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Liu J, Zeng S, Zhu H, Wan X, Sohan ASMMF, Yin B. A Portable Automated Microfluidic Platform for Point-of-Care Testing for Multiple Mycotoxins in Wine. Foods 2024; 13:2066. [PMID: 38998571 PMCID: PMC11241659 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Food safety requires point-of-care testing (POCT) for mycotoxins, since their presence in wine significantly impacts the wine industry and poses a severe threat to human life. Traditional detection methods are usually limited to detecting one mycotoxin and cannot achieve high-throughput, automated, and rapid quantitative analysis of multiple mycotoxins in real samples. Here, we propose a portable automated microfluidic platform (PAMP) integrating a chemiluminescence (CL) imaging system and a microfluidic chip to realize POCT for multiple mycotoxins in real samples, simplifying complex manual operations, shortening the detection time, and improving the detection sensitivity. Specially, silicone films were used as substrates on microfluidic chips to incubate mycotoxin conjugations, and the streptavidin-biotin (SA-B) system and an indirect immunoassay were implemented on silicone films to improve the sensitivity of reaction results. Interestingly, these methods significantly improved detection results, resulting in sensitive detection of mycotoxins, including zearalenone (ZEA) ranging from 1 to 32 ng/mL, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) ranging from 0.2 to 6.4 ng/mL, and ochratoxin A (OTA) ranging from 2 to 64 ng/mL. The recovery of samples reached 91.39-109.14%, which verified the reliability and practicability of the PAMP. This PAMP enables sensitive and rapid detection of multiple mycotoxins in markets or wineries that lack advanced laboratory facilities. Therefore, it is essential to develop a portable microfluidic platform for POCT to detect mycotoxins in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Suqian Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Shiyu Zeng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Haoyu Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xinhua Wan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - A S M Muhtasim Fuad Sohan
- School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Binfeng Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
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2
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Saleh I, Zeidan R, Abu-Dieyeh M. The characteristics, occurrence, and toxicological effects of alternariol: a mycotoxin. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1659-1683. [PMID: 38662238 PMCID: PMC11106155 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria species are mycotoxin-producing fungi known to infect fresh produce and to cause their spoilage. Humans get exposed to fungal secondary metabolites known as mycotoxin via the ingestion of contaminated food. Alternariol (AOH) (C14H10O5) is an isocoumarins produced by different species of Alternaria including Alternaria alternata. AOH is often found in grain, fruits and fruits-based food products with high levels in legumes, nuts, and tomatoes. AOH was first discovered in 1953, and it is nowadays linked to esophagus cancer and endocrine disruption due to its similarity to estrogen. Although considered as an emerging mycotoxin with no regulated levels in food, AOH occurs in highly consumed dietary products and has been detected in various masked forms, which adds to its occurrence. Therefore, this comprehensive review was developed to give an overview on recent literature in the field of AOH. The current study summarizes published data on occurrence levels of AOH in different food products in the last ten years and evaluates those levels in comparison to recommended levels by the regulating entities. Such surveillance facilitates the work of health risk assessors and highlights commodities that are most in need of AOH levels regulation. In addition, the effects of AOH on cells and animal models were summarized in two tables; data include the last two-year literature studies. The review addresses also the main characteristics of AOH and the possible human exposure routes, the populations at risk, and the effect of anthropogenic activities on the widespread of the mycotoxin. The commonly used detection and control methods described in the latest literature are also discussed to guide future researchers to focus on mitigating mycotoxins contamination in the food industry. This review aims mainly to serve as a guideline on AOH for mycotoxin regulation developers and health risk assessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Saleh
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Randa Zeidan
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Jing S, Liu C, Zheng J, Dong Z, Guo N. Toxicity of zearalenone and its nutritional intervention by natural products. Food Funct 2022; 13:10374-10400. [PMID: 36165278 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01545e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a toxic secondary metabolite mainly produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, and is often present in various food and feed ingredients such as corn and wheat. The structure of ZEN is similar to that of natural estrogen, and it can bind to estrogen receptors and has estrogenic activity. Therefore, it can cause endocrine-disrupting effects and promote the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive cell lines. In addition, ZEN can cause oxidative damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and other hazards, resulting in systemic toxic effects, including reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. In the past few decades, researchers have tried many ways to remove ZEN from food and feed, but it is still a challenge to eliminate it. In recent years, natural compounds have become of interest for their excellent protective effects on human health from food contaminants. Researchers have discovered that natural compounds often used as dietary supplements can effectively alleviate ZEN-induced systemic toxic effects. Most of the compounds mitigate ZEN-induced toxicity through antioxidant effects. In this article, the contamination of food and feed by ZEN and the various toxic effects and mechanisms of ZEN are reviewed, as well as the mitigation effects of natural compounds on ZEN-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Jing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Chunmei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Jian Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Zhijian Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Na Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Penagos-Tabares F, Sulyok M, Nagl V, Faas J, Krska R, Khiaosa-Ard R, Zebeli Q. Mixtures of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens and pesticides co-occurring in wet spent brewery grains (BSG) intended for dairy cattle feeding in Austria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1855-1877. [PMID: 36129729 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2121430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Spent brewery grains (BSG) are the main by-product of beer production and are incorporated in rations of food-delivering animals, mainly dairy cows. Like other agricultural commodities, BSG can be contaminated by a broad spectrum of natural and synthetic undesirable substances, which can be hazardous to animal and human health as well as to the environment. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens, other fungal and plant secondary metabolites, along with pesticides, was investigated in 21 BSG samples collected in dairy farms in Austria. For this purpose, a validated multi-metabolite liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) was employed. Metabolites derived from Fusarium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and pesticide residues, were ubiquitous in the samples. Zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 and HT-2 toxins were the only regulated mycotoxin detected, albeit at concentrations below the European guidance values for animal feeds. Ergot alkaloids, Penicillium-derived metabolites, and phytoestrogens had occurrence rates of 90, 48 and 29%, respectively. Penicillium metabolites presented the highest levels among the fungal compounds, indicating contamination during storage. Aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxins and deoxynivalenol (DON) were not detected. Out of the 16 detected pesticides, two fungicides, ametoctradin (9.5%) and mandipropamid (14.3%) revealed concentrations exceeding their respective maximum residue level (MRL) (0.01 mg kg-1) for barley in two samples. Although based on European guidance and MRL values the levels of the detected compounds probably do not pose acute risks for cattle, the impact of the long-time exposure to such mixtures of natural and synthetic toxicants on animal health and food safety are unknown and must be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- DSM Animal Nutrition and Health - BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Johannes Faas
- DSM Animal Nutrition and Health - BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Austria.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-Ard
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Beer Safety: New Challenges and Future Trends within Craft and Large-Scale Production. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172693. [PMID: 36076878 PMCID: PMC9455588 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of physical, chemical, or microbiological contaminants in beer represents a broad and worthy problem with potential implications for human health. The expansion of beer types makes it more and more appreciated for the sensorial properties and health benefits of fermentation and functional ingredients, leading to significant consumed quantities. Contaminant sources are the raw materials, risks that may occur in the production processes (poor sanitation, incorrect pasteurisation), the factory environment (air pollution), or inadequate (ethanol) consumption. We evaluated the presence of these contaminants in different beer types. This review covers publications that discuss the presence of bacteria (Lactobacillus, Pediococcus), yeasts (Saccharomyces, Candida), moulds (Fusarium, Aspergillus), mycotoxins, heavy metals, biogenic amines, and micro- and nano-plastic in beer products, ending with a discussion regarding the identified gaps in current risk reduction or elimination strategies.
