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Tao J, Li H, Jin M, Shen W, Liu S, Li D, Hou J, Wang R. Excretion characteristics of main compounds of Yigong San in urine, feces, and bile of rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5997. [PMID: 39225114 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Yigong San (YGS) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used for pediatric anorexia, chronic atrophic gastritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. In this study, the excretion of eight main compounds, including liquiritin; isoliquiritin; hesperidin; ginsenosides Rb1, Re, and Rg1; and atractylenolides I and II, in rat urine, feces, and bile, was investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the cumulative excretion rates of the compounds in rat urine, feces, and bile were 0.018-1.15%, 0.024-19.89%, and 0.0025-0.72%, respectively. Among the eight compounds detected, liquiritin was the richest in urine, and ginsenosides Re and Rg1 and atractylenolide I were mainly found in feces and bile. In summary, the main components of YGS are excreted via multiple approaches. Liquiritin is mainly through urine, whereas isoliquiritin; hesperidin; ginsenosides Rb1, Re, and Rg1; and atractylenolides I and II are mainly through feces. The excretion of these compounds in bile is usually positively correlated with that in feces. This study lays a foundation for further pharmacological research and application of YGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hanyi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxuan Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchao Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Hebei Shineway Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Langfang, China
| | - Jincai Hou
- Hebei Shineway Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Langfang, China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Hu Y, Zhang H, Lu Y, Ao D, Liang Z, Zhao M, Yang S, Tang Q. Microencapsulation of total saponins from stem and leaf of Panax notoginseng by freeze and spray drying: Process optimization, physicochemical properties, structure, antioxidant activity, and stability. J Food Sci 2024. [PMID: 39327544 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the primary active substance in ginseng plants and have a variety of benefits. However, its light and heat stability are weak and easy to decompose. This study used gum arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) as wall materials, and 1% Tween 80 was used as emulsifier. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the preparation process of total saponins in the stems-leaves of Panax notoginseng (SLPNs) (SSLP) microcapsules by spray drying and freeze drying techniques. Under optimal process conditions, the two microcapsules have better solubility and lower moisture content (MC). The color of spray-dried SSLP microcapsules was greener and bluer, and the color was brighter. In morphology, the spray-dried SSLP microcapsules were spherical with a slightly shrunk surface, whereas the freeze-dried ones were lamellar and porous. The two microcapsules have strong stability under different storage conditions and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulation. In addition, both microcapsules and free SSLP contained multiple ginsenosides. At the same time, both microcapsules had good free radical scavenging ability. These results indicate that the microencapsulation technology could improve the stability and bioavailability of SSLP, which is expected to provide a reference for the intensive processing of the SLPN. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: After microencapsulation, the stem and leaf extract of Panax notoginseng improved its stability and taste, which laid a foundation for making more nutritious and better tasting food of the stem and leaf of P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Donghui Ao
- College of Food Science and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengwei Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qingyan Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Gemplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Chen Y, Zhang KX, Liu H, Zhu Y, Bu QY, Song SX, Li YC, Zou H, You XY, Zhao GP. Impact of ginsenoside Rb1 on gut microbiome and associated changes in pharmacokinetics in rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21168. [PMID: 39256599 PMCID: PMC11387729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 exhibits a wide range of biological activities, and gut microbiota is considered the main metabolic site for Rb1. However, the impact of gut microbiota on the pharmacokinetics of Rb1 are still uncertain. In this study, we investigated the gut microbiome changes and the pharmacokinetics after a 30 d Rb1 intervention. Results reveal that the systemic exposure and metabolic clearance rate of Rb1 and Rd were substantially affected after orally supplementing Rb1 (60 mg/kg) to rats. Significant increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroides cellulosilyticus in gut microbiota and specific glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, such as GH2, GH92, and GH20 were observed based on microbiome and metagenomic analysis. Moreover, a robust association was identified between the pharmacokinetic parameters of Rb1 and the relative abundance of specific Bacteroides species, and glycoside hydrolase families. Our study demonstrates that Rb1 administration significantly affects the gut microbiome, revealing a complex relationship between B. cellulosilyticus, key GH families, and Rb1 pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Kang-Xi Zhang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qing-Yun Bu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Xia Song
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Ya-Chun Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan You
