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Li J, Zhong F, Spence C, Xia Y. Synergistic effect of combining umami substances enhances perceived saltiness. Food Res Int 2024; 189:114516. [PMID: 38876587 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Umami substances have the potential to enhance the perception of saltiness and thus reduce sodium intake. Two sensory evaluation experiments were conducted, involving participants tasting salt solutions, and solutions with added umami substances at equal sodium concentrations. Umami substances included sodium glutamate (MSG), disodium inosinate (IMP), and the combination of them which has a synergistic effect and is a closer match to commonly-consumed foods. In Experiment 1, using the two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) method by 330 consumers, paired comparisons were conducted at three different sodium concentrations. The combination of MSG and IMP enhanced the perception of saltiness (p < .001 in the difference test), whereas presenting either umami substance in isolation failed to do so (p > .05 in the similarity test). Significant order effects occurred in paired comparisons. In Experiment 2, a two-sip time-intensity (TI) analysis with trained panellists verified these results and found that tasting MSG and IMP either simultaneously or successively enhanced saltiness perception at equal sodium concentrations. These findings indicate that the synergistic effect of umami substances may be the cause of saltiness enhancement, and represents a potential strategy for sodium reduction while satisfying the consumer demand for saltiness perception. Considering the application in food processing and in food pairing, umami substances can potentially be used to help to reduce salt intake in food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory for Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory for Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yixun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory for Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiaxing Institute of Future Food, Jiaxing 314015, China.
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2
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Wu ZW, Shang XY, Hou Q, Xu JG, Kang ZL, Ma HJ. Using ultrasonic-assisted sodium bicarbonate treatment to improve the gel and rheological properties of reduced-salt pork myofibrillar protein. Meat Sci 2024; 212:109465. [PMID: 38452565 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
To study the impact of ultrasonic duration (0, 30, and 60 min) and sodium bicarbonate concentration (0% and 0.2%) on the gel properties of reduced-salt pork myofibrillar protein, the changes in cooking yield, colour, water retention, texture properties, and dynamic rheology were investigated. The findings revealed that added sodium bicarbonate significantly increased (P < 0.05) cooking yield, hardness, springiness, and strength of myofibrillar protein while reducing centrifugal loss. Furthermore, the incorporation of sodium bicarbonate led to a significant decrease in L⁎, a⁎, b⁎, and white values of cooked myofibrillar protein; these effects were further amplified with increasing ultrasonic duration (P < 0.05). Additionally, storage modulus (G') significantly increased for myofibrillar protein treated with ultrasonic-assisted sodium bicarbonate treatment resulting in a more compact gel structure post-cooking. In summary, the results demonstrated that ultrasonic-assisted sodium bicarbonate treatment could enhance the tightness of reduced-salt myofibrillar protein gel structure while improving the water retention and texture properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Xue-Yan Shang
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Qin Hou
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Industrial Engineering Center for Huaiyang Cuisin of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Cuisine Intangible Cultural Heritage Technology Inheritance, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Yangzhou 225127, PR China
| | - Jing-Guo Xu
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Industrial Engineering Center for Huaiyang Cuisin of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Cuisine Intangible Cultural Heritage Technology Inheritance, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Yangzhou 225127, PR China
| | - Zhuang-Li Kang
- School of Tourism and Cuisine, Industrial Engineering Center for Huaiyang Cuisin of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chinese Cuisine Intangible Cultural Heritage Technology Inheritance, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Yangzhou 225127, PR China.
