Ultrasonic impact on viscosity and extraction efficiency of polyethylene glycol: A greener approach for anthocyanins recovery from purple sweet potato

Mutation Breeding of Monascus to Produce a High Yield of Orange Pigment and Low Citrinin Content Using the ARTP Method

Monascus is a filamentous fungus with a long history of application in China, which can produce a variety of secondary metabolites, including Monascus red pigments, Monascus orange pigments, Monascus yellow pigments, and citrinin. There is widespread attention being paid to natural pigments because of their safety. Among the many natural pigments, orange pigment has a wide range of applications because of its unique color, but current production levels in the orange pigment industry are limited to a certain extent due to the insufficiently wide range of sources and low production. In this study, the ARTP mutation was used to obtain a strain with high-yield orange pigment and low citrinin. The strain RS7 was obtained through two-step mutagenesis, and all three pigments were improved to different degrees. The color value of orange pigment was elevated from the original 108 U/mL to 180 U/mL, an increase of 66.7% compared to the original strain, and the citrinin content was reduced by 69%. The result of microscopic morphology showed that RS7 has more wrinkles and is more convex than the R1 strain, but there was little change between the two strains. Therefore, the ARTP mutation influenced the growth and the biosynthesis of pigments in Monascus. In addition, the conditions of ultrasonic extraction of Monascus pigments were optimized using the response surface, and the separation of pigments was achieved with the method of thin-layer chromatography. Pigment stability results showed that the temperature had no significant effect on orange pigment, while tea polyphenol could improve its stability. This study generated a strain with high-yielding orange pigment and could lay a foundation for the future application of Monascus orange pigment in the food industry.

Valorization and protection of anthocyanins from strawberries (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) by acidified natural deep eutectic solvent based on intermolecular interaction

This study introduces an innovative approach for the valorization and protection of anthocyanins from 'Benihoppe' strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) based on acidified natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Choline chloride-citric acid (ChCl-CA, 1:1) was selected and acidified to enhance the valorization and protection of anthocyanins through hydrogen bond. The optimal conditions (ultrasonic power of 318 W, extraction temperature of 61 °C, liquid-to-solid ratio of 33 mL/g, ultrasonic time of 19 min), yielded the highest anthocyanins of 1428.34 μg CGE/g DW. UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS identified six anthocyanins in acidified ChCl-CA extract. Stability tests indicated that acidified ChCl-CA significantly increased storage stability of anthocyanins in high temperature and light treatments. Molecular dynamics results showed that acidified ChCl-CA system possessed a larger diffusion coefficient (0.05 m2/s), hydrogen bond number (145) and hydrogen bond lifetime (4.38 ps) with a reduced intermolecular interaction energy (-1329.74 kcal/mol), thereby efficiently valorizing and protecting anthocyanins from strawberries.

A comprehensive LCMS/MS characterization for the green extracted cucurbitane-triterpenoid glycosides from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) fruit

A first-time green extraction and LCMSMS analysis for karavilosides (KVs) VIII, X, and XI in different parts (skin, pith, and seed) of the fresh and dried fruit of bitter melon (BM) is reported herein. Ultrasonication for green extraction whereas, LCMS/MS for KVs quantification were used. More extract yield (675.80 ± 163.57 mg/g) was observed for the dried fruit parts compared to the fresh BM-fruit parts (513.20 ± 75.42 mg/g). The fresh skin (343.40 ± 54.07 mg/4g) and dried seeds (311.80 and 77.95 ± 38.98) exhibited more yield whereas, the solvent yield (mg/4mg) observed was; H2O (651.70) > EtOH (227.20) > EtAC (163.30) > ACT (146.80). The LCMS/MS yield for the KVs revealed a descending order; KVXI (2376.44 ppb) > KVX (639.17 ppb) > KVVIII (599.83 ppb). More correlation was seen for the solvent Vs extract yield whereas, the KVs revealed more correlation for the BM-fruit part (P = 0.05). The study comprehensively characterized the parts of fresh and dried BM-fruits in terms of extract yield and KVs amount.