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Wang L, Shao L, Huang STZ, Liu Z, Zhang W, Hu K, Huang WH. Metabolic characteristics of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng in rat feces mediated by gut microbiota. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 237:115786. [PMID: 37837893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng are regarded to be functional ingredients for diverse pharmacological effects and orally administrated with very low absorption in the gastrointestinal tract to be metabolized by gut microbiota. However, in vivo metabolic characteristics of ginsenosides mediated by gut microbiota are not well-known. This study aimed to explore the metabolic profiles of ginsenosides in rat feces mediated by gut microbiota. Ginsenosides and metabolites were identified and relatively quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). As a result, eighty-four metabolites were identified in the normal control rat feces, while only thirty intermediates were found with very low yields in the pseudo-germ-free (GF) group. Similarly, the main bioconversion pathways of ginsenosides in vivo were the same deglycosylation reaction mediated by gut microbiota in vitro. The findings demonstrated significant differences in metabolic profiles between the normal control and pseudo-GF rats, which implied gut microbiota played an important role in the metabolism of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Su-Tian-Zi Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Semenova I, Bryskina D, Cvetanović Kljakić A, Ražić S, Ananiev V, Rodin I, Shpigun O, Stavrianidi A. An application of the standardised reference extract quantification strategy in the quality control of ginseng infusions by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:838-850. [PMID: 35545812 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited availability of individual standards is a bottleneck for quality control of functional foods and natural medicines. The use of standard mixtures or secondary standards is a possible alternative in this case. Earlier, an approach known as standardised reference extract (RE) strategy was introduced for HPLC-UV analysis of different plant materials; however, its application in HPLC-MS analysis has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To establish an HPLC-MS-based RE method for determination of ginsenoside content in ginseng infusions using commercially available extract reference material of Panax quinquefolius L. RESULTS The developed HPLC-MS method was validated as precise (1.1%-9.4% intra-day variation; 1.6%-12.8% inter-day variation) and highly sensitive [limit of detection (LOD): 1-40 ng/mL; limit of quantification (LOQ): 4-120 ng/mL]. The stability of samples was satisfactory (5.7%-16.3%). The RE quantification method was compared with the external standard method, and the obtained difference was not significant, mostly in the range of 5%-10%. Matrix effects for the diluted samples of RE and ginseng infusions, determined via the standard addition method, were in the range of 85%-115% and 80%-126%, respectively, and were also positively correlated with the ginsenoside concentration. Eleven batches of ginseng infusions from different manufacturers were analysed using the established method. CONCLUSION The method for HPLC-MS-based ginsenoside quantification using RE as a secondary standard was established for the first time. The results of this study demonstrate that the application of the standardised RE strategy in HPLC-MS can minimise the matrix effect-related error in addition to the cost-effective quality control of herbal products, foods, and traditional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Semenova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Hygienic and Epidemiological Center of Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, Russia
| | - Diana Bryskina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Preclinical Research Centre, Agrovetzashchita Veterinary Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Slavica Ražić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vasiliy Ananiev
- Federal Hygienic and Epidemiological Center of Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Rodin
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Epidemology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Shpigun
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Gao XY, Liu GC, Zhang JX, Wang LH, Xu C, Yan ZA, Wang A, Su YF, Lee JJ, Piao GC, Yuan HD. Pharmacological Properties of Ginsenoside Re. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:754191. [PMID: 35462899 PMCID: PMC9019721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.754191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re is a protopanaxatriol-type saponin extracted from the berry, leaf, stem, flower bud, and root of Panax ginseng. In recent years, ginsenoside Re (Re) has been attracting attention as a dietary phytochemical. In this review, studies on Re were compiled by searching a combination of keywords, namely “pharmacology,” “pharmacokinetics,” and “toxicology,” in the Google Scholar, NCBI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The aim of this review was to provide an exhaustive overview of the pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of Re, focusing on clinical evidence that has shown effectiveness in specific diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, nervous system diseases, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Re is also known to eliminate virus, enhance the immune response, improve osteoporosis, improve skin barrier function, enhance intracellular anti-oxidant actions, regulate cholesterol metabolism, alleviate allergic responses, increase sperm motility, reduce erectile dysfunction, promote cyclic growth of hair follicles, and reduce gastrointestinal motility dysfunction. Furthermore, this review provides data on pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicological factors to examine the safety profile of Re. Such data will provide a theoretical basis and reference for Re-related studies and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | | | | | - Ling-He Wang
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Chang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Zi-An Yan
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Ao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Yi-Fei Su
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Jung-Joon Lee
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Guang-Chun Piao
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Chun Piao, ; Hai-Dan Yuan,
| | - Hai-Dan Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Chun Piao, ; Hai-Dan Yuan,
