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Tsoumtsa Meda L, Lagarde J, Guillier L, Roussel S, Douarre PE. Using GWAS and Machine Learning to Identify and Predict Genetic Variants Associated with Foodborne Bacteria Phenotypic Traits. Methods Mol Biol 2025; 2852:223-253. [PMID: 39235748 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4100-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
One of the main challenges in food microbiology is to prevent the risk of outbreaks by avoiding the distribution of food contaminated by bacteria. This requires constant monitoring of the circulating strains throughout the food production chain. Bacterial genomes contain signatures of natural evolution and adaptive markers that can be exploited to better understand the behavior of pathogen in the food industry. The monitoring of foodborne strains can therefore be facilitated by the use of these genomic markers capable of rapidly providing essential information on isolated strains, such as the source of contamination, risk of illness, potential for biofilm formation, and tolerance or resistance to biocides. The increasing availability of large genome datasets is enhancing the understanding of the genetic basis of complex traits such as host adaptation, virulence, and persistence. Genome-wide association studies have shown very promising results in the discovery of genomic markers that can be integrated into rapid detection tools. In addition, machine learning has successfully predicted phenotypes and classified important traits. Genome-wide association and machine learning tools have therefore the potential to support decision-making circuits intending at reducing the burden of foodborne diseases. The aim of this chapter review is to provide knowledge on the use of these two methods in food microbiology and to recommend their use in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landry Tsoumtsa Meda
- ACTALIA, La Roche-sur-Foron, France
- ANSES, Salmonella and Listeria Unit (USEL), University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean Lagarde
- ANSES, Salmonella and Listeria Unit (USEL), University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
- INRAE, Unit of Process Optimisation in Food, Agriculture and the Environment (UR OPAALE), Rennes, France
| | | | - Sophie Roussel
- ANSES, Salmonella and Listeria Unit (USEL), University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Douarre
- ANSES, Salmonella and Listeria Unit (USEL), University of Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Yeom J, Bae D, Kim SA. Microbial dynamics of South Korean beef and surroundings along the supply chain based on high-throughput sequencing. Meat Sci 2024; 214:109520. [PMID: 38703561 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Microbiological safety and quality of beef is crucial as beef can serve as a reservoir for a variety of bacteria, including spoilage-related and foodborne pathogens. Controlling microbial contamination is a critical aspect of food quality and safety, but it is difficult to prevent as there are several potential sources of contamination from production to distribution. In this study, the microbiological ecology of cattle/beef and associated environmental samples (n = 69) were trace-investigated to reveal microbiome shifts in cattle/beef and possible cross-contaminants throughout the entire supply chain using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, and Acinetobacter, known as spoilage bacteria, opportunistic pathogens, or antibiotic-resistant bacteria, were the main microorganisms present in cattle/beef, and Staphylococcus became abundant in the final products. The dominance of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas was noticeable in the slaughtered carcasses and slaughterhouse environment, indicating that the slaughterhouse is a critical site where hygienic practices are required to prevent further contamination. Taxonomic similarities between cattle/beef and several environmental samples, as well as diversity analysis, presented a high potential for microbial transmission. Source tracking identified environmental samples that primarily contributed to the microbiota of cattle/beef. Farm floor (48%), workers' gloves (73%), and carcass splitters (20%) in the slaughterhouse were found to be major sources influencing the microbiome of cattle/beef at the farm, slaughterhouse, and processing plant, respectively. These findings demonstrated the dynamics of bacterial communities in cattle/beef according to stage and detected potential contamination sources, which may aid in a better understanding and control of microbial transmission in beef production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongyeon Yeom
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongryeoul Bae
- Division of Research and Development, TracoWorld Ltd., Gwangmyeong, South Korea
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
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3
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Gaillac A, Gourin C, Dubreil L, Briandet R, Prévost H, Jaffrès E. Biofilm formation of the food spoiler Brochothrix thermosphacta on different industrial surface materials using a biofilm reactor. Food Microbiol 2024; 120:104457. [PMID: 38431311 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Brochothrix thermosphacta is considered as a major food spoiler bacteria. This study evaluates biofilm formation by B. thermosphacta CD337(2) - a strong biofilm producer strain - on three food industry materials (polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and stainless steel (SS)). Biofilms were continuously grown under flow at 25 °C in BHI broth in a modified CDC biofilm reactor. Bacterial cells were enumerated by plate counting, and biofilm spatial organization was deciphered by combining confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis. The biofilms had the same growth kinetics on all three materials and reach 8log CFU/cm2 as maximal concentration. Highly structured biofilms were observed on PC and PS, but less structured ones on SS. This difference was confirmed by structural quantification analysis using the image analysis software tool BiofilmQ. Biofilm on SS show less roughness, density, thickness and volume. The biofilm 3D structure seemed to be related to the coupon topography and roughness. The materials used in this study do not affect biofilm growth. However, their roughness and topography affect the biofilm architecture, which could influence biofilm behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Romain Briandet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fox E, Gosling R(B, Gil BM, Møretrø T, Stessl B, da Silva Felício MT, Messens W, Simon AC, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Persistence of microbiological hazards in food and feed production and processing environments. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8521. [PMID: 38250499 PMCID: PMC10797485 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (in the meat, fish and seafood, dairy and fruit and vegetable sectors), Salmonella enterica (in the feed, meat, egg and low moisture food sectors) and Cronobacter sakazakii (in the low moisture food sector) were identified as the bacterial food safety hazards most relevant to public health that are associated with persistence in the food and feed processing environment (FFPE). There is a wide range of subtypes of these hazards involved in persistence in the FFPE. While some specific subtypes are more commonly reported as persistent, it is currently not possible to identify universal markers (i.e. genetic determinants) for this trait. Common risk factors for persistence in the FFPE are inadequate zoning and hygiene barriers; lack of hygienic design of equipment and machines; and inadequate cleaning and disinfection. A well-designed environmental sampling and testing programme is the most effective strategy to identify contamination sources and detect potentially persistent hazards. The establishment of hygienic barriers and measures within the food safety management system, during implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points, is key to prevent and/or control bacterial persistence in the FFPE. Once persistence is suspected in a plant, a 'seek-and-destroy' approach is frequently recommended, including intensified monitoring, the introduction of control measures and the continuation of the intensified monitoring. Successful actions triggered by persistence of L. monocytogenes are described, as well as interventions with direct bactericidal activity. These interventions could be efficient if properly validated, correctly applied and verified under industrial conditions. Perspectives are provided for performing a risk assessment for relevant combinations of hazard and food sector to assess the relative public health risk that can be associated with persistence, based on bottom-up and top-down approaches. Knowledge gaps related to bacterial food safety hazards associated with persistence in the FFPE and priorities for future research are provided.
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Siderakou D, Zilelidou E, Tempelaars M, Abee T, Skandamis P, den Besten HMW. Impact of preculture temperature on peracetic acid-induced inactivation and sublethal injury of L. monocytogenes and subsequent growth potential of single cells. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 406:110335. [PMID: 37625263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The disinfectant peracetic acid (PAA) that is used in the food industry can cause sublethal injury in L. monocytogenes. The effect of preculture temperature on the inactivation and sublethal injury of L. monocytogenes cells due to PAA was evaluated by plating on non-selective and selective agar medium supplemented with 5 % (w/v) NaCl. L. monocytogenes cells were precultured at 30 °C, 20 °C or 4 °C, and the former was used as reference temperature. Preculture of cells at 20 °C or 4 °C and subsequent exposure to PAA at the respective growth temperatures caused higher injury compared to cells grown at 30 °C and exposed to PAA 20 °C and PAA 4 °C, respectively. Survival was also affected by the preculture temperature; 20 °C-grown cultures resulted in lower survival at PAA 20 °C. Nevertheless, preculture at 4 °C resulted in a similar number of surviving cells when exposed to PAA 4 °C compared to cells precultured at 30 °C and exposed to PAA at 4 °C. Flow cytometry was subsequently used to quantify outgrowth capacity of stressed and sublethal damaged populations following sorting of single cells in nutrient rich medium (Tryptone soy broth supplemented with yeast extract [TSBY]). PAA treatment affected the outgrowth of L. monocytogenes at single-cell level resulting in increased outgrowth-times reflecting higher single cell heterogeneity. To conclude, the response of L. monocytogenes when exposed to PAA depended on the preculture conditions, and the highly heterogeneous outgrowth potential of PAA-injured cells may affect their detection accuracy and pose a food safety risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Siderakou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Evangelia Zilelidou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Marcel Tempelaars
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis Skandamis
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Heidy M W den Besten
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Andrews N, McCabe E, Wall P, Buckley JF, Fanning S. Validating the Utility of Multilocus Variable Number Tandem-repeat Analysis (MLVA) as a Subtyping Strategy to Monitor Listeria monocytogenes In-built Food Processing Environments. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100147. [PMID: 37619693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a serious human pathogen and an enduring challenge to control for the ready-to-eat food processing industry. Cost-effective tools that can be deployed by commercial or in-house laboratories to rapidly investigate and resolve contamination events in the built food processing environment are of value to the food industry. Multilocus variable number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) is a molecular subtyping method, which along with other same-generation methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is being superseded in disease tracking and outbreak investigations by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). In this paper, it is demonstrated that MLVA can continue to play a valuable role as a valid, fast, simple, and cost-effective method to identify and track Listeria monocytogenes subtypes in factory environments, with the method being highly congruent with MLST. Although MLVA does not have the discriminatory power of WGS to identify truly persistent clones, with careful interpretation of results alongside isolate metadata, it remains a powerful tool in situations and locations where WGS may not be readily available to food business operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Andrews
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Evonne McCabe
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Patrick Wall
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - James F Buckley
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 N2E5, Ireland; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT5 6AG, United Kingdom.