Research Progress on the Extraction and Purification of Anthocyanins and Their Interactions with Proteins

Anthocyanins, as the most critical water-soluble pigments in nature, are widely present in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and fruit peels. Many studies have indicated that anthocyanins exhibit various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, vision protection, and anti-aging. Hence, anthocyanins are widely used in food, medicine, and cosmetics. The green and efficient extraction and purification of anthocyanins are an important prerequisite for their further development and utilization. However, the poor stability and low bioavailability of anthocyanins limit their application. Protein, one of the three essential nutrients for the human body, has good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Proteins are commonly used in food processing, but their functional properties need to be improved. Notably, anthocyanins can interact with proteins through covalent and non-covalent means during food processing, which can effectively improve the stability of anthocyanins and enhance their bioavailability. Moreover, the interactions between proteins and anthocyanins can also improve the functional characteristics and enhance the nutritional quality of proteins. Hence, this article systematically reviews the extraction and purification methods for anthocyanins. Moreover, this review also systematically summarizes the effect of the interactions between anthocyanins and proteins on the bioavailability of anthocyanins and their impact on protein properties. Furthermore, we also introduce the application of the interaction between anthocyanins and proteins. The findings can provide a theoretical reference for the application of anthocyanins and proteins in food deep processing.

Efficient Anthocyanin Recovery from Black Bean Hulls Using Eutectic Mixtures: A Sustainable Approach for Natural Dye Development

There is a growing interest in exploring new natural sources of colorants. This study aimed to extract anthocyanins from broken black bean hulls (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by modifying water with a eutectic mixture (choline chloride:citric acid (ChCl:Ca)). Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed and optimized in terms of temperature (30-70 °C), ultrasound power (150-450 W), and eutectic mixture concentration in water (1-9% (w/v)), resulting in an optimal condition of 66 °C, 420 W, and 8.2% (w/v), respectively. The main quantified anthocyanins were delphinidin-3-O-glycoside, petunidin-3-O-glycoside, and malvidin-3-O-glycoside. The half-life of the anthocyanins at 60 °C increased twelvefold in the eutectic mixture extract compared to the control, and when exposed to light, the half-life was 10 times longer, indicating greater resistance of anthocyanins in the extracted eutectic mixture. Additionally, the extracts were concentrated through centrifuge-assisted cryoconcentration, with the initial cycle almost double the extract value, making this result more favorable regarding green metrics. The first concentration cycle, which showed vibrant colors of anthocyanins, was selected to analyze the color change at different pH levels. In general, the technology that uses eutectic mixtures as water modifiers followed by cryoconcentration proved to be efficient for use as indicators in packaging, both in quantity and quality of anthocyanins.

Effect of polyethylene glycol on polysaccharides: From molecular modification, composite matrixes, synergetic properties to embeddable application in food fields

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a flexible, water-soluble, non-immunogenic, as well as biocompatible polymer, and it could synergize with polysaccharides for food applications. The molecular modification strategies, including covalent bond interactions (amino groups, carboxyl groups, aldehyde groups, tosylate groups, etc.), and non-covalent bond interactions (hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, etc.) on PEG molecular chains are discussed. Its versatile structure, group modifiability, and amphiphilic block buildability could improve the functions of polysaccharides (e.g., chitosan, cellulose, starch, alginate, etc.) and adjust the properties of combined PEG/polysaccharides with outstanding chain tunability and matrix processability owing to plasticizing effects, compatibilizing effects, steric stabilizing effects and excluded volume effects by PEG, for achieving the diverse performance targets. The synergetic properties of PEG/polysaccharides with remarkable architecture were summarized, including mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, antioxidant performance, self-healing properties, carrier and delivery characteristics. The PEG/polysaccharides with excellent combined properties and embeddable merits illustrate potential applications including food packaging, food intelligent indication/detection, food 3D printing and nutraceutical food absorption. Additionally, prospects (like food innovation and preferable nutrient utilization) and key challenges (like structure-effectiveness-applicability relationship) for PEG/polysaccharides are proposed and addressed for food fields.