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Kim JK, Lee EK, Bae CH, Park SD, Shim JJ, Lee JL, Yoo HH, Kim DH. The Impact of Gut Microbiome on the Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenosides Rd and Rg3 in Mice after Oral Administration of Red Ginseng. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1897-1912. [PMID: 34961415 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides of orally administered red ginseng (RG) extracts are metabolized and absorbed into blood. Here, we examined the pharmacokinetic profiles of ginsenosides Rd and Rg3 in mice orally gavaged with RG, then investigated the correlations between these and gut microbiota composition. RG water extract (RGw), RG ethanol extract (RGe), or fermented RGe (fRGe) was orally gavaged in mice. The plasma concentrations of the ginsenosides were determined, and the gut microbiota composition was analyzed. RGe and fRGe-treated mice showed higher plasma concentration levels of ginsenoside Rd compared with RGw-treated mice; particularly, ginsenoside Rd absorbed was substantially high in fRGe-treated mice. Oral administration of RG extracts modified the gut microbiota composition; the modified gut microbiota, such as Peptococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Hungateiclostridiaceae, were closely correlated with the absorption of ginsenosides, such as Rd and Rg3. These results suggest that oral administration of RG extracts can modify gut microbiome, which may consequently affect the bioavailability of RG ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Eun Kyu Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
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Kim JK, Choi MS, Jeung W, Ra J, Yoo HH, Kim DH. Effects of gut microbiota on the pharmacokinetics of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides Rd, Rg3, F2, and compound K in healthy volunteers treated orally with red ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:611-618. [PMID: 32617041 PMCID: PMC7322745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well recognized that gut microbiota is involved in the biotransformation of ginsenosides by converting the polar ginsenosides to nonpolar bioactive ginsenosides. However, the roles of the gut microbiota on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides in humans have not yet been fully elucidated. Methods Red ginseng (RG) or fermented red ginseng was orally administered to 34 healthy Korean volunteers, and the serum concentrations of the ginsenosides were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, the fecal ginsenoside Rd- and compound K (CK)-forming activities were measured. Then, the correlations between the pharmacokinetic profiles of the ginsenosides and the fecal ginsenoside-metabolizing activities were investigated. Results For the RG group, the area under the serum concentration-time curve values of ginsenosides Rd, F2, Rg3, and CK were 8.20 ± 11.95 ng·h/mL, 4.54 ± 3.70 ng·h/mL, 36.40 ± 19.68 ng·h/mL, and 40.30 ± 29.83 ng·h/mL, respectively. For the fermented red ginseng group, the the area under curve from zero to infinity (AUC∞) values of ginsenosides Rd, F2, Rg3, and CK were 187.90 ± 95.87 ng·h/mL, 30.24 ± 41.87 ng·h/mL, 28.68 ± 14.27 ng·h/mL, and 137.01 ± 96.16 ng·h/mL, respectively. The fecal CK-forming activities of the healthy volunteers were generally proportional to their ginsenoside Rd-forming activities. The area under the serum concentration-time curve value of CK exhibited an obvious positive correlation (r = 0.566, p < 0.01) with the fecal CK-forming activity. Conclusion The gut microbiota may play an important role in the bioavailability of the nonpolar RG ginsenosides by affecting the biotransformation of the ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sun Choi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonhee Jeung
- R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co. Ltd., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyeon Ra
- R&BD Center, Korea Yakult Co. Ltd., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Neurobiota Research Center and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution Study of Pinosylvin in Rats by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Linear Trap Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:4181084. [PMID: 30584452 PMCID: PMC6280233 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4181084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pinosylvin is a potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound and the major effective medicinal ingredient in the root of Lindera reflexa Hemsl. However, few investigations have been conducted regarding the pharmacokinetics, excretion, characteristics of tissue distribution, and major metabolites of pinosylvin in rats after oral administration. To better understand the behavior and mechanisms of action underlying the activity of pinosylvin in vivo, we established a simple, sensitive, and reliable ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for quantifying pinosylvin in rat plasma, urine, feces, and various tissues (including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidneys, large intestine, small intestine, and stomach). Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that pinosylvin is rapidly distributed and taken up by tissues. The time to peak (maximum) concentration (Tmax) was 0.137 h, and the apparent elimination half-life (t1/2) was 1.347±0.01 h. The results of the tissue distribution study suggest that pinosylvin is widely distributed to various tissues; the highest concentration was observed after 10 min in the stomach, followed by the heart, lung, spleen, and kidneys. Results of the excretion study suggest that a small amount of pinosylvin is excreted from the urine and feces in the parent form; the 73 h accumulative excretion ratios of urine and feces were 0.82% and 0.11%, respectively. It is likely that pinosylvin is mostly metabolized in vivo. Nine metabolites were found, and the main metabolic pathways of pinosylvin in rats included glucuronidation, hydroxylation, and methylation. Four metabolites had higher concentrations in the stomach, suggesting that the stomach is a potential target organ of pinosylvin. In conclusion, the present study may provide a material basis for studying the pharmacological action of pinosylvin and provides meaningful information for the clinical treatment of chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers using Radix Linderae Reflexae.