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7
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Sessitsch A, Wakelin S, Schloter M, Maguin E, Cernava T, Champomier-Verges MC, Charles TC, Cotter PD, Ferrocino I, Kriaa A, Lebre P, Cowan D, Lange L, Kiran S, Markiewicz L, Meisner A, Olivares M, Sarand I, Schelkle B, Selvin J, Smidt H, van Overbeek L, Berg G, Cocolin L, Sanz Y, Fernandes WL, Liu SJ, Ryan M, Singh B, Kostic T. Microbiome Interconnectedness throughout Environments with Major Consequences for Healthy People and a Healthy Planet. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0021222. [PMID: 37367231 PMCID: PMC10521359 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00212-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiomes have highly important roles for ecosystem functioning and carry out key functions that support planetary health, including nutrient cycling, climate regulation, and water filtration. Microbiomes are also intimately associated with complex multicellular organisms such as humans, other animals, plants, and insects and perform crucial roles for the health of their hosts. Although we are starting to understand that microbiomes in different systems are interconnected, there is still a poor understanding of microbiome transfer and connectivity. In this review we show how microbiomes are connected within and transferred between different habitats and discuss the functional consequences of these connections. Microbiome transfer occurs between and within abiotic (e.g., air, soil, and water) and biotic environments, and can either be mediated through different vectors (e.g., insects or food) or direct interactions. Such transfer processes may also include the transmission of pathogens or antibiotic resistance genes. However, here, we highlight the fact that microbiome transmission can have positive effects on planetary and human health, where transmitted microorganisms potentially providing novel functions may be important for the adaptation of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- University of Southampton, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, APC Microbiome Ireland and VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Aicha Kriaa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pedro Lebre
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Don Cowan
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lene Lange
- LL-BioEconomy, Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lidia Markiewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Annelein Meisner
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Olivares
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Excellence Center Severo Ochoa – Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Inga Sarand
- Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | | | - Hauke Smidt
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo van Overbeek
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Yolanda Sanz
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Excellence Center Severo Ochoa – Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - S. J. Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew Ryan
- Genetic Resources Collection, CABI, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Brajesh Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tanja Kostic
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
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Finn L, Onyeaka H, O’Neill S. Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms in Food-Associated Environments: A Persistent Enigma. Foods 2023; 12:3339. [PMID: 37761048 PMCID: PMC10529182 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a bacterial pathogen responsible for listeriosis, a foodborne illness associated with high rates of mortality (20-30%) and hospitalisation. It is particularly dangerous among vulnerable groups, such as newborns, pregnant women and the elderly. The persistence of this organism in food-associated environments for months to years has been linked to several devastating listeriosis outbreaks. It may also result in significant costs to food businesses and economies. Currently, the mechanisms that facilitate LM persistence are poorly understood. Unravelling the enigma of what drives listerial persistence will be critical for developing more targeted control and prevention strategies. One prevailing hypothesis is that persistent strains exhibit stronger biofilm production on abiotic surfaces in food-associated environments. This review aims to (i) provide a comprehensive overview of the research on the relationship between listerial persistence and biofilm formation from phenotypic and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies; (ii) to highlight the ongoing challenges in determining the role biofilm development plays in persistence, if any; and (iii) to propose future research directions for overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Tuytschaever T, Raes K, Sampers I. Listeria monocytogenes in food businesses: From persistence strategies to intervention/prevention strategies-A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3910-3950. [PMID: 37548605 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2023, Listeria monocytogenes persistence remains a problem in the food business. A profound understanding of how this pathogen persists may lead to better aimed intervention/prevention strategies. The lack of a uniform definition of persistence makes the comparison between studies complex. Harborage sites offer protection against adverse environmental conditions and form the ideal habitat for the formation of biofilms, one of the major persistence strategies. A retarded growth rate, disinfectant resistance/tolerance, desiccation resistance/tolerance, and protozoan protection complete the list of persistence strategies for Listeria monocytogenes and can occur on themselves or in combination with biofilms. Based on the discussed persistence strategies, intervention strategies are proposed. By enhancing the focus on four precaution principles (cleaning and disinfection, infrastructure/hygienic design, technical maintenance, and work methodology) as mentioned in Regulation (EC) No. 852/2004, the risk of persistence can be decreased. All of the intervention strategies result in obtaining and maintaining a good general hygiene status throughout the establishment at all levels ranging from separate equipment to the entire building.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Tuytschaever
- Research Unit VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Research Unit VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Imca Sampers
- Research Unit VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Kortrijk, Belgium
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Mader A, Riede O, Pabel U, Dietrich J, Sommerkorn K, Pieper R. [The One Health approach in the context of global commodity chains, crises, and food and feed safety]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2023:10.1007/s00103-023-03714-3. [PMID: 37256408 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-023-03714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The holistic view of food and feed safety, including animal health and environmental conditions, is an important pillar of the One Health approach. The terminology thus clearly goes beyond the prevention of spreading microbiological diseases, in which context it is often understood, and highlights that humans, animals, and the environment as well as their interaction should be considered in a transdisciplinary context.In terms of One Health, this discussion paper focuses less on microbiological risks, but rather on the connection to chemical risks in the food chain. This is illustrated by concrete examples of chemical contaminants (metals, persistent organic contaminants, natural toxins). The mechanisms of input and transfer along the food chain are presented.Minimizing the presence of contaminants and thus exposure requires international and interdisciplinary cooperation in the spirit of the One Health approach. Climate change, pandemics, shortages of raw materials, energy deficiencies, political crises, and environmental disasters can affect the entire food chain from primary production of plant and animal foods to further processing and provision of products to consumers. In addition to changing availability, this can also have an impact on the composition, quality, and safety of food and feed. Based on the effect on global commodity chains, vulnerable and resilient areas along the food chain become visible. In terms of the One Health approach, the aim is to increase safety and resilience along the food chain and to minimize its vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneluise Mader
- Abteilung Sicherheit in der Nahrungskette, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Oliver Riede
- Abteilung Sicherheit in der Nahrungskette, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Pabel
- Abteilung Sicherheit in der Nahrungskette, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Jessica Dietrich
- Abteilung Sicherheit in der Nahrungskette, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Katharina Sommerkorn
- Abteilung Sicherheit in der Nahrungskette, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Robert Pieper
- Abteilung Sicherheit in der Nahrungskette, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland.
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11
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Poimenidou SV, Caccia N, Paramithiotis S, Hébraud M, Nychas GJ, Skandamis PN. Influence of temperature on regulation of key virulence and stress response genes in Listeria monocytogenes biofilms. Food Microbiol 2023; 111:104190. [PMID: 36681396 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is a major determinant of Listeria (L.) monocytogenes adherence and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. However, its role on gene regulation of L. monocytogenes mature biofilms has not been investigated. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of temperature up- and down-shift on L. monocytogenes biofilms gene transcription. L. monocytogenes strain EGD-e biofilms were first developed on stainless steel surfaces in Brain Heart Infusion broth at 20 °C for 48 h. Then, nutrient broth was renewed, and mature biofilms were exposed to 10 °C, 20 °C or 37 °C for 24 h. Biofilm cells were harvested and RNA levels of plcA, prfA, hly, mpl, plcB, sigB, bapL, fbpA, fbpB, lmo2178, lmo0880, lmo0160, lmo1115, lmo 2089, lmo2576, lmo0159 and lmo0627 were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. The results revealed an over-expression of all genes tested in biofilm cells compared to planktonic cells. When biofilms were further allowed to proliferate at 20 °C for 24 h, the transcription levels of key virulence, stress response and putative binding proteins genes plcA, sigB, fbpA, fbpB, lmo1115, lmo0880 and lmo2089 decreased. A temperature-dependent transcription for sigB, plcA, hly, and lmo2089 genes was observed after biofilm proliferation at 10 °C or 37 °C. Our findings suggest that temperature differentially affects gene regulation of L. monocytogenes mature biofilms, thus modulating attributes such as virulence, stress response and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia V Poimenidou
- Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene. Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Nelly Caccia
- University Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), UMR Microbiologie, Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDiS), Site de Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Spiros Paramithiotis
- Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene. Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece; Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Food Process Engineering. Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Michel Hébraud
- University Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture, L'alimentation et L'environnement (INRAE), UMR Microbiologie, Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDiS), Site de Theix, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - George-John Nychas
- Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology. Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Skandamis
- Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene. Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece.