| | - Han-Jun Ma
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
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3
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Choi DM, Kim HY, Lee SH. Study on Ways to Improve the Quality of Black Goat Meat Jerky and Reduce Goaty Flavor through Various Spices. Food Sci Anim Resour 2024; 44:635-650. [PMID: 38765278 PMCID: PMC11097011 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2024.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical and sensory properties of black goat jerky marinated with various spices (non-spice, control; rosemary, RO; basil, BA; ginger, GI; turmeric, TU; and garlic, GA). The physicochemical properties of black goat jerky analyzed were pH, water holding capacity, color, cooking yield, shear force, and fatty acid composition. The sensory characteristics were analyzed through the aroma profile (electronic nose), taste profile (electronic tongue), and sensory evaluation. The pH and water holding capacity of the GI showed higher values than the other samples. GI and GA showed similar values of CIE L* and CIE a* to that of the control. The shear force of the GI and TU was significantly lower than that of other samples (p<0.05). Regarding fatty acid composition, GI showed high unsaturated and low saturated fatty acid contents compared with that of the other samples except for RO (p<0.05). In the aroma profile, the peak area of hexanal, which is responsible for a faintly rancid odor, was lower in all treatment groups than in the control. In the taste profile, the umami of spice samples was higher than that of the control, and among the samples, GI had the highest score. In the sensory evaluation, the GI sample showed significantly higher scores than the control in terms of flavor, aroma, goaty flavor, and overall acceptability (p<0.05). Therefore, marinating black goat jerky with ginger powder enhanced the overall flavor and reduced the goat odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Mi Choi
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea
| | - Hack-Youn Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea
- Resources Science Research, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea
| | - Sol-Hee Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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4
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Gao Y, Guo Y, Ye J, Ahmad HN, Zhu J. Salt reduction in myofibrillar protein gel via inhomogeneous distribution of sodium-containing encapsulated fish oil coacervate: Mucopenetration ability of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131998. [PMID: 38697415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The potential application of fish oil microcapsules as salt reduction strategies in low-salt myofibrillar protein (MP) gel was investigated by employing soy protein isolates/carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (SPI-CMC) coacervates enriched with 25 mM sodium chloride and exploring their rheological characteristics, taste perception, and microstructure. The results revealed that the SPI-CMC coacervate phase exhibited the highest sodium content under 25 mM sodium level, albeit with uneven distribution. Notably, the hydrophilic and adhesive properties of CMC to sodium facilitated the in vitro release of sodium during oral digestion, as evidenced by the excellent wettability and mucopenetration ability of CMC. Remarkably, the fish oil microcapsules incorporating SPI-CMC as the wall material, prepared at pH 3.5 with a core-to-wall ratio of 1:1, demonstrated the highest encapsulation efficiency, which was supported by the strong hydrogen bonding. Interestingly, the presence of SPI-CMC coacervates and fish oil microcapsules enhanced the interaction between MPs and strengthened the low-salt MP gel network. Coupled with electronic tongue analysis, the incorporation of fish oil microcapsules slightly exacerbated the non-uniformity of sodium distribution. This ultimately contributed to an enhanced perception of saltiness, richness, and aftertaste in low-salt protein gels. Overall, the incorporation of fish oil microcapsules emerged as an effective salt reduction strategy in low-salt MP gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Gao
- Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Meat Science, National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanjie Guo
- Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Meat Science, National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Professional Master's Program in Biology and Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiarui Ye
- Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hafiz Nabeel Ahmad
- Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Meat Science, National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Meat Science, National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Professional Master's Program in Biology and Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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5
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Nie T, Huang S, Yang Y, Hu A, Wang J, Cheng Z, Liu W. A review of the world's salt reduction policies and strategies - preparing for the upcoming year 2025. Food Funct 2024; 15:2836-2859. [PMID: 38414443 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03352j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Excessive consumption of dietary sodium is a significant contributor to non-communicable diseases, including hypertension and cardiovascular disease. There is now a global consensus that regulating salt intake is among the most cost-effective measures for enhancing public health. More than half of the countries worldwide have implemented multiple strategies to decrease salt consumption. Nevertheless, a report on sodium intake reduction published by the World Health Organization revealed that the world is off-track to meet its targeted reduction of 30% by 2025. The global situation regarding salt reduction remains concerning. This review will center on domestic and international salt reduction policies, as well as diverse strategies, given the detrimental effects of excessive dietary salt intake and the existing global salt intake scenario. Besides, we used visualization software to analyze the literature related to salt reduction research in the last five years to explore the research hotspots in this field. Our objective is to enhance public awareness regarding the imperative of reducing salt intake and promoting the active implementation of diverse salt reduction policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Nie