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Zhang L, Li F, Qin WJ, Fu C, Zhang XL. Changes in intestinal microbiota affect metabolism of ginsenoside Re. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4284. [PMID: 29748959 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re, an active ingredient in Panax ginseng, is widely used as a therapeutic and nutriment. The intestinal microbiota plays crucial roles in modulating the pharmacokinetics and pharmacological actions of ginsenoside Re. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between bacterial community variety and the metabolic profiles of ginsenoside Re. We developed two models with intestinal dysbacteriosis: a pseudo-germ-free model induced by a nonabsorbable antimicrobial mixture (ATM), and Qi-deficiency model established via over-fatigue and acute cold stress (OACS). First, the bacterial community structures in control, ATM and OACS rats were compared via 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. Then, the gut microbial metabolism of ginsenoside Re was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively in the three groups by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and HPLC-TQ-MS, respectively. Ten metabolites of ginsenoside Re were detected and tentatively identified, three of which were novel. Moreover, owing to significant differences in bacterial communities, deglycosylated products, as the main metabolites of ginsenoside Re, were produced at lower levels in ATM and OACS models. Importantly, the levels of these deglycosylated metabolites correlated with alterations in Prevotella, Lactobacillus and Bacteroides populations, as well as glycosidase activities. Collectively, biotransformation of ginsenoside Re is potentially influenced by regulation of the composition of intestinal microbiota and glycosidase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, China Japan Friendship Hospital, Hepingli, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wang-Jun Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, China Japan Friendship Hospital, Hepingli, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Fu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xiang-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, China Japan Friendship Hospital, Hepingli, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zhan S, Ding B, Ruan YE, Huang X, Liu G, Lv X, Huang X, Li M, Jiang N, Shao Q. A simple blood microdialysis in freely-moving rats for pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modeling study of Shengmai injection with simultaneous determination of drug concentrations and efficacy levels in dialysate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Dong WW, Han XZ, Zhao J, Zhong FL, Ma R, Wu S, Li D, Quan LH, Jiang J. Metabolite profiling of ginsenosides in rat plasma, urine and feces by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Panax ginseng
extract. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin China
| | - Xiong-Zhe Han
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin China
| | - Fei-Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin China
| | - Rui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin China
| | - Songquan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin China
| | - Donghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin China
| | - Lin-Hu Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin China
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13
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Analysis of NaoMaiTong Metabolites Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Rat Urine. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Dong WW, Xuan FL, Zhong FL, Jiang J, Wu S, Li D, Quan LH. Comparative Analysis of the Rats' Gut Microbiota Composition in Animals with Different Ginsenosides Metabolizing Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:327-337. [PMID: 28025886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Following oral intake of Panax ginseng, major ginsenosides are metabolized to deglycosylated ginsenosides by gut microbiota before absorption into the blood. As the composition of gut microbiota varies between individuals, metabolic activities are significantly different. We selected 6 rats with low efficiency metabolism (LEM) and 6 rats with high efficiency metabolism (HEM) from 60 rats following oral administration of Panax ginseng extract, and analyzed their gut microbiota composition using Illumina HiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The components of gut microbiota between the LEM and HEM groups were significantly different. Between the 2 groups, S24-7, Alcaligenaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae occupied most OTUs of the HEM group, which was notably higher than the LEM group. Furthermore, we isolated Bifidobacterium animalis GM1 that could convert the ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd. The result implies that these specific intestinal bacteria may dominate the metabolism of Panax ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular ( Yanbian University ), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Fang-Ling Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular ( Yanbian University ), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Fei-Liang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular ( Yanbian University ), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular ( Yanbian University ), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Songquan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular ( Yanbian University ), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Donghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular ( Yanbian University ), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Lin-Hu Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular ( Yanbian University ), Ministry of Education, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
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15