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Zhao Y, Bhavya ML, Patange A, Sun DW, Tiwari BK. Plasma-activated liquids for mitigating biofilms on food and food contact surfaces. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1654-1685. [PMID: 36861750 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-activated liquids (PALs) are emerging and promising alternatives to traditional decontamination technologies and have evolved as a new technology for applications in food, agriculture, and medicine. Contamination caused by foodborne pathogens and their biofilms has posed challenges and concerns to the food industry in terms of safety and quality. The nature of the food and the food processing environment are major factors that contribute to the growth of various microorganisms, followed by the biofilm characteristics that ensure their survival in severe environmental conditions and against traditional chemical disinfectants. PALs show an efficient impact against microorganisms and their biofilms, with various reactive species (short- and long-lived ones), physiochemical properties, and plasma processing factors playing a crucial role in mitigating biofilms. Moreover, there is potential to improve and optimize disinfection strategies using a combination of PALs with other technologies for the inactivation of biofilms. The overarching aim of this study is to build a better understanding of the parameters that govern the liquid chemistry generated in a liquid exposed to plasma and how these translate into biological effects on biofilms. This review provides a current understanding of PALs-mediated mechanisms of action on biofilms; however, the precise inactivation mechanism is still not clear and is an important part of the research. Implementation of PALs in the food industry could help overcome the disinfection hurdles and can enhance biofilm inactivation efficacy. Future perspectives in this field to expand existing state of the art to seek breakthroughs for scale-up and implementation of PALs technology in the food industry are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Zhao
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,Food Refrigeration and Computerised Food Technology (FRCFT), School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Da-Wen Sun
- Food Refrigeration and Computerised Food Technology (FRCFT), School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Exploring the Diversity of Biofilm Formation by the Food Spoiler Brochothrix thermosphacta. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122474. [PMID: 36557727 PMCID: PMC9785830 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brochothrix thermosphacta is considered as a major spoiler of meat and seafood products. This study explores the biofilm formation ability and the biofilm structural diversity of 30 multi-origin B. thermosphacta strains using a set of complementary biofilm assays (biofilm ring test, crystal violet staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy). Two major groups corresponding to low and high biofilm producers were identified. High biofilm producers presented flat architectures characterized by high surface coverage, high cell biovolume, and high surface area.
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14
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Guéneau V, Plateau-Gonthier J, Arnaud L, Piard JC, Castex M, Briandet R. Positive biofilms to guide surface microbial ecology in livestock buildings. Biofilm 2022; 4:100075. [PMID: 35494622 PMCID: PMC9039864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in human consumption of animal proteins implies changes in the management of meat production. This is followed by increasingly restrictive regulations on antimicrobial products such as chemical biocides and antibiotics, used in particular to control pathogens that can spread zoonotic diseases. Aligned with the One Health concept, alternative biological solutions are under development and are starting to be used in animal production. Beneficial bacteria able to form positive biofilms and guide surface microbial ecology to limit microbial pathogen settlement are promising tools that could complement existing biosecurity practices to maintain the hygiene of livestock buildings. Although the benefits of positive biofilms have already been documented, the associated fundamental mechanisms and the rationale of the microbial composition of these new products are still sparce. This review provides an overview of the envisioned modes of action of positive biofilms used on livestock building surfaces and the resulting criteria for the selection of the appropriate microorganisms for this specific application. Limits and advantages of this biosecurity approach are discussed as well as the impact of such practices along the food chain, from farm to fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgile Guéneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Lallemand SAS, 31702, Blagnac, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Christophe Piard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Romain Briandet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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15
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Kempf F, La Ragione R, Chirullo B, Schouler C, Velge P. Super Shedding in Enteric Pathogens: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2101. [PMID: 36363692 PMCID: PMC9692634 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Super shedding occurs when a small number of individuals from a given host population shed high levels of a pathogen. Beyond this general definition, various interpretations of the shedding patterns have been proposed to identify super shedders, leading to the description of the super shedding phenomenon in a wide range of pathogens, in particular enteric pathogens, which are of considerable interest. Several underlying mechanisms may explain this observation, including factors related to the environment, the gut microbiota, the pathogen itself (i.e., genetic polymorphism), and the host (including immune factors). Moreover, data suggest that the interplay of these parameters, in particular at the host-pathogen-gut microbiota interface, is of crucial importance for the determination of the super shedding phenotype in enteric pathogens. As a phenomenon playing an important role in the epidemics of enteric diseases, the evidence of super shedding has highlighted the need to develop various control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Kempf
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Barbara Chirullo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 000161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Philippe Velge
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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16
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Mbai J, Njoroge S, Obonyo M, Otieno C, Owiny M, Fèvre EM. Campylobacter positivity and public health risks in live bird markets in Busia, Kenya: A value chain analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1839-e1853. [PMID: 35293702 PMCID: PMC9790384 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) provide integral hubs for 95% of poultry produced for food. Surveillance systems in LBMs serving smallholder farmers in sub-saharan Africa are often non-functional, and data about public health risks and emerging pathogens are lacking. Studies in Kenya have reported 29-44% Campylobacter prevalence in poultry. We analysed such LBMs in Kenya for likely transmission of Campylobacter from poultry to humans. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 186 live poultry traders (LPTs) in 14 LBMs in a region with widespread backyard poultry systems. A pretested structured questionnaire was administered to all LPTs having regular contacts with poultry to gather market data and risk information on campylobacteriosis. Campylobacter was detected in individual cloacal cultures and identified through PCR. The median score obtained from the outcome of risk assessment dichotomized respondents into high and low risk categories. We performed logistic regression at 95% confidence interval (CI) to compare market characteristics and Campylobacter positivity to risk categories to identify LBM-associated public health risks. Markets had a median of 13 traders, and mean age of 46.3 ± 13.7 years. Majority 162/186 (87.1%) were males. Market behavioural processes by LPTs varied: Only 58.6% LPTs held bird species separate; onsite slaughter (38.7%); encountered sick-bird (93%) and dead-bird (83%) amidst limited health inspection (31.2%). Campylobacter positivity in live birds was 43/112 (38.4%, 95% CI: 29.4-48.1). Risk information on campylobacteriosis was low 41/114 (36%, 95% CI: 27.2-45.5). Sanitary risks were related to accumulation of litter (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [aPOR]: 19.67, 95% CI: 3.01-128.52). Accessing hand-wash facilities (aPOR: .32, 95% CI: .13-.78) and access to information (aPOR: .24, 95% CI: .09-.61) were protective. Sanitary risks were related to poor hygiene. LBMs could be central surveillance sites for Campylobacter. Public health authorities/actors should consider appropriate targeting to improve sanitary measures and Campylobacter control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephat Mbai
- Kenya Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kenyatta Hospital Grounds, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Government of Makueni County, Makueni, Kenya
| | - Samuel Njoroge
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute KEMRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark Obonyo
- Kenya Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kenyatta Hospital Grounds, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Maurice Owiny
- Kenya Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kenyatta Hospital Grounds, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Ramić D, Ogrizek J, Bucar F, Jeršek B, Jeršek M, Možina SS. Campylobacter jejuni Biofilm Control with Lavandin Essential Oils and By-Products. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:854. [PMID: 35884108 PMCID: PMC9312237 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The food industry is constantly struggling with one of the most prevalent biofilm-forming and food-borne pathogenic bacteria, Campylobacter jejuni. Different approaches are used to control biofilms in the food production chain, but none is fully effective. In this study, we aim to produce and determine the chemical profile of essential oils (EOs), ethanolic extracts of flowers prior to distillation (EFs), and ethanolic extracts of post-distillation waste material (EWMs) from Lavandula × intermedia 'Bila', 'Budrovka' St Nicholas and 'Budrovka', which were further used to reduce C. jejuni intercellular signaling, adhesion, and biofilm formation, as well as to test their antioxidant activity. Glycosides of hydroxycinnamic acids were the major constituents of both types of lavandin ethanolic extract, while linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineol, and camphor were the major compounds found in lavandin EOs. Tested EOs showed the best antibacterial activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.25 mg/mL. Lavandin EFs proved more effective in reducing C. jejuni intercellular signaling and adhesion compared to lavandin EOs and EWMs, while lavandin EOs showed a slightly better effect against biofilm formation. Interestingly, the best antioxidant activity was determined for lavandin EWMs. A positive and moderate correlation was found between the reduction of C. jejuni intercellular signaling and adhesion, as well as between adhesion and biofilm formation. These findings mean novel bacterial targets are of interest for biofilm control with alternative natural agents throughout the whole food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ramić
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.R.); (J.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Janja Ogrizek
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.R.); (J.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Franz Bucar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Barbka Jeršek
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.R.); (J.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Miha Jeršek
- Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Prešernova Cesta 20, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.R.); (J.O.); (B.J.)
