1
|
Wang Z, Su M, Zhang Y, Peng R, Qu Y, Han J, Jin J, Hu J. Levels, enrichment characteristics, and health risks of halogenated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in traditional smoked pork. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 361:124915. [PMID: 39245204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Chinese traditional smoked pork was contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorinated and brominated PAHs (ClPAHs and BrPAHs; XPAHs) during the smoking process. Therefore, our study investigated the concentrations, enrichment characteristics, and health risks associated with PAHs, as well as ClPAHs and BrPAHs in Chinese traditional smoked pork. The total concentrations of PAHs, ClPAHs and BrPAHs in traditional smoked pork ranged from 90.0 to 79200 ng/g fat weight (fw), 23.6-2340 pg/g fw and 0.550-200 pg/g fw, respectively, which were significantly higher than their levels found in raw pork. Additionally, the concentrations of PAHs and XPAHs in the surface of smoked pork were higher than those in the inner parts. High-ring PAHs exhibited a greater enrichment compared to low-ring PAHs, and BrPAHs exhibited greater enrichment ability than ClPAHs in smoked pork. Furthermore, the ability of individual congeners to migrate from the surface to the inner parts of the smoked pork were varied. When the smoking fuels were similar, a longer smoking time resulted in higher concentrations of PAHs and XPAHs in smoked pork, while casing effectively reduced their concentrations. The correlation between XPAH and parent PAH concentrations indicated that chlorination of PAHs was one of the primary formation mechanisms of some monochlorinated PAHs. Over half of the smoked pork samples posed a potential carcinogenic risk, particularly the surface samples. It is recommended to remove the surface parts when consuming smoked pork and to improve traditional smoking methods to mitigate the health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Mai Su
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yanli Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Rongxin Peng
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yingxi Qu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jiali Han
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yildiz AY, Echegaray N, Öztekin S, Lorenzo JM. Quality and stability of frying oils and fried foods in ultrasound and microwave-assisted frying processes and hybrid technologies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13405. [PMID: 39030791 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Frying is a popular cooking method that produces delicious and crispy foods but can also lead to oil degradation and the formation of health-detrimental compounds in the dishes. Chemical reactions such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and polymerization contribute to these changes. In this context, emerging technologies like ultrasound-assisted frying (USF) and microwave (MW)-assisted frying show promise in enhancing the quality and stability of frying oils and fried foods. This review examines the impact of these innovative technologies, delving into the principles of these processes, their influence on the chemical composition of oils, and their implications for the overall quality of fried food products with a focus on reducing oil degradation and enhancing the nutritional and sensory properties of the fried food. Additionally, the article initially addresses the various reactions occurring in oils during the frying process and their influencing factors. The advantages and challenges of USF and MW-assisted frying are also highlighted in comparison to traditional frying methods, demonstrating how these innovative techniques have the potential to improve the quality and stability of oils and fried foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemí Echegaray
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - Sebahat Öztekin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - José Manuel Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu T, Zhang L, Pan L, Yang D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons' Impact on Crops and Occurrence, Sources, and Detection Methods in Food: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:1977. [PMID: 38998483 PMCID: PMC11240991 DOI: 10.3390/foods13131977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a category of persistent organic pollutants that pose a global concern in the realm of food safety due to their recognized carcinogenic properties in humans. Food can be contaminated with PAHs that are present in water, air, or soil, or during food processing and cooking. The wide and varied sources of PAHs contribute to their persistent contamination of food, leading to their accumulation within these products. As a result, monitoring of the levels of PAHs in food is necessary to guarantee the safety of food products as well as the public health. This review paper attempts to give its readers an overview of the impact of PAHs on crops, their occurrence and sources, and the methodologies employed for the sample preparation and detection of PAHs in food. In addition, possible directions for future research are proposed. The objective is to provide references for the monitoring, prevention, and in-depth exploration of PAHs in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215106, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Suzhou Vocational University Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Suzhou 215104, China
| | - Leiqing Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daifeng Yang
- Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215106, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gomersall V, Ciglova K, Barosova H, Honkova K, Solansky I, Pastorkova A, Sram RJ, Schmuczerova J, Pulkrabova J. Possible relationship between respiratory diseases and urinary concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites - a pilot study. J Appl Biomed 2024; 22:89-98. [PMID: 38912864 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2024.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the potential relationship between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), specifically monohydroxylated metabolites (OH-PAHs), in urine, and the prevalence of respiratory diseases in 2-year-old children residing in two locations within the Czech Republic - České Budějovice (control location) and the historically contaminated mining district of Most. Despite current air quality and lifestyle similarities between the two cities, our research aims to uncover potential long-term health effects, building upon previous data indicating distinctive patterns in the Most population. A total of 248 urine samples were analysed for the presence of 11 OH-PAHs. Employing liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and clean-up through dispersive solid-phase extraction, instrumental analysis was conducted using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The incidence of respiratory diseases was assessed through questionnaires administered by paediatricians. The concentrations of OH-PAHs were elevated in urine samples from 2-year-olds in Most compared to those from České Budějovice. The incidence of respiratory diseases showed statistically significant higher levels of OH-PAHs in children from Most, together with a higher incidence of influenza. This association underlines the impact of environmental PAH exposure on children's respiratory health. It suggests that elevated urinary OH-PAH levels indicate an increased risk of developing respiratory diseases in the affected population. Further studies are needed to clarify the possible long-term health effects and to contribute to sound public health strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Gomersall
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Ciglova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Barosova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Honkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Solansky
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Pastorkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague 4, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radim J Sram
- Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Schmuczerova