Effects of Larrea nitida nanodispersions on the growth inhibition of phytopathogens

Larrea nitida Cav. (Zygophyllaceae) is a plant endemic to Argentina and Chile, and its extract has been studied over the last years due to the presence of antimicrobial agents that can be used to control the growth of some pathogens in agriculture. However, the extract is highly hydrophobic, which strongly affects its fungicidal activity in aqueous media. In this sense, the solid dispersion technique was used to produce L. nitida extract nanodispersions with polyethylene glycol (PLE) and with polyethylene glycol and zinc acetate (PZLE). In order to further evaluate the activity of the extract in PLE and PZLE, blank nanodispersions containing only polyethylene glycol (PEG) and zinc acetate (PZ) without the addition of the extract were also produced. The fungicidal activity of the water-soluble nanoparticles was evaluated at different concentrations (0.037-0.110 g.mL-1). In general, the nanoparticles were successfully produced on a nanometric size and presented a significant inhibitory activity on the growth of the pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium verticillioides in aqueous media. Compared to PLE, PZLE presented increased fungistatic activity, possibly due to their increased solubility in water. Even though their application in agriculture should be further investigated, the nanodispersions present great potential to be applied as a green biotechnological tool.

Encapsulation of bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis) flower extract in Urtica dioica L. seed gum: Characterization, antioxidant/antimicrobial properties, and in vitro digestion

Bougainvillea spectabilis extract (BSE), a rich source of bioactive compounds like phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin, was used for encapsulation with Urtica dioica L. seed gum. The extract was obtained using shaking, bath, and probe ultrasound. The results showed that probe ultrasound extract was more efficient, as reflected by the higher value of total phenolic (4354.15 mg GAE/100 g FW), flavonoid (2431.25 mg CE/100 g FW), and anthocyanin content (106.57 mg CGE/100 g FW). BSE was encapsulated in U. dioica L. seed gum at 1:1 and 1:2 core to coating ratio. In both DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay, higher antioxidant activity was observed in the encapsulated extract than in the free extract. Encapsulated extracts exhibited 87.9 nm average diameter (polydispersity index below 0.23) and negative zeta potential. The average minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica was 112.5, 87.5, 112.5, and 87.5 μg/ml, respectively, while MIC of the free extract against S. aureus and E. coli was 150 and 125 μg/ml, respectively. The phenolic compounds are gradually released from the nanoparticles in the gastric and small intestine phase, whereas free extract released phenolic compounds quickly after entering the gastric phase. Considering antioxidant/antimicrobial activity and release properties, nanoparticles with a 1:1 ratio of core to coating had the potential to use as an effective natural preservative agent in food products besides the delivery of bioactive compounds to the human body.

Anthocyanins in Different Food Matrices: Recent Updates on Extraction, Purification and Analysis Techniques

Anthocyanins (ANCs), a kind of natural pigments, are widely present in food substrates. Evidence has shown that ANCs can promote health in terms of anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammation. However, the oxidative stability of ANCs limits accurate quantitation and analysis. Therefore, faster, more accurate, and highly sensitive extraction and determination methods are necessary for understanding the role of ANCs in medicine and food. This review presents an updated overview of pretreatment and detection techniques for ANCs in various food substrates since 2015. Liquid-liquid extraction and various green solvent extraction methods, such as accelerated solvents extraction, deep eutectic solvents extraction, ionic liquids extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, are commonly used pretreatment methods for extraction and purification of ANCs. Liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors (tandem mass spectrometry and UV detectors) and spectrophotometry methods are some of the determination methods for ANC. This study has updated, compared, and discussed different pretreatment and analysis methods. Moreover, the advanced methods and development prospects in this field are comprehensively summarized, which can provide references for further utilization of ANCs.