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Scanavacca J, Iecher Faria MG, Canonico Silva GC, Inumaro RS, Gonçalves JE, Kupski L, Gazim ZC. Chemical analysis, antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity of tetradenia riparia essential oil and crude extract. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1296-1310. [PMID: 35652893 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2080870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tetradenia riparia is known for its richness in essential oil which has been widely investigated due to its biological activities such as antimicrobial, insecticidal, trypanocidal, antimalarial and antioxidant. The objective of this work was to chemically analyze and evaluate the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity of the essential oil and the crude extract of leaves, flower buds and stems of T. riparia from the northwest region of the state of Paraná. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. To obtain the crude extract, the leaves, flower buds and stems were pulverized and subjected to a dynamic maceration process using 70% v v-1 ethyl alcohol. Chemical analysis of the essential oil was performed by GC/MS, and chemical identification of the crude extract by UHPLC-ESI/qTOF. Antifungal activity (Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium verrucosum and Fusarium graminearum) was performed by broth microdilution and the antimycotoxigenic assay was performed with A. ochraceus and P. verrucosum. Ochratoxin A was extracted by partition with chloroform and quantified by HPLC-FL. The oil yield was 0.29% for leaves, 0.34% for stems and 0.38% for flower buds, and the major compounds were fenchone, β-caryophyllene, α-cadinol, 14-hydroxy-9- epi-caryophyllene, 9β,13β-epoxy-7-abietene, α-cadinol and 6-7-dehydroroyleanone. The main chemical compounds identified in the crude extract were terpenes, anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic acids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oils from leaves, flower buds and stems for the strains tested ranged from 0.87 mg mL-1 to 33.3 mg mL-1, while the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) ranged from 6.94 mg mL-1 and 33.3 mg mL-1. The MIC and MFC for ketoconazole, tebuconazole, sorbate and nitrite ranged from 0.05 to 33.3 mg mL-1. The oil and crude extract of leaves, stems and flower buds showed an inhibition of ochratoxin A production for P. verrucosum of approximately 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Scanavacca
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Programa de Pós graduação de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agricultura, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama Paraná, Brasil
| | - Maria Graciela Iecher Faria
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Programa de Pós graduação de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agricultura, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama Paraná, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Catuzo Canonico Silva
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Programa de Pós graduação de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agricultura, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama Paraná, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Sadao Inumaro
- Laboratório de Química, Programa de Pós Graduação em tecnologias Limpas-PPGTL, Universidade Cesumar-UNICESUMAR, Campus Maringá, Paraná Brasil
| | - José Eduardo Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Química, Programa de Pós Graduação em tecnologias Limpas-PPGTL, Universidade Cesumar-UNICESUMAR, Campus Maringá, Paraná Brasil.,Instituto de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação ICETI UniCesumar, Maringá, Brasil
| | - Larine Kupski
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Umuarama, Brasil
| | - Zilda Cristiani Gazim
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Programa de Pós graduação de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agricultura, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama Paraná, Brasil
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7
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Prusova N, Dzuman Z, Jelinek L, Karabin M, Hajslova J, Rychlik M, Stranska M. Free and conjugated Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins during Pilsner malt production and double-mash brewing. Food Chem 2022; 369:130926. [PMID: 34474284 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Malting and brewing have previously been demonstrated to be risky procedures in terms of mycotoxins contamination. The goal of the study was to describe the fate of less investigated Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins, together with their conjugates, during these processes. The Pilsner malt producing process, together with double-mash brewing, were performed in a pilot-scale malting and brewery plants to simulate production of lager - the most popular type of central European beer. In addition, changes in temperature during barley germination were investigated to assess the influence of this critical step. QuEChERS-like extraction followed by UHPLC-HRMS/MS were utilized to quantify the mass balance of 13 mycotoxins and four of their conjugates. The results confirmed germination as the most determining malting step, followed by mashing of malt during brewing. Occurrence of type A trichothecenes, Alternaria mycotoxins and their conjugates in the final beer product indicates the need to take mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Prusova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Dzuman
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Jelinek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Karabin
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Technical University of Munich, Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising, Germany
| | - Milena Stranska
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Prague, Czech Republic.
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9
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Pascari X, Marin S, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V. Relevant Fusarium Mycotoxins in Malt and Beer. Foods 2022; 11:246. [PMID: 35053978 PMCID: PMC8774397 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites of high concern in the food and feed industry. Their presence in many cereal-based products has been numerously reported. Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage worldwide, and Fusarium mycotoxins originating from the malted and unmalted cereals might reach the final product. This review aims to describe the possible Fusarium fungi that could infect the cereals used in beer production, the transfer of mycotoxins throughout malting and brewing as well as an insight into the incidence of mycotoxins in the craft beer segment of the industry. Studies show that germination is the malting step that can lead to a significant increase in the level of all Fusarium mycotoxins. The first step of mashing (45 °C) has been proved to possess the most significant impact in the transfer of hydrophilic toxins from the grist into the wort. However, during fermentation, a slight reduction of deoxynivalenol, and especially of zearalenone, is achieved. This review also highlights the limited research available on craft beer and the occurrence of mycotoxins in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vicente Sanchis
- AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (X.P.); (S.M.); (A.J.R.)
