1
|
Ma X, Sheng L, Li F, Zhou T, Guo J, Chang Y, Yang J, Jin Y, Chen Y, Lu X. Seasonal drought promotes citrate accumulation in citrus fruit through the CsABF3-activated CsAN1-CsPH8 pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1131-1145. [PMID: 38482565 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Plenty of rainfall but unevenly seasonal distribution happens regularly in southern China. Seasonal drought from summer to early autumn leads to citrus fruit acidification, but how seasonal drought regulates citrate accumulation remains unknown. Herein, we employed a set of physiological, biochemical, and molecular approaches to reveal that CsABF3 responds to seasonal drought stress and modulates citrate accumulation in citrus fruits by directly regulating CsAN1 and CsPH8. Here, we demonstrated that irreversible acidification of citrus fruits is caused by drought lasting for > 30 d during the fruit enlargement stage. We investigated the transcriptome characteristics of fruits affected by drought and corroborated the pivotal roles of a bHLH transcription factor (CsAN1) and a P3A-ATPase gene (CsPH8) in regulating citrate accumulation in response to drought. Abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element binding factor 3 (CsABF3) was upregulated by drought in an ABA-dependent manner. CsABF3 activated CsAN1 and CsPH8 expression by directly and specifically binding to the ABA-responsive elements (ABREs) in the promoters and positively regulated citrate accumulation. Taken together, this study sheds new light on the regulatory module ABA-CsABF3-CsAN1-CsPH8 responsible for citrate accumulation under drought stress, which advances our understanding of quality formation of citrus fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Sheng
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, 410125, Changsha, China
| | - Tie Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Guo
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Jin
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Yuewen Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaopeng Lu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128, Changsha, China
- National Center for Citrus Improvement, 410128, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song F, Li Z, Wang C, Jiang Y, Wang Z, He L, Ma X, Zhang Y, Song X, Liu J, Wu L. CsMYB15 positively regulates Cs4CL2-mediated lignin biosynthesis during juice sac granulation in navel orange. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1223820. [PMID: 37457356 PMCID: PMC10348809 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1223820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
'Lane Late', a late-maturing navel orange cultivar, is mainly distributed in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, which matures in the late March of the next year and needs overwintering cultivation. Citrus fruit granulation is a physiological disorder, which is characterized by lignification and dehydration of juice sac cells, seriously affecting the commercial value of citrus fruits. The pre-harvest granulation of late-maturing navel orange is main caused by low temperature in the winter, but its mechanism and regulation pattern remain unclear. In this study, a SG2-type R2R3-MYB transcription factor, CsMYB15, was identified from Citrus sinensis, which was significantly induced by both juice sac granulation and low temperature treatment. Subcellular localization analysis and transcriptional activation assay revealed that CsMYB15 protein was localized to the nucleus, and it exhibited transcriptional activation activity in yeast. Over-expression of CsMYB15 by stable transformation in navel orange calli and transient transformation in kumquat fruits and navel orange juice sacs significantly increased lignin content in the transgenic lines. Further, Yeast one hybrid, EMSA, and LUC assays demonstrated that CsMYB15 directly bound to the Cs4CL2 promoter and activated its expression, thereby causing a high accumulation of lignin in citrus. Taken together, these results elucidated the biological function of CsMYB15 in regulating Cs4CL2-mediated lignin biosynthesis, and provided novel insight into the transcriptional regulation mechanism underlying the juice sac granulation of late-maturing navel orange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Zixuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Ce Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingchun Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Ligang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofang Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihong Liu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liming Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Fruit Trees, Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang J, Hou J, Huang C, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhang H, Yan D, Zeng K, Yao S. Activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway in Citrus sinensis collapsed vesicles during segment drying revealed by physicochemical and targeted metabolomics analysis. Food Chem 2023; 409:135297. [PMID: 36623356 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Segment drying is a common internal physiological disorder in citrus fruit, and vesicles get granulated or collapsed. This study aimed to probe whether and how the phenylpropanoid metabolism changes in vesicles during collapse of blood orange (Citrus sinensis cv. Tarocco). Vesicle collapse led to a decrease in the content of nutrients and flavonoids, while an increase in lignin content. This disorder was further associated with the increasing enzyme activities and gene expression levels of both the general phenylpropanoid pathway and branch pathway of lignin synthesis, while decreasing enzyme activities and gene expression levels of branch pathway of flavonoids synthesis. Targeted metabolomics analysis of 14 metabolites of the lignin pathway revealed that lignin precursors were accumulated in collapsed vesicles. We provide solid evidence that phenylpropanoid metabolism could be activated, and, intriguingly, metabolic flux may be shuttled to lignin precursors synthesis rather than flavonoids synthesis in vesicles during collapse of blood orange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiao Hou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunlian Huang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaci Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dandan Yan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Shixiang Yao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China; National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400712, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang B, Fang X, Fu D, Wu W, Han Y, Chen H, Liu R, Gao H. Exogenous salicylic acid regulates organic acids metabolism in postharvest blueberry fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1024909. [PMID: 36388486 PMCID: PMC9665327 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1024909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruit acidity is an essential factor affecting blueberry organoleptic quality. The organic acid content in blueberry fruit mainly contributes to fruit acidity. This study aims to evaluate the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA), the principal metabolite of aspirin, on the organoleptic quality and organic acid metabolism in rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Ait, 'Powderblue') during cold storage (4 °C). Results showed that SA-treated fruit reduced fruit decay and weight loss delayed fruit softening, and decline of total soluble solids (TSS). TA and total organic acid amounts stayed the same during the late storage period in SA-treated fruit. Four kinds of organic acid components, malic acid, quinic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid, were at higher levels in fruit treated by SA as compared to control. SA enhanced the activities of PEPC, NAD-MDH, and CS to promote the synthesis of malic acid and citric acid. Meanwhile, the activities of NADP-ME, ACL, and ACO, which participated in the degradation of malic acid and citric acid, were inhibited by SA. qPCR results also showed that the expression of VcPEPC, VcNAD-MDH, and VcCS genes were upregulated. In contrast, SA downregulated the expression of VcNADP-ME, VcACL, and VcACO genes. In conclusion, SA could regulate the key genes and enzymes that participated in organic acids metabolism to maintain the freshness of blueberry during cold storage, therefore minimizing the economic loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjun Fang