- L. Pasteur University Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Pulkrabova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Doménech E, Martorell S. Review of the Terminology, Approaches, and Formulations Used in the Guidelines on Quantitative Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazards in Food. Foods 2024; 13:714. [PMID: 38472827 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the published terminology, mathematical models, and the possible approaches used to characterise the risk of foodborne chemical hazards, particularly pesticides, metals, mycotoxins, acrylamide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results confirmed the wide variability of the nomenclature used, e.g., 28 different ways of referencing exposure, 13 of cancer risk, or 9 of slope factor. On the other hand, a total of 16 equations were identified to formulate all the risk characterisation parameters of interest. Therefore, the present study proposes a terminology and formulation for some risk characterisation parameters based on the guidelines of international organisations and the literature review. The mathematical model used for non-genotoxic hazards is a ratio in all cases. However, the authors used the probability of cancer or different ratios, such as the margin of exposure (MOE) for genotoxic hazards. For each effect studied per hazard, the non-genotoxic effect was mostly studied in pesticides (79.73%), the genotoxic effect was mostly studied in PAHs (71.15%), and both effects were mainly studied in metals (59.4%). The authors of the works reviewed generally opted for a deterministic approach, although most of those who assessed the risk for mycotoxins or the ratio and risk for acrylamide used the probabilistic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sebastián Martorell
- MEDASEGI Research Group, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qiu M, Tang L, Wang J, Xu Q, Zheng S, Weng S. SERS with Flexible β-CD@AuNP/PTFE Substrates for In Situ Detection and Identification of PAH Residues on Fruit and Vegetable Surfaces Combined with Lightweight Network. Foods 2023; 12:3096. [PMID: 37628095 PMCID: PMC10453087 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on fruit and vegetable surfaces is important for protecting human health and ensuring food safety. In this study, a method for the in situ detection and identification of PAH residues on fruit and vegetable surfaces was developed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on a flexible substrate and lightweight deep learning network. The flexible SERS substrate was fabricated by assembling β-cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoparticles (β-CD@AuNPs) on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film coated with perfluorinated liquid (β-CD@AuNP/PTFE). The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), naphthalene (Nap), and pyrene (Pyr) residues on fruit and vegetable surfaces could be detected at 0.25, 0.5, and 0.25 μg/cm2, respectively, and all the relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 10%, indicating that the β-CD@AuNP/PTFE exhibited high sensitivity and stability. The lightweight network was then used to construct a classification model for identifying various PAH residues. ShuffleNet obtained the best results with accuracies of 100%, 96.61%, and 97.63% for the training, validation, and prediction datasets, respectively. The proposed method realised the in situ detection and identification of various PAH residues on fruit and vegetables with simplicity, celerity, and sensitivity, demonstrating great potential for the rapid, nondestructive analysis of surface contaminant residues in the food-safety field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Qiu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.Q.); (Q.X.)
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Le Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (L.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Jinghong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (L.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Qingshan Xu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.Q.); (Q.X.)
| | - Shouguo Zheng
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.Q.); (Q.X.)
- Anhui Institute of Innovation for Industrial Technology, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Shizhuang Weng
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (L.T.); (J.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hao C, Zhang Q, Wang S, Jiang T, Dong W. Prediction of Safety Risk Levels of Benzopyrene Residues in Edible Oils in China Based on the Variable-Weight Combined LSTM-XGBoost Prediction Model. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112241. [PMID: 37297485 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess and predict the food safety risk of benzopyrene (BaP) in edible oils in China, this study collected national sampling data of edible oils from 20 Chinese provinces and their prefectures in 2019, and constructed a risk assessment model of BaP in edible oils with consumption data. Initially, the k-means algorithm was used for risk classification; then the data were pre-processed and trained to predict the data using the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models, respectively, and finally, the two models were combined using the inverse error method. To test the effectiveness of the prediction model, this study experimentally validated the model according to five evaluation metrics: root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), precision, recall, and F1 score. The variable-weight combined LSTM-XGBoost prediction model proposed in this paper achieved a precision of 94.62%, and the F1 score value reached 95.16%, which is significantly better than other neural network models; the results demonstrate that the prediction model has certain stability and feasibility. Overall, the combined model used in this study not only improves the accuracy but also enhances the practicality, real-time capabilities, and expandability of the model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Hao
- National Engineering Research Centre for Agri-Product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, School of E-Business and Logistics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Agri-Product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, School of E-Business and Logistics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shimin Wang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Agri-Product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, School of E-Business and Logistics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tongqiang Jiang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Agri-Product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, School of E-Business and Logistics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wei Dong
- National Engineering Research Centre for Agri-Product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, School of E-Business and Logistics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deelaman W, Choochuay C, Pongpiachan S. Source appointment and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in paddy grain from Thailand and Laos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32737-32750. [PMID: 36469262 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a staple meal for the majority of Asians. However, human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from paddy grain is largely unknown in Thailand and Laos. Therefore, information on the quantitative measurement and assessment of the health problems caused by PAHs was analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of total PAHs in paddy grain in Thailand and Laos were 38.86 ± 5.13 and 11.35 ± 1.96 ng g-1, respectively. The highest concentration of PAHs in Thailand was B[k]F, whereas D[a,h]A was found to be the highest in Laos. A p-value less than 0.05 was defined, which showed B[b]F and B[k]F from Thailand and Laos were significant, which indicated that they could be from a different pollutant source. The main finding of this study, which was supported by the diagnostic ratios of PAHs and HCA, was that the primary source of PAHs was assumed to be incomplete combustion of petroleum products, which was caused by the burning of industrial fuels or vehicle exhausts, as well as open burning. The findings suggest that these two nations have similar PAH origins. Agricultural waste burning and transportation emissions are well-known sources of PAHs in Thailand and Laos. The cancer risk assessment method was based on the accumulation of PAHs from paddy grains. An ILCR of 1.0E-06 to 1.0E-04 was considered a tolerable limit of cancer risk, while a risk > 1.0E-04 was considered a concern in terms of cancer risk. The findings indicated that while PAH emissions exist, their contribution to global toxicity may be anticipated to be low in inhalation exposure. The higher values of ingestion and dermal risk estimated were regarded as the tolerable limit of cancer risk in children and adults from both countries, indicating that cancer risk in both nations falls within the "acceptable level" range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woranuch Deelaman
- Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Chomsri Choochuay
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University Hat-Yai Campus, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| | - Siwatt Pongpiachan
- NIDA Center for Research & Development of Disaster Prevention & Management, School of Social and Environmental Development, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), 118 Moo 3, Sereethai Road, Klong-Chan, Bangkok, 10240, Bangkapi, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gao M, Yang ZB, Xu XX, Xian JR, Yang YX, Yang S, Man YB, Cheng Z. Using fly larvae to convert food waste for growing Oujiang color common carps: health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:43496-43504. [PMID: 36656472 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study used Chrysomya megacephala larvae (CML) to transform food waste into safe and high-quality fish feed to substitute fish meal as a source of protein for growing Oujiang color common carps followed by a human health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results showed the ∑PAH concentration in the CML fed with food waste ranged from 50 to 370 μg kg-1, and the most abundant PAH compound in the CML was BaP, contributing 59-84% of ∑PAHs. The Pearson correlation analysis results indicated no correlation between the ∑PAH concentrations and the culture substrate ratio (p > 0.05). Concentrations of BaP in the CML decreased with the increase of breeding density (p < 0.01). The residues as organic fertilizers have no potential ecological risk for PAHs. The biotransformed larva meal was used to partially or completely replace the fish meal as supplementary protein in the experimental feeds (T0, 0%; T50, 50%; T100, 100%). No significant difference (p < 0.05) of survival rate, lipid, and protein content in Oujiang color common carp was noted among T0, T50, and T100 fish feeds. Concentrations of ∑PAHs in Oujiang color common carp fed with the CML fish feeds all met the food safety standards in the European Union (EU). Furthermore, the consumption of Oujiang color common carps fed with the CML feed does not pose any health risks of PAHs for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhan-Biao Yang
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Xun Xu
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun-Ren Xian
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuan-Xiang Yang
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Bon Man
- Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Consortium on Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Q, Wu P, Zhou P, Luo P. Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetable Oils and Frying Oils by Using the Margin of Exposure (MOE) and the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) Approach in China. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040811. [PMID: 36832888 PMCID: PMC9956083 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 139 vegetable oils and 48 frying oils produced in China were tested for the levels of 15 Environmental Protection Agency-regulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The analysis was completed by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were ranged between 0.2-0.3 and 0.6-1 μg/kg, respectively. The average recovery was 58.6-90.6%. The highest mean of total PAHs was found in peanut oil (3.31 μg/kg), while the lowest content was found in olive oil (0.39 μg/kg). In brief, 32.4% of vegetable oils exceeded the European Union maximum levels in China. The detected level of total PAHs in vegetable oils was lower than the frying oils. The mean dietary exposure to PAH15 ranged from 0.197 to 2.051 ng BaPeq/kg bw/day. The margin of exposure values was greater than 10,000, and the cumulative probabilities of the incremental lifetime cancer risk of different age groups were less than the priority risk level (10-4). Therefore, there was no potential health concern for specific populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Pinggu Wu
- Zhe Jiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Pingping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Pengjie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-52165432; Fax: +86-10-52165485
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rezaei Kalantary R, Jaafarzadeh N, Rezvani Ghalhari M, Hesami Arani M. Cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil and sediments of Iran: a systematic review study. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2022; 37:597-612. [PMID: 34700370 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants containing several hydrocarbon rings affecting human health according to the published monitoring data. Most of these compounds can be absorbed by the soil and sediments due to the abundance of production resources of these compounds in the soil around the cities and sediments of the Iranian coast. Cancer risk assessment (CRA) is one of the most effective methods for quantifying the potentially harmful effects of PAHs on human health. In this study, the published papers that monitored PAHs in Iran's soil and sediments were reviewed. The extraction of different data and their equivalent factors were performed according to BaP equivalent, which is the main factor for calculating CRA of PAHs. The highest concentrations of PAHs were found in the sediments of Assaluyeh industrial zones (14,844 μg/kg), Khormousi region (1874.7 μg/kg), and Shadegan wetland (1749.5 μg/kg), respectively. Dermal exposure to sediments was 96% in adults, and 4% in children, and ingestion exposure to sediment was 99% in adults and 99.2% in children. Children dermal exposure to soil was 53%, and the accidental exposure to soil was 47%. In adults, dermal exposure to soil was 96% and the accidental exposure was 4%. The results of the present study indicated a significant, the carcinogenic risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in sediments of southern regions and soils of central regions of Iran is significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Hesami Arani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bhuiyan MHR, Hossain MA, Yeasmen N. Local-traditional foods of Bangladesh: A treasure to be preserved. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Einolghozati M, Talebi-Ghane E, Amirsadeghi S, Fereshteh mehri. Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in processed cereals: A meta-analysis study, systematic review, and health risk assessment. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
14
|
Concentration and potential health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for consumers of chocolate in Brazil. Food Chem 2022; 405:134853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Polak-Śliwińska M, Paszczyk B, Śliwiński M. Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Smoked Cheeses Made in Poland by HPLC Method. Molecules 2022; 27:6909. [PMID: 36296506 PMCID: PMC9608266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoked cheeses are particularly popular among consumers for their flavor and aroma. Of interest, therefore, is the health aspect related to the likelihood of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are known carcinogens found in smoked products. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked and non-smoked cheeses purchased in Poland to monitor their safety. The level of selected PAHs in cheese samples was determined using the HPLC-DAD-FLD method. Most of the cheeses tested met the maximum level of benzo[a]pyrene (2 μg/kg) and the sum of benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene (12 μg/kg) established for these products. However, all the cheeses studied in this work had relatively low amounts of the sum of these compounds compared to the information available in the cheese literature, ranging from
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Polak-Śliwińska
- Department of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Beata Paszczyk
- Department of Commodity Science and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariusz Śliwiński
- Dairy Industry Innovation Institute Ltd., Kormoranów 1, 11-700 Mrągowo, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kacmaz S, Altiok E, Altiok D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Fruits and Vegetables Grown in Turkey: Quantitative Analysis, Dietary Exposure, and Health Risk Assessment. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2126507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kacmaz
