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Kushram P, Bose S. Improving Biological Performance of 3D-Printed Scaffolds with Garlic-Extract Nanoemulsions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39196793 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Complex bone diseases such as osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma, and osteoporosis often cause critical-size bone defects that the body cannot self-repair and require an advanced bone graft material to repair. We have fabricated 3D-printed tricalcium phosphate bone scaffolds functionalized with garlic extract (GE). GE was encapsulated in a nanoemulsion (GE-NE) to enhance bioavailability and stability. GE-NE showed ∼73% drug encapsulation efficiency, with an average particle size of 158 nm and a zeta potential of -14.2 mV. Release of GE-NEs from the scaffold displayed a controlled and biphasic release profile at both acidic and physiological mediums. Results from the osteosarcoma study show that GE-NE demonstrated ∼88% reduction in cancer cell growth while exhibiting no cytotoxicity toward bone-forming cells. Interaction for the functionalized scaffold with Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed a substantial reduction in bacteria growth by more than 90% compared to the unfunctionalized scaffold. These findings demonstrate the potential of GE-NEs-treated porous scaffolds to treat bone-related diseases, particularly for non-load bearing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kushram
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Susmita Bose
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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2
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Pianezze S, Paolini M, D'Archivio AA, Perini M. Gas chromatography-stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry prior solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: development and optimization of analytical methods to analyse garlic ( Allium sativum L.) volatile fraction. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30248. [PMID: 38726102 PMCID: PMC11078878 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is not only appreciated for its flavour and taste, but it is also recognized for various health properties. The European Commission, through the attribution of the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) certification mark, has officially recognized some specific varieties of garlic. To protect not only the commercial value but also the reputation of this appreciated product, effective tools are therefore required. For the first time, a new compound specific isotope analysis method based on carbon stable isotopic ratio measurement of the three major volatile garlic compounds allyl alcohol (AA), diallyl disulphide (DD) and diallyl trisulphide (DT) through head-space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) was developed. A within-day standard deviation (Srwithin-day) of 0.3 ‰, 0.4 ‰ and 0.2 ‰ for δ(13C) and a between-day standard deviation (Srbetween-day) of 0.8 ‰, 1.0 ‰ and 0.6 ‰ of AA, DT and DD was estimated. For the first time, the ranges of isotopic variability for the three volatile compounds of red garlic from two neighbouring Italian regions (Abruzzo and Lazio) were defined analysing 30 samples. The same dataset was also considered in analysing the percentage composition of the previously mentioned three volatile compounds through HS-SPME followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The two analytical approaches were combined in this explorative study, aiming to provide potential parameters to discriminate garlic samples based on their geographical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pianezze
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach n.2, 38098, San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Mauro Paolini
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach n.2, 38098, San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonio D'Archivio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Matteo Perini
- Centro Trasferimento Tecnologico, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach n.2, 38098, San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
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3
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Pacholczyk-Sienicka B, Modranka J, Ciepielowski G. Comparative analysis of bioactive compounds in garlic owing to the cultivar and origin. Food Chem 2024; 439:138141. [PMID: 38061302 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Garlic is one of the most popular vegetables worldwide, which contains many bioactive compounds. The chemical composition of garlic varies significantly depending on conditions in the growing locality and other factors. In this paper, the garlic samples were classified based on their geographical origin using principal component analysis (PCA), and significant differences in metabolite composition were found. Quantitative analysis highlighted that Polish garlics have the highest level of sulfur components, similar to Spanish garlic Egyptian garlic exhibited the lowest content of identified metabolites, while Madeira garlic was rich in carbohydrates and amino acids. Chinese garlic had low sugar content but a higher quantity of amino acids and choline. The findings highlight the association between food composition and environmental conditions and can be used to classify garlic based on its origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pacholczyk-Sienicka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jakub Modranka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Ciepielowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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4
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Meher K, Paithankar H, Hosur RV, Lopus M. Antiproliferative efficacy and mechanism of action of garlic phytochemicals-functionalized gold nanoparticles in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:035039. [PMID: 38682577 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad3ff9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Fabrication of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with phytochemicals is an emerging green nanotechnology approach with therapeutic implications. Garlic, known for its culinary and medicinal properties, has been extensively investigated for its anticancer properties. Here, we report a method to substantially enhance the antiproliferative potency of garlic by functionalizing its phytochemicals to GNPs and demonstrate a possible mechanism of action of these nanoparticles in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Garlic gold nanoparticles (As-GNPs) were synthesized using garlic extract (As-EX) and gold chloride and characterized using a variety of spectroscopy techniques, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compared to As-EX, which has a negligible effect on the viability of the cells, As-GNPs inhibited cell viability with an IC50of 0.310 ± 0.04 mg ml-1and strongly inhibited the clonogenic and migratory propensities of these cells. As indicated by TEM, the As-GNPs entered the cells via endocytosis and dispersed in the cellular milieu. Since tubulin, the protein involved in cell division, is a verified target for several antiproliferative drugs, we next examined whether the As-GNPs interact with this protein. The As-GNPs showed concentration-dependent binding to purified tubulin, slightly but consistently perturbing its secondary helical integritywithout grossly damaging the tertiary structure of the protein or the net polymer mass of the microtubules, as indicated by a tryptophan-quenching assay, far UV-circular dichroism spectroscopy, anilinonaphthalene sulfonate-binding assay, and polymer mass analysis, respectively. In cells, As-GNPs killed the cancer cells without cell cycle arrest, as evidenced by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimaya Meher
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Harshad Paithankar
- School of Chemical Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Ramakrishna V Hosur
- School of Chemical Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Manu Lopus
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Mumbai 400098, India
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5
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Iobbi V, Parisi V, Lanteri AP, Maggi N, Giacomini M, Drava G, Minuto G, Minuto A, Tommasi ND, Bisio A. NMR Metabolite Profiling for the Characterization of Vessalico Garlic Ecotype and Bioactivity against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1170. [PMID: 38732385 PMCID: PMC11085173 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The Italian garlic ecotype "Vessalico" possesses distinct characteristics compared to its French parent cultivars Messidor and Messidrôme, used for sowing, as well as other ecotypes in neighboring regions. However, due to the lack of a standardized seed supply method and cultivation protocol among farmers in the Vessalico area, a need to identify garlic products that align with the Vessalico ecotype arises. In this study, an NMR-based approach followed by multivariate analysis to analyze the chemical composition of Vessalico garlic sourced from 17 different farms, along with its two French parent cultivars, was employed. Self-organizing maps allowed to identify a homogeneous subset of representative samples of the Vessalico ecotype. Through the OPLS-DA model, the most discriminant metabolites based on values of VIP (Variable Influence on Projections) were selected. Among them, S-allylcysteine emerged as a potential marker for distinguishing the Vessalico garlic from the French parent cultivars by NMR screening. Additionally, to promote sustainable agricultural practices, the potential of Vessalico garlic extracts and its main components as agrochemicals against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, responsible for black rot disease, was explored. The crude extract exhibited a MIC of 125 μg/mL, and allicin demonstrated the highest activity among the tested compounds (MIC value of 31.25 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iobbi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Anna Paola Lanteri
- CERSAA Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola, Regione Rollo 98, 17031 Albenga, Italy; (A.P.L.); (G.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Norbert Maggi
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Science, University of Genova, via Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy; (N.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Mauro Giacomini
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Science, University of Genova, via Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy; (N.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Giuliana Drava
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Giovanni Minuto
- CERSAA Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola, Regione Rollo 98, 17031 Albenga, Italy; (A.P.L.); (G.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Minuto
- CERSAA Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola, Regione Rollo 98, 17031 Albenga, Italy; (A.P.L.); (G.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Angela Bisio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (G.D.)