Impact of Cell Disintegration Techniques on Curcumin Recovery

In recent years, the improvement of curcumin recovery from turmeric by cell and tissue disintegration techniques has been gaining more attention; these emerging techniques were used for a reproducible and robust curcumin extraction process. Additionally, understanding the material characteristics is also needed to choose the optimized technique and appropriate processing parameters. In this review, an outlook about the distribution of different fractions in turmeric rhizomes is reviewed to explain matrix challenges on curcumin extraction. Moreover, the most important part, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest studies on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), high-pressure-assisted extraction (HPAE), pulsed electric field-assisted extraction (PEFAE), and ohmic heating-assisted extraction (OHAE). Lastly, a detailed discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of emerging techniques will provide an all-inclusive understanding of the food industry’s potential of different available processes.

Preparation of arctiin moleculary imprinted polymers with 4-vinylpyridine and Allyl-β-cyclodextrin as binary monomers under molecular crowding conditions

This paper reported a feasible method to prepare molecularly imprinted polymer (MIPs) using 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) and Allyl-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as binary functional monomer in the presence of polystyrene (PS). This is the first time that a surrounding of macromolecular crowding was established to improve the imprinting effect of cyclodextrins as monomer in organic solvents. The morphological and characteristics of the polymers with macromolecular crowding reagents were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and nitrogen adsorption experiments. The MIPs were synthesized with 4-VP and β-CD as binary functional monomers, a series of experiments were conducted to compare with the control groups. Furthermore, the selectivity of MIP for analogues experiment showed that the β-CD/4-VP MIP has higher specific recognition for arctiin than β-CD/4-VP NIP. A purification method by β-CD/4-VP MIPs coupled with macromolecular crowding reagents was developed for extraction arctiin from Arctium lappa L. In the MIP-SPE process, the optimal washing and eluting reagents are methanol/water (5:5) and methanol/acid (9:1), respectively. When using the β-CD/4-VP MIPs as SPE absorbent, the mean recoveries for arctiin were 87% with purity of 95%. All the results indicate that this synthetic method using 4-VP and β-CD as binary functional monomers in the presence of PS is a promising method for the preparation of selective adsorbents for arctiin analysis in Arctium lappa L.

Extraction of functional extracts from berries and their high quality processing: a comprehensive review

Berry fruits have attracted increasing more attention of the food processing industry as well as consumers due to their widely acclaimed advantages as highly effective anti-oxidant properties which may provide protection against some cancers as well as aging. However, the conventional extraction methods are inefficient and wasteful of solvent utilization. This paper presents a critical overview of some novel extraction methods applicable to berries, including pressurized-liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction as well as some combined extraction methods. When combined with conventional methods, the new technologies can be more efficient and environmentally friendly. Additionally, high quality processing of the functional extracts from berry fruits, such as refined processing technology, is introduced in this review. Finally, progress of applications of berry functional extracts in the food industry is described in detail; this should encourage further scientific research and industrial utilization.

Optimization of ultrasound extraction of functional compound from makiang seed by response surface methodology and antimicrobial activity of optimized extract with its application in orange juice

An ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was optimized for the extraction of bioactive compound (total phenolic compound and total flavonoid content) with antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays) using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). The effect of extraction temperature (X1: 30-70 °C), extraction time (X2: 25-45 min) and amplitude (X3: 30-50%) were determined. In addition, antimicrobial activity and application of optimized makiang seed extract (MSE) were also evaluated. Results showed that the optimum condition of UAE were X1: 51.82 °C, X2: 31.87 min and X3: 40.51%. It was also found that gallic acid was the major phenolic compound of optimized MSE and its minimum inhibitiory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was between 1.56 - 6.25 and 25-100 mg/mL respectively. The addition of MSE could enhance the stability of orange juice and shelf life extension was also obtained. This research finding suggests the beneficial opportunities for ultrasound-assisted extraction for the production of bioactive compound from makiang seed with antioxidant activity leading to an application in medicinal and functional food industry.