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Evren Altiok
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Duygu Altiok
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bai N, Guo XN, Xing JJ, Zhu KX. Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the physicochemical properties and frying performance of frozen Youtiao dough. Food Chem 2022; 386:132854. [PMID: 35366630 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The impact of freeze-thaw cycles on the physicochemical properties and frying performance of frozen Youtiao dough with chemical leavening agent was investigated. The specific volume of Youtiao made from frozen dough decreased by 66% after 4 freeze-thaw cycles. Meanwhile, the hardness and puncture force showed increasing trends, and the fibrous structure became unclear. The extensibility, storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') of frozen Youtiao dough decreased during freeze-thaw cycles, while the creep compliance increased. Changes in rheological properties demonstrated that frozen Youtiao dough was more deformable and its strength was weakened. Moreover, the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extractable protein and free sulfhydryl content increased, revealing that protein was depolymerized. The loose structure with large pores and fractured protein network were observed by micromorphology. Freeze-thaw cycles had a detrimental effect on the Youtiao quality, which was related to the deterioration of rheological properties and protein structure of frozen Youtiao dough.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Na Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Jun-Jie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ke-Xue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Time-saving and accurate analysis of BaP, BaA, Chr and BbF in milks and oils by three-way fluorescence spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 381:132309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
Yan K, Li W, Wu S. Dietary exposure and risk assessment of European Union priority (EU 15+1) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from milks and milk powders in China. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6536-6547. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
20
|
Assessment of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination of the Red Sea with Endemic Fish from Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) as Bioindicator of Aquatic Environmental Pollution. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether endemic coral fish commonly consumed by Jeddah residents could serve as bioindicators of oil contamination. In addition, we planned to investigate the relationship between amino acid changes and hydrocarbon concentrations in fish tissue. The composition of amino acids was analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography with precolumn derivatization. An analytical study of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total petroleum hydrocarbons was conducted by combining gas chromatography with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied using Statgraphics software to determine the impact of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total petroleum hydrocarbons on the amino acid profile of three species of fish. In addition, the bioconcentration factor was estimated in the studied species and was used to validate the results obtained from the multivariate analysis. Based on the results of the study, the sum of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with two cycles, and with five to six cycles, is in reverse order in Plectropomus pessuliferus with respect to Epinephelus tauvina and Cephalopholis argus. The factor analysis showed high factor scores for aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, chrysene, and total petroleum hydrocarbons, and for lipids and benzo(g,h,i)perylene, which could be explained by bioaccumulation. It was concluded that the high proportions of glutamic acid (8.32–11.10%) and aspartic acid (6.06–8.27%) in the muscles of the studied species are a sign of contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons. The incremental lifetime cancer risk values for the three endemic fish exceeded the limit value (>10−5), indicating a high potential cancer risk for the Saudi population.
Collapse
|
21
|
Karslıoğlu B, Kolsarıcı N. The Effects of Fat Content and Cooking Procedures on the PAH Content of Beef Doner Kebabs. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2067879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Betül Karslıoğlu
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Industry and Technology, Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuray Kolsarıcı
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Karşı MBB, Berberler E, Kurhan Ş, Bilaloğlu K, Çakır İ, Karakaş D. Levels, Dietary Exposure, and Health Risk Estimation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Bread Baked with Different Oven and Fuel Types. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melike B. Bayramoğlu Karşı
- Innovative Food Technologies Development Application and Research Center, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Ercan Berberler
- Environmental Engineering Department, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey
| | - Şebnem Kurhan
- Innovative Food Technologies Development Application and Research Center, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Köksal Bilaloğlu
- Environmental Engineering Department, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Çakır
- Food Engineering Department, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Duran Karakaş
- Environmental Engineering Department, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Khanverdiluo S, Talebi-Ghane E, Heshmati A, Mehri F. The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mother milk: A global systematic review, meta-analysis and health risk assessment of infants. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6869-6875. [PMID: 34866987 PMCID: PMC8626322 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bio-monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminants in mother milk is essential to keep mothers and infants healthy against potential risks. The current study assesses the concentration of PAHs in mother milk through a meta-analytic and systematic review approach. Methods All the published studies up to December 2020 regarding the concentrations of various PAHs in mother milk were searched throughout major international databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Moreover, the possible carcinogenic and mutagenic risks to infants were evaluated based on the BaP (benzo[a]pyrenee) equivalent dose. Results According to the results of 13 articles included among 936 retrieved studies, the lowest and highest concentration of PAHs was (0.125 ng/g) and (76.36 ng/g) related to benz(a)anthracenem and 1-methylnaphthalene, respectively. The highest (9.830 ng/g) and lowest (0.009 ng/g) concentration of PAHs was related to Mexico and Japan, respectively. Besides, carcinogenetic and mutagenic risk assessment of the PAHs indicated that risk pattern was different across countries. It can be concluded that the consumption of mother milk is safe and does not pose a risk due to the ingestion of PAHs to the health of infant consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Khanverdiluo
- Food and drug administration, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Talebi-Ghane
- PhD in Biostatistics, Modeling of noncommunicable disease research center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Heshmati