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Castañares E, da Cruz Cabral L, Dinolfo MI, Andersen B, Stenglein SA, Patriarca A. Alternaria in malting barley: Characterization and distribution in relation with climatic conditions and barley cultivars. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 357:109367. [PMID: 34482184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria is one of the main fungal genera affecting the quality of barley grains. In this study, a polyphasic approach was carried out to characterise the Alternaria population infecting different cultivars of barley grains from the major producing regions of Argentina in the 2014 and 2015 seasons. Its relationship with Fusarium and correlations between predominant species, barley cultivars, and climatic conditions in the growing regions were evaluated. Alternaria incidence exceeded that of Fusarium in all the barley samples and was higher in the drier season (21% in 2014 and 42% in 2015 vs. 6% and 4%, respectively). The main Alternaria species-groups identified were present in both growing seasons in similar frequencies (A. tenuissima sp.-grp., 83.4% in 2014 and 81.7% in 2015; A. infectoria sp.-grp., 11.7% in 2014 and 11.3% in 2015). The dominant Alternaria species-group isolated and identified based on morphological characteristics, DNA sequencing, and metabolite profile was A. tenuissima (72.9%), followed by A. infectoria (14.6%). An association between their frequency and field temperature was observed; A. tenuissima sp.-grp. was more frequent in northern localities, where higher temperatures were registered, while the opposite was observed for A. infectoria sp.-grp. A smaller percentage of A. arborescens sp.-grp. (5%), A. alternata sp.-grp. (3.9%) and A. vaccinii (1.4%) were also identified. Both secondary metabolite profiles and phylogenetic analysis were useful to distinguish isolates from Alternaria section Alternaria and section Infectoriae. Regarding metabolite profiles, alternariol was the most frequent compound produced by isolates of the section Alternaria. Infectopyrones and novae-zelandins were produced by most of the isolates from section Infectoriae. The barley cultivars analysed in this study did not show a particular susceptibility regarding the Alternaria population composition, except for Andreia, which presented the highest frequency of contamination with A. tenuissima sp.-grp. The rest of the cultivars, when grown in different regions, showed different proportion of the Alternaria sp.-grps., suggesting that other factors were determinant in their distribution. The results obtained in the present study will be a valuable tool for health authorities to assess the need for regulations on Alternaria mycotoxins, given the high incidence of Alternaria spp. in barley and the diversity of metabolites that might contaminate the grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Castañares
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía da Cruz Cabral
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria I Dinolfo
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Birgitte Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sebastián A Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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12
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Chen A, Mao X, Sun Q, Wei Z, Li J, You Y, Zhao J, Jiang G, Wu Y, Wang L, Li Y. Alternaria Mycotoxins: An Overview of Toxicity, Metabolism, and Analysis in Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7817-7830. [PMID: 34250809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Alternaria is widely distributed in the environment. Numerous species of the genus Alternaria can produce a variety of toxic secondary metabolites, called Alternaria mycotoxins. In this review, natural occurrence, toxicity, metabolism, and analytical methods are introduced. The contamination of these toxins in foodstuffs is ubiquitous, and most of these metabolites present genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Moreover, Alternaria toxins are mainly hydroxylated to catechol metabolites and combined with sulfate and glucuronic acid in in vitro arrays. A more detailed summary of the metabolism of Alternaria toxins is presented in this work. To effectively detect and determine the mycotoxins in food, analytical methods with high sensitivity and good accuracy are also reviewed. This review will guide the formulation of maximum residue limit standards in the future, covering both toxicity and metabolic mechanism of Alternaria toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Chen
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Mao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghui Sun
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Wei
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yanli You
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiqiang Zhao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
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Jin Z, Solanki S, Ameen G, Gross T, Poudel RS, Borowicz P, Brueggeman RS, Schwarz P. Expansion of Internal Hyphal Growth in Fusarium Head Blight-Infected Grains Contributes to the Elevated Mycotoxin Production During the Malting Process. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:793-802. [PMID: 33720745 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-21-0024-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) and the occurrence of mycotoxins is the largest food safety threat to malting and brewing grains. Worldwide surveys of commercial beers have reported that the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most frequent contaminant in beer. Although the DON content of grain generally declines during steeping due to its solubilization, Fusarium spp. can continue to grow and produce DON from steeping through the early kilning stage of malting. DON present on malt is largely extracted into beer. The objective of the current study was to localize the growth of Fusarium spp. within FHB-infected kernels by developing an improved method and to associate fungal growth with the production of DON during malting. FHB-infected barley, wheat, rye, and triticale grains that exhibited large increases in the amount of Fusarium Tri5 DNA and trichothecene mycotoxins following malting were screened for hyphal localization. The growth of fungal hyphae associated with grain and malt was imaged by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser-scanning microscopy assisted with WGA-Alexa Fluor 488 staining, respectively. In barley, hyphae were present on or within the husk, vascular bundle, and pericarp cavities. Following malting, vast hyphal growth was observed not only in these regions but also in the aleurone layer, endosperm, and embryo. Extensive fungal growth was also observed following malting of wheat, rye, and triticale. However, these grains already had an extensive internal presence of Fusarium hyphae in the unmalted grain, thus representing an enhanced chance of fungal expansion during the malting.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jin
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
| | - Shyam Solanki
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
| | - Gazala Ameen
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Gross
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
| | - Roshan Sharma Poudel
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
| | - Pawel Borowicz
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
| | - Robert S Brueggeman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
| | - Paul Schwarz
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, U.S.A
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14
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Carballo D, Fernández-Franzón M, Ferrer E, Pallarés N, Berrada H. Dietary Exposure to Mycotoxins through Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages in Valencia, Spain. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:438. [PMID: 34202720 PMCID: PMC8309788 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the presence of 30 mycotoxins in 110 beverage samples of beer, wine, cava, and cider purchased in Valencia (Spain). A validated method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and chromatographic methods coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was applied. The method showed satisfactory recoveries ranging from 61 to 116% for the different beverages studied. The detection and quantification limits ranged from 0.03 to 2.34 µg/L and 0.1 to 7.81 µg/L, respectively. The results showed that beer samples were the most contaminated, even with concentrations ranging from 0.24 to 54.76 µg/L. A significant presence of alternariol was found in wine, which reached concentrations up to 26.86 µg/L. Patulin and ochratoxin A were the most frequently detected mycotoxins in cava and cider samples, with incidences of 40% and 26%, respectively. Ochratoxin A exceeded the maximum level set by the EU in one wine sample. The results obtained were statistically validated. The combined exposure was assessed by the sum of mycotoxin concentrations contaminating the same samples to provide information on the extent of dietary exposure to mycotoxins. No significant health risk to consumers was associated with the mycotoxin levels detected in the beverages tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionisia Carballo
- Faculty of Agricultural Science, National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo 2160, Paraguay;
| | - Mónica Fernández-Franzón
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.F.-F.); (H.B.)
| | - Emilia Ferrer
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.F.-F.); (H.B.)
| | - Noelia Pallarés
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.F.-F.); (H.B.)
| | - Houda Berrada
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.F.-F.); (H.B.)
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15
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Balázs A, Faisal Z, Csepregi R, Kőszegi T, Kriszt B, Szabó I, Poór M. In Vitro Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Cytotoxic and Estrogenic Effects of Zearalenone, Its Reduced Metabolites, Alternariol, and Genistein. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6281. [PMID: 34208060 PMCID: PMC8230625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites of filamentous fungi. Previous studies demonstrated the co-occurrence of Fusarium and Alternaria toxins, including zearalenone (ZEN), ZEN metabolites, and alternariol (AOH). These xenoestrogenic mycotoxins appear in soy-based meals and dietary supplements, resulting in the co-exposure to ZEN and AOH with the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN). In this study, the cytotoxic and estrogenic effects of ZEN, reduced ZEN metabolites, AOH, and GEN are examined to evaluate their individual and combined impacts. Our results demonstrate that reduced ZEN metabolites, AOH, and GEN can aggravate ZEN-induced toxicity; in addition, the compounds tested exerted mostly synergism or additive combined effects regarding cytotoxicity and/or estrogenicity. Therefore, these observations underline the importance and the considerable risk of mycotoxin co-exposure and the combined effects of mycoestrogens with phytoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Balázs
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Rita Csepregi
- Lab-on-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 13, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Lab-on-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 13, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - István Szabó
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.B.); (I.S.)