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18
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Comparison of Selected Phenotypic Features of Persistent and Sporadic Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Sampled from Fish Processing Plants. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101492. [PMID: 35627065 PMCID: PMC9140201 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The main source of transmission of Listeria monocytogenes is contaminated food, e.g., fish and meat products and raw fruit and vegetables. The bacteria can remain for 13 years on machines in food processing plants, including fish plants. (2) Methods: A total of 720 swabs were collected from a salmon filleting line. The research material consisted of 62 (8.6%) L. monocytogenes isolates. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) allowed detecting a pool of persistent strains. All persistent strains (n = 6) and a parallel group of strains collected sporadically (n = 6) were characterized by their ability to invade HT-29 cells, biofilm formation ability, and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of selected disinfectants. (3) Results: Among the obtained isolates, 38 genetically different strains were found, including 6 (15.8%) persistent strains. The serogroup 1/2a-3a represented 28 strains (73.7%), including the persistent ones. There were no significant differences in invasiveness between the persistent and sporadic strains. The persistent strains tolerated higher concentrations of the tested disinfectants, except for iodine-based compounds. The persistent strains initiated the biofilm formation process faster and formed it more intensively. (4) Conclusions: The presence of persistent strains in the food processing environment is a great challenge for producers to ensure consumer safety. This study attempts to elucidate the phenotypic characteristics of persistent L. monocytogenes strains.
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19
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Grivokostopoulos NC, Makariti IP, Hilaj N, Apostolidou Z, Skandamis PN. Internalization of Salmonella in Leafy Greens and Impact on Acid Tolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0224921. [PMID: 35108086 PMCID: PMC8939352 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02249-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella colonizes the surface or the inner part of leafy greens, while the ability of internalized bacteria to evade common disinfection practices may pose a considerable risk. Hereby, we aimed to assess how the colonization and internalization of Salmonella spp. (i) vary with the type of leafy green, the storage conditions (temperature, time), and Salmonella serovar at phenotypic and gene transcriptional level (regarding stress- and virulence- or type III secretion system [T3SS]-associated genes) and (ii) potentially impact the survival of the pathogen against subsequent exposure at lethal pH (2.7), mimicking the gastric acidity. Internalized Salmonella reached 3.0 to 5.0 log CFU/g depending on storage conditions and vegetable, with spinach and chicory allowing the highest (P < 0.05) internalization. Prolonged storage (48 h) at 20°C increased the recovery of internalized Salmonella in spinach and green amaranth by 1.0 to 1.5 log units. Colonization of Salmonella on/in leafy vegetables induced the transcription (maximum fold change [FCmax], ∼2,000) of T3SS-related genes. Interserovar variation regarding the internalization ability of Salmonella was observed only in lettuce and green amaranth in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. Attached cells exhibited higher survival rates against low pH than the internalized subpopulation; however, habituation at 20°C in lettuce and amaranth induced acid tolerance to internalized cells, manifested by the 1.5 to 2.0 log CFU/g survivors after 75 min at pH 2.7. Habituation of Salmonella in vegetable extracts sensitized it toward acid, while indigenous microbiota had limited impact on acid resistance of the organism. These findings reveal physiological aspects of Salmonella colonizing leafy vegetables that could be useful in fresh produce microbial risk assessment. IMPORTANCE Consumption of leafy greens has been increasingly associated with foodborne illnesses, and their contamination could occur at pre- and/or postharvest level. Human pathogens may become passively or actively internalized in plant tissues, thereby escaping decontamination procedures. Plant colonization may impact bacterial physiology such as stress resistance and virulence. In this study, it was demonstrated that internalization of Salmonella spp., at the postharvest level, varied with type of vegetable, serovar, and storage conditions. Attached and internalized subpopulations of Salmonella on/in leafy greens showed distinct physiological responses regarding transcriptional changes of stress- and virulence-associated genes, as well as survival capacity against subsequent exposure to lethal pH (2.7). These findings could contribute to a better understanding and potential (re)definition of the risk of enteric pathogens colonizing leafy greens, as well as to the design of intervention strategies aiming to improve the microbiological safety of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. C. Grivokostopoulos
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - I. P. Makariti
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N. Hilaj
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Z. Apostolidou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P. N. Skandamis
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Development and characterization of anti-biofilm coatings applied by Non-Equilibrium Atmospheric Plasma on stainless steel. Food Res Int 2022; 152:109891. [PMID: 35181104 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-mediated microbial persistence of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria is a serious problem in food industries. Due to the difficulty of removing mature biofilms, great efforts are being made to find new strategies to prevent bacterial adherence to surfaces, the first step for biofilm development. In this study, coatings of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and acrylic acid (AA) were applied by Non-Equilibrium Atmospheric Plasma on stainless steel (SS) AISI 316, the SS most commonly used in food industry equipment. Their anti-biofilm activity was assessed against Listeria monocytogenes CECT911 and Escherichia coli CECT515 after incubation at 37 °C. The best results were obtained for L. monocytogenes, with coatings consisting of a base coating of APTES and a functional coating of TEOS (AP10 + TE6) or AA (AP10 + AA6) that reduced biofilm production by 45% and 74%, respectively, when compared with the uncoated SS. These coatings were further characterized, together with a variation of the best one that replaced the acrylic acid with succinic acid (AP10 + SA6). Their anti-biofilm activity was assessed under different incubation conditions, including two strains of L. monocytogenes isolated from processing environments of a meat industry. The coating AP10 + AA6 reduced the biofilm formation by 90% after incubation at 12 °C, a temperature more representative of those commonly found in food processing environments. The morphological and physico-chemical characterization of the selected coatings showed that the coating with the highest anti-biofilm activity (i.e., AP10 + AA6) had lower surface roughness and higher hydrophilicity. This suggests that the formation of a hydration layer prevents the adherence of L. monocytogenes, an effect that seems to be enhanced by low temperature conditions, when the wettability of the strains is increased.
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Surveillance of Listeria monocytogenes: Early Detection, Population Dynamics, and Quasimetagenomic Sequencing during Selective Enrichment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0177421. [PMID: 34613762 PMCID: PMC8612253 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01774-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we addressed different aspects regarding the implementation of quasimetagenomic sequencing as a hybrid surveillance method in combination with enrichment for early detection of Listeria monocytogenes in the food industry. Different experimental enrichment cultures were used, comprising seven L. monocytogenes strains of different sequence types (STs), with and without a background microbiota community. To assess whether the proportions of the different STs changed over time during enrichment, the growth and population dynamics were assessed using dapE colony sequencing and dapE and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. There was a tendency of some STs to have a higher relative abundance during the late stage of enrichment when L. monocytogenes was enriched without background microbiota. When coenriched with background microbiota, the population dynamics of the different STs was more consistent over time. To evaluate the earliest possible time point during enrichment that allows the detection of L. monocytogenes and at the same time the generation of genetic information that enables an estimation regarding the strain diversity in a sample, quasimetagenomic sequencing was performed early during enrichment in the presence of the background microbiota using Oxford Nanopore Technologies Flongle and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The application of multiple displacement amplification (MDA) enabled detection of L. monocytogenes (and the background microbiota) after only 4 h of enrichment using both applied sequencing approaches. The MiSeq sequencing data additionally enabled the prediction of cooccurring L. monocytogenes strains in the samples. IMPORTANCE We showed that a combination of a short primary enrichment combined with MDA and Nanopore sequencing can accelerate the traditional process of cultivation and identification of L. monocytogenes. The use of Illumina MiSeq sequencing additionally allowed us to predict the presence of cooccurring L. monocytogenes strains. Our results suggest quasimetagenomic sequencing is a valuable and promising hybrid surveillance tool for the food industry that enables faster identification of L. monocytogenes during early enrichment. Routine application of this approach could lead to more efficient and proactive actions in the food industry that prevent contamination and subsequent product recalls and food destruction, economic and reputational losses, and human listeriosis cases.