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu J, Shen M, Liu X, Liang L, Wu Y, Zhang J, Xu X, Liu G. The loss and fate of BaA, Chr, BbF, and BaP (PAH4) tracked by stable isotope during frying. Food Chem 2021; 374:131769. [PMID: 34920410 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to accurately quantify the loss of benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene (PAH4) and investigate the fate of the lost PAH4 into their derivatives during frying. Stable isotopes (PAH4-d12) were used to simulate the loss and track the conversion of PAH4. The results showed that the rate of loss of PAH4-d12 increased with the increase of frying temperature and the loss rate of benzo(a)pyrene-d12 was the largest, indicating that benzo(a)pyrene had the strongest chemical reactivity during frying. Moreover, the identification of five PAH4 derivatives has confirmed the conversion of lost PAH4. Finally, the loss of PAH4 during frying positively correlated with the oxidation of oil, and a conversion mechanism of PAHs to derivatives was proposed. This work directly proved the loss and conversion of PAH4 and provided a comprehensive perspective for studying the changes in PAH4 during frying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mengyu Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yinyin Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jixian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Erdem P, Tağaç AA, Bozkurt SS, Merdivan M. Chitosan and dicationic ionic liquid intercalated clay-coated solid-phase microextraction fiber for determination of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coffee and tea samples. Talanta 2021; 235:122764. [PMID: 34517625 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber was prepared by coating clay (MMT)-chitosan (CH) and dicationic ionic liquid (DIL) onto the stainless-steel wire step by step. The characterization of fibers was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The prepared fibers were evaluated for separation and determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coffee and tea samples in headspace- and direct immersion-SPME by coupling with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The analytical performance of MMT/CH/DIL fibers was carried out for the extraction of PAHs and compared with the performance of carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) and divinylbenzene/CAR/PDMS (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fibers under optimized conditions. The wider linear ranges between 0.001 and 25 μg L-1 with a coefficient of determination above 0.9962, low limits of detection between 0.0001 and 0.05 μg L-1 and good intra-day repeatability from 2.45 to 6.48 % and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility from 3.19 % to 8.82 % were obtained for all PAHs in both methods with MMT/CH/octyl (O)-DIL fiber. The extraction recoveries of coffee and tea samples ranged from 87.5 to 112 % using the MMT/CH/O-DIL fiber in both SPME methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Erdem
- Chemistry Department, Dokuz Eylul University, Tınaztepe Campus, 35390, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Altınışık Tağaç
- Chemistry Department, Dokuz Eylul University, Tınaztepe Campus, 35390, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serap Seyhan Bozkurt
- Chemistry Department, Dokuz Eylul University, Tınaztepe Campus, 35390, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melek Merdivan
- Chemistry Department, Dokuz Eylul University, Tınaztepe Campus, 35390, Izmir, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen H, Feng M, Li J, Lu J, Gu H, Chen J, He S, Qi X, Chen W, Chen T. A Priori Knowledge-Incorporating Method for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Edible Vegetable Oils by Time Resolved Fluorescence. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1992417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiqin Feng
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Science, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Lu
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyang Gu
- School of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shihang He
- School of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Xingpu Qi
- Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- School of Software Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ma JK, Li K, Li X, Elbadry S, Raslan AA, Li Y, Mulla ZS, Tahoun ABMB, El-Ghareeb WR, Huang XC. Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible and fried vegetable oil: a health risk assessment study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59784-59791. [PMID: 34145544 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental chemicals that are formed due to incomplete combustion of the organic matters, or during heat treatment of the food. The objectives of the present study were first to estimate levels of the 15-priority PAHs in the edible vegetable oil (corn oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, and canola oil) collected from Egypt. Furthermore, the effect of heat treatment on the formation of PAHs in the canola oil was further examined. In addition, dietary intakes and cancer risk among Egyptian consumers were additionally calculated. The achieved results indicated presence of 15-priority PAHs in all examined oil samples. Canola oil had the highest residual concentrations of PAHs compared with the other tested oil species. Heat treatment of canola oil led to a drastic increase in the formed B[a]P (316.55%), total 2-PAHs (322.47%), total 4-PAHs (297.42%), total 8-PAHs (285.26%), and total 15-PAHs (443.32%), respectively. The incremental lifetime cancer risk among the Egyptian population is considered safe when was calculated for all examined oil samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kui Ma
- School of Food & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Seham Elbadry
- Educational Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Amal A Raslan
- Educational Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Yan Li
- School of Food & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China
| | - Zohair S Mulla
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa B M B Tahoun
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Waleed Rizk El-Ghareeb
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiao-Chen Huang
- School of Food & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, 526061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Halfadji A, Naous M, Bettiche F, Touabet A. Human Health Assessment of Sixteen Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soils of Northwestern Algeria. J Health Pollut 2021; 11:210914. [PMID: 34434606 PMCID: PMC8383786 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental organic contaminants generated by incomplete combustion of organic materials that are widely distributed in soils. OBJECTIVES This study represents the first attempt to examine the health toxicity of 16 detected PAHs in contaminated soil, via different exposure pathways to populations in northwestern Algeria. METHODS The toxicity equivalency quotients (TEQ) of PAHs were evaluated. The carcinogenic risk assessment of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) from ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure pathways to each PAH in soil are described. RESULTS Incremental lifetime cancer risk values were in the upper limit of the tolerable range (10-6-10-4) for adults and children. The total cancer risk of PAH-contaminated soils for children, adolescents and adults was 2.48×10-5, 2.04×10-5 and 3.12×10-5mg.kg-1d-1, respectively. The highest potential cancer risks were identified for adults and children, with adolescents having the lowest risks. Across exposure pathways, the dermal contact and ingestion pathways had the greatest contributions to the carcinogenic risk of human exposure to PAHs. CONCLUSIONS Further research and guidelines are needed for risk assessments of PAHs in agricultural, residential/urban, and industrial areas, and further risk assessments should include risks posed by exposure through air. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Halfadji
- Department of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ibn-Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Algeria
- Synthesis and Catalysis Laboratory, Ibn-Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Algeria
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Naous
- Department of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ibn-Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Algeria
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria
| | - Farida Bettiche
- Scientific and Technical Research Centre on Arid Regions, Campus Universitaire El Alia Nord, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Abdelkrim Touabet