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Siqi Huang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Anna Hu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Jianing Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Bolumar T, Lohmayer R, Peukert M, Thiemann K, Münch S, Brüggemann DA. High-pressure processing enhances saltiness perception and sensory acceptability of raw but not of cooked cured pork loins-leveraging salty and umami taste. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1352550. [PMID: 38425479 PMCID: PMC10902132 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1352550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The salt (NaCl) content in processed meats must be reduced because of its adverse effects on cardiovascular health. However, reducing salt in meat products typically leads to a lower taste intensity and, thus, consumer acceptability. Industry interventions must reduce salt content while maintaining taste, quality, and consumer acceptability. In this context, high-pressure processing (HPP) has been proposed to enhance saltiness perception, though there are contradictory reports to date. The present work aimed to conduct a targeted experiment to ascertain the influence of HPP (300/600 MPa) and cooking (71°C) on saltiness perception and sensory acceptability of meat products. HPP treatment (300/600 MPa) did enhance those two sensory attributes (approx. +1 on a 9-point hedonic scale) in raw (uncooked) cured pork loins but did not in their cooked counterparts. Further, the partition coefficient of sodium (PNa+), as an estimate of Na+ binding strength to the meat matrix, and the content of umami-taste nucleotides were investigated as potential causes. No effect of cooking (71°C) and HPP (300/600 MPa) could be observed on the PNa+ at equilibrium. However, HPP treatment at 300 MPa increased the inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) content in raw cured pork loins. Finally, hypothetical HPP effects on taste-mediating molecular mechanisms are outlined and discussed in light of boosting the sensory perception of raw meat products as a strategy to achieve effective salt reductions while keeping consumer acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Bolumar
- Department of Safety and Quality of Meat, Max Rubner Institute (MRI), Kulmbach, Germany
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7
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Moreira P, Gonçalves C. Reducing Dietary Sodium and Improving Human Health 2.0. Nutrients 2023; 15:4965. [PMID: 38068823 PMCID: PMC10708344 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue of Nutrients, "Reducing Dietary Sodium and Improving Human Health 2 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal;
- CIAFEL—Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Epidemiology Research Unit and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal;
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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8
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Wang J, Huang XH, Zhang YY, Li S, Dong X, Qin L. Effect of sodium salt on meat products and reduction sodium strategies - A review. Meat Sci 2023; 205:109296. [PMID: 37562267 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Sodium salt is one of the important additives in food processing. However, excessive intake of sodium salt may cause a series of cardiovascular diseases. Nowadays, sodium intake in most countries is higher than the World Health Organization recommends maximum consumption (5 g/d). 20% of the sodium intake in diets comes from meat products. Therefore, reducing the content of sodium salt in meat products and developing sodium salt-reduction meat products have attracted more and more attention for consumers. In this paper, the roles of sodium salt in meat product processing were reviewed. At the same time, sodium salt reduction strategies and existing problems were summarized and discussed. Multiple factors need to be considered to improve the salt-reduction meat product's quality. Relying on a single technology has a narrow application area, and it is difficult to achieve salt reduction. Therefore, a combination of multiple strategies could obtain a more ideal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University Liaoning, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Xu-Hui Huang
- School of Food Science and Technology, SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University Liaoning, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University Liaoning, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Shengjie Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University Liaoning, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Xiuping Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology, SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University Liaoning, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Lei Qin
- School of Food Science and Technology, SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University Liaoning, Dalian 116034, PR China.
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9
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Cittadini A, Domínguez R, Sarriés MV, Pateiro M, Lorenzo JM. Study of Pansalt® or Laminaria Ochroleuca seaweed powder as potential NaCl replacers in dry-cured foal "cecina". Meat Sci 2023; 204:109253. [PMID: 37343479 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the total or partial replacement of NaCl by a commercial low-salt mixture Pansalt® (T1) or Kombu (L. ochroleuca) seaweed powder (T2), respectively, on the quality properties of dry-cured foal "cecina". Salt reformulation unaffected fat percentages, decreased (P < 0.001) moisture and ash contents, while protein amounts increased (P < 0.001) in the T2 batch. Considering the physicochemical variables, any significant differences were observed among batches, except for a*, water activity, and springiness values. T1 and T2 samples presented a significant (P < 0.001) sodium decrease of 39% and 48%, respectively, as well as, potassium and magnesium increase (P < 0.001). In addition, the seaweed improved (P < 0.001) calcium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc contents. All batches showed similar lipid profiles and the nutritional indices were in line with the health recommendations. NaCl replacement increased the proteolysis, causing the increment (P < 0.001) of the free amino acids total contents, especially in T2 samples. Changes were also detected in the aromatic profile of our samples, where lipid-derived compounds predominated in the CON batches, while substances originating from carbohydrate fermentation and amino acid breakdown were prevalent in reformulated samples, particularly in T2. In addition, the salting treatments did not affect the sensory profile, except for saltiness (T2). Hence, data indicated that the employ of these potential NaCl alternatives, in particular T2 formulation, represents a favorable approach to achieving equine "cecinas" with an enhanced mineral and healthier profile, without altering most of the sensorial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Cittadini
- Instituto de Innovación y Sostenibilidad en la Cadena Agroalimentaria (IS-FOOD), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rubén Domínguez
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 32900 San Cibrao das Viñas, Spain
| | - María V Sarriés
- Instituto de Innovación y Sostenibilidad en la Cadena Agroalimentaria (IS-FOOD), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadia, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 32900 San Cibrao das Viñas, Spain
| | - José Manuel Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 32900 San Cibrao das Viñas, Spain.