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daqi Fu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Wu
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanchao Han
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangjun Chen
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiling Liu
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hou J, Yan D, Huang M, Zeng K, Yao S. Alteration of pectin metabolism in blood orange fruit ( Citrus sinensis cv. Tarocco) in response to vesicle collapse. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Segment drying is a severe physiological disorder of citrus fruit, and vesicles become granulated or collapsed. Aside from the hypothesis that alteration of cell wall metabolism is the main factor of citrus granulation, little is known about vesicle collapse. This study aimed to elucidate the changes in pectin metabolism during vesicle collapse in blood orange. Vesicle collapse was characterized by decreased nutrients while increased chelate- and sodium carbonate-soluble pectin and calcium content. The nanostructure of chelate-soluble pectin got complex and developed multi-branching upon collapse. The activity of pectin methylesterase increased, while that of polygalacturonase and pectate lyase decreased upon collapse. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis revealed an increasing pattern of genes encoding pectin methylesterase and other enzymes involved in pectin synthesis and de-acetylation upon collapse. Drying vesicles were characterized by increased abscisic acid content and relevant gene expressions. In conclusion, we discovered alteration of pectin metabolism underlying citrus vesicle collapse, mainly promoting pectin demethylesterification, remodeling pectin structures, and further inhibiting pectin degradation, which was hypothesized to be a main factor for the citrus collapse. This is the first to disclose the potential intrinsic mechanism underlying vesicle collapse in orange fruit.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kang C, Jiang A, Yang H, Zheng G, Wang Y, Cao J, Sun C. Integrated Physiochemical, Hormonal, and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Underlying Mechanisms for Granulation in Huyou ( Citrus changshanensis) Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923443. [PMID: 35909750 PMCID: PMC9330425 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Juice sac granulation is a common internal physiological disorder of citrus fruit. In the present study, we compared the physiochemical characteristics and transcriptome profiles of juice sacs in different granulation levels from Huyou fruit (Citrus changshanensis). The accumulation of cell wall components, including the water-soluble pectin, protopectin, cellulose, and lignin, were significantly correlated with the granulation process, resulting in the firmness increase of the juice sac. The in situ labeling of the cell wall components indicated the early accumulation of cellulose and high-methylesterified pectin in the outer layer cells, as well as the late accumulation of lignin in the inner layer cells of the juice sac. Several phytohormones, including auxins, abscisic acids, cytokinins, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and/or their metabolites, were positively correlated to the granulation level, indicating an active and complex phytohormones metabolism in the granulation process. Combining the trend analysis by the Mfuzz method and the module-trait correlation analysis by the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis method, a total of 2940 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be positively correlated with the granulation level. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment indicated that the selected DEGs were mainly involved in the cell wall organization and biogenesis, cell wall macromolecule metabolic process, carbohydrate metabolic process, and polysaccharide metabolic process. Among these selected genes, those encoding β-1,4-xylosyltransferase IRX9, cellulose synthase, xyloglucan: xyloglucosyl transferase, xyloglucan galactosyltransferase MUR3, α-1,4-galacturonosyltransferase, expansin, polygalacturonase, pectinesterase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase, endoglucanase and pectate lyase that required for the biosynthesis or structural modification of cell wall were identified. In addition, NAC, MYB, bHLH, and MADS were the top abundant transcription factors (TFs) families positively correlated with the granulation level, while the LOB was the top abundant TFs family negatively correlated with the granulation level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Kang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anze Jiang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Yang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guixia Zheng
- Quzhou Kecheng District Chai Family Citrus Professional Cooperative, Quzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongde Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kang C, Cao J, Wang Y, Sun C. Advances of section drying in citrus fruit: the metabolic changes, mechanisms and prevention methods. Food Chem 2022; 395:133499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
8
|
Li X, Huang H, Rizwan HM, Wang N, Jiang J, She W, Zheng G, Pan H, Guo Z, Pan D, Pan T. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Lignin-Related Genes and Transcription Factors during Fruit Development in Pomelo ( Citrus maxima). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:845. [PMID: 35627230 PMCID: PMC9140673 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Juice sac granulation (a physiological disorder) leads to large postharvest losses of pomelo (Citrus maxima). Previous studies have shown that juice sac granulation is closely related to lignin accumulation, while the molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder remain elusive in pomelo. Our results showed that the lignin content in NC (near the core) and FC (far away from the core) juice sacs overall increased from 157 DPA (days post anthesis) to 212 DPA and reached a maximum at 212 DPA. Additionally, the lignin content of NC juice sacs was higher than that of FC juice sacs. In this study, we used transcriptome-based weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to address how lignin formation in NC and FC juice sacs is generated during the development of pomelo. After data assembly and bioinformatic analysis, we found a most correlated module (black module) to the lignin content, then we used the 11 DEGs in this module as hub genes for lignin biosynthesis. Among these DEGs, PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), HCT (hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase), 4CL2 (4-coumarate: CoA ligase), C4H (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase), C3'H (p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase), and CCoAOMT1 (caffeoyl CoA 3-Omethyltransferase) were the most distinct DEGs in granulated juice sacs. Co-expression analysis revealed that the expression patterns of several transcription factors such as MYB, NAC, OFP6, and bHLH130 are highly correlated with lignin formation. In addition, the expression patterns of the DEGs related to lignin biosynthesis and transcription factors were validated by qRT-PCR, and the results were highly concordant with the RNA-seq results. These results would be beneficial for further studies on the molecular mechanism of lignin accumulation in pomelo juice sacs and would help with citrus breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Hantang Huang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Naiyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Wenqin She