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, Algiers, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sampaio GR, Guizellini GM, da Silva SA, de Almeida AP, Pinaffi-Langley ACC, Rogero MM, de Camargo AC, Torres EAFS. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Foods: Biological Effects, Legislation, Occurrence, Analytical Methods, and Strategies to Reduce Their Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6010. [PMID: 34199457 PMCID: PMC8199595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds comprised of carbon and hydrogen molecules in a cyclic arrangement. PAHs are associated with risks to human health, especially carcinogenesis. One form of exposure to these compounds is through ingestion of contaminated food, which can occur during preparation and processing involving high temperatures (e.g., grilling, smoking, toasting, roasting, and frying) as well as through PAHs present in the soil, air, and water (i.e., environmental pollution). Differently from changes caused by microbiological characteristics and lipid oxidation, consumers cannot sensorially perceive PAH contamination in food products, thereby hindering their ability to reject these foods. Herein, the occurrence and biological effects of PAHs were comprehensively explored, as well as analytical methods to monitor their levels, legislations, and strategies to reduce their generation in food products. This review updates the current knowledge and addresses recent regulation changes concerning the widespread PAHs contamination in several types of food, often surpassing the concentration limits deemed acceptable by current legislations. Therefore, effective measures involving different food processing strategies are needed to prevent and reduce PAHs contamination, thereby decreasing human exposure and detrimental health effects. Furthermore, gaps in literature have been addressed to provide a basis for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geni Rodrigues Sampaio
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Glória Maria Guizellini
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Simone Alves da Silva
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
- Organic Contaminant Core, Contaminant Centre, Adolfo Lutz Institute, 355 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Palma de Almeida
- Organic Contaminant Core, Contaminant Centre, Adolfo Lutz Institute, 355 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil;
| | - Ana Clara C. Pinaffi-Langley
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Marcelo Macedo Rogero
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Elizabeth A. F. S. Torres
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, 715 Doutor Arnaldo Ave, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil; (G.M.G.); (S.A.d.S.); (A.C.C.P.-L.); (M.M.R.); (E.A.F.S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang Y, Jiao Y, Kong Q, Zheng F, Shao L, Zhang T, Jiang D, Gao X. Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fried and grilled fish from Shandong China and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-13045-y. [PMID: 33630261 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diet is the main way for the human body to ingest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, the occurrence, dietary exposure, and health risks of 15 PAHs in 31 fried and grilled fish samples were investigated, which were collected from the Shandong Province of China. The results showed that benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) of 5 samples exceeded the European Union (EU) limit value. Naphthalene (NaP) and fluorene (Fle) were present in all samples, and the average concentration of ∑15PAHs was 91.1 μg/kg, with light PAHs dominated. The average contamination level of ∑15PAHs in fried and grilled fish was distributed differently, and there seemed to be more PAH contamination in the grilled samples. The results of the margin of exposure (MOE) suggested that PAH ingestion through fried and grilled fish did not imply significant toxicological concern for consumers in Shandong. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for the consumption of fried and grilled fish were higher than 1 × 10-6, indicating a potential health risk in the adult population. The study provides baseline health information on PAH intake by residents due to dietary exposure to fried and grilled fish food products, suggesting that health risk monitoring of PAHs in such foods should be continually performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanni Jiao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Kong
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Fengjia Zheng
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Lijun Shao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Tianran Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dafeng Jiang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
| | - Xibao Gao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Aamir M, Yin S, Liu Y, Ullah H, Khan S, Liu W. Dietary exposure and cancer risk assessment of the Pakistani population exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143828. [PMID: 33257068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The sixteen-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in twenty-one groceries from six food groups consumed by the Pakistani population. The highest concentration of the total PAHs was found in fish (243 ng g-1), while the lowest concentration was determined in rice (53 ng g-1). The total B[a]Peq dietary exposure for the male group followed an increasing order of children (865.5 ng day-1) < adolescents (2301 ng day-1) < seniors (2864 ng day-1) < adults (3004 ng day-1), whereas the similar order was also observed for the female group. The male group showed 1-8.5% (mean 5.5%) of higher exposure amount compared to the female group. Among all food categories, wheat (43%) and milk (34%) contributed the greatest while rice (1%) and egg (1%) contributed the smallest to the total dietary exposure of PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for the adults and children revealed a potential cancer risk to the both male and female groups. Whereas at the 95th percentiles, the ILCR values for all age and gender groups exceeded the limit (>10-5), demonstrating a high potential cancer risk in the Pakistani population. The sensitivity analysis found that the daily dietary intake, exposure duration and the cancer slope factor were the most influential variables contributed to the total variance of risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamir
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingxue Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Habib Ullah
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhang Y. Analytical chemistry, formation, mitigation, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: From food processing to
in vivo
metabolic transformation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1422-1456. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiju Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoqian Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro‐Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shen Z, Wang H, Yu Q, Li Q, Lu X, Kong X. On-site separation and identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from edible oil by TLC-SERS on diatomite photonic biosilica plate. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
34
|
Iwegbue CM, Osijaye KO, Igbuku UA, Egobueze FE, Tesi GO, Bassey FI, Martincigh BS. Effect of the number of frying cycles on the composition, concentrations and risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetable oils and fried fish. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
35
|
Correlation between the Characteristic Flavour of Youtiao and Trans Fatty Acids Assessed via Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry and Partial Least Squares Regression Analyses. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8845401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse trans fatty acid (TFA) levels and key volatile flavour substances in fried youtiao prepared using five common edible oils and the relationship between TFAs and key volatile flavour substances via partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. Total TFA levels were the highest on using rapeseed oil during frying (approximately 1.061 mg/g), probably owing to the high content of unsaturated fatty acids in rapeseed oil and their instability. In total, 22 key flavour substances were detected. Although the flavours differed with different oils, flavour compounds including 3-(methyl sulphide) propionic aldehyde, (E,E)-2,4-sebacedienal, nonaldehyde, and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone contributed to overall flavour. PLSR analysis revealed that C18:2, 9t12t is produced with (E)-2-hexenaldehyde and nonaldehyde. (E,E)-2,4-sebacedienal levels were positively correlated with those of C18:2, 9c12t and C18:2, 9t12c. Most aliphatic aldehydes and pyrazines yield C18:3, 9t12t15c TFAs. These results indicate the characteristic flavour profile of youtiao and promote the preparation of healthy fried food.