Anthocyanins from purple sweet potato alleviate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in vitro and in vivo

In this study, anthocyanins were extracted and purified from purple sweet potato anthocyanins (PSPA) and the alleviative effect of PSPA on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity was investigated. High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) results showed that 10 kinds of substances were identified in PSPA and the PSPA was mainly composed of cyanidin (62.9%) and peonidin (21.46%). In in vitro experiments, PSPA reduced the excessive release of inflammatory factors (NO and TNF-α) induced by DOX and decreased the secretion of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) caused by myocardial injury. In in vivo experiments, PSPA inhibited the release of NO and MDA levels in heart tissue. Meanwhile, mice treated with PSPA decreased the levels of LDH, CK, TNF-α, and TMAO in serum and heart tissue when compared with the DOX group. In addition, the histopathological results of the heart tissue also showed a protective effect of PSPA on the pathological changes in heart. These results provide a reference for the application of PSPA as a functional food to intervene in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The effects of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato anthocyanins (PSPA) on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results indicated that PSPA could significantly ameliorate DOX-induced heart failure. The obtained results could provide the potential application of PSPA as an alternative therapy for cardiotoxicity caused by DOX in the functional food industry.

Green Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Lotus Seedpod (Receptaculum Nelumbinis) Assisted by Ultrasound Coupled with Glycerol

Lotus Receptaculum Nelumbinis has been sparking wide research interests due to its rich phenolic compounds. In the present work, ultrasonic-assisted extraction coupled with glycerol was employed to extract phenolic compounds from Receptaculum Nelumbinis and the process was optimized using a response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal conditions for the total phenolic content (TPC) extract were obtained: glycerol concentration of 40%, an extraction temperature of 66 °C, ultrasonic time of 44 min, and the solvent-to-solid ratio of 55 mL/g. Under these optimum extraction conditions, the extraction yield of TPC was 92.84 ± 2.13 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) /g. Besides, the antioxidant activities demonstrated the ability of free radical scavenging by four different methods that included 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and reducing activity (RA) were 459.73 ± 7.07, 529.97 ± 7.30, 907.61 ± 20.28, and 983.66 ± 11.80 μmol TE/g, respectively. Six phenolic compounds were identified by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography combined with triple-time-of-flight mass spectrophotometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS) from the extracts. Meanwhile, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was conducted to identify the characteristic functional groups of the extracts and thus reflected the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrated the microstructure difference of four treatments, which might explain the relationships between antioxidant activities and the structures of phenolic compounds.

Development of a sample pretreatment device integrating ultrasonication, centrifugation and ultrafiltration, its application on rapid on-site screening of illegally added chemical components in heat-clearing, detoxicating Chinese patent medicines followed by electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry

In this paper, a simple and rapid sample pretreatment device integrating ultrasonication, centrifugation and ultrafiltration (UCU) was reported for preparation of trace analytes in complex matrices. The UCU device was composed of two parts, A and B. The sample and extraction solvent were put into Part B for ultrasonic extraction. Subsequently, Part A and Part B were integrated and sealed for centrifugation and ultrafiltration. Finally, the ultrafiltrate in Part A was taken out for subsequent detection. After optimization, the device was applied to rapid on-site screening of five illegally added chemical components in heat-clearing and detoxicating Chinese patent medicines by combining with electrospray ionization-ion mobility spectrometry (ESI-IMS). The method showed good performance in terms of linearity with correlation coefficients (R²) above 0.9976 and limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 0.049-0.391 μg mL^-1. The recoveries were from 96.5 % to 100.8 %. The whole analysis process was within 11 min. The proposed method was further compared with other methods reported in the literature and the advantages and considerations were also explored. The results demonstrated that it was a simple, fast and accurate technique. The establishment of this method not only greatly improved the experimental efficiency but also avoided potential sample pollution brought by multiple sample transfer, and could provide a powerful means for rapid on-site analysis of trace analytes in complex matrices.