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Guohua Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Heli Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Zhixiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Dongming Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| | - Tengfei Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (H.M.R.); (N.W.); (J.J.); (W.S.); (G.Z.); (H.P.); (Z.G.); (T.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu S, Liu X, Gou B, Wang D, Liu C, Sun J, Yin X, Grierson D, Li S, Chen K. The Interaction Between CitMYB52 and CitbHLH2 Negatively Regulates Citrate Accumulation by Activating CitALMT in Citrus Fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:848869. [PMID: 35386675 PMCID: PMC8978962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.848869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid plays significant roles in numerous physiological processes in plants, including carbon metabolism, signal transduction, and tolerance to environmental stress. For fruits, it has a major effect on fruit organoleptic quality by directly influencing consumer taste. Citric acid in citrus is mainly regulated by the balance between synthesis, degradation, and vacuolar storage. The genetic and molecular regulations of citric acid synthesis and degradation have been comprehensively elucidated. However, the transporters for citric acid in fruits are less well understood. Here, an aluminum-activated malate transporter, CitALMT, was characterized. Transient overexpression and stable transformation of CitALMT significantly reduced citrate concentration in citrus fruits and transgenic callus. Correspondingly, transient RNA interference-induced silencing of CitALMT and increased citrate significantly, indicating that CitALMT plays an important role in regulating citrate concentration in citrus fruits. In addition, dual-luciferase assays indicated that CitMYB52 and CitbHLH2 could trans-activate the promoter of CitALMT. EMSA analysis showed that CitbHLH2 could physically interact with the E-box motif in the CitALMT promoter. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, yeast two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation and transient overexpression, and RNAi assay indicated that the interaction between CitMYB52 and CitbHLH2 could synergistically trans-activate CitALMT to negatively regulate citrate accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xincheng Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bangrui Gou
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Chunrong Liu
- Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Quzhou, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Zhejiang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueren Yin
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Shaojia Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mitochondria: Key Organelles Accelerating Cell Wall Material Accumulation in Juice Sacs of Pummelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) Fruits during Postharvest Storage. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/2433994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulation is a physiological disorder of juice sacs in citrus fruits, which develops through secondary cell wall formation. However, the synergistic changes in the cytoplasm of juice sac cells remain largely unknown. This study investigated the dynamic ultrastructure of juice sacs of “Guanxi” pummelo fruits by transmission electron microscopy and determined their cell wall material, soluble sugar, and organic acid contents. The results showed that lignin and hemicellulose are accumulated in juice sacs isolated from dorsal vascular bundles, while lignin and cellulose contribute to the granulation of juice sacs isolated from septal vascular bundles. The significant differences in lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose contents between the two types of juice sacs began to be observed at 30 days of storage. Fructose levels were elevated in juice sacs isolated from the dorsal vascular bundles from 10 to 60 days. Sucrose contents significantly decreased in juice sacs isolated from the septal vascular bundles from 30 to 60 days. Meanwhile glucose, citric acid, and malic acid contents exhibited no apparent changes in both types of juice sacs. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the ultrastructure of both types of juice sacs, it was clearly found that plasma membrane ruptures induce cell wall material synthesis in intracellular spaces; however, cell wall substance contents did not significantly increase until the number of mitochondria sharply increased. In particular, sucrose contents began to decrease significantly just after the mitochondria amount largely increased in juice sacs isolated from the septal vascular bundles, indicating that mitochondria play a key role in regulating carbon source sugar partitioning for cell wall component synthesis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen C, Peng X, Chen J, Gan Z, Wan C. Mitigating effects of chitosan coating on postharvest senescence and energy depletion of harvested pummelo fruit response to granulation stress. Food Chem 2021; 348:129113. [PMID: 33508609 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chitosan coating exposure on juice sac granulation and energy metabolism in harvested pummelo fruit was investigated. Pummelo fruits were exposed to 1.5% chitosan coating, and then stored at 20 ± 2 °C for about 150 days. Postharvest chitosan coating treatment apparently alleviated the development of juice sac granulation as well as the increases in weight loss, pulp firmness, cell membrane permeability and cellulose content. The levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and energy charge (EC) in the chitosan-coated fruit showed significantly higher levels than those of the respective controls. Meanwhile, the enzymses actively engaged in energy metabolism such as H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, cytochrome C oxidase (CCO), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were markedly maintained by chitosan coating. Besides, notably high contents of acetyl-CoA, cis-aconitate, succinate, fumarate and oxaloacetate were observed in the chitosan-coated fruit. The results highlighted that chitosan coating could delay postharvest senescence of pummelo fruit by reducing the rate of energy depletion while maintaining higher levels of key metabolites taking part in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle at room temperature storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuying Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Xuan Peng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China; College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 330075, PR China.