Collapse
|
36
|
Hidalgo KJ, Sierra-Garcia IN, Dellagnezze BM, de Oliveira VM. Metagenomic Insights Into the Mechanisms for Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Oil Supply Chain. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561506. [PMID: 33072021 PMCID: PMC7530279 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Petroleum is a very complex and diverse organic mixture. Its composition depends on reservoir location and in situ conditions and changes once crude oil is spilled into the environment, making the characteristics associated with every spill unique. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common components of the crude oil and constitute a group of persistent organic pollutants. Due to their highly hydrophobic, and their low solubility tend to accumulate in soil and sediment. The process by which oil is sourced and made available for use is referred to as the oil supply chain and involves three parts: (1) upstream, (2) midstream and (3) downstream activities. As consequence from oil supply chain activities, crude oils are subjected to biodeterioration, acidification and souring, and oil spills are frequently reported affecting not only the environment, but also the economy and human resources. Different bioremediation techniques based on microbial metabolism, such as natural attenuation, bioaugmentation, biostimulation are promising approaches to minimize the environmental impact of oil spills. The rate and efficiency of this process depend on multiple factors, like pH, oxygen content, temperature, availability and concentration of the pollutants and diversity and structure of the microbial community present in the affected (contaminated) area. Emerging approaches, such as (meta-)taxonomics and (meta-)genomics bring new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PAH microbial degradation at both single species and community levels in oil reservoirs and groundwater/seawater spills. We have scrutinized the microbiological aspects of biodegradation of PAHs naturally occurring in oil upstream activities (exploration and production), and crude oil and/or by-products spills in midstream (transport and storage) and downstream (refining and distribution) activities. This work addresses PAH biodegradation in different stages of oil supply chain affecting diverse environments (groundwater, seawater, oil reservoir) focusing on genes and pathways as well as key players involved in this process. In depth understanding of the biodegradation process will provide/improve knowledge for optimizing and monitoring bioremediation in oil spills cases and/or to impair the degradation in reservoirs avoiding deterioration of crude oil quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J. Hidalgo
- Microbial Resources Division, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Paulínia, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isabel N. Sierra-Garcia
- Microbial Resources Division, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Paulínia, Brazil
- Biology Department & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruna M. Dellagnezze
- Microbial Resources Division, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Paulínia, Brazil
| | - Valéria Maia de Oliveira
- Microbial Resources Division, Research Center for Chemistry, Biology and Agriculture (CPQBA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Paulínia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu P, Zhang L, Hu Z, Zhang N, Wang L, Zhao Y. Contamination of 15+1 European Union polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various types of tea and their infusions purchased on Hangzhou city market in China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1621-1632. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1784469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pinggu Wu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyan Hu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Nianhua Zhang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Analysis, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sun Y, Yan K, Wu S, Gong G. Occurrence, spatial distribution and impact factors of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milks from nine countries. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
39
|
Urbancova K, Dvorakova D, Gramblicka T, Sram RJ, Hajslova J, Pulkrabova J. Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolite concentrations in urine of mothers and their newborns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138116. [PMID: 32222511 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental contaminants produced during incomplete combustion of organic matter. Humans can be exposed to them via several pathways (inhalation, digestion, dermal exposure). The aim of this study was to assess the concentration of 11 monohydroxylated metabolites of PAHs (OH-PAHs) in 660 urine samples collected from mothers and their newborns residing in two localities of the Czech Republic - Most and Ceske Budejovice - in 2016 and 2017. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the target analytes were extracted from the urine samples using liquid-liquid extraction, with extraction solvent ethyl acetate and a clean-up step using dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) with the Z-Sep sorbent. For identification and quantification, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was applied. 2-OH-NAP was the compound present in all of the measured samples and it was also the compound at the highest concentration in both mothers' and newborns' urine samples (median concentration 5.15 μg/g creatinine and 3.58 μg/g creatinine). The total concentrations of OH-PAHs in urine samples collected from mothers were 2 times higher compared to their children. The most contaminated samples were collected in Most in the period October 2016-March 2017 from both mothers (12.59 μg/g creatinine) and their newborns (8.29 μg/g creatinine). The concentrations of OH-PAHs in urine samples, which were collected from both mothers and their newborns as presented in this study, are comparable with those found in our previous study between 2013 and 2014. In addition, they are slightly lower or comparable to other studies from Poland, USA, Germany, China, and Australia. The results might indicate that the population in the previously highly air-polluted mining districts carries some long-term changes (maybe existing changes in genetic information), which also affect the metabolism of PAHs. It could be related to the long-lasting effect, and thus corresponding to the shortened life expectancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Urbancova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Darina Dvorakova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Gramblicka
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim J Sram
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Medicine Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pulkrabova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yan K, Wu S, Gong G, Sun Y. A new approach of specific determination for 6-chlorobenzo[a]pyrene and 7-chlorobenzo[a]anthracene in six different oils. Food Chem 2020; 316:126344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
41
|
Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Shi L, Guo Y, Wei L, Zhang H, Wang X, Jin Q. Physicochemical properties and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of fragrant rapeseed oils in China. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3351-3359. [PMID: 32162691 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrant rapeseed oil is a type of hot-pressed oil in China. In this study, physicochemical properties, oxidative stability index (OSI), tocopherols, sterols, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fragrant rapeseed oils were evaluated. Additionally, the cancer risk assessment pertaining to PAHs in fragrant rapeseed oil was investigated. RESULTS Acid values (0.64-2.68 mg potassium hydroxide per gram), peroxide values (1.58-4.86 mmol kg-1 ), and color values (R = 2.6-5.8, Y = 35) of fragrant rapeseed oils were all within codex limits. Tocopherols and sterols ranged from 559.5 to 783.7 mg kg-1 and 4412.6 to 7859.8 mg kg-1 respectively. The OSI (110 °C) was between 4.8 and 15.9 h, with an average value of 10.8 h. Mean values of benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 (chrysene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluroranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene) were 2.32 μg kg-1 and 8.21 μg kg-1 respectively. The 95% dietary exposure of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) contents from PAH4 were 0.3474 ng kg-1 day-1 , 0.3942 ng kg-1 day-1 , 1.8293 ng kg-1 day-1 , and 0.4294 ng kg-1 day-1 for male children, adolescents, adults, and seniors respectively. For females, these values were 0.3443 ng kg-1 day-1 , 0.3228 ng kg-1 day-1 , 1.8697 ng kg-1 day-1 , and 0.4084 ng kg-1 day-1 , respectively. Moreover, incremental lifetime cancer risk values at the cumulative probabilities of 91.3% and 91.6% for male adults and female adults respectively were higher than 1 × 10-5 . CONCLUSION The results imply that the potential risk of cancer with PAHs in fragrant rapeseed oil should be a concern, especially for the health of adults. Fragrant rapeseed oil is still a product subject to contamination by PAHs. Limits for PAH4 of fragrant rapeseed oil should be included in Chinese regulations to improve safety. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youfeng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Longkai Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lai Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Wang X, Wang S, Li F, Li R, Zhu J, Chen J, Li W, Jiang D. Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in youtiao and exposure assessment from Shandong Province, China. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