A green extraction design for enhancing flavonoid compounds from Ixora javanica flowers using a deep eutectic solvent

In this study, an environmentally friendly extraction method for flavonoid compound from Ixora javanica, as a new raw material candidate for herbal medicine and cosmetics, was developed. The objectives of the present work were to provide recommendations for the optimal extraction conditions and to investigate the effects of any extraction parameters on flavonoid yields from the I. javanica flower. The extraction process was performed using deep eutectic solvent (DES) (choline chloride and propylene glycol at molar ratio of 1 : 1) and the ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Both single-factor and response surface analyses using three-level and three-factor Box Behnken designs were conducted to obtain the optimum flavonoid concentrations. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for total flavonoids featured an extraction time of 40 min, 25% water content in DES and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 25 g ml-1. An extract obtained under optimum extraction conditions showed higher total flavonoid yields than an ethanolic extract which was used for comparison. Scanning electron microscope images demonstrated that both of the solvents also showed different effects on the outer surface of the I. javanica flower during the extraction process. In summary, our work succeeded in determining the optimum conditions for total flavonoids in the I. javanica flower using a green extraction method.

Sequential extraction and enrichment of flavonoids from Euonymus alatus by ultrasonic-assisted polyethylene glycol-based extraction coupled to temperature-induced cloud point extraction

A green method for simultaneous extraction and enrichment of flavonoids from Euonymus alatus was developed by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and temperature-induced cloud point extraction (TICPE) using PEG-base aqueous solution as the extractant. Based on screening different molecular weights of PEGs, PEG-400/water was used as the extractant, and the effects of key factors on extraction yields of flavonoids were investigated by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions of UAE were as follows: PEG-400 concentration of 16% (w/w), particle size of 80 mesh, solvent-to-material ratio of 60:1, extraction temperature of 90 °C and extraction time of 15 min. The results obtained by validation experiments were consistent with the values predicted by RSM. Temperature-induced formation of the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) and TICPE process were further investigated by controlling temperature and adding (NH₄)₂SO₄. In the presence of (NH₄)₂SO₄, the ATPS formed at 75 ℃ and pH 3.5 could effectively improve separation and recovery of flavonoids with enrichment factor of above five times. Gallic acid, catechin, dihydromyricetin and ellagic acid in the extract were identified and confirmed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and the corresponding standards. The UAE-TICPE coupled to HPLC was successfully applied for extraction and determination of flavonoids in two batches of Euonymus alatus. The extraction yields of catechin, dihydromyricetin and total flavonoids were 0.377-0.684 mg/g, 1.091-1.353 mg/g and 2.612-3.146 mg/g, respectively. Compared to conventional extraction methods, PEG-based UAE integrated with TICPE in one-step procedure exhibited higher extraction efficiency and better extraction selectivity.

Total Polyphenol Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Individual Phenolic Composition of Different Edible Parts of 4 Sweet Potato Cultivars

The quest to determine and use polyphenolic compounds present in fruits and vegetables as natural antioxidants has recently attracted much attention due to their beneficial health effects. In this study, the total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), antioxidant activity (AA), and individual polyphenol components of Simon No. 1, Yuzi No. 7, Shangshu 19, and Pushu 32 sweet potato cultivars (edible parts: leaf, stalk, stem, skin, and flesh) were investigated. TPC, TFC, and TAC values ranged from 440 ± 0.17-12080 ± 0.58 CAE mg/100 g DW, 94 ± 0.08-4210 ± 0.74 QE mg/100 g DW, and 7 ± 0.01-1010 ± 0.54 CGE mg/100 g DW, respectively. Yuzi No. 7 sweet potato cultivar contained significantly higher amounts of TPC, TFC, TAC, and AA in all its edible parts, followed by Pushu 32, Simon No. 1, and Shangshu 19 in that order. Regardless of the sweet potato cultivar used, TPC, TFC, and TAC of sweet potato leaves were significantly higher than those of other edible parts. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed 19 individual phenolic compounds. In general, 3,5-di- O-caffeoylquinic acid, astragalin, and cyanidin were the predominant phenolic acid, flavonoid, and anthocyanin compounds, respectively. The correlation analysis suggested that higher AA could be attributed to higher polyphenol content. Based on our results, edible parts of Yuzi No. 7 sweet potato cultivar presented the highest amounts of polyphenol content and AA suggesting the possibility of utilizing this cultivar by farmers and the food industry as a functional food product.