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Zhang Y, Li L, Ma X, Liu R, Shi R, Zhao D, Li X. Extraction, purification, structural features, modifications, bioactivities, structure-activity relationships, and applications of polysaccharides from garlic: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131165. [PMID: 38547941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Garlic is a common vegetable and spice in people's daily diets, in which garlic polysaccharide (GP) is one of the most important active components with a variety of benefits, such as antioxidant, immune-enhancing, anti-inflammatory, liver-protective and bowel-regulating properties. >20 types of GPs, mainly crude polysaccharides, have been identified. However, the exact chemical composition of GPs or the mechanism underlying their pharmacological activity is still not fully understood. The extraction and purification methods of GPs are compared in this review while providing detailed information on their structural features, identification methods, major biological activities, mechanisms of actions, structural modifications, structure-activity relationships as well as potential applications. Finally, the limitations of GP research and future issues that need to be addressed are discussed in this review. GPs are widely recognized as substances with great potential in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research progresses in the field of GPs, together with scientific insights and a theoretical support for the development of GPs in research and industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China; Garlic Medicinal Uses Key Laboratory of Xinjiang, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China; Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xinjiang, Xinjiang Medical University, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xuehong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China; Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xinjiang, Xinjiang Medical University, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830054, China; Garlic Medicinal Uses Key Laboratory of Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruiting Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China; Xinjiang Hu Suan Research Institute (Co., LTD), Urumqi 830020, China; Garlic Medicinal Uses Key Laboratory of Xinjiang, China
| | - Rongmei Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China; Xinjiang Hu Suan Research Institute (Co., LTD), Urumqi 830020, China; Garlic Medicinal Uses Key Laboratory of Xinjiang, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xinxia Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China; Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xinjiang, Xinjiang Medical University, Ministry of Education, Urumqi 830054, China.
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7
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Shykholeslami A, Ghavami R, Rasouli Z. Nanosized quantum dots-wrapped metallic particles ensembles integrated into filter disc-based analytical device for garlic evaluation. Application to monitor fake pickled garlic in balsamic vinegar. Food Chem 2024; 437:137809. [PMID: 37866344 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an affordable and simple analytical device is presented to portable identify of garlic in 30 min; the evaluation needs no pre-treatment of sample. The analytical device fabrication was did employing a headspace-based nanosensor array using of inexpensive materials as commercial filter discs, quantum dots (QDs), and metallic nanoparticles (MNPs). The nanoarray is fabricated by the accumulation QDs on MNPs surface, that results in the production of ensembles of QDs/MNPs. The ensembles generate diverse colorimetric profiles as "fingerprints" regarding to each garlic sample. The volatile organosulfur compounds (OSCs) of garlic can prefer binding to the MNPs comparing with QDs. The color profiles can be displayed with a smartphone camera, which can be quantitatively distinguished by chemometrics approaches. The analytical device was used to assessment of fake pickled samples in balsamic vinegar. This device proves well potential for qualitative control of garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Shykholeslami
- Chemometrics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P. O. Box 416, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Raouf Ghavami
- Chemometrics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P. O. Box 416, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran.
| | - Zolaikha Rasouli
- Chemometrics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, P. O. Box 416, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran.