44
|
Tarawneh IN, Najjar AA, Bani Issa RS, Salameh FF, Abu Shmeis RM. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes in Frying Oils in Jordan. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1753219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad A. Najjar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia University, Jerash, Jordan
| | | | - Fayda F. Salameh
- Department of Chemistry, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ju H, Kim B, Kim J, Baek SY. Development of candidate reference method for accurate determination of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in olive oil via gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry using 13C-labeled internal standards. Food Chem 2020; 309:125639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
46
|
Analysis of PAHs in oily systems using modified QuEChERS with EMR-Lipid clean-up followed by GC-QqQ-MS. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
47
|
Zhao L, Liang N, Lang D, Zhou D, Dong X, Peng J, Liu L, Pan B, Xing B. Heating methods generate different amounts of persistent free radicals from unsaturated fatty acids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:16-22. [PMID: 30954814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), namely linolenic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid, were selected to investigate the generation of persistent free radicals during heating and reheating by stove or microwave. Stove-heating and -reheating generated significant EPR signals, and quickly dissipated during cooling. When the stove-heated samples were reheated by microwave, the EPR signals were further enhanced and lasted for over 2 h. FTIR characterization showed the breaking of CC and CO bonds and LF-NMR confirmed the increased polarity after stove heating. Microwave reheating following the stove heating generated much more small molecular chemicals according to GC-MS analysis, including some ring structures, which were not detected in stove heating or microwave heating alone. We thus proposed that these ring structures, such as benzene, were involved in the formation and stabilization of free radicals. This work highlighted that the relatively long-lasting free radicals should be carefully examined in the fried food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ni Liang
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Di Lang
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xudong Dong
- The Obstetrical Department of the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (The affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming 650500, China
| | - Juan Peng
- The Obstetrical Department of the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (The affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lingyan Liu
- The Obstetrical Department of the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (The affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Roy D, Seo YC, Sinha S, Bhattacharya A, Singh G, Biswas PK. Human health risk exposure with respect to particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at mine fire-affected coal mining complex. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:19119-19135. [PMID: 28551742 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate-bound poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of great concern due to their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity effect on human health. In this context, identification, quantification and inhalation cancer risk (ICR) assessment due to PM10- and PM2.5-bound PAHs has been carried out at six monitoring stations in a critically polluted Jharia coalfield/Dhanbad City. Identification of pollution sources at study area has been performed by using PCA statistical methods. Air quality index (AQI) and air quality health index (AQHI) were calculated based on the concentration levels of PM10. Location-wise direct comparison between AQI, AQHI and ICR was performed to analyse the risk levels. Consequently, maximum concentration levels of particulate (PM2.5 and PM10)-bound total PAHs (400 and 482 ng/m3) were recorded at the monitoring station Lodna Thana, followed by Bank More and Sijua Stadium, respectively. It was also observed that mine fire-affected station Lodna Thana was exaggerated with presence of PAHs due to wood and open coal burning activities. Moreover, about 1000 and 889 cases of inhalation cancer risk were estimated due to direct exposure of PM10- and PM2.5-bound PAHs in the study area, respectively. Active mine fire-affected station Lodna Thana was recorded with maximum probability of lung tumour due to inhalation cancer risk. This study has reported higher AQHI at station Dugdha Basti, Lodna Thana and Bank More, which results increased number of tumours due to ICR. This result concludes that Jharia coalfield/Dhanbad City are not only critically polluted area but it is also an inhalation cancer prone area due to direct exposure of active mine fire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debananda Roy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Marwadi Education Foundation & Group of Institutions, Rajkot, (GTU), Gujarat, India.
| | - Yong-Chil Seo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sweta Sinha
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Marwadi Education Foundation & Group of Institutions, Rajkot, (GTU), Gujarat, India
| | - Abir Bhattacharya
- Department of Mathematics, Marwadi Education Foundation & Group of Institutions, Rajkot, (GTU), Gujarat, India
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribag, Jharkhand, India
| | - Pallab Kr Biswas
- Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Badibostan H, Feizy J, Daraei B, Shoeibi S, Rajabnejad SH, Asili J, Taghizadeh SF, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in infant formulae, follow-on formulae, and baby foods in Iran: An assessment of risk. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110640. [PMID: 31233871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-seven samples of infant formulae and follow-on formulae and fifteen samples of baby food from Iranian markets were analyzed for concentrations of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4) determined by use of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry. An assessment of risks posed to infants and toddlers was conducted by calculating the margin of exposure and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) by use of the Monte Carlo Simulation Method. Benzo (a) anthracene, was not detected in any of the samples, while approximately 64.3% samples contained detectable amounts of benzo (a) pyrene, while chrysene was observed in three samples and benzo (b) fluoranthene was detected in one sample. One of the samples contained 1.43 μg PAH4/kg, which was greater than the maximum tolerable limit (MTL; 1 μg/kg) stated in Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1125. Accordingly, the 95% ILCRs in the infants/toddlers due to ingestion of milk powder and baby foods were determined to be 1.3 × 10-6 and 7.3 × 10-7, respectively. Also, the 95th centiles of the MOEs, due to ingesting milk powder or baby foods by infants/toddlers were estimated to be 3.6 × 104 and 7.2 × 104, respectively. In Iran, infants and toddlers are not at serious health risk (MOE ≥ 1 × 104 and ILCR < 1 × 10-4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Badibostan
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Javad Feizy
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahram Shoeibi
- Food and Drug Reference Control Laboratories Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran; Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, MOH & ME, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Javad Asili
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
El Husseini M, Mourad R, Abdul Rahim H, Al Omar F, Jaber F. Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH4) in the Traditional Lebanese Grilled Meat Products and Investigation of Broasted Frying Cooking Method and Meat Size on the PAH4 Formation. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1570952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Husseini
- LAEC, CNRS, Beirut, Lebanon
- Analysis of Organic Compounds Laboratory (LACO) 509, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Mourad
- Analysis of Organic Compounds Laboratory (LACO) 509, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Haifa Abdul Rahim
- Analysis of Organic Compounds Laboratory (LACO) 509, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fawaz Al Omar
- Analysis of Organic Compounds Laboratory (LACO) 509, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farouk Jaber
- LAEC, CNRS, Beirut, Lebanon
- Analysis of Organic Compounds Laboratory (LACO) 509, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|