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10
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Onyeaka H, Nwaiwu O, Obileke K, Miri T, Al‐Sharify ZT. Global nutritional challenges of reformulated food: A review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2483-2499. [PMID: 37324840 PMCID: PMC10261815 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Food reformulation, the process of redesigning processed food products to make them healthier, is considered a crucial step in the fight against noncommunicable diseases. The reasons for reformulating food vary, with a common focus on reducing the levels of harmful substances, such as fats, sugars, and salts. Although this topic is broad, this review aims to shed light on the current challenges faced in the reformulation of food and to explore different approaches that can be taken to overcome these challenges. The review highlights the perception of consumer risk, the reasons for reformulating food, and the challenges involved. The review also emphasizes the importance of fortifying artisanal food processing and modifying microbial fermentation in order to meet the nutrient requirements of people in developing countries. The literature suggests that while the traditional reductionist approach remains relevant and yields quicker results, the food matrix approach, which involves engineering food microstructure, is a more complex process that may take longer to implement in developing economies. The findings of the review indicate that food reformulation policies are more likely to succeed if the private sector collaborates with or responds to the government regulatory process, and further research is conducted to establish newly developed reformulation concepts from different countries. In conclusion, food reformulation holds great promise in reducing the burden of noncommunicable diseases and improving the health of people around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Ogueri Nwaiwu
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - KeChrist Obileke
- Faculty of Science and AgricultureUniversity of Fort HareAliceSouth Africa
| | - Taghi Miri
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
| | - Zainab T. Al‐Sharify
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Birmingham, EdgbastonBirminghamUK
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of EngineeringUniversity of Al‐MustansiriyaBaghdadIraq
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11
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Guiné RPF, Florença SG, Aparício MG, Cardoso AP, Ferreira M. Food Knowledge for Better Nutrition and Health: A Study among University Students in Portugal. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11111597. [PMID: 37297738 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
When students enter university, they suffer adaptations, including, usually, greater autonomy and responsibility for the choices they make. Therefore, it is crucial that they are well informed so as to make healthier food choices. The aim of this study was to determine whether sociodemographic characteristics, academic performance and lifestyle (tobacco and alcohol consumption) interfere with food literacy in university students. A quantitative, analytical, descriptive, transversal and correlational study was carried out, using quantitative data obtained through a questionnaire survey applied to a sample of 924 university students in Portugal. Food literacy was assessed through a scale of 27 items, distributed in three dimensions: D1-Literacy about food nutritional value and composition, D2-Literacy about labelling and food choice and D3-Literacy about healthy eating practices. Results showed no differences in food literacy according to sex or age. However, food literacy varied significantly with nationality, either globally (p = 0.006) or in the different dimensions evaluated (p-values of 0.005, 0.027 and 0.012 for D1, D2 and D3, respectively). In terms of academic achievement, the results showed no significant differences according to self-reported academic performance or even to the average classification obtained in the course. Regarding lifestyle variables, it was observed that alcohol consumption or smoking are not associated with food literacy, that is, food literacy does not vary significantly with these two lifestyle variables. In conclusion, food literacy in general and the dimensions evaluated are essentially constant among university students in Portugal, only varying for students from abroad. These results help to better perceive the food literacy levels for the population under study, university students, and that can be a valuable tool to better increase food literacy at these institutions as a way to better prepare for a healthier life and proper food habits that can enhance health in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel P F Guiné
- CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Sofia G Florença
- CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Maria Graça Aparício
- UICISA:E Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Cardoso
- CIDEI Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Manuela Ferreira
- UICISA:E Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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12
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Gorman M, Moss R, Barker S, Falkeisen A, Knowles S, McSweeney MB. Consumer perception of salt-reduced bread with the addition of brown seaweed evaluated under blinded and informed conditions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:2337-2346. [PMID: 36700538 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many consumers have a high salt intake and bread is a primary source because of its high rate of consumption. The inclusion of seaweeds has been proposed as an ingredient that could help reduce the salt content of food products. As such, the present study aimed to evaluate whether the amount of salt in bread could be reduced and the change in sensory properties be mitigated by the inclusion of brown seaweed. There were two different sensory trials conducted. In the first trial, participants (n = 102) evaluated bread made with brown seaweed (4% substitution for flour) with reduced amounts of salt (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). The second trial asked participants (n = 98) to evaluate the control bread and the 20% salt-reduced bread in blinded and informed conditions. In both sensory trials, the breads samples were assessed using hedonic scales, just-about-right scales, and check-all-that-apply. RESULTS The results showed that the 10% and 20% salt-reduced breads were acceptable and associated with being soft, chewy and having no aftertaste. The other breads were associated with a dense, dry and strong aftertaste, along with not being salty enough for the consumers. When the breads were evaluated in informed conditions, the salt reduction label had a negative impact on the consumers' liking. CONCLUSION The research emphasizes that salt-reduced labels influence consumers' sensory perception. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Gorman