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
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16
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Scheibenzuber S, Dick F, Asam S, Rychlik M. Analysis of 13 Alternaria mycotoxins including modified forms in beer. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:149-159. [PMID: 33666860 PMCID: PMC8163686 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify 13 free and modified Alternaria toxins in different beer types by applying a combination of stable-isotope dilution assays (SIDAs) and matrix-matched calibration. With limits of detection (LODs) between 0.03 µg/L (alternariol monomethyl ether, AME) and 5.48 µg/L (altenuene, ALT), limits of quantitation (LOQs) between 0.09 µg/L (AME) and 16.24 µg/L (ALT), and recoveries between 72 and 113%, we obtained a sensitive and reliable method, which also covers the emerging toxins alternariol-3-glucoside (AOH-3-G), alternariol-9-glucoside (AOH-9-G), alternariol monomethyl ether-3-glucoside (AME-3-G) and alternariol-3-sulfate (AOH-3-S) and alternariol monomethylether-3-sulfate (AME-3-S). Furthermore, 50 different beer samples were analyzed, showing no contamination with Alternaria toxins apart from tenuazonic acid (TeA) in concentrations between 0.69 µg/L and 16.5 µg/L. According to this study, the exposure towards TeA through beer consumption can be considered as relatively low, as the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) value of 1500 ng/kg body weight per day might not be reached when consuming reasonable amounts of beer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Scheibenzuber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Fabian Dick
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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17
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Higgins DS, Hatlen RJ, Byrne JM, Sakalidis ML, Miles TD, Hausbeck MK. Etiology of Halo Blight in Michigan Hopyards. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:859-872. [PMID: 32840437 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-20-0924-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Michigan's hop acreage ranks fourth nationally, but the state's growers contend with unique disease challenges resulting from frequent rainfall and high humidity. In August 2018, a Michigan hop grower reported necrosis and blighting of foliage and shattering of cones resulting in yield loss. Irregular-shaped lesions developed on leaves, surrounded by a halo of chlorotic tissue, and cone bracts became brown. Pycnidia were observed in symptomatic tissue. The goal of this study was to identify and characterize the causal agent of symptoms in leaf and cone tissue. In symptomatic leaves, 15 of 19 isolates recovered had 96.4% internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITSrDNA) homology with Diaporthe nomurai. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses were performed on a subset of isolates using ITSrDNA, histone H3, beta-tubulin, and elongation factor 1 alpha. Bootstrap and posterior probabilities supported a unique cluster of Diaporthe sp. 1-MI isolates most closely related to the Diaporthe arecae species complex, Diaporthe hongkongensis, and Diaporthe multigutullata. Diaporthe sp. 1-MI was pathogenic in detached leaf and whole plant assays. Single-spore isolates from pycnidia originating from cones and leaves shared 100% ITSrDNA homology with Diaporthe sp. 1-MI obtained from the lesion margins of leaves collected in 2018. The distribution of Diaporthe sp. 1-MI was widespread among 347 cones collected from 15 Michigan hop yards and accounted for >38% of fungi recovered from cones in three hop yards. Diaporthe sp. 1-MI causing halo and cone blight presents a new disease management challenge for Michigan hop growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Higgins
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Ross J Hatlen
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Jan M Byrne
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Monique L Sakalidis
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Timothy D Miles
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Mary K Hausbeck
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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18
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Barbosa AC, da Silva FA, da Silva LP, Azevedo Vargas E, Veloso Terra JC, Alves Dos Santos E, Augusti R. Development and validation of an analytical method for the extraction, identification, and quantification of multi-mycotoxins in beer using a modified QuEChERS procedure and UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2135-2148. [PMID: 33136536 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1812735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although beer is one of the most popular alcoholic beverages in the world, there is no specific legislation regarding contaminants, especially mycotoxins, for this product. The present manuscript reports the development and validation of an analytical methodology based on the QuEChERS approach, followed by quantification via UHPLC-MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of seventeen mycotoxins in beer. During the validation, amatrix effect was observed for 82% of the analytes. Linearity and recovery were evaluated using spiked blank samples, and the chosen methodology proved to be efficient for all analytes, with recoveries ranging from 71 to 118%, excepting ergonovine, for which recovery of 57% was achieved. Precision was estimated in terms of repeatability and reproducibility, with variations from 2.6 to 28.2% and 9.7 to 28.7%, respectively. The detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits, determined from the values of CCα and CCβ, ranged from 0.26 to 117 µgkg-1 and from 0.30 to 135 µgkg-1, respectively. Measurement uncertainties were based on the bottom-up methodology, with uncertainties ranging from 0.03 to 17 µgkg-1. Finally, thirty-eight beer samples, collected at the local market, were analysed, and 16 of them showed contamination by deoxynivalenol in concentrations ranging from 159 ± 26 µgkg-1 to 648 ± 106 µgkg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Barbosa
- Departamento De Química, Centro Federal De Educação Tecnológica De Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Pinto da Silva
- Departamento De Química, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento De Química, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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19
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Castañares E, Pavicich MA, Dinolfo MI, Moreyra F, Stenglein SA, Patriarca A. Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in malting barley grains in the main producing region of Argentina. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1004-1011. [PMID: 31646639 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereals worldwide, and its quality is affected by fungal contamination such as species of the genus Alternaria. No information is available about the occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean barley grains, which is of concern, because they can be transferred into malt and beer. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) in malting barley grains from the main producing region of Argentina during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. RESULTS The most frequent mycotoxin was AOH (64%), which was detected at higher levels (712 μg kg-1 ) compared with other studies, followed by TeA (37%, 1522 μg kg-1 ), while AME was present in five samples in the 2015 growing season only, with a mean of 4876 μg kg-1 . A similar frequency of mycotoxin occurrence was observed in both years (80.8 vs 85.3%), but more diverse contamination was found in 2015, which was characterized by lower accumulated precipitation. Nevertheless, AOH was more frequently found in 2014 than in 2015 (80.8 and 47.1% respectively). A negative correlation between AOH concentration and temperature was observed. The susceptibility of different barley varieties to mycotoxin accumulation varied with the mycotoxin, geographical location and meteorological conditions. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the present work represent a tool for risk assessment of exposition to these mycotoxins and could be used by food safety authorities to determine the need for their regulation. Furthermore, the establishment of a hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system to minimize fungal and mycotoxin contamination in barley from farm to processing could be apply to ensure food safety. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Castañares
