Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e Recursos Naturais, Regional Government of Madeira, IFCN IP-RAM, Quinta Vila Passos-Rua Alferes Veiga Pestana 15, 9054-505 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
| | | | - José Manuel Leao
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Murray JS, Boundy MJ, Selwood AI, Harwood DT. Development of an LC-MS/MS method to simultaneously monitor maitotoxins and selected ciguatoxins in algal cultures and P-CTX-1B in fish. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 80:80-87. [PMID: 30502815 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a serious human health issue that is highly localized to tropical and sub-tropical coastal areas, affecting many of the indigenous island communities intrinsically linked to reef systems for sustenance and trade. It is caused by the consumption of reef fish contaminated with ciguatoxins and is reported as the most common cause of non-bacterial food poisoning. The causative toxins bioaccumulate up the food web, from small herbivorous fish that graze on microalgae of the genus Gambierdiscus into the higher trophic level omnivorous and carnivorous fish predating on them. The number of Gambierdiscus species being described is increasing rapidly and the role of other toxins produced by this microalgal genus in ciguatera intoxications, such as maitotoxin, remains unclear. Ciguatoxins and maitotoxin are among the most potent marine toxins known and there are currently no methods of analysis that can simultaneously monitor these toxins with a high degree of specificity. To meet this need a rapid and selective ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed to rapidly screen Gambierdiscus cultures and environmental sample device extracts for ciguatoxins and maitotoxins. A fast sample preparation method has also been developed to allow sensitive quantification of the potent ciguatoxin fish metabolite P-CTX-1B from fish extracts, and this method has been subjected to a small validation study. Novel aspects of this approach include the use of alkaline mobile phase for chromatographic separation and specific monitoring of the various toxins. This method has good potential to help evaluate ciguatera risk associated with Gambierdiscus and related microalgal species, and to help promote method development activities for this important and analytically challenging toxin class.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand(1)
| | | | | | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand(1).
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Moreiras G, Leão JM, Gago-Martínez A. Design of experiments for the optimization of electrospray ionization in the LC-MS/MS analysis of ciguatoxins. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:1059-1069. [PMID: 30109731 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is being widely applied as an analytical tool in the field of marine biotoxins both for regulated and for new and emerging compounds. LC-MS/MS recently became the reference method for the control of lipophilic toxins in the European Union, and new methods are being developed and optimized to extend the applicability of this technique to other toxin groups. In this work, conditions for the analysis of ciguatoxins (CTXs) by LC-MS/MS were investigated using standard solutions of CTX1B and CTX3C, which are structurally representative compounds for the rest of the main congeners of Pacific group toxins (P-CTXs). Preliminary studies were carried out for the selection of precursor and product ions used for multiple reaction monitoring. Two transitions based on the chemical structures of CTXs were set up, and mass spectrometer parameters were adjusted for selected reactions monitored. The electrospray ionization source has been carefully optimized through a design of experiments that consisted of a two-level fractional factorial design of resolution IV for the screening of adequate source conditions and of response surface designs for optimization of the main interactions between factors. The statistical approach allowed maximizing the sensitivity on the MS analyzer that provides a good specificity in P-CTX detection, which can be also used for confirmation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moreiras
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Manuel Leão
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins (EURLMB), CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins (EURLMB), CITEXVI, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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Soliño L, Costa PR. Differential toxin profiles of ciguatoxins in marine organisms: Chemistry, fate and global distribution. Toxicon 2018; 150:124-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Loeffler CR, Robertson A, Flores Quintana HA, Silander MC, Smith TB, Olsen D. Ciguatoxin prevalence in 4 commercial fish species along an oceanic exposure gradient in the US Virgin Islands. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1852-1863. [PMID: 29710376 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a seafood-toxin illness resulting from consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins. Managing ciguatera fish poisoning is complex. It is made easier, however, by local fishers from endemic areas reporting regional predictability for local fish species' ciguatera fish poisoning risk, which the present study then tested. We investigated the prevalence of ciguatoxins in 4 commonly marketed and consumed species (Balistes vetula, Haemulon plumierii, Ocyurus chrysurus, and Epinephelus guttatus) across an oceanic gradient (north, south, east, and west) from the US Virgin Islands. Fish muscle extracts were analyzed for Caribbean ciguatoxins using an in vitro mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cytotoxicity assay and confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fish