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Hao F, He Y, Sun Y, Zheng B, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Lee RJ, Teng L, Xie J. Improvement of oral availability of ginseng fruit saponins by a proliposome delivery system containing sodium deoxycholate. Saudi J Biol Sci 2016; 23:S113-25. [PMID: 26858556 PMCID: PMC4705292 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng fruit saponins (GFS) extracted from the ginseng fruit are the bioactive triterpenoid saponin components. The aim of the present study was to develop a drug delivery system called proliposome using sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) as a bile salt to improve the oral bioavailability of GFS in rats. The liposomes of GFS were prepared by a conventional ethanol injection and formed the solid proliposomes (P-GFS) using spray drying method on mannitol carriers. The formulation of P-GFS was optimized using the response surface methodology. The physicochemical properties of liposome suspensions including encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release studies, particle size of the reconstituted liposome were tested. The solid state characterization studies using the method of Field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Differential scanning colorimetric (DSC) were tested to study the molecular state of P-GFS and to indicate the interactions among the formulation ingredients. In vitro studies showed a delayed release of ginsenoside Re (GRe). In vivo studies were carried out in rats. The concentrations of GRe in plasma of rats and its pharmacokinetic behaviors after oral administration of GFS, Zhenyuan tablets (commercial dosage form of GFS) and P-GFS were studied using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. It was founded that the GRe concentration time curves of GFS, Zhenyuan tablets and P-GFS were much more different in rats. Pharmacokinetic behaviors of P-GFS showed a second absorption peak on the concentration time curve. The pharmacokinetic parameters of GFS, Zhenyuan tablets, P-GFS in rats were separately listed as follows: T max 0.25 h, C max 474.96 ± 66.06 ng/ml and AUC0-∞ 733.32 ± 113.82 ng/ml h for GFS; T max 0.31 ± 0.043 h, C max 533.94 ± 106.54 ng/ml and AUC0-∞ 1151.38 ± 198.29 ng/ml h for Zhenyuan tablets; T max 0.5 h, C max 680.62 ± 138.051 ng/ml and AUC0-∞ 2082.49 ± 408.33 ng/ml h for the P-GFS. The bioavailability of P-GFS was nearly 284% and 181% of the GFS and Zhengyuan tablets respectively. In conclusion, the proliposomes significantly enhanced the drug bioavailability, absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and decreased its elimination time of GRe in rats and could be selectively applied for oral delivery of GFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yanxi He
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yating Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Xinmei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yongkai Zhang
- The Firest Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Robert J. Lee
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lirong Teng
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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16
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Profiling and identification of the metabolites of ginsenoside Ro in rat faeces and urine after oral administration. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Wang M, Lu Y, Liu J, Li H, Wei Y. Metabolite identification of seven active components of Huan-Nao-Yi-Cong-Fang in rat plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:269-79. [PMID: 26138785 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing 100091 People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Xiyuan Hospital; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing 100091 People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
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18
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Geng C, Yin J, Yu X, Yang Y, Liu J, Sun D, Chen F, Wei Z, Meng Q, Liu J. Structural identification of neopanaxadiol metabolites in rats by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:283-294. [PMID: 26411626 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neopanaxadiol (NPD) is one of the major ginsenosides in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) that has been suggested to be a drug candidate against Alzheimer's disease. However, few data are available regarding its metabolism in rats. METHODS In this study, a method of ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOFMS) was developed to identify major metabolites of NPD in the stomach, intestine, urine and feces of rats, with the aim of determining the main metabolic pathways of NPD in rats after oral administration. RESULTS UPLC/QTOFMS revealed two metabolites in the stomach of rats, one metabolite in the intestine and two metabolites in feces. One metabolite, named M2, was isolated and purified from rats feces, which was identified as (20S,22S)-dammar-22,25-epoxy-3β,12β,20-triol based on extensive NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data. The main metabolites of NPD in rats were the products of epoxidation, dehydrogenation and hydroxylation. NPD was predominantly metabolized by 20,22-double-bond epoxidation and rearrangement to yield an expoxidation product (M2). CONCLUSIONS Based on the profiles of the metabolites, possible metabolic pathways of NPD in rats were proposed for the first time. This study provides new and available information on the metabolism of NPD, which is indispensable for further research on metabolic pathways of dammarane ginsengenins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Geng
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medicine University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Jianyuan Yin
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiuhua Yu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Road, Changchun, 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Yang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jingyan Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Fanbo Chen
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhonglin Wei
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Qin Meng
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