Sono-physical and sono-chemical effects of ultrasound: Primary applications in extraction and freezing operations and influence on food components

Ultrasound is an advanced non-thermal food-processing technology that has received increasing amounts of interest as an alternative to, or an adjuvant method for, conventional processing techniques. This review explores the sono-physical and sono-chemical effects of ultrasound on food processing as it reviews two typical food-processing applications that are predominantly driven by sono-physical effects, namely ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ultrasound-assisted freezing (UAF), and the components modifications to food matrices that can be triggered by sono-chemical effects. Efficiency enhancements and quality improvements in products (and extracts) using ultrasound are discussed in terms of mechanism and principles for a range of food-matrix categories, while efforts to improve existing ultrasound-assist patterns was also seen. Furthermore, the progress of experimental ultrasonic equipments for UAE and UAF as food-processing technologies, the core of the development in food-processing techniques is considered. Moreover, sono-chemical reactions that are usually overlooked, such as degradation, oxidation and other particular chemical modifications that occur in common food components under specific conditions, and the influence on bioactivity, which was also affected by food processing to varying degrees, are also summarised. Further trends as well as some challenges for, and limitations of, ultrasound technology for food processing, with UAE and UAF used as examples herein, are also taken into consideration and possible future recommendations were made.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Optimization of Phenolic Compounds from Citrus latifolia Waste for Chitosan Bioactive Nanoparticles Development

Bioactive Phenols-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PL-CNps) were developed by ionic gelation from Persian lemon (Citrus latifolia) waste (PLW) and chitosan nanoparticles. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimal Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) conditions for the total phenolic compounds (TPC) recovery from PLW (58.13 mg GAE/g dw), evaluating the ethanol concentration, extraction time, amplitude, and solid/liquid ratio. Eight compounds expressed as mg/g dry weight (dw) were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled photo diode array (UPLC-PDA) analysis: eriocitrin (20.71 ± 0.09), diosmin (18.59 ± 0.13), hesperidin (7.30 ± 0.04), sinapic acid (3.67 ± 0.04), catechin (2.92 ± 0.05), coumaric acid (2.86 ± 0.01), neohesperidin (1.63 ± 0.00), and naringenin (0.44 ± 0.00). The PL-CNps presented size of 232.7 nm, polydispersity index of 0.182, Z potential of -3.8 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 81.16%. The results indicated that a synergic effect between phenolic compounds from PLW and chitosan nanoparticles was observed in antioxidant and antibacterial activity, according to Limpel's equation. Such results indicate that PLW in such bioprocesses shows excellent potential as substrates for the production of value-added compounds with a special application for the food industry.

Stability and Quality of Anthocyanin in Purple Sweet Potato Extracts

Because of the high nutritional value of anthocyanin in purple sweet potatoes (TN57), the stability and quality of anthocyanin in purple sweet potatoes during and after the processing were investigated in this study. First of all, the extraction methods with different parameters, such as temperature, time, solid-liquid ratio, pH value, and solvent were employed to get better extraction efficiencies. After that, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenz thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) were used to evaluate the anti-oxidation ability of the extracts. Lastly, the thermal degradation kinetics and photodegradation were used to obtain important degradation factors including the content of anthocyanin residue, degradation index (DI), color parameters, reaction rate (k), and chromatic aberration (ΔE). We found that the extraction condition as using 60% ethanol with 1% citric acid under 80 °C for 40 min was optimal for purple sweet potatoes, which obtained antioxidant capacity as 333 μM TE DPPH, 376 μM TE ABTS⁺, and 593.6 μM TE ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results indicate that the most important parameter for the stability of anthocyanin in the purple sweet potato extract (PSPAE) was the pH value rather than temperature. In addition, there was no significant difference in chromatic aberration between the light and dark storage conditions under 37 °C. Thus, PSPAE has the potential to be developed as health foods and drinks rich in anthocyanin.