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22
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Agostinho Davanzo EF, dos Santos RL, Castro VHDL, Palma JM, Pribul BR, Dallago BSL, Fuga B, Medeiros M, Titze de Almeida SS, da Costa HMB, Rodrigues DDP, Lincopan N, Perecmanis S, Santana AP. Molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes strains from biofilms in cattle and poultry slaughterhouses located in the federal District and State of Goiás, Brazil. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259687. [PMID: 34767604 PMCID: PMC8589217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. are considered important foodborne pathogens that are commonly associated with foods of animal origin. The aim of this study was to perform molecular characterization of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. isolated from biofilms of cattle and poultry slaughterhouses located in the Federal District and State of Goiás, Brazil. Fourteen L. monocytogenes isolates and one Salmonella sp. were detected in poultry slaughterhouses. No isolates were detected in cattle slaughterhouses. All L. monocytogenes isolates belonged to lineage II, and 11 different pulsotypes were detected. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed the dissemination of two strains within one plant, in addition to the regional dissemination of one of them. The Salmonella isolate was identified via whole genome sequencing as Salmonella enterica serovar Minnesota ST548. In the sequence analysis, no premature stop codons were detected in the inlA gene of Listeria. All isolates demonstrated the ability to adhere to Caco-2 cells, while 50% were capable of invading them. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 57.1% of the L. monocytogenes isolates, and resistance to sulfonamide was the most common feature. The tetC, ermB, and tetM genes were detected, and four isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant. Salmonella sp. was resistant to nine antimicrobials and was classified as multidrug-resistant. Resistance genes qnrB19, blaCMY-2, aac(6')-Iaa, sul2, and tetA, and a mutation in the parC gene were detected. The majority (78.5%) of the L. monocytogenes isolates were capable of forming biofilms after incubation at 37°C for 24 h, and 64.3% were capable of forming biofilms after incubation at 12°C for 168 h. There was no statistical difference in the biofilm-forming capacity under the different evaluated conditions. Salmonella sp. was capable of forming biofilms at both tested temperatures. Biofilm characterization was confirmed by collecting the samples consistently, at the same sampling points, and by assessing biofilm formation in vitro. These results highlight the potential risk of cross-contamination in poultry slaughterhouses and the importance of surveillance and pathogen control maintenance programs within the meat production industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joana Marchesini Palma
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rocha Pribul
- National Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Enteric Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Fuga
- Laboratory of Bacterial Resistance and Therapeutic Alternatives, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Margareti Medeiros
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dália dos Prazeres Rodrigues
- National Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Enteric Infections, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Laboratory of Bacterial Resistance and Therapeutic Alternatives, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Perecmanis
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Angela Patrícia Santana
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
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23
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Cobo-Díaz JF, Alvarez-Molina A, Alexa EA, Walsh CJ, Mencía-Ares O, Puente-Gómez P, Likotrafiti E, Fernández-Gómez P, Prieto B, Crispie F, Ruiz L, González-Raurich M, López M, Prieto M, Cotter P, Alvarez-Ordóñez A. Microbial colonization and resistome dynamics in food processing environments of a newly opened pork cutting industry during 1.5 years of activity. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:204. [PMID: 34645520 PMCID: PMC8515711 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microorganisms that inhabit food processing environments (FPE) can strongly influence the associated food quality and safety. In particular, the possibility that FPE may act as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, and a hotspot for the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a concern in meat processing plants. Here, we monitor microbial succession and resistome dynamics relating to FPE through a detailed analysis of a newly opened pork cutting plant over 1.5 years of activity. RESULTS We identified a relatively restricted principal microbiota dominated by Pseudomonas during the first 2 months, while a higher taxonomic diversity, an increased representation of other taxa (e.g., Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter), and a certain degree of microbiome specialization on different surfaces was recorded later on. An increase in total abundance, alpha diversity, and β-dispersion of ARGs, which were predominantly assigned to Acinetobacter and associated with resistance to certain antimicrobials frequently used on pig farms of the region, was detected over time. Moreover, a sharp increase in the occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcaceae was observed when cutting activities started. ARGs associated with resistance to β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and sulphonamides frequently co-occurred, and mobile genetic elements (i.e., plasmids, integrons) and lateral gene transfer events were mainly detected at the later sampling times in drains. CONCLUSIONS The observations made suggest that pig carcasses were a source of resistant bacteria that then colonized FPE and that drains, together with some food-contact surfaces, such as equipment and table surfaces, represented a reservoir for the spread of ARGs in the meat processing facility. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F. Cobo-Díaz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Elena A. Alexa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Present address: Microbiology Department, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Calum J. Walsh
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Paula Puente-Gómez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Eleni Likotrafiti
- Department of Food Science & Technology, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Bernardo Prieto
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Dairy Research Institute, Spanish National Research Council, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-CSIC, Villaviciosa, Spain
- MicroHealth Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias Spain
| | - Montserrat González-Raurich
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Mercedes López
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Miguel Prieto
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Paul Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Avelino Alvarez-Ordóñez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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24
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Klaharn K, Pichpol D, Meeyam T, Pfeiffer D, Moomon A, Lohaanukul P, Punyapornwithaya V. Analysis of nationwide survey data to determine bacterial contamination levels in meat from pig slaughterhouses in Thailand. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Rodionova K, Paliy A, Кhimych M. Veterinary and sanitary assessment and disinfection of refrigerator chambers of meat processing enterprises. POTRAVINARSTVO 2021. [DOI: 10.5219/1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of microbiological studies of air samples of refrigerating chambers of meat processing enterprises are presented. The quantitative composition of the air microbiota of the chambers of the refrigerating shop was studied. It has been established that the technological regimes for cooling meat in cooled chambers (t = +4 °C) and deep freezing chambers (t = -18 °C and -22 °C) have no bacteriostatic effect on the life activity of mold fungi. The developed disinfecting preparation (hydrogen peroxide (8.0 - 10%), acetic acid (10%), peracetic acid (5.0 - 7.0%), stabilizing additives, water) ensures the destruction of sanitary-indicative microorganisms in cold rooms meat processing plants when applied at a concentration of 0.05% - 60 minutes, 0.1% - 30 minutes, 0.15% - 10 minutes and does not have a toxic effect on meat raw materials that are stored in chambers of the refrigeration shop after disinfection.
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26
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Tantala J, Rachtanapun P, Rachtanapun C. Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Thai Household Essential Oils in Chitosan Film. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091519. [PMID: 34065089 PMCID: PMC8125964 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens mostly contaminate ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products by post-process contamination and cause foodborne disease outbreaks. Preventing post-process contamination and controlling microbial growth during storage by packing the RTE meats with active antimicrobial film from chitosan combined with the synergism of Thai household essential oils was investigated. Here, we analyzed antimicrobial activity and mechanical properties of chitosan films incorporated with essential oil of fingerroot (EOF) and holy basil (EOH) based on their fractional inhibitory concentration and isobolograms. We showed that antimicrobial activities of chitosan film and chitosan films formulated with EOF:EOH displayed a dramatical reduction of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A concentration by 7 Log in 12 h. Chitosan film incorporated with EOF:EOH at ratio 0.04:0.04% v/v/w strongly retarded growth of total viable count of L. monocytogenes on vacuum-packed bologna slices during seven days of storage at 4 and 10 °C. Combined EOF and EOH added to chitosan films did not alter thickness, elongation (%) and colors (L*, a* and b*) of the chitosan film, but it increased water vapor transmission rate and decreased film tensile strength. Results suggested that chitosan film had strong antibacterial properties. Its effectiveness in inhibiting foodborne pathogenic bacteria in ready-to-eat meat products was enhanced by adding a combination of EOF:EOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthamas Tantala
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Faculty of Agro-Industry, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- The Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chitsiri Rachtanapun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Center for Advanced Studied Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2562-5000 (ext. 5206)
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27
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Kuo SC, Weng YM. Food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice among elementary schoolchildren in southern Taiwan. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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Siderakou D, Zilelidou E, Poimenidou S, Tsipra I, Ouranou E, Papadimitriou K, Skandamis P. Assessing the survival and sublethal injury kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes under different food processing-related stresses. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 346:109159. [PMID: 33773356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen L. monocytogenes can be present in food processing environments where it is exposed to various stressors. These antimicrobial factors, which aim to eliminate the pathogen, can induce sub-lethal injury to the bacterial cells. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of different treatments (stresses) relevant to food processing and preservation as well as sanitation methods, in generating sub-lethal injury at 4 °C and 20 °C to two L. monocytogenes strains, ScottA and EGDe. Additionally, we evaluated the survival and extent of L. monocytogenes injury after exposure to commonly used disinfectants (peracetic acid and benzalkonium chloride), following habituation in nutrient-deprived, high-salinity medium. Each stress had a different impact on the survival and injury kinetics of L. monocytogenes. The highest injury levels were caused by peracetic acid which, at 4 °C, generated high populations of injured cells without loss of viability. Other injury-inducing stresses were lactic acid and heating. Long-term habituation in nutrient-limited and high salinity medium (4 °C) and subsequent exposure to disinfectants resulted in higher survival and injury in benzalkonium chloride and increased survival, yet with lower injury levels, in peracetic acid at 20 °C. Taken together, these results highlight the potential food safety risk emerging from the occurrence of injured cells by commonly used food processing methods. Consequently, in order to accurately assess the impact of an antimicrobial method, its potential of inducing sublethal injury needs to be considered along with lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Siderakou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Evangelia Zilelidou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Sofia Poimenidou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Ioanna Tsipra
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Eleni Ouranou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Papadimitriou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Skandamis
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece.