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - Rachael Moss
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - Sophie Barker
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - Anika Falkeisen
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
| | - Sophie Knowles
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada
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Lorén N, Niimi J, Höglund E, Albin R, Rytter E, Bjerre K, Nielsen T. Sodium reduction in foods: Challenges and strategies for technical solutions. J Food Sci 2023; 88:885-900. [PMID: 36658676 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In many parts of the world, sodium consumption is higher than recommended levels, representing one of the most important food-related health challenges and leading to considerable economical costs for society. Therefore, there is a need to find technical solutions for sodium reduction that can be implemented by food producers and within food services. The aims of this review are to discuss the barriers related to sodium reduction and to highlight a variety of technical solutions. The barriers relate to consumer perception, microbiology, processing, and physicochemistry. Existing technical solutions include inhomogeneous salt distribution, coated salt particles, changing particle sizes and forms, surface coating, multisensory combinations, sodium replacements, double emulsions, adapted serum release by microstructure design, and adapted brittleness by microstructure design. These solutions, their implementation and the associated challenges, and applicable product categories are described. Some of these solutions are ready for use or are in their early development stages. Many solutions are promising, but in most cases, some form of adaptation or optimization is needed before application in specific products, and care must always be taken to ensure food safety. For instance, further research and innovation are required in the dynamic evolution of saltiness perception, consumer acceptance, the binding and migration of sodium, juiciness, microbiological safety, and the timing of salt addition during processing. Once implemented, these solutions will undoubtedly support food producers and food services in reducing sodium content and extend the application of the solutions to different foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Lorén
- RISE Agriculture and Food, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jun Niimi
- RISE Material and Surface Design, Göteborg, Sweden
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14
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Effect of Piperine on Saltiness Perception. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020296. [PMID: 36673388 PMCID: PMC9858366 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical irritants, like piperine, have the potential to increase human perception of tastes and odours, including saltiness. This cross-modal interaction could help the food industry develop new salt-reduced food products that maintain their salty taste. The objective of this study was: firstly, to determine the detection threshold of piperine (n = 72), secondly to evaluate piperine's influence on saltiness perception in model solutions (n = 78), and lastly to identify piperine's effect on sensory perception of low sodium soup using temporal check-all-that-apply (TCATA; n = 75). The group mean of the individual threshold was 0.55 ± 0.15 ppm. Piperine increased the saltiness perception of the model solutions, but it also increased the bitterness and decreased the sweetness of the solutions. The piperine significantly increased the saltiness intensity of the soups (evaluated using a generalized labelled magnitude), but during the TCATA task, the salty attribute was selected less for the soup with piperine than the control (based on the average proportion of selection). The TCATA indicated that the peppery attribute dominated the participants' perception of the soup with piperine. More studies are needed to assess piperine's cross-modal interactions.
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15
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Mental associations with salt among Uruguayan consumers. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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ALQtaishat N, Saleh M, Al‐Ismail K, Abu Ghoush M. Effects of sodium chloride partial substitution with bitterness‐treated potassium and magnesium chloride on some properties of white‐brined cheese. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nour ALQtaishat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology The University of Jordan Amman 11942Jordan
| | - Mohammed Saleh
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology The University of Jordan Amman 11942Jordan
| | - Khalid Al‐Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology The University of Jordan Amman 11942Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Abu Ghoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics The Hashemite University Amman Jordan
- Science and Nutrition and Dietetics Program Collage of Pharmacy Al Ain University P.O. Box 64141 Abu Dhabi UAE
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Role of partial replacement of NaCl by KCl combined with other components on structure and gel properties of porcine myofibrillar protein. Meat Sci 2022; 190:108832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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