Ultrasound Treatment on Stability of Total and Individual Anthocyanin Extraction from Blueberry Pomace: Optimization and Comparison

Blueberry pomace is abundant in anthocyanins. This work characterized the anthocyanins in blueberry pomace, discussed the stability of anthocyanins under ultrasound treatment, and compared the extraction conditions for different anthocyanin compositions. Thirteen anthocyanins were identified, and malvidin-3-galactoside (18.56%), which represented the most abundant anthocyanin, was selected as the individual analyte. The general linear model univariate analysis revealed that ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) resulted in higher recoveries of both total anthocyanins (TA) and individual anthocyanins (IA) when compared with conventional solvent extraction. The optimized extraction conditions for TA and IA were UAE in pure methanol (12.49 mg/g dry weight) at 25 °C for 30 min and UAE in 70% ethanol (3.57 mg/g dry weight) at 40 °C for 40 min, respectively. Moreover, IA was more vulnerable to degradation compared with TA. Therefore, a specific extraction process of IA is significant for monomer preparation, and harsh conditions should be avoided in UAE.

Efficient Homogenization-Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) Marc with Carnosic Acid as an Antioxidant Additive

To explore the optimum conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins and flavonols from bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) marc on a single-factor experimental basis, a response surface methodology was adopted for this intensive study. The extraction procedure was carried out in a Waring blender and followed an ultrasonic bath, and the natural antioxidant carnosic acid was added to inhibit oxidation. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: a volume fraction of ethanol of 70%, an antioxidant content of 0.02% (the mass of sample) carnosic acid, a liquid–solid ratio of 16 mL/g, a homogenization time of 3 min, a reaction temperature of 55 °C, an ultrasound irradiation frequency of 80 kHz, an ultrasound irradiation power of 200 W, and an ultrasound irradiation time of 40 min. Satisfactory yields of anthocyanins (13.95 ± 0.37 mg/g) and flavonols (3.51 ± 0.16 mg/g) were obtained. The experimental results showed that the carnosic acid played an effective antioxidant role in the extraction process of anthocyanins and flavonols with a green and safety guarantee.

Optimization model for ultrasonic-assisted and scale-up extraction of anthocyanins from Pyrus communis 'Starkrimson' fruit peel

Ultrasonic effect on extraction of cyanidin-3-galactoside (Cy3-gal) from pear fruit peel was investigated and compared with conventional extraction (CE) method. Different process factors were tested to determine the optimum conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Results revealed that under optimized UAE conditions (ultrasonic power = 162 W, temperature = 71 °C, trifluoroacetic acid = 3%, ethanol = 57%, ultrasonication time = 11 min, and sample to solvent ratio = 1:30 g/ml), Cy3-gal yield was significantly higher (0.34 3± 0.005 mg/g) than from CE (0.266 ± 0.004 mg/g), whereas the extract viscosity during UAE showed a negative impact. UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS analysis detected a total number of 13 anthocyanin compounds, out of which 8 were identified and that mainly consisted of cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin compounds. Higher yield of Cy3-gal under UAE compared to CE was also justified by higher deformations in the cell structure. The possible mechanism of ultrasonication effect during the extraction process is also proposed in the present study. During scale-up UAE process, the extraction yield of Cy3-gal was recorded higher under batch scale-up compared to continuous operation. The present study is an attempt to optimize UAE of valuable anthocyanins from Pyrus communis 'Starkrimson' fruit peel and further scaled-up for higher volume extraction which can be utilized for industrial applications.