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Le THV, Lee SY, Lee GJ, Nguyen NK, Park JH, Nguyen MD. Effects of steaming on saponin compositions and antiproliferative activity of Vietnamese ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2015. [PMID: 26199560 PMCID: PMC4506370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Steaming of ginseng is known to change its chemical composition and biological activity. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different steaming time-scales on chemical constituents and antiproliferative activity of Vietnamese ginseng (VG). Methods VG was steamed at 105°C for 2–20 h. Its saponin constituents and antiproliferative activity were studied. The similarity of chemical compositions between steamed samples at 105°C and 120°C were compared. Results Most protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides lost the sugar moiety at the C-20 position with 10–14 h steaming at 105°C and changed to their less polar analogues. However, ocotillol (OCT) ginsenosides were reasonably stable to steaming process. Antiproliferative activity against A549 lung cancer cells was increased on steaming and reached its plateau after 12 h steaming. Conclusion Steaming VG at 105°C showed a similar tendency of chemical degradation to the steaming VG at 120°C except the slower rate of reaction. Its rate was about one-third of the steaming at 120°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hong Van Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Seo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwang Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ngoc Khoi Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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20
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Kim KA, Yoo HH, Gu W, Yu DH, Jin MJ, Choi HL, Yuan K, Guerin-Deremaux L, Kim DH. A prebiotic fiber increases the formation and subsequent absorption of compound K following oral administration of ginseng in rats. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:183-7. [PMID: 26045693 PMCID: PMC4452535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microflora play a crucial role in the biotransformation of ginsenosides to compound K (CK), which may affect the pharmacological effects of ginseng. Prebiotics, such as NUTRIOSE, could enhance the formation and consequent absorption of CK through the modulation of gut microbial metabolic activities. In this study, the effect of a prebiotic fiber (NUTRIOSE) on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside CK, a bioactive metabolite of ginsenosides, and its mechanism of action were investigated. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were given control or NUTRIOSE-containing diets (control diet + NUTRIOSE) for 2 wk, and ginseng extract or vehicle was then orally administered. Blood samples were collected to investigate the pharmacokinetics of CK using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Fecal activities that metabolize ginsenoside Rb1 to CK were assayed with fecal specimens or bacteria cultures. Results When ginseng extract was orally administered to rats fed with 2.5%, 5%, or 10% NUTRIOSE containing diets, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration–time curve values of CK significantly increased in a NUTRIOSE content-dependent manner. NUTRIOSE intake increased glycosidase activity and CK formation in rat intestinal contents. The CK-forming activities of intestinal microbiota cultured in vitro were significantly induced by NUTRIOSE. Conclusion These results show that prebiotic diets, such as NUTRIOSE, may promote the metabolic conversion of ginsenosides to CK and the subsequent absorption of CK in the gastrointestinal tract and may potentiate the pharmacological effects of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea ; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Songwon University, 73, Songamro, Nam-gu, Gwangju 503-742, Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea
| | - Wan Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyung Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Ming Ji Jin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Korea
| | - Hae-Lim Choi
- Roquette Korea Ltd, 12th, FL. SamHeungYeokSam Bldg. Teheran-ro 14-gil 5, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-923, Korea
| | - Kathy Yuan
- Roquette Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Room 501 K. Wah Centre, 1010 HuaiHaiZhong Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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21
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Metabolite profiling of gypenoside LVI in rat after oral and intravenous administration. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:1157-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Chen DJ, Hu HG, Xing SF, Gao YJ, Xu SF, Piao XL. Metabolic profiling of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract in rat serum, urine and faeces after oral administration. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 969:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13-week subchronic toxicity study of a novel ginsenoside composition from ginseng leaves in rats. Lab Anim Res 2014; 30:112-22. [PMID: 25324872 PMCID: PMC4188830 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2014.30.3.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UG0712 is a new ginsenoside extract processed from ginseng leaves. A subchronic toxicity study of UG0712 was conducted in male and female SD rats. Rats were treated with UG0712 at doses of 100, 400 and 1,600 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks, and observed followed by 4-week recovery period at a highest dose. No-treatment-related effects were observed regarding the mortality, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis and histopathology. Although the changes in clinical sign, body weight, organ weight, hematology, and serum biochemistry were observed, they were temporal and pharmacological effects. Based on the present experiment conditions, the no observed adverse effect level was considered to be more than 1,600 mg/kg/day in both sexes of rats.