collected from the north location had 0 fish with detectable ciguatoxins; this site also had the greatest wave energy. Caribbean ciguatoxins in fish ranged from 0.01 to 0.11, 0.004 to 0.10, and 0.005 to 0.18 ng Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 eq/g, from the west, east, and south respectively. Ciguatoxin-like activity was detectable by the N2a assay in 40, 41, 50, and 70% of H. plumierii, O. chrysurus, B. vetula, and E. guttatus, respectively. Of the fish collected, 4% had Caribbean ciguatoxin levels exceeding the US Food and Drug Administration guidance of 0.1 ng Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 eq/g fish. These findings concurred with spatial ciguatera fish poisoning prevalence information provided by local fishers in the US Virgin Islands and demonstrate how partnerships between researchers and fishers can aid the improvement of science-based ciguatera fish poisoning management. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;39:1852-1863. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Loeffler
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, US Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama
| | - Alison Robertson
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, US Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama and Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA
| | - Harold A Flores Quintana
- Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, US Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama
| | - Miguel C Silander
- University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Center for Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Materials, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Tyler B Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas Virgin, Islands of the United States
| | - David Olsen
- St. Thomas Fishermen's Association, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands of the United States
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An Updated Review of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Clinical, Epidemiological, Environmental, and Public Health Management. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15030072. [PMID: 28335428 PMCID: PMC5367029 DOI: 10.3390/md15030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is the most frequently reported seafood-toxin illness in the world. It causes substantial human health, social, and economic impacts. The illness produces a complex array of gastrointestinal, neurological and neuropsychological, and cardiovascular symptoms, which may last days, weeks, or months. This paper is a general review of CFP including the human health effects of exposure to ciguatoxins (CTXs), diagnosis, human pathophysiology of CFP, treatment, detection of CTXs in fish, epidemiology of the illness, global dimensions, prevention, future directions, and recommendations for clinicians and patients. It updates and expands upon the previous review of CFP published by Friedman et al. (2008) and addresses new insights and relevant emerging global themes such as climate and environmental change, international market issues, and socioeconomic impacts of CFP. It also provides a proposed universal case definition for CFP designed to account for the variability in symptom presentation across different geographic regions. Information that is important but unchanged since the previous review has been reiterated. This article is intended for a broad audience, including resource and fishery managers, commercial and recreational fishers, public health officials, medical professionals, and other interested parties.
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Ajani P, Harwood DT, Murray SA. Recent Trends in Marine Phycotoxins from Australian Coastal Waters. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E33. [PMID: 28208796 PMCID: PMC5334613 DOI: 10.3390/md15020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycotoxins, which are produced by harmful microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web, are of growing concern for Australia. These harmful algae pose a threat to ecosystem and human health, as well as constraining the progress of aquaculture, one of the fastest growing food sectors in the world. With better monitoring, advanced analytical skills and an increase in microalgal expertise, many phycotoxins have been identified in Australian coastal waters in recent years. The most concerning of these toxins are ciguatoxin, paralytic shellfish toxins, okadaic acid and domoic acid, with palytoxin and karlotoxin increasing in significance. The potential for tetrodotoxin, maitotoxin and palytoxin to contaminate seafood is also of concern, warranting future investigation. The largest and most significant toxic bloom in Tasmania in 2012 resulted in an estimated total economic loss of~AUD$23M, indicating that there is an imperative to improve toxin and organism detection methods, clarify the toxin profiles of species of phytoplankton and carry out both intra- and inter-species toxicity comparisons. Future work also includes the application of rapid, real-time molecular assays for the detection of harmful species and toxin genes. This information, in conjunction with a better understanding of the life histories and ecology of harmful bloom species, may lead to more appropriate management of environmental, health and economic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Ajani
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, The Wood, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Shauna A Murray
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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38