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8
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Han H, Sha R, Dai J, Wang Z, Mao J, Cai M. Garlic Origin Traceability and Identification Based on Fusion of Multi-Source Heterogeneous Spectral Information. Foods 2024; 13:1016. [PMID: 38611322 PMCID: PMC11012206 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and nutritional content of garlic are greatly impacted by its production location, leading to distinct flavor profiles and functional properties among garlic varieties from diverse origins. Consequently, these variations determine the preference and acceptance among diverse consumer groups. In this study, purple-skinned garlic samples were collected from five regions in China: Yunnan, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu Provinces. Mid-infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy were utilized to analyze the components of garlic cells. Three preprocessing methods, including Multiple Scattering Correction (MSC), Savitzky-Golay Smoothing (SG Smoothing), and Standard Normalized Variate (SNV), were applied to reduce the background noise of spectroscopy data. Following variable feature extraction by Genetic Algorithm (GA), a variety of machine learning algorithms, including XGboost, Support Vector Classification (SVC), Random Forest (RF), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), were used according to the fusion of spectral data to obtain the best processing results. The results showed that the best-performing model for ultraviolet spectroscopy data was SNV-GA-ANN, with an accuracy of 99.73%. The best-performing model for mid-infrared spectroscopy data was SNV-GA-RF, with an accuracy of 97.34%. After the fusion of ultraviolet and mid-infrared spectroscopy data, the SNV-GA-SVC, SNV-GA-RF, SNV-GA-ANN, and SNV-GA-XGboost models achieved 100% accuracy in both training and test sets. Although there were some differences in the accuracy of the four models under different preprocessing methods, the fusion of ultraviolet and mid-infrared spectroscopy data yielded the best outcomes, with an accuracy of 100%. Overall, the combination of ultraviolet and mid-infrared spectroscopy data fusion and chemometrics established in this study provides a theoretical foundation for identifying the origin of garlic, as well as that of other agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Han
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (H.H.); (J.D.); (Z.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Ruyi Sha
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (H.H.); (J.D.); (Z.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jing Dai
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (H.H.); (J.D.); (Z.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (H.H.); (J.D.); (Z.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jianwei Mao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (H.H.); (J.D.); (Z.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Min Cai
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (H.H.); (J.D.); (Z.W.); (J.M.); (M.C.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical & Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, Hangzhou 310023, China
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Chiavaroli A, Masciulli F, Ingallina C, Mannina L, Loreta Libero M, Di Simone SC, Acquaviva A, Nilofar, Recinella L, Leone S, Brunetti L, Carradori S, Cantò L, Orlando G, Zengin G, Ibrahim Uba A, Cakilcioğlu U, Mukemre M, Elkiran O, Di Vito M, Menghini L, Ferrante C. Comprehensive metabolite and biological profile of "Sulmona Red Garlic" ecotype's aerial bulbils. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113654. [PMID: 38129017 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
"Sulmona Red Garlic" is a well-known Italian traditional product. Bulbs, used for culinary purposes, have been largely investigated for their medicinal properties whereas aerial bulbils are usually removed as waste material. Here, for the first time, chemical composition and biological properties of the hydroalcoholic extract from aerial bulbils were investigated. Complementary information on metabolite composition were obtained using both NMR based untargeted and HPLC-DAD targeted methodologies. The NMR analysis revealed the presence of sugars, organic acids, amino acids, organosulphur compounds (methiin, alliin, allicin and cycloalliin), and other secondary metabolites. In particular, methiin and alliin were identified for the first time in the NMR spectra of aerial bulbil garlic extracts. Polyphenol content was determined by HPLC-DAD analysis: catechin, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid turned out to be the most abundant phenolics. Hydroalcoholic extract blocked cell proliferation of colon cancer cell line HCT116 with an IC50 of 352.07 µg/mL, while it was non-toxic to myoblast cell line C2C12. In addition, it caused seedling germination reduction of two edible and herbaceous dicotyledon species, namely Cichorium intybus and C. endivia. Moreover, the same extract reduced the gene expression of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor), HIF1-α (hypoxia-inducible factor), VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor), and transient receptor potential (TRP) M8 (TRPM8) indicating the ability to contrast cancer development through the angiogenic pathway. Final, in silico experiments were also carried out supporting the biological effects of organosulphur compounds, particularly alliin, which may directly interact with TRPM8. The results here reported suggest the potential use of garlic aerial bulbils often considered a waste product as a source in phytotherapeutic remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chiavaroli
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Masciulli
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; NMR Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; NMR Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; NMR Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Loreta Libero
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandra Acquaviva
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Nilofar
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luca Cantò
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Abdullah Ibrahim Uba
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Ugur Cakilcioğlu
- Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Pertek 62500, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Mukemre
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Yuksekova Vocational School, Hakkari University, Hakkari 30100, Turkey
| | - Omer Elkiran
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Environmental Health, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Maura Di Vito
- Dip. di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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10
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Xie C, Gao W, Li X, Luo S, Wu D, Chye FY. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) polysaccharide ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) via the regulation of hepatic glycogen metabolism. NFS JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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11
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Ma JH, Zhong Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Feng XS. Organosulfur in food samples: Recent updates on sampling, pretreatment and determination technologies. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463769. [PMID: 36610185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds (OSCs), mainly found in garlic, are the main biologically active substances for their pharmacological effects, including lowering of blood pressure and cholesterol, anti-cancer effect, liver protection, and anti-inflammatory. Efficient and sensitive pretreatment and determination methods of OSCs in different food matrices are of great significance. This review provides a comprehensive summary about the pretreatment and determination methods for OSCs in different food samples since 2010. Commonly used pretreatment methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, liquid-liquid microextraction, solid phase extraction, dispersive solid phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and so on, have been summarized and overviewed in this paper. In particular, we discussed and compared various analysis methods including high performance liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, gas chromatography-based methods, and few other methods. Finally, we tried to highlight the applicability, advantages and disadvantages of different pretreatment and analysis methods, and identified future prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Ma
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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12
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Terán-Figueroa Y, de Loera D, Toxqui-Terán A, Montero-Morán G, Saavedra-Leos MZ. Bromatological Analysis and Characterization of Phenolics in Snow Mountain Garlic. Molecules 2022; 27:3712. [PMID: 35744837 PMCID: PMC9227034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable properties of garlic A. sativum L. have been described, but little is known about Snow mountain garlic. Understanding general aspects of this garlic composition, including the presence of phenolics, will establish its possible use for health or infer which compounds can contribute to improving it. This study aimed to determine the ash content, lipid profile, and characterization of phenolics in Snow mountain garlic. The organic content was obtained by common techniques (oven drying, calcination, Kjeldahl method, etc.). The quantitative analysis of the ashes was made by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry. The fatty acid profile was determined by Gas Chromatography. The presence of phenolics was determined by foam, Libermann-Burchard, Dragendorff, Salkowski, ferric chloride, vanillin, catechin, Constantinescu, and Shinoda reactions. The total phenolic content was determined via the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical method. The bromatological analysis showed a 51.1% humidity, and the main organic compounds were carbohydrates (46.7%). Ash analysis showed 287.46 g/kg of potassium. The fatty acid profile showed 75.61% of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Phenolics like saponins, alkaloids, triterpenes, tannins, and flavonoids were present. Antioxidant activity was found by radical DPPH of 25.64 (±0.78) µmol TE/1 g dw. Snow mountain garlic shares a composition similar to those found in other garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Terán-Figueroa
- Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Niño Artillero Avenue #130, University Zone, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78240, Mexico;
| | - Denisse de Loera
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Dr. Manuel Nava Martínez Avenue #6, University Zone, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78210, Mexico; (D.d.L.); (G.M.-M.)
| | - Alberto Toxqui-Terán
- Advanced Materials Research Center (CIMAV), Alianza Norte 202, Research and Technological Innovation Park (PIIT), Apodaca C.P. 66600, Mexico;
| | - Gabriela Montero-Morán
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Dr. Manuel Nava Martínez Avenue #6, University Zone, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78210, Mexico; (D.d.L.); (G.M.-M.)