| | - Zengyu Gan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Chunpeng Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu S, Li M, Zhang C, Tan Q, Yang X, Sun X, Pan Z, Deng X, Hu C. Effects of phosphorus on fruit soluble sugar and citric acid accumulations in citrus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:73-81. [PMID: 33482581 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is one of the essential macro-elements for plants. Sugar and organic acid are important factors affecting sensory characteristics of citrus fruit quality. The aim of this study was to investigate how P fertilizer affects quality improvement particularly sucrose (Suc), fructose (Fru), glucose (Glu) and citric acid (CA) accumulations in Cara Cara navel. P fertilizer improved fruit quality of Cara Cara navel, as supported by decreasing titratable acid (TA), CA and increasing soluble solid (TSS), sugars and the ratio of TSS and TA. At the early stage of fruit development, P fertilizer had greater roles in degrading Suc into Fru and Glu due to the increased activities of Suc-degrading enzymes including acid invertase, neutral invertase and Suc synthase-cleavage activity. Coversely, at the mid and late stages of fruit development, P fertilizer had greater roles in re-synthesizing Suc due to the increased activities of Suc-synthesizing enzymes including Suc phosphate synthase and Suc synthase-synthetic activity. These results indicated that application of P fertilizer increased soluble sugars concentrations by improving Suc metabolism and sink strength in fruit conferred by the upregulations of the activities of Suc-degrading and Suc-synthesizing enzymes. P fertilizer decreased CA accumulations at least partially by inhibiting synthesis of CA due to the decreased activities of CA-synthesizing enzymes including citrate synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. This study suggested that P fertilizer, particularly fertilized with 0.40 kg/plant, increased soluble sugars but decreased CA accumulations in citrus fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Wu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Changming Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Qiling Tan
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen C, Nie Z, Wan C, Gan Z, Chen J. Suppression on postharvest juice sac granulation and cell wall modification by chitosan treatment in harvested pummelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) stored at room temperature. Food Chem 2021; 336:127636. [PMID: 32805513 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of both lignin and cellulose accompanied by juice sac granulation is widespread in harvested citrus fruit. Hence, measures to suppress postharvest granulation of 'Majiayou' pummelo is of great importance. The fruit was treated with 1.5% chitosan and then stored at room temperature (20 ± 2 °C) for 150 d. As compared to the control fruits, chitosan coating significantly suppressed granulation index and maintained good quality. Chitosan coating inhibited lignification by suppressing the activities and expression levels of lignin synthesis-related enzymes (PAL, CAD and POD). By contrast, chitosan treatment enhanced the activities and expression levels of cell wall degrading enzymes, including PME, PG, Cx, XTH and β-Gal, which might contribute to the decrease in cellulose. In a nutshell, chitosan coating can effectively suppress juice sac granulation and fruit senescence of pummelo fruits, and play a crucial role in maintaining the cell wall modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuying Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Zhengpeng Nie
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Chunpeng Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China.
| | - Zengyu Gan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China; College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 330075, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wei H, He C, Zhang S, Xiong H, Ni H, Li Q. Effects of four storage conditions on the sugar content, acidity, and flavor of “Guanxi” honey pomelo. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Wei
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen China
| | - Chuanbo He
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
| | - Shen Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
| | - Hejian Xiong
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
| | - Hui Ni
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering Xiamen China
| | - Qingbiao Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering Jimei University Xiamen China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nie Z, Huang Q, Chen C, Wan C, Chen J. Chitosan coating alleviates postharvest juice sac granulation by mitigating ROS accumulation in harvested pummelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) during room temperature storage. POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2020.111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
16
|
Jie D, Wu S, Wang P, Li Y, Ye D, Wei X. Research on Citrus grandis Granulation Determination Based on Hyperspectral Imaging through Deep Learning. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
17
|
Li SJ, Wang WL, Ma YC, Liu SC, Grierson D, Yin XR, Chen KS. Citrus CitERF6 Contributes to Citric Acid Degradation via Upregulation of CitAclα1, Encoding ATP-Citrate Lyase Subunit α. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10081-10087. [PMID: 32820917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid is the most abundant organic acid in citrus fruit, and the acetyl-CoA pathway potentially plays an important role in citric acid degradation, which occurs during fruit ripening. Analysis of transcripts during fruit development of key genes in the acetyl-CoA pathway and transient overexpression assay in citrus leaves indicated that CitAclα1 could be a potential target gene involved in citrate degradation. In order to understand more about CitAclα1, 23 transcription factors coexpressed with CitAclα1 in citrus fruit were identified by RNA-seq. Using dual-luciferase assays, CitERF6 was shown to trans-activate the promoter of CitAclα1 and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) showed that CitERF6 directly bound to a 5'-CAACA-3' motif in the CitAclα1 promoter. Furthermore, citric acid content was significantly reduced when CitERF6 was overexpressed in transgenic tobacco leaves. Taken together, these results indicate an important role for CitERF6 in transcriptional regulation of CitAclα1 and control of citrate degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jia Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Li Wang