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria A Pavicich
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria I Dinolfo
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Moreyra
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Bordenave, Bordenave, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián A Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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de Oliveira Garcia S, Sibaja KVM, Nogueira WV, Feltrin ACP, Pinheiro DFA, Cerqueira MBR, Badiale Furlong E, Garda-Buffon J. Peroxidase as a simultaneous degradation agent of ochratoxin A and zearalenone applied to model solution and beer. Food Res Int 2020; 131:109039. [PMID: 32247492 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of the commercial peroxidase (POD) enzyme (Armoracia rusticana) on the simultaneous degradation of ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) in model solution and beer. For this purpose, the reaction parameters for POD action were optimized, POD application in the degradation of mycotoxins in model solution and beer was evaluated and the kinetic parameters of POD were defined (Michaelis-Menten constant - KM and maximal velocity - Vmax). In the reaction conditions (pH 7, ionic strength of 25 mM, incubation at 30 °C, addition of 26 mM H2O2 and 1 mM potassium ion), POD (0.6 U mL-1) presented the maximum activity for simultaneous degradation of OTA and ZEA of 27.0 and 64.9%, respectively, in model solution after 360 min. The application of POD in beer resulted in the simultaneous degradation of OTA and ZEA of 4.8 and 10.9%, respectively. The kinetic parameters KM and Vmax for degradation of OTA and ZEA were 50 and 10,710 nM and 0.168 and 72 nM min-1, respectively. Therefore, POD can be a promising alternative to mitigate the contamination of OTA and ZEA in model solution and beer, minimizing their effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina de Oliveira Garcia
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Karen Vanessa Marimón Sibaja
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Wesclen Vilar Nogueira
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Penteado Feltrin
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Diean Fabiano Alvares Pinheiro
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Maristela Barnes Rodrigues Cerqueira
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale Furlong
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
- Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
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21
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Osorio-Paz I, Brunauer R, Alavez S. Beer and its non-alcoholic compounds in health and disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3492-3505. [PMID: 31782326 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1696278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Moderate alcohol consumption has been associated with beneficial effects on human health. Specifically, consumption of red wine and beer has shown a J-shape relation with many important diseases. While a role of ethanol cannot be excluded, the high content of polyphenols in both beverages has been proposed to contribute to these effects, with beer having the advantage over wine that it is lower in alcohol. In addition to ethanol, beer contains a wide variety of compounds with known medicinal potential such as kaempferol, quercetin, tyrosol and phenolic acids, and it is the main dietary source for the flavones xanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin, and bitter acids such as humulones and lupulones. Clinical and pre-clinical evidence for the protective effects of moderate beer consumption against cardiovascular disease and other diseases has been accumulating since the 1990s, and the non-alcoholic compounds of beer likely exert most of the observed beneficial effects. In this review, we summarize and discuss the effects of beer consumption in health and disease as well as the clinical potential of its non-alcoholic compounds which may be promising candidates for new therapies against common chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ixchel Osorio-Paz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, Estado de México, México
| | - Regina Brunauer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Silvestre Alavez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, Estado de México, México
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22
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Crudo F, Varga E, Aichinger G, Galaverna G, Marko D, Dall'Asta C, Dellafiora L. Co-Occurrence and Combinatory Effects of Alternaria Mycotoxins and other Xenobiotics of Food Origin: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E640. [PMID: 31684145 PMCID: PMC6891783 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are low-molecular weight compounds produced by diverse genera of molds that may contaminate food and feed threatening the health of humans and animals. Recent findings underline the importance of studying the combined occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and the relevance of assessing the toxicity their simultaneous exposure may cause in living organisms. In this context, for the first time, this work has critically reviewed the most relevant data concerning the occurrence and toxicity of mycotoxins produced by Alternaria spp., which are among the most important emerging risks to be assessed in food safety, alone or in combination with other mycotoxins and bioactive food constituents. According to the literature covered, multiple Alternaria mycotoxins may often occur simultaneously in contaminated food, along with several other mycotoxins and food bioactives inherently present in the studied matrices. Although the toxicity of combinations naturally found in food has been rarely assessed experimentally, the data collected so far, clearly point out that chemical mixtures may differ in their toxicity compared to the effect of toxins tested individually. The data presented here may provide a solid foothold to better support the risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins highlighting the actual role of chemical mixtures on influencing their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Crudo
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg Aichinger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Habschied K, Krska R, Sulyok M, Lukinac J, Jukić M, Šarkanj B, Krstanović V, Mastanjević K. The Influence of Steeping Water Change during Malting on the Multi-Toxin Content in Malt. Foods 2019; 8:foods8100478. [PMID: 31614530 PMCID: PMC6835677 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of steeping water change and Fusarium graminearum contamination level on different multi-toxin types and concentrations in barley malt. Malt samples were subjected to two micromalting regimes-steeping water change and the other with no steeping water change. Malt was contaminated with different F. graminearum contamination levels (0%, 10%, and 20%). The results indicate that malt with higher F. graminearum contamination levels ensured higher concentrations of toxins. Higher fungal metabolite concentrations were determined in samples exposed to freshly-changed steeping water, especially zearalenone and its derivates whose values were three to four times higher than in samples with no water change. Zearalenone-4-sulfate showed four (in 10% contamination) and even thirty times (in 20% contamination) higher concentrations than in samples with no water change. Water change during malting resulted in higher levels of multi-toxins in the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Habschied
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Osijek, Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Jasmina Lukinac
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Osijek, Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Marko Jukić
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Osijek, Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University North, University center Koprivnica, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia.