| | - María Zenaida Saavedra-Leos
- Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Carretera Cedral Km, 5+600 Ejido San José de las Trojes, Matehuala C.P. 78700, Mexico
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13
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Bose S, Banerjee D, Vu AA. Ginger and Garlic Extracts Enhance Osteogenesis in 3D Printed Calcium Phosphate Bone Scaffolds with Bimodal Pore Distribution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12964-12975. [PMID: 35263096 PMCID: PMC9034760 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural medicines have long been used to treat physiological ailments where both ginger (gingerol) and garlic (allicin) are key players in immune system promotion, reduction in blood pressure, and lowering inflammation response. With their efficacy in bone healing, these compounds have great value as medicinal additives in bone scaffolds for localized treatment to support tissue formation, along with providing their natural therapeutic benefits. Utilization of 3D-printed (3DP) bone tissue engineering scaffolds as drug delivery vehicles for ginger and garlic extracts enables patient specificity in bone defect applications with enhanced osseointegration. Our objective is to understand their combined efficacy on osteogenesis when released from 3DP calcium phosphate bone scaffolds designed with a bimodal pore distribution. With a porous core and dense exterior, the resulting scaffolds have good mechanical integrity with 10 ± 1 MPa compressive strengths. Results show that ginger + garlic extracts released from bone scaffolds enhance their osteogenic potential through on site drug delivery. Both compounds exhibit exponential drug release profiles which fit Weibull distribution equations. The release of ginger extract also increases osteoblast proliferation by 59%. Both compounds show decreased osteoclast resorption activity, with a greater than 20% reduction in pit area on sample surfaces. Ginger + garlic extract induces a twofold increase in early osteoid tissue formation in vivo at week 4, in addition to a 30% increase in total bone area and a 90% increase in osteocytes with respect to control 3DP tricalcium phosphate scaffolds. Late-stage bone healing at week 10 reveals healthy angiogenic tissue, a twofold higher bone mineralization, and significant enhancement of type I collagen formation in the presence of ginger and garlic extracts. Naturally sourced ginger and garlic extracts provide osteogenic promotion and improved bone tissue in-growth in a patient-specific 3DP scaffold biomedical device for low load-bearing bone tissue engineering and dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Bose
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Dishary Banerjee
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Ashley A Vu
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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14
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Zhao J, Wang M, Saroja SG, Khan IA. NMR technique and methodology in botanical health product analysis and quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114376. [PMID: 34656935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Botanicals have played an important role in maintaining human health and well-being throughout history. During the past few decades in particular, the use of botanical health products has gained more popularity. Whereas, quality, safety and efficacy concerns have continuously been critical issues due to the intrinsic chemical complexity of botanicals. Chemical analytical technologies play an imperative role in addressing these issues. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful and useful tool for the investigation of botanical health products. In this review, NMR techniques and methodologies that have been successfully applied to the research and development of botanical health products in all stages, from plants to products, are discussed and summarized. Furthermore, applications of NMR together with other analytical techniques in a variety of domains of botanical health products investigation, such as plant species differentiation, adulteration detection, and bio-activity evaluation, are discussed and illustrated with typical examples. This article provides an overview of the potential uses of NMR techniques and methodologies in an attempt to further promote their recognition and utilization in the field of botanical health products analysis and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mei Wang
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Seethapathy G Saroja
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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15
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Organosulfur volatile profiles in Italian red garlic (Allium Sativum L.) varieties investigated by HS-SPME/GC-MS and chemometrics. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Ahmed T, Wang CK. Black Garlic and Its Bioactive Compounds on Human Health Diseases: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:5028. [PMID: 34443625 PMCID: PMC8401630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Black garlic (BG) is a form of aged garlic obtained from raw garlic (Allium sativum) via Millard reaction under high temperature (60-90 °C) and humidity (70-90%) for a period of time. Several studies reported higher contents of water-soluble antioxidants compounds (S-allyl cysteine, S-allyl-mercapto cysteine), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, organosulfur compounds, polyphenol, volatile compounds, and products of other Millard reactions compared to fresh garlic after the thermal processing. Recent studies have demonstrated that BG and its bioactive compounds possess a wide range of biological activities and pharmacological properties that preserve and show better efficacy in preventing different types of diseases. Most of these benefits can be attributed to its anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, hepatoprotection, hypolipidemia, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, immunomodulation, nephroprotection, cardiovascular protection, and neuroprotection. Substantial studies have been conducted on BG and its components against different common human diseases in the last few decades. Still, a lot of research is ongoing to find out the therapeutic effects of BG. Thus, in this review, we summarized the pre-clinical and clinical studies of BG and its bioactive compounds on human health along with diverse bioactivity, a related mode of action, and also future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
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17
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Dimitrakopoulou ME, Vantarakis A. Does Traceability Lead to Food Authentication? A Systematic Review from A European Perspective. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1923028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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18
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Augustijn D, de Groot HJM, Alia A. HR-MAS NMR Applications in Plant Metabolomics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040931. [PMID: 33578691 PMCID: PMC7916392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is used to reduce the complexity of plants and to understand the underlying pathways of the plant phenotype. The metabolic profile of plants can be obtained by mass spectrometry or liquid-state NMR. The extraction of metabolites from the sample is necessary for both techniques to obtain the metabolic profile. This extraction step can be eliminated by making use of high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR. In this review, an HR-MAS NMR-based workflow is described in more detail, including used pulse sequences in metabolomics. The pre-processing steps of one-dimensional HR-MAS NMR spectra are presented, including spectral alignment, baseline correction, bucketing, normalisation and scaling procedures. We also highlight some of the models which can be used to perform multivariate analysis on the HR-MAS NMR spectra. Finally, applications of HR-MAS NMR in plant metabolomics are described and show that HR-MAS NMR is a powerful tool for plant metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwertje Augustijn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (D.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - A. Alia
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16–17, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.A.); (A.A.)