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Chen Ma
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Chao Liu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Donald Grierson
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, U.K
| | - Xue-Ren Yin
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shi M, Liu X, Zhang H, He Z, Yang H, Chen J, Feng J, Yang W, Jiang Y, Yao JL, Deng CH, Xu J. The IAA- and ABA-responsive transcription factor CgMYB58 upregulates lignin biosynthesis and triggers juice sac granulation in pummelo. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:139. [PMID: 32922811 PMCID: PMC7458917 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In citrus, lignin overaccumulation in the juice sac results in granulation and an unpleasant fruit texture and taste. By integrating metabolic phenotyping and transcriptomic analyses, we found 702 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 24 transcription factors (TFs), to be significantly correlated with lignin content. CgMYB58 was further identified as a critical R2R3 MYB TF involved in lignin overaccumulation owing to its high transcript levels in Huanong Red-fleshed pummelo (HR, Citrus grandis) fruits. Transient expression of CgMYB58 led to an increase in the lignin content in the pummelo fruit mesocarp, whereas its stable overexpression significantly promoted lignin accumulation and upregulated 19 lignin biosynthetic genes. Among these genes, CgPAL1, CgPAL2, Cg4CL1, and CgC3H were directly modulated by CgMYB58 through interaction with their promoter regions. Moreover, we showed that juice sac granulation in pummelo fruits could be affected by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. In HR pummelo, ABA significantly accelerated this granulation, whereas IAA effectively inhibited this process. Taken together, these results provide novel insight into the lignin accumulation mechanism in citrus fruits. We also revealed the theoretical basis via exogenous IAA application, which repressed the expression of CgMYB58 and its target genes, thus alleviating juice sac granulation in orchards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Youwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Hong Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070 China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Non-Destructive Identification and Estimation of Granulation in Honey Pomelo Using Visible and Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Vision Technology. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Granulation is a physiological disorder of juice sacs in citrus fruit, causing juice sacs to become hard and dry and resulting in decreased internal quality of citrus fruit. Honey pomelo is a thick-skinned citrus fruit, and it is difficult to identify the extent of granulation by observation of the outer peel and fruit shape. In this study, a rapid and non-destructive testing method using visible and near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy combined with machine vision technology was applied to identify and estimate granulation inside fruit. A total of 600 samples in different growth periods was harvested, and fruit were divided into five classes according to five granulation levels. Spectral data were obtained for two ranges of 400–1100 nm and 900–1700 nm by visible and near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy. In addition, chemometrics were used to measure the chemical changes of soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and moisture content (MC) caused by different granulation levels. Machine vision technology can rapidly estimate the external characteristics of samples and measure the physical changes in mass and volume caused by different granulation levels. Compared with using a single or traditional methods, the predictive performances of multi-category classification models (PCA-SVM and PCA-GRNN) were significantly enhanced. In particular, the model accuracy rate (ARM) was 99% for PCA-GRNN, with classification accuracy (CA), classification sensitivity (CS), and classification specificity (CSP) of 0.9950, 0.9750, and 0.9934, respectively. The results showed that this method has great potential for the identification and estimation of granulation. Multi-source data fusion and application of a multi-category classification model with the smallest number of input layers and acceptable high predictive performances are proposed for on-line applications. This method can be effectively used on-line for the non-destructive detection of fruits with granulation.
Collapse
|
20
|
The Effects of Edible Coatings on the Postharvest Quality of Citrus Fruits as Affected by Granulation. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8819233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The world population is growing day-by-day, while the available natural resources for agricultural production, i.e., soil and water, are rapidly decreasing. Moreover, consumer preferences are highly affected by some quality characteristics of food products, which can be classified as external, internal, and hidden attributes. Among the internal quality attributes, granulation is a significant factor damaging the inner quality of citrus fruits and reducing the consumer attraction. The main symptoms of granulation (also known as section drying, crystallization, or scarification) in citrus are shrivelling in juice sacs due to gel formation, hardening, white colour, and low extractable juice content. A well-known result of the granulation is the reduction in soluble solid concentration (SSC), total sugar, and titratable acidity (TA). Granulation is known to affect the citrus fruit quality all over the world. Since citrus is one of the world’s most popular fruit species, it is highly important to identify and manage this physiological problem to help sustainable production throughout the world. Consumer’s preferences have also been moving towards the use of eco- and environmental-friendly alternative methods in postharvest fruit storage, including edible coatings. Edible coatings act as a barrier for the air and water transitions through the surface of fruits which results in retarding the deterioration of fruits, preventing and/or controlling the microbial decay, improving the fruit quality, and hence extending the storage duration. The mechanism of citrus fruit granulation is highly associated with the oxidative stress, and edible coatings have been reported to significantly reduce granulation and improve the quality of the fruits. In line with this information, this review article aimed to summarize the reasons, results, and managements of granulation of citrus fruits.