| | - Vinko Krstanović
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Osijek, Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Krešimir Mastanjević
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Osijek, Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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Lulamba TE, Stafford RA, Njobeh PB. The relative effectiveness of two filter aids in removing ochratoxin A during beer filtration. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tshikala Eddie Lulamba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, Cnr Siemert and Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg-New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Robert A. Stafford
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, Cnr Siemert and Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg-New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, Cnr Siemert and Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg-New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
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25
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Anderson HE, Santos IC, Hildenbrand ZL, Schug KA. A review of the analytical methods used for beer ingredient and finished product analysis and quality control. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1085:1-20. [PMID: 31522723 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Beer is an incredibly complex beverage containing more than 3000 different compounds, including carbohydrates, proteins, ions, microbes, organic acids, and polyphenols, among others. Beer becomes even more complex during storage, for over time it may undergo chemical changes that negatively affect the flavor, aroma, and appearance. Thus, it can be expected that maintaining the quality of beer throughout its lifetime is a difficult task. Since it is such a popular drink throughout the world, being familiar with proper analytical techniques for beer evaluation is useful for researchers and brewers. These techniques include, but are not limited to, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and flame ionization detection. This review aims to summarize the various ingredients and components of beer, discuss how they affect the finished product, and present some of the analytical methods used for quality control and understanding the formation of chemicals in beer during the brewing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailee E Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Ines C Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA; Affiliate of Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Zacariah L Hildenbrand
- Affiliate of Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA; Inform Environmental, LLC, 6060 N. Central Expressway, Suite 500, Dallas, TX, 75206, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA; Affiliate of Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
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26
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Determination of AFB1 in clear lager beer samples from Mexico and the possible correlation between physicochemical parameters and AFB1 levels. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-019-01238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Grajewski J, Kosicki R, Twarużek M, Błajet-Kosicka A. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E254. [PMID: 31067689 PMCID: PMC6563123 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poland is one of Europe's leading producers and exporters of beer. The study, herein, describes the measurement of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone levels in 69 Polish beers. Analytical methodologies based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and fluorescence detection were developed, validated, and used to perform the above determinations. The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (96%), ochratoxin A (93%), and HT-2 toxin (74%), respectively. Three quarters of the samples contained at least three analytes. The mean ochratoxin A concentration was 0.057 (SD 0.065) ng/mL, and in four beer samples its level exceeded 0.2 ng/mL, a value postulated in the literature to be the maximum limit. Deoxynivalenol was found at a maximum level of 56.2 ng/mL, and its mean concentration was 17.1 (SD 9.0) ng/mL. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from beer in different European populations was made using food-consumption data prepared by WHO. Based on the mean ochratoxin A concentration in beers, the EDI represented 0.8-1.1% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while in a worst-case scenario (maximum concentration) it reached 5.0-7.5% of TDI. For deoxynivalenol, the EDI was in the range of 4.1-6.0% of TDI, whereas, based on maximum values, it reached the level of 14-21% of TDI. There were no significant differences between "scenarios" in the HT-2 case (mean-5.0-7.5% of TDI; maximum-6.5-9.7% of TDI) due to the fact that its concentration was near the limit of quantification (LOQ) value taken for calculation. The significance of these results are discussed, herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grajewski
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Robert Kosicki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Anna Błajet-Kosicka
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Wall-Martínez HA, Pascari X, Ramos AJ, Marín S, Sanchis V. Frequency and levels of mycotoxins in beer from the Mexican market and exposure estimate for deoxynivalenol mycotoxins. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:207-216. [PMID: 30859459 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of 23 mycotoxins in beer purchased in Mexico and to assess two exposure scenarios in the Mexican population through beer consumption. Multi-mycotoxin analysis of a total of 61 different beers (132 samples) was carried out using UHPLC-MS/MS equipment. Probability density functions were used to describe mycotoxins contamination. The daily intake of mycotoxins was estimated using a semi-probabilistic approach, applying the Monte Carlo method. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON)) were the mycotoxins found in higher proportions in contaminated samples. None of the other mycotoxins overpassed the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method. The combined intake of DON and its analogues ranged from 5.24 to 86.59 ng kg-1 bw day-1, which represent from 1.20 to 19.83% of the DON TDI. The results suggest that depending on the individual consumption of beer and depending on the type of beer, the intake of DON via beer could represent a significant percentage of the tolerable daily intake (TDI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiram A Wall-Martínez
- UNIDA-Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. Veracruz, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, 91860, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Xenia Pascari
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio J Ramos
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Marín
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Vicente Sanchis
- Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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Mastanjević K, Šarkanj B, Mastanjević K, Šantek B, Krstanović V. Fusarium culmorum mycotoxin transfer from wheat to malting and brewing products and by-products. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to establish the impact of Fusarium culmorum infection and fungicide treatment on the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol and zearalenone in wheat, wheat malt and wort (beer). The concentrations of these compounds were also measured in the germ/rootlets, spent grains and spent yeast because these are the most important by-products and are further used as food or feed additives. Two wheat genotypes were obtained from the Agricultural Institute in Osijek, Croatia. The Osk.110/09 genotype, the genotype more susceptible to Fusarium infections, and Lucija, the genotype less susceptible to Fusarium, were analysed in this research. Each genotype was treated in four different ways at the field: (A) control, (B) treated with fungicide Prosaro® 250, (C) inoculated with F. culmorum spores and treated with fungicide Prosaro® 250, and (D) inoculated with F. culmorum spores. All samples were malted and brewed according to standard procedures, products and by-products were analysed for the mycotoxins by using LC-MS/MS. Since the majority of trichothecenes are polar molecules, the water after steeping was also analysed with LC-MS/MS. Mycotoxin concentrations were lower in malt samples treated with the fungicide. Elevated mycotoxin concentrations were observed in samples of both genotypes exposed to F. culmorum. Fungicide treatment was observed to suppress mycotoxin production and accumulation. However, samples with notably high mycotoxin concentrations, especially DON, retained elevated mycotoxin concentrations throughout the entire beer production process, even after a six-month storage period. DON proved to be the most frequently occurring mycotoxin in all of the by-products. The highest concentration of this compound was found in the steeping water from sample D (Osk.110/09), at 20,326 μg/l, leaving the spent grains of this sample with no detectable levels of DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mastanjević
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - B. Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University Center Koprivnica, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - K. Mastanjević
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - B. Šantek
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V. Krstanović
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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30
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Rozentale I, Bogdanova E, Bartkevics V. A rapid and sensitive method for the control of selected regulated and emerging mycotoxins in beer. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A fast method using automated online solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid-chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometric (LC-HRMS) detection for the determination of 12 mycotoxins in beer was developed and fully validated according to the performance criteria set in the European Union (EU) guidelines. Mycotoxin detection was achieved by full-scan HRMS with electrospray ionisation in positive ion mode within 13 min. No significant matrix interferences were observed. The lowest limits of detection (LODs) were achieved for emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin and enniatins) and ochratoxin A at levels between 0.01 and 0.02 μg/l, while the overall LODs were in the range of 0.01-0.30 μg/l. The elaborated method showed good performance in the analysis of beer samples with good linearity (R2>0.999), intra-day and inter-day precision at the levels of <12% and <13%, respectively, and recoveries in the range of 80-119%. Finally, this fully automated, sensitive, and reliable online SPE-HPLC-HRMS method was successfully applied for the analysis of 25 Latvian beers and the obtained results were comparable or even better than those obtained using the well-established Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe, the QuEChERS, methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Rozentale
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ‘BIOR’, Lejupes iela 3, 1076 Riga, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, 1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - E. Bogdanova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ‘BIOR’, Lejupes iela 3, 1076 Riga, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, 1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - V. Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment ‘BIOR’, Lejupes iela 3, 1076 Riga, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, 1004 Riga, Latvia
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Pagkali V, Petrou PS, Makarona E, Peters J, Haasnoot W, Jobst G, Moser I, Gajos K, Budkowski A, Economou A, Misiakos K, Raptis I, Kakabakos SE. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B 1, fumonisin B 1 and deoxynivalenol in beer samples with a label-free monolithically integrated optoelectronic biosensor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:445-453. [PMID: 30059886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A label-free optical biosensor for the fast simultaneous determination of three mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON), in beer samples is presented. The biosensor is based on an array of ten Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) monolithically integrated along with their respective broad-band silicon light sources onto a single chip. Multi-analyte determination is accomplished by functionalizing the sensing arms of individual MZIs with mycotoxin-protein conjugates. Assay is performed by pumping over the chip mixtures of calibrators or samples with a mixture of specific monoclonal antibodies, followed by reaction with a secondary anti-mouse IgG antibody. Reactions are monitored in real-time by continuously recording the MZI output spectra, which are then subjected to Discrete Fourier Transform to convert spectrum shifts to phase shifts. The detection limits achieved for AFB1, FB1 and DON were 0.8, 5.6 and 24 ng/ml, respectively, while the assay duration was 12 min. Recovery values ranging from 85 to 115% were determined in beer samples spiked with known concentrations of the three mycotoxins. In addition, beers of different types and origin were analysed with the biosensor developed and the results were compared with those provided by established laboratory methods, further supporting the accuracy of the proposed device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Pagkali
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece; Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Panagiota S Petrou
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece.