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29
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Thakali A, MacRae JD. A review of chemical and microbial contamination in food: What are the threats to a circular food system? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110635. [PMID: 33347866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A circular food system is one in which food waste is processed to recover plant nutrients and returned to the soil to enable the production of more food, rather than being diverted to landfill or incineration. The approach may be used to reduce energy and water use in food production and contribute to the sustainability of the system. Anaerobic digestion and composting are common food waste treatment technologies used to stabilize waste and produce residual materials that can replenish the soil, thus contributing to a circular food system. This approach can only be deemed safe and feasible, however, if food waste is uncontaminated or any contaminants are destroyed during treatment. This review brings together information on several contaminant classes at different stages of the food supply chain, their possible sources, and their fates during composting and digestion. The main aim is to identify factors that could impede the transition towards a safe, reliable and efficient circular food system. We investigated heavy metals, halogenated organic compounds, foodborne pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the food system and their fates during digestion and composting. Production and processing stages were identified as major entry points for these classes of contaminants. Heavy metals and foodborne pathogens pose less risk in a circular system than halogenated organics or antibiotic resistance. Given the diversity of properties among halogenated organic compounds, there is conflicting evidence about their fate during treatment. There are relatively few studies on the fate of ARGs during treatment, and these have produced variable results, indicating a need for more research to clarify their fate in the final products. Repeated land application of contaminated food waste residuals can increase the risk of accumulation and jeopardize the safety of a circular food system. Thus, careful management of the system and research into the fate of the contaminants during treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Thakali
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Jean D MacRae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
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30
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Poimenidou SV, Manios SG, Skandamis PN. Control of Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms in a Simulated Food-Processing Environment. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2220:219-231. [PMID: 32975778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0982-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-forming ability may vary significantly among different Listeria (L.) monocytogenes strains. This interstrain variation is also observed in L. monocytogenes biofilm resistance to antimicrobial compounds commonly used in the food-processing environment. The screening of a large set of L. monocytogenes strains with specific characteristics, such as serotype, MLST type, and other genetic characteristics under various environmental conditions, may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the establishment of the pathogen on food contact surfaces. In this chapter, traditional methods for L. monocytogenes strains characterization with regard to biofilm formation and novel biofilm control methods will be described.
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31
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Sala C, Mordhorst H, Grützke J, Brinkmann A, Petersen TN, Poulsen C, Cotter PD, Crispie F, Ellis RJ, Castellani G, Amid C, Hakhverdyan M, Guyader SL, Manfreda G, Mossong J, Nitsche A, Ragimbeau C, Schaeffer J, Schlundt J, Tay MYF, Aarestrup FM, Hendriksen RS, Pamp SJ, De Cesare A. Metagenomics-Based Proficiency Test of Smoked Salmon Spiked with a Mock Community. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121861. [PMID: 33255715 PMCID: PMC7760972 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An inter-laboratory proficiency test was organized to assess the ability of participants to perform shotgun metagenomic sequencing of cold smoked salmon, experimentally spiked with a mock community composed of six bacteria, one parasite, one yeast, one DNA, and two RNA viruses. Each participant applied its in-house wet-lab workflow(s) to obtain the metagenomic dataset(s), which were then collected and analyzed using MG-RAST. A total of 27 datasets were analyzed. Sample pre-processing, DNA extraction protocol, library preparation kit, and sequencing platform, influenced the abundance of specific microorganisms of the mock community. Our results highlight that despite differences in wet-lab protocols, the reads corresponding to the mock community members spiked in the cold smoked salmon, were both detected and quantified in terms of relative abundance, in the metagenomic datasets, proving the suitability of shotgun metagenomic sequencing as a genomic tool to detect microorganisms belonging to different domains in the same food matrix. The implementation of standardized wet-lab protocols would highly facilitate the comparability of shotgun metagenomic sequencing dataset across laboratories and sectors. Moreover, there is a need for clearly defining a sequencing reads threshold, to consider pathogens as detected or undetected in a food sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Hanne Mordhorst
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (H.M.); (T.N.P.); (C.P.); (F.M.A.); (R.S.H.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Josephine Grützke
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Annika Brinkmann
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, ZBS 1, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Thomas N. Petersen
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (H.M.); (T.N.P.); (C.P.); (F.M.A.); (R.S.H.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Casper Poulsen
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (H.M.); (T.N.P.); (C.P.); (F.M.A.); (R.S.H.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, APC Microbiome Ireland and Vistamilk, T12 YN60 Co. Cork, Ireland; (P.D.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, APC Microbiome Ireland and Vistamilk, T12 YN60 Co. Cork, Ireland; (P.D.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Richard J. Ellis
- Surveillance and Laboratory Services Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Gastone Castellani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Clara Amid
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK;
| | | | - Soizick Le Guyader
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CEDEX 03, 44311 Nantes, France; (S.L.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Gerardo Manfreda
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy;
| | - Joël Mossong
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg; (J.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, ZBS 1, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.B.); (A.N.)
| | - Catherine Ragimbeau
- Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, Laboratoire National de Santé, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg; (J.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Julien Schaeffer
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CEDEX 03, 44311 Nantes, France; (S.L.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Joergen Schlundt
- Nanyang Technological University Food Technology Centre (NAFTEC), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459, Singapore; (J.S.); (M.Y.F.T.)
| | - Moon Y. F. Tay
- Nanyang Technological University Food Technology Centre (NAFTEC), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 62 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637459, Singapore; (J.S.); (M.Y.F.T.)
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (H.M.); (T.N.P.); (C.P.); (F.M.A.); (R.S.H.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Rene S. Hendriksen
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (H.M.); (T.N.P.); (C.P.); (F.M.A.); (R.S.H.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Sünje Johanna Pamp
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; (H.M.); (T.N.P.); (C.P.); (F.M.A.); (R.S.H.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Alessandra De Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
- Correspondence:
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32
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The role of the general stress response regulator RpoS in Cronobacter sakazakii biofilm formation. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Montso PK, Mlambo V, Ateba CN. Efficacy of novel phages for control of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli O177 on artificially contaminated beef and their potential to disrupt biofilm formation. Food Microbiol 2020; 94:103647. [PMID: 33279072 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated beef is a prominent source of foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli O177. Susceptibility of nine multi-drug resistant E. coli O177 strains against eight individual phages and six phage cocktails was assessed using polystyrene microplate titer plate. Further, 180 beef samples were independently inoculated with E. coli O177 cells in triplicates and treated with eight individual phages and six phage cocktails to determine their efficacy in inhibiting bacteria growth at 4 °C over a 7-day incubation period. Results revealed that all E. coli O177 strains were susceptible to the phages. A significant log reduction in viable E. coli O177 cell counts was observed on beef samples upon phage treatment over the 7-day incubation period. Two individual phages and three phage cocktails reduced E. coli cell counts to levels below the detection limit (1.0 log10 CFU/g). Log reduction of viable E. coli cell counts ranged from 2.10 to 7.81 CFU/g for individual phages and from 2.86 to 7.81 CFU/g for cocktails. Individual phages and phage cocktails inhibited E. coli O177 biofilm formation with phage cocktails showing high efficacy. Furthermore, phage cocktails showed greater efficacy in destroying pre-formed biofilm than individual phages. Based on these findings, we concluded that phage cocktails developed in this study could be used to reduce E. coli O177 contamination and extend the shelf-life of stored raw beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kotsoana Montso
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Victor Mlambo
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Private Bag X11283, Mbombela, 1200, South Africa
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.