Collapse
|
21
|
Comparative Metabolites and Citrate-Degrading Enzymes Activities in Citrus Fruits Reveal the Role of Balance between ACL and Cyt-ACO in Metabolite Conversions. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030350. [PMID: 32164290 PMCID: PMC7154853 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Citric acid metabolism is considered to be the central cellular process of metabolite conversions. ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) and cytosolic aconitase (cyt-ACO) are the two citrate-degrading enzymes that decide the carbon flux towards different metabolite biosynthesis pathways. However, the correlation of their activities with metabolite concentrations in citrus fruits is still unclear. Here, the concentrations of soluble sugars, organic acids, acetyl-CoA, flavonoids, carotenoids, and γ-aminobutyric acid, as well as the activities of ACL, cyt-ACO, acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, were compared among the fruits of six citrus cultivars during fruit development and ripening. The results showed that the correlation between citrate concentration and cyt-ACO or ACL activity varied greatly among cultivars, while the activities of cyt-ACO and ACL had a significantly negative correlation (r = −0.4431). Moreover, ACL overexpression and RNA interference in the Citrus callus indicated that increasing and decreasing the ACL activity could reduce and induce cyt-ACO activity, respectively. In addition, significant correlation was only observed between the ACL activity and the concentration of acetyl-CoA (r = 0.4333). Taken together, the present study suggested that ACL and cyt-ACO synergistically control the citrate fate for the biosynthesis of other metabolites, but they are not the key determinants for the accumulation of citrate, as well as other metabolites in citrus fruits.
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang Z, Huang Q, Jia D, Zhong M, Tao J, Liao G, Huang C, Xu X. Characterization of Organic Acid Metabolism and Expression of Related Genes During Fruit Development of Actinidia eriantha 'Ganmi 6'. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E332. [PMID: 32151021 PMCID: PMC7154881 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies on organic acid metabolism have been mainly concentrated on the fruit, whereas, few have focused on the mechanism of high organic acids content in the fruit of Actinidia eriantha. Fruits of 'Ganmi 6' harvested at eleven developmental periods were used as materials. The components and content of organic acids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, the activities of the related enzyme were detected, and gene expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Components of ascorbic acid (AsA) and eight kinds of organic acids were detected. These results showed that quinic acid and citric acid were the main organic acids in the fruit of 'Ganmi 6'. Correlation analysis showed that NADP-Quinate dehydrogenase (NADP-QDH), NADP-Shikimate dehydrogenase (NADP-SDH), and Cyt-Aconitase (Cyt-Aco) may be involved in regulating organic acids biosynthesis. Meanwhile, the SDH gene may play an important role in regulating the accumulation of citric acid. In this study, the activities of NADP-SDH, Mit-Aconitase (Mit-Aco), and NAD-Isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH) were regulated by their corresponding genes at the transcriptional level. The activity of Citrate synthase (CS) may be affected by post-translational modification. Our results provided new insight into the characteristics of organic acid metabolism in the fruit of A. eriantha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunhui Huang
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Z.J.); (Q.H.); (D.J.); (M.Z.); (J.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Xiaobiao Xu
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Z.J.); (Q.H.); (D.J.); (M.Z.); (J.T.); (G.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Transcriptome Analysis Unravels Metabolic and Molecular Pathways Related to Fruit Sac Granulation in a Late-Ripening Navel Orange ( Citrus sinensis Osbeck). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010095. [PMID: 31940826 PMCID: PMC7020443 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lanelate navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) is a late-ripening citrus cultivar increasingly planted in China. The physiological disorder juice sac granulation often occurs in the fruit before harvest, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder remain elusive. In this study, we found that fruit granulation of the late-ripening navel orange in the Three Gorges area is mainly caused by the low winter temperature in high altitude areas. Besides, dynamic changes of water content in the fruit after freezing were clarified. The granulation of fruit juice sacs resulted in increases in cell wall cellulose and decreases in soluble solid content, and the cells gradually became shrivelled and hollow. Meanwhile, the contents of pectin, cellulose, and lignin in juice sac increased with increasing degrees of fruit granulation. The activities of pectin methylesterase (PME) and the antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase, and catalase increased, while those of polygalacturonase (PG) and cellulose (CL) decreased. Furthermore, a total of 903 differentially expressed genes were identified in the granulated fruit as compared with non-disordered fruit using RNA-sequencing, most of which were enriched in nine metabolic pathways, and qRT-PCR results suggested that the juice sac granulation is closely related to cell wall metabolism. In addition, the expression of PME involved in pectin decomposition was up-regulated, while that of PG was down-regulated. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamol dehydrogenase (CAD), and POD related to lignin synthesis were up-regulated, while CL involved in cellulose decomposition was down-regulated. The expression patterns of these genes were in line with those observed in low-temperature treatment as revealed by qRT-PCR, further confirming that low winter temperature is associated with the fruit granulation of late-ripening citrus. Accordingly, low temperature would aggravate the granulation by affecting cell wall metabolism of late-ripening citrus fruit.