| | - Eleni Makarona
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Jeroen Peters
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Haasnoot
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Gajos
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Misiakos
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Ioannis Raptis
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Sotirios E Kakabakos
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece.
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Garcia SO, Feltrin ACP, Garda-Buffon J. Zearalenone reduction by commercial peroxidase enzyme and peroxidases from soybean bran and rice bran. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1819-1831. [PMID: 29889651 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1486044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The peroxidase (POD) enzyme, obtained from different sources, has been described in the literature regarding its good results of reduction in concentration or degradation levels of mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone (ZEA). This study aimed at evaluating the action of commercial POD and POD from soybean bran (SB) and rice bran (RB) in ZEA reduction in a model solution and the characterisation of the mechanism of enzyme action. POD was extracted from SB and RB in phosphate buffer by orbital agitation. Evaluation of the action of commercial POD and POD from SB and RB in ZEA reduction was carried out in phosphate buffer and aqueous solution, respectively. Parameters of (Michaelis-Menten constant) (KM) and maximal rate (Vmax) were determined in the concentration range from 0.16 to 6 µg mL-1. ZEA reduction was determined and the mechanism of enzyme action was characterised by FTIR and high-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Commercial POD and POD from RB and SB reduced ZEA concentration by 69.9%, 47.4% and 30.6% in 24 h, respectively. KM values were 39.61 and 8.90 µM, whereas Vmax values were 0.170 and 0.011 µM min-1 for commercial POD and POD from RB, respectively. The characterisation of the mechanism of enzyme action showed the oxidoreductive action of commercial POD in the mycotoxin. The use of commercial POD and POD from agro-industrial by-products, such as SB and RB, could be a promising alternative for ZEA biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina O Garcia
- a Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins , Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG) , Rio Grande , RS , Brazil
| | - Ana Carla P Feltrin
- a Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins , Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG) , Rio Grande , RS , Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
- a Post Graduate Program in Engineering and Science of Food, School of Chemistry and Food, Laboratory of Food Science and Mycotoxins , Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG) , Rio Grande , RS , Brazil
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Pascari X, Ortiz-Solá J, Marín S, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V. Survey of mycotoxins in beer and exposure assessment through the consumption of commercially available beer in Lleida, Spain. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Bauer JI, Gross M, Hamscher G, Usleber E. A Rapid Screening Method for the Tremorgenic Indole-Diterpene Alkaloid Mycotoxin Paxilline in Beer. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Bogdanova E, Rozentale I, Pugajeva I, Emecheta EE, Bartkevics V. Occurrence and risk assessment of mycotoxins, acrylamide, and furan in Latvian beer. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:126-137. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1440636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estefanija Bogdanova
- Laboratory of Food and Environment Investigations, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Irina Rozentale
- Laboratory of Food and Environment Investigations, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Laboratory of Food and Environment Investigations, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Laboratory of Food and Environment Investigations, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Lhotská I, Gajdošová B, Solich P, Šatínský D. Molecularly imprinted vs. reversed-phase extraction for the determination of zearalenone: a method development and critical comparison of sample clean-up efficiency achieved in an on-line coupled SPE chromatography system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3265-3273. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bauer JI, Gross M, Cramer B, Humpf HU, Hamscher G, Usleber E. Immunochemical Analysis of Paxilline and Ergot Alkaloid Mycotoxins in Grass Seeds and Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:315-322. [PMID: 29237259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Limited availability of toxin standards for lolitrem B and ergovaline impedes routine control of grasses for endophyte toxins. This study aimed at assessing the applicability of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the indole-diterpene mycotoxin paxilline, in combination with a generic EIA for ergot alkaloids, as alternative parameters for screening purposes. Analysis of grass seeds and model pastures of four different grass species showed that both EIAs yielded highly positive results for paxilline and ergot alkaloids in perennial ryegrass seeds. Furthermore, evidence for natural occurrence of paxilline in grass in Germany was obtained. High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis qualitatively confirmed the paxilline EIA results but showed that paxilline analogues 1'-O-acetylpaxilline and 13-desoxypaxilline were the predominant compounds in seeds and grass. In the absence of easily accessible reference standards for specific analysis of some major endophyte toxins, analysis of paxilline and ergot alkaloids by EIA may be suitable substitute parameters. The major advantage of this approach is its ease of use and speed, providing an analytical tool which could enhance routine screening for endophyte toxins in pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I Bauer
- Dairy Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen , Ludwigstrasse 21, Giessen 35390, Germany
| | - Madeleine Gross
- Junior Professorship of Veterinary Food Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen , Ludwigstrasse 21, Giessen 35390, Germany
| | - Benedikt Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 45, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 45, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Gerd Hamscher
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17-19, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Ewald Usleber
- Dairy Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen , Ludwigstrasse 21, Giessen 35390, Germany
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Development of an Indirect Competitive ELISA for Analysis of Alternariol in Bread and Bran Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Piacentini K, Savi G, Scussel V. The effect of ozone treatment on species of Fusarium growth in malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grains. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.C. Piacentini
- Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants Laboratory (LABMICO), Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 476, Florianopolis, SC, CEP 88034-001, Brazil
| | - G.D. Savi
- Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants Laboratory (LABMICO), Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 476, Florianopolis, SC, CEP 88034-001, Brazil
| | - V.M. Scussel
- Mycotoxicology and Food Contaminants Laboratory (LABMICO), Food Science and Technology Department, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 476, Florianopolis, SC, CEP 88034-001, Brazil
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Puangkham S, Poapolathep A, Jermnak U, Imsilp K, Tanhan P, Chokejaroenrat C, Poapolathep S. Monitoring and health risk of mycotoxins in imported wines and beers consumed in Thailand. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins has been reported in a wide range of agricultural commodities including wine and beer. Due to the widespread consumption of these beverages, risk assessment of contamination by toxins is required for consumer health. In the present study, multi-residue analysis for the determination of mycotoxins was undertaken to survey the incidence of mycotoxins in imported wines and beers being commercialised in Thailand, and to assess the consumer health risk. Samples of red wines (100) and beers (100) were collected randomly from supermarkets and retail shops in Bangkok, Thailand and were extracted using the dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction procedure. The quantitation and confirmation of 19 mycotoxins were performed using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry with an electro-spray ionisation interface in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode. The results demonstrated that the wine and beer samples were contaminated with mycotoxins at 35 and 13%, respectively. The most prominent mycotoxins found in wines were Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin A, and fumonisins, whereas zearalenone and deoxynivalenol were the most prevalent mycotoxins found in contaminated beers. However, ochratoxin A levels were far below the maximum limits established by the European Union. As indicated by the risk assessment, mycotoxin exposure via imported wines and beers were at safe levels in the Bangkok urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Puangkham