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34
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Nastasijevic I, Proscia F, Boskovic M, Glisic M, Blagojevic B, Sorgentone S, Kirbis A, Ferri M. The European Union control strategy for
Campylobacter
spp. in the broiler meat chain. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marija Boskovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Milica Glisic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia
| | - Bojan Blagojevic
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Veterinary Medicine University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| | | | - Andrej Kirbis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Maurizio Ferri
- Italian Society of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Rome Italy
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35
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Wang LYR, Jokinen CC, Laing CR, Johnson RP, Ziebell K, Gannon VPJ. Assessing the genomic relatedness and evolutionary rates of persistent verotoxigenic Escherichia coli serotypes within a closed beef herd in Canada. Microb Genom 2020; 6. [PMID: 32496181 PMCID: PMC7371104 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) are food- and water-borne pathogens associated with both sporadic illness and outbreaks of enteric disease. While it is known that cattle are reservoirs of VTEC, little is known about the genomic variation of VTEC in cattle, and whether the variation in genomes reported for human outbreak strains is consistent with individual animal or group/herd sources of infection. A previous study of VTEC prevalence identified serotypes carried persistently by three consecutive cohorts of heifers within a closed herd of cattle. This present study aimed to: (i) determine whether the genomic relatedness of bovine isolates is similar to that reported for human strains associated with single source outbreaks, (ii) estimate the rates of genome change among dominant serotypes over time within a cattle herd, and (iii) identify genomic features of serotypes associated with persistence in cattle. Illumina MiSeq genome sequencing and genotyping based on allelic and single nucleotide variations were completed, while genome change over time was measured using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees. The accessory genome, including the non-protein-encoding intergenic regions (IGRs), virulence factors, antimicrobial-resistance genes and plasmid gene content of representative persistent and sporadic cattle strains were compared using Fisher’s exact test corrected for multiple comparisons. Herd strains from serotypes O6:H34 (n=22), O22:H8 (n=30), O108:H8 (n=39), O139:H19 (n=44) and O157:H7 (n=106) were readily distinguishable from epidemiologically unrelated strains of the same serotype using a similarity threshold of 10 or fewer allele differences between adjacent nodes. Temporal-cohort clustering within each serotype was supported by date randomization analysis. Substitutions per site per year were consistent with previously reported values for E. coli; however, there was low branch support for these values. Acquisition of the phage-encoded Shiga toxin 2 gene in serotype O22:H8 was observed. Pan-genome analyses identified accessory regions that were more prevalent in persistent serotypes (P≤0.05) than in sporadic serotypes. These results suggest that VTEC serotypes from a specific cattle population are highly clonal with a similar level of relatedness as human single-source outbreak-associated strains, but changes in the genome occur gradually over time. Additionally, elements in the accessory genomes may provide a selective advantage for persistence of VTEC within cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ya Ruth Wang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Chad R Laing
- National Centre for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger P Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim Ziebell
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor P J Gannon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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36
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Li D, Hao C, Liu Z, Wang S, Wang Y, Chao Z, Gao S, Chen S. Development of a novel dual priming oligonucleotide system‐based PCR assay for specific detection of
Salmonella
from food samples. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan‐Dan Li
- Haikou Customs District P.R.China Haikou Hainan China
| | - Chun‐Bo Hao
- Hainan Province People's Hospital Haikou Hainan China
| | - Zhong‐Mei Liu
- Harbin Customs District P.R.China Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - Sui‐Jia Wang
- Haikou Customs District P.R.China Haikou Hainan China
| | - Yu Wang
- Chongqing Customs District P.R.China Chongqing China
| | - Zhe Chao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineHainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Haikou Hainan China
| | | | - Si Chen
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHainan University Haikou Hainan China
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37
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Fagerlund A, Heir E, Møretrø T, Langsrud S. Listeria Monocytogenes Biofilm Removal Using Different Commercial Cleaning Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:E792. [PMID: 32059494 PMCID: PMC7070633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective cleaning and disinfection (C&D) is pivotal for the control of Listeria monocytogenes in food processing environments. Bacteria in biofilms are protected from biocidal action, and effective strategies for the prevention and removal of biofilms are needed. In this study, different C&D biofilm control strategies on pre-formed L. monocytogenes biofilms on a conveyor belt material were evaluated and compared to the effect of a conventional chlorinated, alkaline cleaner (agent A). Bacterial reductions up to 1.8 log were obtained in biofilms exposed to daily C&D cycles with normal user concentrations of alkaline, acidic, or enzymatic cleaning agents, followed by disinfection using peracetic acid. No significant differences in bactericidal effects between the treatments were observed. Seven-day-old biofilms were more tolerant to C&D than four-day-old biofilms. Attempts to optimize biofilm eradication protocols for four alkaline, two acidic, and one enzymatic cleaning agent, in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations, were evaluated. Increased concentrations, the number of subsequent treatments, the exposure times, and the temperatures of the C&D agents provided between 4.0 and >5.5 log reductions in colony forming units (CFU) for seven-day-old L. monocytogenes biofilms. Enhanced protocols of conventional and enzymatic C&D protocols have the potential for improved biofilm control, although further optimizations and evaluations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway; (A.F.); (E.H.); (T.M.)
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38
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Palma F, Brauge T, Radomski N, Mallet L, Felten A, Mistou MY, Brisabois A, Guillier L, Midelet-Bourdin G. Dynamics of mobile genetic elements of Listeria monocytogenes persisting in ready-to-eat seafood processing plants in France. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:130. [PMID: 32028892 PMCID: PMC7006209 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Listeria monocytogenes Clonal Complexes (CCs) have been epidemiologically associated with foods, especially ready-to-eat (RTE) products for which the most likely source of contamination depends on the occurrence of persisting clones in food-processing environments (FPEs). As the ability of L. monocytogenes to adapt to environmental stressors met in the food chain challenges the efforts to its eradication from FPEs, the threat of persistent strains to the food industry and public health authorities continues to rise. In this study, 94 food and FPEs L. monocytogenes isolates, representing persistent subtypes contaminating three French seafood facilities over 2-6 years, were whole-genome sequenced to characterize their genetic diversity and determine the biomarkers associated with long-term survival in FPEs. RESULTS Food and FPEs isolates belonged to five CCs, comprising long-term intra- and inter-plant persisting clones. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as plasmids, prophages and transposons were highly conserved within CCs, some of which harboured genes for resistance to chemical compounds and biocides used in the processing plants. Some of these genes were found in a 90.8 kbp plasmid, predicted to be" mobilizable", identical in isolates from CC204 and CC155, and highly similar to an 81.6 kbp plasmid from isolates belonging to CC7. These similarities suggest horizontal transfer between isolates, accompanied by deletion and homologous recombination in isolates from CC7. Prophage profiles characterized persistent clonal strains and several prophage-loci were plant-associated. Notably, a persistent clone from CC101 harboured a novel 31.5 kbp genomic island that we named Listeria genomic island 3 (LGI3), composed by plant-associated loci and chromosomally integrating cadmium-resistance determinants cadA1C. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide analysis indicated that inter- and intra-plant persisting clones harbour conserved MGEs, likely acquired in FPEs and maintained by selective pressures. The presence of closely related plasmids in L. monocytogenes CCs supports the hypothesis of horizontal gene transfer conferring enhanced survival to FPE-associated stressors, especially in hard-to-clean harbourage sites. Investigating the MGEs evolutionary and transmission dynamics provides additional resolution to trace-back potentially persistent clones. The biomarkers herein discovered provide new tools for better designing effective strategies for the removal or reduction of resident L. monocytogenes in FPEs to prevent contamination of RTE seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Palma
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nicolas Radomski
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ludovic Mallet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Arnaud Felten
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Michel-Yves Mistou
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- INRAE, MaIAGE, University Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anne Brisabois
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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39
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Kragh ML, Truelstrup Hansen L. Initial Transcriptomic Response and Adaption of Listeria monocytogenes to Desiccation on Food Grade Stainless Steel. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3132. [PMID: 32038566 PMCID: PMC6987299 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes survives exposure to a variety of stresses including desiccation in the food industry. Strand-specific RNA sequencing was applied to analyze changes in the transcriptomes of two strains of L. monocytogenes (Lm 568 and Lm 08-5578) during desiccation [15°C, 43% relative humidity (RH)] on food grade stainless steel surfaces over 48 h to simulate a weekend with no food production. Both strains showed similar survival during desiccation with a 1.8-2 Log CFU/cm2 reduction after 48 h. Analysis of differentially expressed (DE) genes (>twofold, adjusted p-value <0.05) revealed that the initial response to desiccation was established after 6 h and remained constant with few new genes being DE after 12, 24, and 48 h. A core of 81 up- and 73 down-regulated DE genes were identified as a shared, strain independent response to desiccation. Among common upregulated genes were energy and oxidative stress related genes e.g., qoxABCD (cytochrome aa3) pdhABC (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) and mntABCH (manganese transporter). Common downregulated genes related to anaerobic growth, proteolysis and the two component systems lmo1172/lmo1173 and cheA/cheY, which are involved in cold growth and flagellin production, respectively. Both strains upregulated additional genes involved in combatting oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS), including sod (superoxide dismutase), kat (catalase), tpx (thiol peroxidase) and several thioredoxins including trxAB, lmo2390 and lmo2830. Osmotic stress related genes were also upregulated in both strains, including gbuABC (glycine betaine transporter) and several chaperones clpC, cspA, and groE. Significant strain differences were also detected with the food outbreak strain Lm 08-5578 differentially expressing 1.9 × more genes (726) compared to Lm 568 (410). Unique to Lm 08-5578 was a significant upregulation of the expression of the alternative transcription factor σB and its regulon. A number of long antisense transcripts (lasRNA) were upregulated during desiccation including anti0605, anti0936, anti1846, and anti0777, with the latter controlling flagellum biosynthesis and possibly the downregulation of motility genes observed in both strains. This exploration of the transcriptomes of desiccated L. monocytogenes provides further understanding of how this bacterium encounters and survives the stress faced when exposed to dry conditions in the food industry.