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Marine Toxins Analysis for Consumer Protection. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Harwood DT, Murray S, Boundy MJ. Sample Preparation Prior to Marine Toxin Analysis. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE TOXINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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40
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Hardison DR, Holland WC, McCall JR, Bourdelais AJ, Baden DG, Darius HT, Chinain M, Tester PA, Shea D, Flores Quintana HA, Morris JA, Litaker RW. Fluorescent Receptor Binding Assay for Detecting Ciguatoxins in Fish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153348. [PMID: 27073998 PMCID: PMC4830512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is an illness suffered by > 50,000 people yearly after consumption of fish containing ciguatoxins (CTXs). One of the current methodologies to detect ciguatoxins in fish is a radiolabeled receptor binding assay (RBA(R)). However, the license requirements and regulations pertaining to radioisotope utilization can limit the applicability of the RBA(R) in certain labs. A fluorescence based receptor binding assay (RBA(F)) was developed to provide an alternative method of screening fish samples for CTXs in facilities not certified to use radioisotopes. The new assay is based on competition binding between CTXs and fluorescently labeled brevetoxin-2 (BODIPY®- PbTx-2) for voltage-gated sodium channel receptors at site 5 instead of a radiolabeled brevetoxin. Responses were linear in fish tissues spiked from 0.1 to 1.0 ppb with Pacific ciguatoxin-3C (P-CTX-3C) with a detection limit of 0.075 ppb. Carribean ciguatoxins were confirmed in Caribbean fish by LC-MS/MS analysis of the regional biomarker (C-CTX-1). Fish (N = 61) of six different species were screened using the RBA(F). Results for corresponding samples analyzed using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) correlated well (R2 = 0.71) with those of the RBA(F), given the low levels of CTX present in positive fish. Data analyses also showed the resulting toxicity levels of P-CTX-3C equivalents determined by CBA-N2a were consistently lower than the RBA(F) affinities expressed as % binding equivalents, indicating that a given amount of toxin bound to the site 5 receptors translates into corresponding lower cytotoxicity. Consequently, the RBA(F), which takes approximately two hours to perform, provides a generous estimate relative to the widely used CBA-N2a which requires 2.5 days to complete. Other RBA(F) advantages include the long-term (> 5 years) stability of the BODIPY®- PbTx-2 and having similar results as the commonly used RBA(R). The RBA(F) is cost-effective, allows high sample throughput, and is well-suited for routine CTX monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William C. Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. McCall
- University of North Carolina at Wilmington, MARBIONC at CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
- SeaTox Research Inc, UNCW CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea J. Bourdelais
- University of North Carolina at Wilmington, MARBIONC at CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Baden
- University of North Carolina at Wilmington, MARBIONC at CREST Research Park, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - H. Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)–UMR 241 EIO, Laboratory of Toxic-Microalgae, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM)–UMR 241 EIO, Laboratory of Toxic-Microalgae, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Patricia A. Tester
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- JHT, Inc., Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Damian Shea
- North Carolina State University, Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Harold A. Flores Quintana
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, United States of America
| | - James A. Morris
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
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41
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Hossen V, Soliño L, Leroy P, David E, Velge P, Dragacci S, Krys S, Flores Quintana H, Diogène J. Contribution to the risk characterization of ciguatoxins: LOAEL estimated from eight ciguatera fish poisoning events in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:100-108. [PMID: 26409497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
From 2010 to 2012, 35 ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) events involving 87 individuals who consumed locally-caught fish were reported in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). For 12 of these events, the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) was indicated in meal remnants and in uncooked fish by the mouse bioassay (MBA). Caribbean ciguatoxins (C-CTXs) were confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Using a cell-based assay (CBA), and the only available standard Pacific ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1), the lowest toxins level detected in fish samples causing CFP was 0.022 µg P-CTX-1 equivalent (eq.)·kg(-1) fish. Epidemiological and consumption data were compiled for most of the individuals afflicted, and complete data for establishing the lowest observable adverse effects level (LOAEL) were obtained from 8 CFP events involving 21 individuals. Based on toxin intakes, the LOAEL was estimated at 4.2 ng P-CTX-1 eq./individual corresponding to 48. 4 pg P-CTX-1 eq.kg(-1) body weight (bw). Although based on limited data, these results are consistent with the conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) opinion which indicates that a level of 0.01 µg P-CTX-1 eq.kg(-1) fish, regardless of source, should not exert effects in sensitive individuals when consuming a single meal. The calculated LOAEL is also consistent with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidance levels for CTXs (0.1 µg C-CTX-1 eq.kg(-1) and 0.01 µg P-CTX-1 eq.kg(-1) fish).