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19
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The Application of NMR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics in Authentication of Spices. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020382. [PMID: 33450910 PMCID: PMC7828335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spices and herbs are among the most commonly adulterated food types. This is because spices are widely used to process food. Spices not only enhance the flavor and taste of food, but they are also sources of numerous bioactive compounds that are significantly beneficial for health. The healing effects of spices are connected with their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and carminative properties. However, regular consumption of adulterated spices may cause fatal damage to our system because adulterants in most cases are unhealthy. For that reason, the appropriate analytical methods are necessary for quality assurance and to ensure the authenticity of spices. Spectroscopic methods are gaining interest as they are fast, require little or no sample preparation, and provide rich structural information. This review provides an overview of the application of NMR spectroscopy combined with chemometric analysis to determine the quality and adulteration of spices.
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20
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Kim M, Son J, Song Y, Kim Y. Analysis of Plant Metabolites Damaged in Chemical Accidents Using
NMR
Spectroscopy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minseon Kim
- Department of Chemistry Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Yong‐In 17035 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Son
- Department of Chemistry Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Yong‐In 17035 Republic of Korea
| | - Yuyoung Song
- Department of Chemistry Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Yong‐In 17035 Republic of Korea
| | - Yongae Kim
- Department of Chemistry Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Yong‐In 17035 Republic of Korea
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21
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Bonasia A, Conversa G, Lazzizera C, Loizzo P, Gambacorta G, Elia A. Evaluation of Garlic Landraces from Foggia Province (Puglia Region; Italy). Foods 2020; 9:E850. [PMID: 32610546 PMCID: PMC7404550 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in local landraces has unfortunately decreased over, the last decades, in which they have been continuously subjected to a high genetic erosion in favour of new modern varieties. Within the Puglia region (S-E Italy), Foggia province was found to be the richest in vegetable landraces. In the present study, six garlic landraces collected from this area have been assessed for their chemical composition (minerals, organic acids, free sugars, volatile, and phenolic compounds) along with their main morpho-biometrical traits. A commercial genotype was also considered as a reference standard. The landraces show a large variability, but in general high morphological standards, high levels of cations and phenols, and low levels of volatile-(S)-compounds in comparison with the commercial genotype and the literature values. 'Aglio di Peschici' and 'Aglio Rosso di Monteleone di Puglia' are very rich in minerals and phenols (mainly ferulic acid and iso-rhamnetin). This increase in knowledge on the chemical properties of these garlic landraces could represent a tool for encouraging the consumption of a food product. At the same time, the consumption of these landraces would stimulate their cultivation and could highly contribute to protection against the risk of erosion of agro-biodiversity by their in situ/on-farm conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bonasia
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.B.); (C.L.); (A.E.)
| | - Giulia Conversa
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.B.); (C.L.); (A.E.)
| | - Corrado Lazzizera
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.B.); (C.L.); (A.E.)
| | - Pasqua Loizzo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (P.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Gambacorta
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (P.L.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonio Elia
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.B.); (C.L.); (A.E.)
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22
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Kim SY, Kim E, Shin BK, Seo JA, Kim YS, Lee DY, Choi HK. NMR-based metabolic profiling discriminates the geographical origin of raw sesame seeds. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Liu P, Weng R, Xu Y, Pan Y, Wang B, Qian Y, Qiu J. Distinct Quality Changes of Garlic Bulb during Growth by Metabolomics Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5752-5762. [PMID: 32283023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Garlic-specialized metabolites contribute to both spicy flavor and healthy function of garlic. Their accumulation pattern and regulatory mechanism vary greatly at different environments and maturities. Herein, metabolomics models were built to evaluate and predict the quality and chemical composition variances of four garlic varieties in two regions at six growth stages. A total of 91 metabolites were identified, and their accumulation pattern during growth in three varieties of garlic in Shandong was similar but obviously distinct from that planted in Heilongjiang. Active metabolism for organosulfur compounds and amino acids was observed, and most metabolites with the "γ-glutamyl-" group were the storage compounds of nitrogen and sulfur in garlic because they increased remarkably during growth. The levels of functional components in garlic varied among different stages, and reliable prediction models for these compounds were provided, which may give a new idea for the estimation of garlic quality and confirmation of the best harvest time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Weng
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yecan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Beinan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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24
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Choi SH, Bong YS, Park JH, Lee KS. Geographical origin identification of garlic cultivated in Korea using isotopic and multi-elemental analyses. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Valentino G, Graziani V, D’Abrosca B, Pacifico S, Fiorentino A, Scognamiglio M. NMR-Based Plant Metabolomics in Nutraceutical Research: An Overview. Molecules 2020; 25:E1444. [PMID: 32210071 PMCID: PMC7145309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few topics are able to channel the interest of researchers, the public, and industries, like nutraceuticals. The ever-increasing demand of new compounds or new sources of known active compounds, along with the need of a better knowledge about their effectiveness, mode of action, safety, etc., led to a significant effort towards the development of analytical approaches able to answer the many questions related to this topic. Therefore, the application of cutting edges approaches to this area has been observed. Among these approaches, metabolomics is a key player. Herewith, the applications of NMR-based metabolomics to nutraceutical research are discussed: after a brief overview of the analytical workflow, the use of NMR-based metabolomics to the search for new compounds or new sources of known nutraceuticals are reviewed. Then, possible applications for quality control and nutraceutical optimization are suggested. Finally, the use of NMR-based metabolomics to study the impact of nutraceuticals on human metabolism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Valentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche-DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.V.); (B.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Vittoria Graziani
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum B7, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Brigida D’Abrosca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche-DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.V.); (B.D.); (S.P.)
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologia Marina, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche-DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.V.); (B.D.); (S.P.)
| | - Antonio Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche-DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.V.); (B.D.); (S.P.)
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologia Marina, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Scognamiglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche-DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy; (G.V.); (B.D.); (S.P.)