Collapse
|
24
|
Jiang CC, Fang ZZ, Zhou DR, Pan SL, Ye XF. Changes in secondary metabolites, organic acids and soluble sugars during the development of plum fruit cv. 'Furongli' (Prunus salicina Lindl). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1010-1019. [PMID: 30009532 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic acids, sugars and pigments are key components that determine the taste and flavor of plum fruit. However, metabolism of organic acid and sugar is not fully understood during the development of plum fruit cv. 'Furongli'. RESULTS Mature fruit of 'Furongli' has the highest content of anthocyanins and the lowest content of total phenol compounds and flavonoids. Malate is the predominant organic acid anion in 'Furongli' fruit, followed by citrate and isocitrate. Glucose was the predominant sugar form, followed by fructose and sucrose. Correlation analysis indicated that malate content increased with increasing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity and decreasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) activity. Citrate and isocitrate content increased with increasing PEPC and aconitase (ACO) activities, respectively. Both acid invertase and neutral invertase had higher activities at the early stage than later stage of fruit development. Fructose content decreased with increasing phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) activity, whereas glucose content increased with decreasing hexokinase (HK) activity. CONCLUSION Dynamics in organic acid anions were not solely controlled by a single enzyme but regulated by the integrated activity of enzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), NAD-ME, PEPC, ACO and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase. Sugar metabolism enzymes such as PGI, invertase and HK may play vital roles in the regulation of individual sugar metabolic processes. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Jiang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Zhen Fang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dan-Rong Zhou
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shao-Lin Pan
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin-Fu Ye
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang Y, Stevanato P, Yu L, Zhao H, Sun X, Sun F, Li J, Geng G. The physiological and metabolic changes in sugar beet seedlings under different levels of salt stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:1079-1093. [PMID: 28711996 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress is a major limitation to global crop production. Sugar beet, one of the world's leading sugar crops, has stronger salt tolerant characteristics than other crops. To investigate the response to different levels of salt stress, sugar beet was grown hydroponically under 3 (control), 70, 140, 210 and 280 mM NaCl conditions. We found no differences in dry weight of the aerial part and leaf area between 70 mM NaCl and control conditions, although dry weight of the root and whole plant treated with 70 mM NaCl was lower than control seedlings. As salt concentrations increased, degree of growth arrest became obvious In addition, under salt stress, the highest concentrations of Na+ and Cl- were detected in the tissue of petioles and old leaves. N and K contents in the tissue of leave, petiole and root decreased rapidly with the increase of NaCl concentrations. P content showed an increasing pattern in these tissues. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase showed increasing patterns with increase in salt concentrations. Moreover, osmoprotectants such as free amino acids and betaine increased in concentration as the external salinity increased. Two organic acids (malate and citrate) involved in tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle exhibited increasing contents under salt stress. Lastly, we found that Rubisco activity was inhibited under salt stress. The activity of NADP-malic enzyme, NADP-malate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase showed a trend that first increased and then decreased. Their activities were highest with salinity at 140 mM NaCl. Our study has contributed to the understanding of the sugar beet physiological and metabolic response mechanisms under different degrees of salt stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
- Sugar Beet Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Crop Academy of Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
- The College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Piergiorgio Stevanato
- DAFNAE, Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, Padova, 35020, Italy
| | - Lihua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
- Sugar Beet Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Crop Academy of Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Huijie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xuewei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Jing Li
- The College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Gui Geng
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
- Sugar Beet Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Crop Academy of Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sheng L, Shen D, Yang W, Zhang M, Zeng Y, Xu J, Deng X, Cheng Y. GABA Pathway Rate-Limit Citrate Degradation in Postharvest Citrus Fruit Evidence from HB Pumelo (Citrus grandis) × Fairchild (Citrus reticulata) Hybrid Population. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1669-1676. [PMID: 28150945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids are a major index of fresh fruit marketing properties. However, the genetic effects on the organic acid level in postharvest citrus fruit still remain unknown. Here, we used the fruits of about 40 lines in a hybrid population (high-acid "HB Pumelo" × low-acid "Fairchild") to analyze the organic acid metabolism of postharvest citrus fruit. A transgressive content of titratable acid (TA) was observed, which was attributed to citrate accumulation. High- and low-acid fruits (No. 130, 168 and No. 080, 181, respectively) were chosen for further study. Gene expression analysis on citrate metabolism showed that the high accumulation of citrate could be attributed to the low activity of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, and was partially due to the block of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by low mitochondrial aconitase (m-ACO) expression. TA level was significantly negatively correlated with weight loss in fruits during postharvest storage, implying a close relationship between organic acid and water metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sheng L, Shen D, Luo Y, Sun X, Wang J, Luo T, Zeng Y, Xu J, Deng X, Cheng Y. Exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid treatment affects citrate and amino acid accumulation to improve fruit quality and storage performance of postharvest citrus fruit. Food Chem 2016; 216:138-45. [PMID: 27596402 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The loss of organic acids during postharvest storage is one of the major factors that reduces the fruit quality and economic value of citrus. Citrate is the most important organic acid in citrus fruits. Molecular evidence has proved that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt plays a key role in citrate metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects of exogenous GABA treatment on citrate metabolism and storage quality of postharvest citrus fruit. The content of citrate was significantly increased, which was primarily attributed to the inhibition of the expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). Amino acids, including glutamate, alanine, serine, aspartate and proline, were also increased. Moreover, GABA treatment decreased the fruit rot rate. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the content of energy source ATP were affected by the treatment. Our results indicate that GABA treatment is a very effective approach for postharvest quality maintenance and improvement of storage performance in citrus production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic improvement (Central Region), MOA, PR China, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sharma RR, Awasthi OP, Kumar K. Pattern of phenolic content, antioxidant activity and senescence-related enzymes in granulated vs non-granulated juice-sacs of 'Kinnow' mandarin (Citrus nobilis x C. deliciosa). JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 53:1525-30. [PMID: 27570277 PMCID: PMC4984722 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-2112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