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Hossen
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES-Laboratory for Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for the Control of Marine biotoxins, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Lucia Soliño
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Rapita, Spain
| | - Patricia Leroy
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES-Laboratory for Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for the Control of Marine biotoxins, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric David
- Ministry of Agriculture, Direction de l'Alimentation de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt de Guadeloupe, Abymes, France
| | - Pierre Velge
- Ministry of Agriculture, General Directorate for Food, Paris, France
| | - Sylviane Dragacci
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES-Laboratory for Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for the Control of Marine biotoxins, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Sophie Krys
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES-Laboratory for Food Safety, National Reference Laboratory for the Control of Marine biotoxins, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Harold Flores Quintana
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, 1 Iberville Drive, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Rapita, Spain
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42
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Soliño L, Widgy S, Pautonnier A, Turquet J, Loeffler CR, Flores Quintana HA, Diogène J. Prevalence of ciguatoxins in lionfish (Pterois spp.) from Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, and Saint Barthélmy Islands (Caribbean). Toxicon 2015; 102:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Oehler E, Bouchut J. [Ciguatera fish poisoning]. Presse Med 2014; 43:902-11. [PMID: 25001048 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera, an ichtyosarcotoxism linked to the consumption of usually healthy coral fish is a common poisoning in the Pacific, Caribbean and Indian Ocean where it is endemic. However, increased tourism and commercial transportation of tropical fish for consumption make it an unexceptional intoxication in countries away from its endemic area. Environmental stresses such as climate changes also contribute to the expansion of its geographical area. The non-specific clinical symptomatology is characterized by the occurrence of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, nervous and general signs few hours after eating a ciguatoxic fish. The diagnosis is clinical and relatively easy in endemic areas but much less for physicians who are rarely confronted with, which is a source of prolonged diagnostic delays and a significant increase in spending. Treatment of ciguatera is symptomatic but new treatments, still experimental, give a real hope for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Oehler
- Centre hospitalier de Polynésie française, service de médecine interne et polyvalente, avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, Polynésie française.
| | - Jérémie Bouchut
- Centre hospitalier de Polynésie française, service de médecine interne et polyvalente, avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 98716 Pirae, Tahiti, Polynésie française
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44
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Wong CK, Hung P, Lo JYC. Ciguatera fish poisoning in Hong Kong--a 10-year perspective on the class of ciguatoxins. Toxicon 2014; 86:96-106. [PMID: 24878373 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present study used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to investigate retrospectively ciguatoxin (CTX)-positive samples as determined by mouse bioassay (MBA) in the past 10 years in Hong Kong. The results showed that Pacific CTXs (P-CTX-1, -2 and -3) were the most commonly observed toxins found in the samples, indicating Pacific Ocean areas as the most important origin of ciguatera fish poisoning. Clinical diagnosis from ciguatera patients also revealed the predominance of neurological illnesses in most cases, supporting intoxication of Pacific origin. This study demonstrated the ability of laboratory analysis to identify and quantify Pacific CTXs in suspected fish samples, so as to support the clinical diagnosis of ciguatera. Comparative analysis (Student's t-test and Spearman's rank correlation analysis) on the two CTX detection methods showed approximate linearity for overall P-CTXs (P-CTX-1, -2 and -3)/P-CTX-1 alone as derived by LC-MS/MS and total toxicity levels (P-CTX-1 equivalent) as determined by MBA. The LC-MS/MS method coupled with the rapid extraction method could allow the detection of trace amount of CTXs at levels below the clinically relevant limit, 0.1 ppb P-CTX-1 in fish flesh. For practical application, the adoption of a two-tiered approach for testing, chemical analysis by LC-MS/MS for toxic fish screening, coupled with biological assay by MBA for final toxicity confirmation, was proposed for first-line screening of CTX in potentially contaminated fish samples in the market, with an aim to minimizing the use of laboratory mice and at the same time providing reasonably effective means for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kwan Wong
- Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, 382 Nam Cheong St., Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Patricia Hung
- Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, 382 Nam Cheong St., Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Janice Y C Lo
- Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, 382 Nam Cheong St., Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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45
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Mak YL, Wu JJ, Chan WH, Murphy MB, Lam JCW, Chan LL, Lam PKS. Simultaneous quantification of Pacific ciguatoxins in fish blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3331-40. [PMID: 23392409 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a food intoxication caused by exposure to ciguatoxins (CTXs) in coral reef fish. Rapid analytical methods have been developed recently to quantify Pacific-CTX-1 (P-CTX-1) in fish muscle, but it is destructive and can cause harm to valuable live coral reef fish. Also fish muscle extract was complex making CTX quantification challenging. Not only P-CTX-1, but also P-CTX-2 and P-CTX-3 could be present in fish, contributing to ciguatoxicity. Therefore, an analytical method for simultaneous quantification of P-CTX-1, P-CTX-2, and P-CTX-3 in whole blood of marketed coral reef fish using sonication, solid-phase extraction (SPE), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. The optimized method gave acceptable recoveries of P-CTXs (74-103 %) in fish blood. Matrix effects (6-26 %) in blood extracts were found to be significantly reduced compared with those in muscle extracts (suppressed by 34-75 % as reported in other studies), thereby minimizing potential for false negative results. The target P-CTXs were detectable in whole blood from four coral reef fish species collected in a CFP-endemic region. Similar trends in total P-CTX levels and patterns of P-CTX composition profiles in blood and muscle of these fish were observed, suggesting a relationship between blood and muscle levels of P-CTXs. This optimized method provides an essential tool for studies of P-CTX pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in fish, which are needed for establishing the use of fish blood as a reliable sample for the assessment and control of CFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yim Ling Mak
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Darius HT, Drescher O, Ponton D, Pawlowiez R, Laurent D, Dewailly E, Chinain M. Use of folk tests to detect ciguateric fish: a scientific evaluation of their effectiveness in Raivavae Island (Australes, French Polynesia). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:550-66. [PMID: 23289800 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.752581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning is a seafood intoxication commonly afflicting island communities in the Pacific. These populations, which are strongly dependent on fish resources, have developed over centuries various strategies to decrease the risk of intoxication, including the use of folk tests to detect ciguateric fish. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of two folk tests commonly used in Raivavae Island (Australes, French Polynesia): the rigor mortis test (RMT) and the bleeding test (BT). A total of 107 fish were collected in Raivavae Lagoon, among which 80 were tested by five testers using the RMT versus 107 tested by four testers using BT. First, the performance between testers was compared. Second, the efficiency of these tests was compared with toxicity data obtained via the receptor binding assay (RBA) by assessing various parameter's values such as sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). Comparisons of outcomes between folk tests and RBA analyses were considered: tests used separately or in a parallel versus the series approach by each tester. The overall efficiency of the RMT and BT tests was also evaluated when the judgments of all testers were "pooled". The results demonstrate that efficiencies varied between testers with one showing the best scores in detecting toxic fish: 55% with RMT and 69.2% with BT. BT gave the best results in detecting toxic fish as compared with RMT, giving also better agreement between testers. If high NPV and Se values were to be privileged, the data also suggest that the best way to limit cases of intoxication would be to use RMT and BT tests in a parallel approach. The use of traditional knowledge and a good knowledge of risky versus healthy fishing areas may help reduce the risk of intoxication among communities where ciguatera fish poisoning is highly prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Darius
- Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens, UMR 241, Laboratoire de recherche sur les Microalgues Toxiques, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, Tahiti.
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