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26
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Geographical discrimination of red garlic (Allium sativum L.) using fast and non-invasive Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transformed Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Liu P, Weng R, Sheng X, Wang X, Zhang W, Qian Y, Qiu J. Profiling of organosulfur compounds and amino acids in garlic from different regions of China. Food Chem 2020; 305:125499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Jo S, Song Y, Jeong JH, Hwang J, Kim Y. Geographical discrimination of Allium species (garlic and onion) using 1H NMR spectroscopy with multivariate analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1722160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yuyoung Song
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Korea
| | - Junghyun Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yongae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Korea
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29
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Qiu Z, Zheng Z, Zhang B, Sun-Waterhouse D, Qiao X. Formation, nutritional value, and enhancement of characteristic components in black garlic: A review for maximizing the goodness to humans. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:801-834. [PMID: 33325167 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Black garlic (BG) is essentially a processed food and obtained through the transformation of fresh garlic (FG) (Allium sativum L.) via a range of chemical reactions (including the Maillard reaction) and microbial fermentation. This review provides the up-to-date knowledge of the dynamic and complicated changes in major components during the conversion of FG to BG, including moisture, lipids, carbohydrates (such as sugars), proteins, organic acids, organic sulfur compounds, alkaloids, polyphenols, melanoidins, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and garlic endophytes. The obtained evidence confirms that BG has several advantages over FG in certain product attributes and biological properties (especially antioxidant activity), and the factors affecting the quality of BG include the type and characteristics of FG and processing technologies and methods (especially pretreatments, and processing temperature and humidity). The interactions among garlic components, and between garlic nutrients and microbes, as well as the interplay between pretreatment and main manufacturing process, all determine the sensory and nutritional qualities of BG. Before BG is marketed as a novel snack or functional food, more research is required to fill the knowledge gaps related to quantitative monitoring of the changes in metabolites (especially those taste-active and/or biological-active substances) during BG manufacturing to maximize BG's antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and oxidative stress-/hangover syndrome-reducing functions, and beneficial effects on memory/nervous systems. Assessments of the quality, efficacy, and safety of BG should be performed considering the impacts of BG production conditions, postproduction handling, and intake methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China.,The School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xuguang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, The College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, P. R. China
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Geographical discrimination of garlic (Allium Sativum L.) based on Stable isotope ratio analysis coupled with statistical methods: The Italian case study. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Oliveira MM, Cruz‐Tirado J, Barbin DF. Nontargeted Analytical Methods as a Powerful Tool for the Authentication of Spices and Herbs: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:670-689. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marciano M. Oliveira
- Dept. of Food Engineering, School of Food Engineering, Univ. of Campinas (Unicamp)Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz ‐ Barão Geraldo Campinas SP 13083‐970 Brazil
| | - J.P. Cruz‐Tirado
- Dept. of Food Engineering, School of Food Engineering, Univ. of Campinas (Unicamp)Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz ‐ Barão Geraldo Campinas SP 13083‐970 Brazil
| | - Douglas F. Barbin
- Dept. of Food Engineering, School of Food Engineering, Univ. of Campinas (Unicamp)Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz ‐ Barão Geraldo Campinas SP 13083‐970 Brazil
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32
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Jensen HM, Bertram HC. The magic angle view to food: magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy in food science. Metabolomics 2019; 15:44. [PMID: 30868337 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used in food science and nutritional studies for decades and is one of the major analytical platforms in metabolomics. Many foods are solid or at least semi-solid, which denotes that the molecular motions are restricted as opposed to in pure liquids. While the majority of NMR spectroscopy is performed on liquid samples and a solid material gives rise to constraints in terms of many chemical analyses, the magic angle thrillingly enables the application of NMR spectroscopy also on semi-solid and solid materials. This paper attempts to review how magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR is used from 'farm-to-fork' in food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Max Jensen
- DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrsvej 38, 8220, Brabrand, Denmark
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Geographical discrimination of red garlic (Allium sativum L.) produced in Italy by means of multivariate statistical analysis of ICP-OES data. Food Chem 2019; 275:333-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hatzakis E. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy in Food Science: A Comprehensive Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:189-220. [PMID: 33337022 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a robust method, which can rapidly analyze mixtures at the molecular level without requiring separation and/or purification steps, making it ideal for applications in food science. Despite its increasing popularity among food scientists, NMR is still an underutilized methodology in this area, mainly due to its high cost, relatively low sensitivity, and the lack of NMR expertise by many food scientists. The aim of this review is to help bridge the knowledge gap that may exist when attempting to apply NMR methodologies to the field of food science. We begin by covering the basic principles required to apply NMR to the study of foods and nutrients. A description of the discipline of chemometrics is provided, as the combination of NMR with multivariate statistical analysis is a powerful approach for addressing modern challenges in food science. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of recent and key applications in the areas of compositional analysis, food authentication, quality control, and human nutrition is provided. In addition to standard NMR techniques, more sophisticated NMR applications are also presented, although limitations, gaps, and potentials are discussed. We hope this review will help scientists gain some of the knowledge required to apply the powerful methodology of NMR to the rich and diverse field of food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Hatzakis
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State Univ., Parker Building, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH, U.S.A.,Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State Univ., Parker Building, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH, U.S.A
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Lucas-Torres C, Huber G, Ichikawa A, Nishiyama Y, Wong A. HR-μMAS NMR-Based Metabolomics: Localized Metabolic Profiling of a Garlic Clove with μg Tissues. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13736-13743. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaspard Huber
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- JEOL RESONANCE Inc., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alan Wong
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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36
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Hrbek V, Rektorisova M, Chmelarova H, Ovesna J, Hajslova J. Authenticity assessment of garlic using a metabolomic approach based on high resolution mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nutritional Value, Chemical Characterization and Bulb Morphology of Greek Garlic Landraces. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020319. [PMID: 29393882 PMCID: PMC6017064 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important vegetable crop throughout the world. In Greece there are many areas which have specialized in garlic cultivation through the last decades, considered the main production areas. However, despite the significance of garlic as a food product and the high annual income of this crop, there is a decreasing trend in total cultivated area in Greece, and the local landraces are gradually neglected in favor of new imported genotypes. In the present study, garlic genotypes (local landraces/varieties, imported genotypes, commercial cultivars) from the main production regions of Greece were assessed for their chemical composition and quality (total soluble solids, dry matter content, nutritional value, mineral composition, organic acids, fatty acids content and free sugars content), and bulb morphology. The results of the present study showed significant diversity in quality features and bulb morphology, not only between the genotypes from different growing regions, but also between those of the same region. This result is interesting since it could be implemented for further improvement and valorization of this important vegetable crop through extensive breeding programs within the framework of sustainability and genetic, material conservation.