'Kinnow' is a hybrid mandarin, developed at California (USA) but could not become successful there. However, it revolutionized citrus industry in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Recent reports indicate that like other citrus fruits, it also suffers from juice-sac granulation but exact cause of this malady is not known. Fully-mature 'Kinnow' fruits were harvested and observations on some physical and biochemical attributes were recorded and their relationship was established with occurrence of granulation. About 12.8 % 'Kinnow' fruits were affected by juice-sac granulation. Granulated fruits had higher average weight (178 ± 2.26 g), peel thickness (3.72 ± 0.23 mm), and less soluble solids concentrates (7.4 ± 0.21 %) than non-granulated fruits. Granulated fruits exhibited lower concentrations of total phenolics compounds (4.3 ± 0.56 mg 100(-1) g gallic acid equivalent fresh weigh) and antioxidants activity (1.78 ± 0.29 μmol Trolox g(-1) FW) but produced higher rates of carbon dioxide and ethylene, and exhibited higher activities of senescent-related enzymes such as lipoxygenase (LOX) (1.3 ± 0.31 μmoles min(-1) g(-1) FW) and pectin methylesterase (PME) (0.52 ± 0.12 μmol of NaOH g(-1) FW min(-1)) and had strong relationships with the occurrence of granulation. From this study, it can be concluded that total phenolics compounds, antioxidants and PAL enzyme activity have strongly negative co-relation; whereas, senescent-related enzymes such as LOX, and PME and rates of respiration or ethylene evolution have strongly positive relationships with the occurrence of granulation in 'Kinnow' mandarin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Sharma
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
| | - O P Awasthi
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Division of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012 India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li SJ, Yin XR, Xie XL, Allan AC, Ge H, Shen SL, Chen KS. The Citrus transcription factor, CitERF13, regulates citric acid accumulation via a protein-protein interaction with the vacuolar proton pump, CitVHA-c4. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20151. [PMID: 26837571 PMCID: PMC4738278 DOI: 10.1038/srep20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic acids are essential to fruit flavor. The vacuolar H(+) transporting adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) plays an important role in organic acid transport and accumulation. However, less is known of V-ATPase interacting proteins and their relationship with organic acid accumulation. The relationship between V-ATPase and citric acid was investigated, using the citrus tangerine varieties 'Ordinary Ponkan (OPK)' and an early maturing mutant 'Zaoshu Ponkan (ZPK)'. Five V-ATPase genes (CitVHA) were predicted as important to citric acid accumulation. Among the genes, CitVHA-c4 was observed, using a yeast two-hybrid screen, to interact at the protein level with an ethylene response factor, CitERF13. This was verified using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. A similar interaction was also observed between Arabidopsis AtERF017 (a CitERF13 homolog) and AtVHA-c4 (a CitVHA-c4 homolog). A synergistic effect on citric acid levels was observed between V-ATPase proteins and interacting ERFs when analyzed using transient over-expression in tobacco and Arabidopsis mutants. Furthermore, the transcript abundance of CitERF13 was concomitant with CitVHA-c4. CitERF13 or AtERF017 over-expression leads to significant citric acid accumulation. This accumulation was abolished in an AtVHA-c4 mutant background. ERF-VHA interactions appear to be involved in citric acid accumulation, which was observed in both citrus and Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-jia Li
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xue-ren Yin
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-lan Xie
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hang Ge
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Shu-ling Shen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Kun-song Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang H, Wang H, Yi H, Zhai W, Wang G, Fu Q. Transcriptome profiling of Cucumis melo fruit development and ripening. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2016; 3:16014. [PMID: 27162641 PMCID: PMC4847005 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hami melon (Cucumis melo) is the most important melon crop grown in the north-western provinces of China. In order to elucidate the genetic and molecular basis of developmental changes related to size, flesh, sugar and sour content, we performed a transcriptome profiling of its fruit development. Over 155 000 000 clean reads were mapped to MELONOMICS genome, yielding a total of 23 299 expressed genes. Of these, 554 genes were specifically expressed in flowers, and 3260 genes in fruit flesh tissues. The 7892 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were related to fruit development and mediated diverse metabolic processes and pathways; 83 DEGs and 13 DEGs were possibly associated with sucrose and citric acid accumulation, respectively. The quantitative real-time PCR results showed that six out of eight selected candidate genes displayed expression trends similar to our DEGs. This study profiled the gene expression related to different growing stages of flower and fruit at the whole transcriptome level to provide an insight into the regulatory mechanism underlying Hami melon fruit development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Hami Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
- ()
| | - Huaisong Wang
- The Department of Cucurbitaceae Vegetables Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongping Yi
- Hami Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhai
- Hami Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- Hami Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Qiushi Fu
- The Department of Cucurbitaceae Vegetables Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu J, Kou Z, Tian Y. Diffuse axonal injury after traumatic cerebral microbleeds: an evaluation of imaging techniques. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1222-30. [PMID: 25206786 PMCID: PMC4146289 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.135330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous neuropathological studies regarding traumatic brain injury have primarily focused on changes in large structures, for example, the clinical prognosis after cerebral contusion, intracerebral hematoma, and epidural and subdural hematoma. In fact, many smaller injuries can also lead to severe neurological disorders. For example, cerebral microbleeds result in the dysfunction of adjacent neurons and the disassociation between cortex and subcortical structures. These tiny changes cannot be adequately visualized on CT or conventional MRI. In contrast, gradient echo sequence-based susceptibility-weighted imaging is very sensitive to blood metabolites and microbleeds, and can be used to evaluate traumatic cerebral microbleeds with high sensitivity and accuracy. Cerebral microbleed can be considered as an important imaging marker for diffuse axonal injury with potential relevance for prognosis. For this reason, based on experimental and clinical studies, this study reviews the role of imaging data showing traumatic cerebral microbleeds in the evaluation of cerebral neuronal injury and neurofunctional loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China ; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 3990 John R St, Detroit, MI, USA ; School of Public Administration, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhifeng Kou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 3990 John R St, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yongquan Tian
- School of Public Administration, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|