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - A. Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - U. Jermnak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - K. Imsilp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - P. Tanhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - C. Chokejaroenrat
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - S. Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Peters J, van Dam R, van Doorn R, Katerere D, Berthiller F, Haasnoot W, Nielen MWF. Mycotoxin profiling of 1000 beer samples with a special focus on craft beer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185887. [PMID: 28982162 PMCID: PMC5628871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently beer is booming, mainly due to the steady rise of craft breweries worldwide. Previous surveys for occurrence of mycotoxins in beer, were mainly focussed on industrial produced beer. The present survey reports the presence of mycotoxins in craft beer and how this compares to industrial produced beer. More than 1000 beers were collected from 47 countries, of which 60% were craft beers. A selection of 1000 samples were screened for the presence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), T-2 and HT-2 toxins (T-2 and HT-2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) using a mycotoxin 6-plex immunoassay. For confirmatory analysis, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and applied. The 6-plex screening showed discrepancies with the LC-MS/MS analysis, possibly due to matrix interference and/or the presence of unknown mycotoxin metabolites. The major mycotoxins detected were DON and its plant metabolite deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside (D3G). The 6-plex immunoassay reported the sum of DON and D3G (DON+D3G) contaminations ranging from 10 to 475 μg/L in 406 beers, of which 73% were craft beers. The popular craft beer style imperial stout, had the highest percentage of samples suspected positive (83%) with 29% of all imperial stout beers having DON+D3G contaminations above 100 μg/L. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that industrial pale lagers from Italy and Spain, predominantly contained FBs (3–69 μg/L). Besides FBs, African traditional beers also contained aflatoxins (0.1–1.2 μg/L). The presence of OTA, T-2, HT-2, ZEN, β-zearalenol, 3/15-acetyl-DON, nivalenol and the conjugated mycotoxin zearalenone 14-sulfate were confirmed in some beers. This study shows that in 27 craft beers, DON+D3G concentrations occurred above (or at) the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI). Exceeding the TDI, may have a health impact. A better control of brewing malts for craft beer, should be put in place to circumvent this potential problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Peters
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruud van Dam
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - David Katerere
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Willem Haasnoot
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michel W. F. Nielen
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research (Institute of Food Safety), Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Detection of the tremorgenic mycotoxin paxilline and its desoxy analog in ergot of rye and barley: a new class of mycotoxins added to an old problem. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5101-5112. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Juan C, Berrada H, Mañes J, Oueslati S. Multi-mycotoxin determination in barley and derived products from Tunisia and estimation of their dietary intake. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:148-156. [PMID: 28249780 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A study on raw barley and derived products (barley soup and beers) was carried out to determine the natural presence of twenty-four mycotoxins by both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The developed multi-mycotoxin procedure was based on both SLE and QuEChERS extraction steps. 66% of analyzed samples presented mycotoxin contamination and only one sample, which was soup of barley (6 ng/g), exceeded the maximum level (ML) established by EU for OTA (5 ng/g). Raw barley was the most contaminated matrix (62%), which concentrations ranged from 1.70 to 287.13 ng/g) and type of detected mycotoxins (DON, 15AcDON, NEO, NIV, HT2, FB1, OTA, ENA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1). DON was the most detected mycotoxin with an incidence of 56%, 29% and 23% in beer, soup of barley and barley, respectively. However, the highest levels detected were for ENA, in raw barley with 287 ng/g. In beer and soup of barley samples, the mycotoxins with highest level were 15AcDON (15.6 ng/g) and ENB1 (55.1 ng/g), respectively. Furthermore, 80% of positive soup of barley samples showed co-occurrence. No toxicological concern was associated to mycotoxins exposure for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain.
| | - H Berrada
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - J Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - S Oueslati
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Molécules et applications, Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, BP 51 La Marsa 2070, Tunisia; Regional Field Crop Research Center of Beja (CRRGC), Route Tunis Km 5, 9000 Béja, Tunisia
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Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of the mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in sorghum grains and sorghum-based infant food. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 33:75-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhao Y, Huang J, Ma L, Liu S, Wang F. Aflatoxin B1and sterigmatocystin survey in beer sold in China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 10:64-68. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1247919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Joshi S, Annida RM, Zuilhof H, van Beek TA, Nielen MWF. Analysis of Mycotoxins in Beer Using a Portable Nanostructured Imaging Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8263-8271. [PMID: 27709929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A competitive inhibition immunoassay is described for the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in beer using a portable nanostructured imaging surface plasmon resonance (iSPR) biosensor, also referred to as imaging nanoplasmonics. The toxins were directly and covalently immobilized on a 3-dimensional carboxymethylated dextran (CMD) layer on a nanostructured iSPR chip. The assay is based on competition between the immobilized mycotoxins and free mycotoxins in the solution for binding to specific antibodies. The chip surface was regenerated after each cycle, and the combination of CMD and direct immobilization of toxins allowed the chips to be used for more than 450 cycles. The limits of detection (LODs) in beer were 17 ng/mL for DON and 7 ng/mL for OTA (or 0.09 ng/mL after 75 times enrichment). These LODs allowed detection of even less than 10% depletion of the tolerable daily intake of DON and OTA by beer. Significant cross-reactivity of anti-DON was observed toward DON-3-glucoside and 3-acetyl-DON, while no cross-reactivity was seen for 15-acetyl-DON. A preliminary in-house validation with 20 different batches of beer showed that both toxins can be detected at the considered theoretical safe level for beer. The assay can be used for in-field or at-line detection of DON in beer and also in barley without preconcentration, while OTA in beer requires an additional enrichment step, thus making the latter in its present form less suitable for field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweccha Joshi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rumaisha M Annida
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teris A van Beek
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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