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Hajirezaee S, Mirvaghefi A, Farahmand H, Agh N. NMR-based metabolomic study on the toxicological effects of pesticide, diazinon on adaptation to sea water by endangered Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus fingerlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:213-226. [PMID: 28697427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
NMR-based metabolomics was applied to explore metabolic impacts of diazinon on sea water adaptation of Persian sturgeon fingerlings, Acipenser persicus. Fingerlings were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of diazinon in freshwater (FW) for 96 h (short-term trial) and 12 days (long-term trial) and then exposed in brackish water (BW) (12 mg L-1 salinity) for 24 h. After 96 h and 12 days exposure in FW, identified metabolites (amino acids, osmolytes, energy metabolites) showed different change-patterns compared to control group (P < 0.05) as follow: (A) short-term trial: higher plasma levels of glucose, lactate (in all diazinon-exposed fish), acetate and acetoacetate (in 0.9 mg L-1diazinon treatment); lower levels of creatine (in all diazinon-exposed fish), trimethylamine-N-oxide, choline, taurine, betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine and almost all amino acids in fish exposed to high concentrations of diazinon (0.54 and 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon). (B) Long-term trial: higher plasma levels of lipid oxidation metabolites and almost all amino acids in fish exposed to 0.54 and 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon; lower levels of creatine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, N,N-dimethylglycine, betaine, choline (in all diazinon-exposed fish), glucose (in 0.54 and 0.9 mg L-1diazinon treatments) and taurine (in 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon treatment). When fish were exposed in BW for 24 h, the plasma levels of osmolytes decreased significantly in almost all experimental groups of short-term and long-term trial (P < 0.05). In short-term trial, the plasma levels of glucose in all groups and lactate in 0.18 and 0.54 mg L-1 diazinon treatments increased after salinity challenge (P < 0.05). However, a significant decrease was observed in lactate levels in 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon treatment (P < 0.05). Also, the plasma levels of amino acids decreased mostly in fish of control group than exposed fish (P < 0.05). The plasma glycerol concentration showed a significant decrease only in fish of 0.54 mg L-1 diazinon treatment (P < 0.05). In long term trial, the energetic metabolites (acetate, acetoacetate, glycerol) showed significant increases mostly in fish exposed to high concentrations of diazinon (P < 0.05). Phosphocreatine was detected only in groups exposed to 0.54 and 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon. Some amino acids decreased in control and diazinon-exposed groups while glycine (in control and 0.18 mg L-1 diazinon treatment), glutamine and alanine (in 0.9 mg L-1 diazinon treatment) elevated significantly after 24 h acclimation in BW (P < 0.05). Our results may help to understand the effects of pesticides on fish osmoregulation from a metabolic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Hajirezaee
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Mirvaghefi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hamid Farahmand
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Naser Agh
- Department of Aquaculture, Urmia Lake Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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39
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Analytical methods for bioactive sulfur compounds in Allium: An integrated review and future directions. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Sobolev AP, Circi S, Capitani D, Ingallina C, Mannina L. Molecular fingerprinting of food authenticity. Curr Opin Food Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Augustijn D, Roy U, van Schadewijk R, de Groot HJM, Alia A. Metabolic Profiling of Intact Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves during Circadian Cycle Using 1H High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163258. [PMID: 27662620 PMCID: PMC5035067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is the most widely used model organism for research in plant biology. While significant advances in understanding plant growth and development have been made by focusing on the molecular genetics of Arabidopsis, extracting and understanding the functional framework of metabolism is challenging, both from a technical perspective due to losses and modification during extraction of metabolites from the leaves, and from the biological perspective, due to random variation obscuring how well the function is performed. The purpose of this work is to establish the in vivo metabolic profile directly from the Arabidopsis thaliana leaves without metabolite extraction, to reduce the complexity of the results by multivariate analysis, and to unravel the mitigation of cellular complexity by predominant functional periodicity. To achieve this, we use the circadian cycle that strongly influences metabolic and physiological processes and exerts control over the photosynthetic machinery. High resolution-magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) was applied to obtain the metabolic profile directly from intact Arabidopsis leaves. Combining one- and two-dimensional 1H HR-MAS NMR allowed the identification of several metabolites including sugars and amino acids in intact leaves. Multivariate analysis on HR-MAS NMR spectra of leaves throughout the circadian cycle revealed modules of primary metabolites with significant and consistent variations of their molecular components at different time points of the circadian cycle. Since robust photosynthetic performance in plants relies on the functional periodicity of the circadian rhythm, our results show that HR-MAS NMR promises to be an important non-invasive method that can be used for metabolomics of the Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with altered physiology and photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Augustijn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, POB 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - U. Roy
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, POB 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R. van Schadewijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, POB 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H. J. M. de Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, POB 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. Alia
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, POB 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16–18, D-04107, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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42
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Kumar D. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy For Metabolic Profiling of Medicinal Plants and Their Products. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2015; 46:400-12. [PMID: 26575437 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2015.1106932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has multidisciplinary applications, including excellent impact in metabolomics. The analytical capacity of NMR spectroscopy provides information for easy qualitative and quantitative assessment of both endogenous and exogenous metabolites present in biological samples. The complexity of a particular metabolite and its contribution in a biological system are critically important for understanding the functional state that governs the organism's phenotypes. This review covers historical aspects of developments in the NMR field, its applications in chemical profiling, metabolomics, and quality control of plants and their derived medicines, foods, and other products. The bottlenecks of NMR in metabolic profiling are also discussed, keeping in view the future scope and further technological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- a Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology , Palampur , India
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43
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Santos A, Fonseca F, Lião L, Alcantara G, Barison A. High-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance in foodstuff analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Corsaro C, Mallamace D, Vasi S, Ferrantelli V, Dugo G, Cicero N. (1)H HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy and the Metabolite Determination of Typical Foods in Mediterranean Diet. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2015; 2015:175696. [PMID: 26495154 PMCID: PMC4606108 DOI: 10.1155/2015/175696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has become an experimental technique widely used in food science. The experimental procedures that allow precise and quantitative analysis on different foods are relatively simple. For a better sensitivity and resolution, NMR spectroscopy is usually applied to liquid sample by means of extraction procedures that can be addressed to the observation of particular compounds. For the study of semisolid systems such as intact tissues, High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) has received great attention within the biomedical area and beyond. Metabolic profiling and metabolism changes can be investigated both in animal organs and in foods. In this work we present a proton HR-MAS NMR study on the typical vegetable foods of Mediterranean diet such as the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) cherry tomato of Pachino, the PGI Interdonato lemon of Messina, several Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) extra virgin olive oils from Sicily, and the Traditional Italian Food Product (PAT) red garlic of Nubia. We were able to identify and quantify the main metabolites within the studied systems that can be used for their characterization and authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Corsaro