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24
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Zhan SY, Shao Q, Fan XH, Li Z, Cheng YY. Tissue distribution and excretion of herbal components after intravenous administration of a Chinese medicine (Shengmai injection) in rat. Arch Pharm Res 2014. [PMID: 24748511 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Shengmai injection, consisting of Panax ginseng, Radix ophiopogonis and Schisandra chinensis, is a widely used Chinese medicine for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. In this study, tissue distribution and excretion of its multiple active components including protopanaxatriol-type (Ppt-type) ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf and Rg2), protopanaxadiol-type (Ppd-type) ginsenosides (ginsenoside Rb1, Rd and Rc), ophiopogonin (ophiopogonin D), and lignan (schisandrin, schisandrol B and schizandrin B) in rat after single intravenous administration of Shengmai injection were reported. Ppt-type ginsenosides exhibited quick and wide distribution from blood into tissues and were eliminated rapidly through biliary, urinary and fecal excretions. Ppd-type ginsenosides Rb1, Rd and Rc distributed quickly from blood to all tissues but exhibited slow elimination by biliary and urinary excretions. Ophiopogonin D was excreted into bile with no urinary and fecal excretion, indicating its elimination in the form of secondary metabolites. Schisandrin, schisandrol B and schizandrin B was found to distribute quickly from blood into most tissues and had accumulation in these tissues. Very low biliary, urinary and fecal excretion implied that lignan was mainly excreted in the form of their metabolites. This study produced a first hand in vivo tissue distribution and dynamic profiles of the active components of Shengmai injection, providing valuable information for drug development and clinical application of Shengmai injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Zhan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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25
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He C, Li J, Wang R, Li Z, Bligh SWA, Yang L, Wang Z. Metabolic profiles of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol in rats after oral administration using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:595-604. [PMID: 24519822 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), a dammarane-type triterpenoid sapogenin, acts as the pharmacophore of ginsenosides which are considered as the principal bioactive components in Chinese ginseng. To fully understand the mechanism of action of PPD, it is important to study its metabolic profiles in vivo. METHODS Plasma, urine, fece and bile were collected after administration of PPD formulated in 0.5% aqueous Tween-80 to rats (150 mg/kg). Samples were analyzed by using a sensitive and reliable method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS) in both positive and negative ion mode. The chemical structures of metabolites were elucidated by comparing the retention time, accurate molecular mass, and fragmentation patterns of analytes with those of PPD. RESULTS In total 29 metabolites, including 10 new metabolites (M20-M29), were tentatively identified and characterized. Among them, two metabolites (M3 and M4) were unambiguously identified by matching their retention times and fragmentation patterns with their standards. Principal metabolites, namely, 20, 24-oxide metabolites (M3 and M4), 26/27-carboxylic acid derivatives (M22 and M23) and a glucuronidated product (M28), were found in the rat plasma. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that phase I metabolites are monooxygenation, dioxygenation and oxidative dehydrogenation metabolites, and phase II metabolic pathways were demonstrated to be cysteine conjugation and glucuronidation. The newly identified metabolites are useful to understand the mechanism of elimination of PPD and, in turn, its effectiveness and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyong He
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210038, China
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