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40
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Castañeda-Ruelas GM, Jiménez-Edeza M. Exploring food safety risk factors in selected school foodservice establishments in Mexico. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-019-01241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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42
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Múgica-Vidal R, Sainz-García E, Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Prieto M, González-Raurich M, López M, López M, Rojo-Bezares B, Sáenz Y, Alba-Elías F. Production of Antibacterial Coatings Through Atmospheric Pressure Plasma: a Promising Alternative for Combatting Biofilms in the Food Industry. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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43
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Barroso I, Maia V, Cabrita P, Martínez-Suárez JV, Brito L. The benzalkonium chloride resistant or sensitive phenotype of Listeria monocytogenes planktonic cells did not dictate the susceptibility of its biofilm counterparts. Food Res Int 2019; 123:373-382. [PMID: 31284989 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this work was to approach food industry conditions in the comparison of the susceptibility of biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes to the biocides benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and peracetic acid (PAA). Twelve isolates of L. monocytogenes, including nine well characterized BAC resistant strains were used. Biofilms were produced on stainless steel coupons (SSC), at 11 °C (refrigeration temperature) or at 25 °C (room temperature), in culture media simulating clean (nutrient limiting) or soiled (nutrient rich) growth conditions. Neither different nutrient availability nor growth temperature showed significant effect (p > .05) on biofilm formation. PAA confirmed to be more effective than BAC in biofilm elimination. Biofilms formed under nutritional stress tended to differentiate more the response to BAC of the resistant or sensitive strains, but the resistant or sensitive phenotype of the planktonic cells did not dictate biofilm susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barroso
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - V Maia
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P Cabrita
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal; Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, IP, Av. República, Quinta do Marquês, Nova Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - J V Martínez-Suárez
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Brito
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
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44
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Ripolles-Avila C, Hascoët A, Martínez-Suárez J, Capita R, Rodríguez-Jerez J. Evaluation of the microbiological contamination of food processing environments through implementing surface sensors in an iberian pork processing plant: An approach towards the control of Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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45
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Naditz AL, Dzieciol M, Wagner M, Schmitz-Esser S. Plasmids contribute to food processing environment-associated stress survival in three Listeria monocytogenes ST121, ST8, and ST5 strains. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 299:39-46. [PMID: 30953994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen responsible for the disease listeriosis and is commonly isolated from food and food production facilities. Many L. monocytogenes strains contain plasmids, though the contributions of plasmids to survival in food production environments are unknown. Three L. monocytogenes ST5, ST8, and ST121 strains containing plasmids, which harbor putative stress response genes, were cured of their plasmids. Wildtype (WT) and plasmid-cured strains were exposed to disinfectant, oxidative, heat, acid, or salt stress. After stress exposure, cells were plated for colony forming unit (CFU) counts to determine survivors. L. monocytogenes WT strains exposed to 0.01% (vol/vol) H2O2, 1% (vol/vol) lactic acid, and 15% (wt/vol) NaCl, pH 5 showed significantly higher counts of survivors compared to the plasmid-cured strains. The number of survivors for the ST5 WT strain exposed to 10 μg/mL benzalkonium chloride (BC) was significantly higher than in the plasmid-cured strain. The ST8 and ST5 strains were exposed to elevated temperature (50° and 55 °C respectively); only the ST5 WT strain had significantly higher numbers of survivors than the plasmid-cured strains. Our data revealed that L. monocytogenes ST5, ST8, and ST121 plasmids contribute to tolerance against elevated temperature, salinity, acidic environments, oxidative stress and disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel L Naditz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Monika Dzieciol
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Competence Center for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation (FFoQSI), Technopark C, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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46
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Lezzoum-Atek S, Bouayad L, Hamdi TM. Influence of some parameters on the ability of Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, and Escherichia coli to form biofilms. Vet World 2019; 12:459-465. [PMID: 31089318 PMCID: PMC6487244 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.459-465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was conducted to evaluate the capacity of Listeria monocytogenes (L.m), Listeria innocua (L.i), and Escherichia coli to form biofilms on polystyrene support under different parameters by performing crystal violet (CV) staining technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different suspensions were prepared with single strains and with multiple combinations of strains including two serogroups of L.m (IIa and IIb), L.i, and E. coli strains at different microbial load. Selected strains and combinations were grown in biofilms for 6 days attached to polystyrene microplates under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. The evaluation of the power of adhesion and biofilm formation was determined by CV staining followed by the measurement of optical density at 24 h, 72 h, and 6 days incubation time with and without renewal of the culture medium. RESULTS All the strains tested, presented more or less adhesion power depending on the variation of the studied parameters as well as the ability to form multispecies biofilms. Their development is more important by renewing the culture medium and increasing the initial load of bacteria. The ability to adhere and form biofilms differs from one serogroup to another within the same species. In bacterial combination, strains and species of bacteria adopt different behaviors. CONCLUSION The ability to form biofilms is a key factor in the persistence of tested strains in the environment. Our study showed that L.m, L.i, and E. coli could adhere to polystyrene and form biofilms under different conditions. More researches are necessary to understand the mechanisms of biofilm formation and the influence of different parameters in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lezzoum-Atek
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System, High National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of Nature and Life and Earth Sciences, University of Bouira, Algeria
| | - Leila Bouayad
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System, High National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Taha Mossadak Hamdi
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System, High National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
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47
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Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Coughlan LM, Briandet R, Cotter PD. Biofilms in Food Processing Environments: Challenges and Opportunities. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:173-195. [PMID: 30653351 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the impact of microbial communities colonizing food processing environments in the form of biofilms on food safety and food quality. The focus is both on biofilms formed by pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms and on those formed by harmless or beneficial microbes, which are of particular relevance in the processing of fermented foods. Information is presented on intraspecies variability in biofilm formation, interspecies relationships of cooperativism or competition within biofilms, the factors influencing biofilm ecology and architecture, and how these factors may influence removal. The effect on the biofilm formation ability of particular food components and different environmental conditions that commonly prevail during food processing is discussed. Available tools for the in situ monitoring and characterization of wild microbial biofilms in food processing facilities are explored. Finally, research on novel agents or strategies for the control of biofilm formation or removal is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelino Alvarez-Ordóñez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology and Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Laura M Coughlan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350 France
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, County Cork, Ireland
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48
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Qiao M, Liu Q, Yong Y, Pardo Y, Worobo R, Liu Z, Jiang S, Ma M. Scalable and Rechargeable Antimicrobial Coating for Food Safety Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11441-11450. [PMID: 30296071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental surfaces are common avenues for microbial contamination and transmission in food-processing establishments. We recently synthesized a polymer that combines both N-halamine and dopamine functional groups to form a novel antimicrobial coating material. A series of chemical (titration) and biological ("sandwich" and anti-inhabitation) tests were designed to prove the stability and functionality of as-developed coating material. Halamine-dopamine polymer-coated stainless-steel surface inactivated 6 log10 CFU of both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 under experimental detection limit within 10 min of contact time. After three "discharge-recharge" cycles, the surface maintained the same antimicrobial effectiveness; 60% of the surface chlorine remained after 10 "discharge-recharge" cycles. In addition, the coating thickness and chlorine content could be further tuned through adjusting the formulation of the coating. We also demonstrated that this coating material could be easily scaled up to apply on real food equipment parts through a spray-coating method. Thus our polymer material has great potential to produce a high-performance, low-cost, and easy-to-apply coating on food-associated environmental surfaces for food safety preventive-control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Qiao
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Qingsheng Liu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - You Yong
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yudi Pardo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Randy Worobo
- Department of Food Science , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University of Science and Technology , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Minglin Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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49
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Fox EM, Jiang Y, Gobius KS. Key pathogenic bacteria associated with dairy foods: On-farm ecology and products associated with foodborne pathogen transmission. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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50
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Alegbeleye OO, Singleton I, Sant'Ana AS. Sources and contamination routes of microbial pathogens to fresh produce during field cultivation: A review. Food Microbiol 2018; 73:177-208. [PMID: 29526204 PMCID: PMC7127387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illness resulting from the consumption of contaminated fresh produce is a common phenomenon and has severe effects on human health together with severe economic and social impacts. The implications of foodborne diseases associated with fresh produce have urged research into the numerous ways and mechanisms through which pathogens may gain access to produce, thereby compromising microbiological safety. This review provides a background on the various sources and pathways through which pathogenic bacteria contaminate fresh produce; the survival and proliferation of pathogens on fresh produce while growing and potential methods to reduce microbial contamination before harvest. Some of the established bacterial contamination sources include contaminated manure, irrigation water, soil, livestock/ wildlife, and numerous factors influence the incidence, fate, transport, survival and proliferation of pathogens in the wide variety of sources where they are found. Once pathogenic bacteria have been introduced into the growing environment, they can colonize and persist on fresh produce using a variety of mechanisms. Overall, microbiological hazards are significant; therefore, ways to reduce sources of contamination and a deeper understanding of pathogen survival and growth on fresh produce in the field are required to reduce risk to human health and the associated economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Singleton
- School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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