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici del CNR di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Mallamace
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente, della Sicurezza, del Territorio, degli Alimenti e della Salute, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Vasi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente, della Sicurezza, del Territorio, degli Alimenti e della Salute, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Science4life SRL Academic Spin-off, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente, della Sicurezza, del Territorio, degli Alimenti e della Salute, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Science4life SRL Academic Spin-off, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Riedl J, Esslinger S, Fauhl-Hassek C. Review of validation and reporting of non-targeted fingerprinting approaches for food authentication. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 885:17-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Jégou C, Kervarec N, Cérantola S, Bihannic I, Stiger-Pouvreau V. NMR use to quantify phlorotannins: the case of Cystoseira tamariscifolia, a phloroglucinol-producing brown macroalga in Brittany (France). Talanta 2015; 135:1-6. [PMID: 25640118 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the most renowned natural products from brown algae, phlorotannins are phloroglucinol polymers that have been extensively studied, both for their biotechnological potential and their interest in chemical ecology. The accurate quantification of these compounds is a key point to understand their role as mediators of chemical defense. In recent years, the Folin-Ciocalteu assay has remained a classic protocol for phlorotannin quantification, even though it frequently leads to over-estimations. Furthermore, the quantification of the whole pool of phlorotannins may not be relevant in ecological surveys. In this study, we propose a rapid (1)H qNMR method for the quantification of phlorotannins. We identified phloroglucinol as the main phenolic compound produced by the brown macroalga Cystoseira tamariscifolia. This monomer was detected in vivo using (1)H HR-MAS spectroscopy. We quantified this molecule through (1)H qNMR experiments using TSP as internal standard. The results are discussed by comparison with a standard Folin-Ciocalteu assay performed on purified extracts. The accuracy and simplicity of qNMR makes this method a good candidate as a standard phlorotannin assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Jégou
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d׳Écologie Microbienne (EA 3882), IUT de Quimper, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 rue de l׳Université, 29000 Quimper, France
| | - Nelly Kervarec
- Service commun de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire, UFR Sciences, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu-CS93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Stéphane Cérantola
- Service commun de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire, UFR Sciences, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu-CS93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Isabelle Bihannic
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l׳Environnement Marin (UMR 6539), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, rue Dumont d׳Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Stiger-Pouvreau
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l׳Environnement Marin (UMR 6539), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, rue Dumont d׳Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Monakhova YB, Godelmann R, Kuballa T, Mushtakova SP, Rutledge DN. Independent components analysis to increase efficiency of discriminant analysis methods (FDA and LDA): Application to NMR fingerprinting of wine. Talanta 2015; 141:60-5. [PMID: 25966381 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Discriminant analysis (DA) methods, such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA) or factorial discriminant analysis (FDA), are well-known chemometric approaches for solving classification problems in chemistry. In most applications, principle components analysis (PCA) is used as the first step to generate orthogonal eigenvectors and the corresponding sample scores are utilized to generate discriminant features for the discrimination. Independent components analysis (ICA) based on the minimization of mutual information can be used as an alternative to PCA as a preprocessing tool for LDA and FDA classification. To illustrate the performance of this ICA/DA methodology, four representative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data sets of wine samples were used. The classification was performed regarding grape variety, year of vintage and geographical origin. The average increase for ICA/DA in comparison with PCA/DA in the percentage of correct classification varied between 6±1% and 8±2%. The maximum increase in classification efficiency of 11±2% was observed for discrimination of the year of vintage (ICA/FDA) and geographical origin (ICA/LDA). The procedure to determine the number of extracted features (PCs, ICs) for the optimum DA models was discussed. The use of independent components (ICs) instead of principle components (PCs) resulted in improved classification performance of DA methods. The ICA/LDA method is preferable to ICA/FDA for recognition tasks based on NMR spectroscopic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia B Monakhova
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Straße 33, 50996 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia.
| | - Rolf Godelmann
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuballa
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Svetlana P Mushtakova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Douglas N Rutledge
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1145, Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
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Santoni I, Callone E, Sandak A, Sandak J, Dirè S. Solid state NMR and IR characterization of wood polymer structure in relation to tree provenance. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 117:710-721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liang T, Wei F, Lu Y, Kodani Y, Nakada M, Miyakawa T, Tanokura M. Comprehensive NMR analysis of compositional changes of black garlic during thermal processing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:683-691. [PMID: 25549134 DOI: 10.1021/jf504836d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Black garlic is a processed food product obtained by subjecting whole raw garlic to thermal processing that causes chemical reactions, such as the Maillard reaction, which change the composition of the garlic. In this paper, we report a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based comprehensive analysis of raw garlic and black garlic extracts to determine the compositional changes resulting from thermal processing. (1)H NMR spectra with a detailed signal assignment showed that 38 components were altered by thermal processing of raw garlic. For example, the contents of 11 l-amino acids increased during the first step of thermal processing over 5 days and then decreased. Multivariate data analysis revealed changes in the contents of fructose, glucose, acetic acid, formic acid, pyroglutamic acid, cycloalliin, and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF). Our results provide comprehensive information on changes in NMR-detectable components during thermal processing of whole garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfu Liang
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Mahrous EA, Farag MA. Two dimensional NMR spectroscopic approaches for exploring plant metabolome: A review. J Adv Res 2014; 6:3-15. [PMID: 25685540 PMCID: PMC4293671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, most investigations of the plant metabolome tend to be based on either nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (MS), with or without hyphenation with chromatography. Although less sensitive than MS, NMR provides a powerful complementary technique for the identification and quantification of metabolites in plant extracts. NMR spectroscopy, well appreciated by phytochemists as a particularly information-rich method, showed recent paradigm shift for the improving of metabolome(s) structural and functional characterization and for advancing the understanding of many biological processes. Furthermore, two dimensional NMR (2D NMR) experiments and the use of chemometric data analysis of NMR spectra have proven highly effective at identifying novel and known metabolites that correlate with changes in genotype or phenotype. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of NMR in the field of metabolomics with special focus on 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques and their applications in phytomedicines quality control analysis and drug discovery from natural sources, raising more attention at its potential to reduce the gap between the pace of natural products research and modern drug discovery demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy A Mahrous
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Kasr el Aini st. P.B. 11562, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Kasr el Aini st. P.B. 11562, Egypt
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