1
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Rios N, Aicardo A, Chavarría C, Ivagnes R, Mastrogiovanni M, Radi R, Souza JM. Photochemically-induced protein tyrosine nitration in vitro and in cellula by 5-methyl-1,4-dinitro-1H-imidazole (DNI): synthesis and biochemical characterization. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 209:116-126. [PMID: 37783316 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical nitrating agent 5-methyl-1,4-dinitro-1H-imidazole (DNI) has been recently described as an effective tool for nitrating tyrosine residues in proteins under 390 nm irradiation (Long T. et al., 2021). Herein, we describe the one-step synthesis of DNI from the precursor 4-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole with good yield (66%) and high purity (>99%). Spectral analysis of DNI reveals two maximum peaks (228 and 290 nm) with maximum nitration yields and kinetics occurring at 290 nm. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)- and mass spectrometry (MS)- spin trapping analysis evidenced the formation of nitrogen dioxide (•NO2) upon irradiation of DNI, implying the homolysis of the N-N bond in the DNI molecule. Irradiation of DNI at 290, 390 nm, or UVA light (315-400 nm), produced tyrosine nitration, with yields approaching ca. 30% with respect to DNI at 290 nm exposure. Indeed, using alpha-synuclein as a model protein, the main protein post-translational modification triggered by DNI was the generation of 3-nitrotyrosine as shown by MS analysis. Additionally, the formation of di-tyrosine was also observed. Finally, intracellular •NO2 production upon DNI photolysis in bovine aortic endothelial cells was evidenced by the nitration of the tyrosine analog probe p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PHPA) and cellular protein tyrosine nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rios
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Adrián Aicardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; Departamento de Nutrición Clínica, Escuela de Nutrición, Universidad de la República, Av. Ricaldoni S/N, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Chavarría
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rodrigo Ivagnes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Mastrogiovanni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - José M Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay.
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2
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Radi R. Interplay of carbon dioxide and peroxide metabolism in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102358. [PMID: 35961463 PMCID: PMC9485056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbon dioxide/bicarbonate (CO2/HCO3-) molecular pair is ubiquitous in mammalian cells and tissues, mainly as a result of oxidative decarboxylation reactions that occur during intermediary metabolism. CO2 is in rapid equilibrium with HCO3-via the hydration reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrases. Far from being an inert compound in redox biology, CO2 enhances or redirects the reactivity of peroxides, modulating the velocity, extent, and type of one- and two-electron oxidation reactions mediated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-/ONOOH). Herein, we review the biochemical mechanisms by which CO2 engages in peroxide-dependent reactions, free radical production, redox signaling, and oxidative damage. First, we cover the metabolic formation of CO2 and its connection to peroxide formation and decomposition. Next, the reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and processes by which the CO2/peroxide interplay modulates mammalian cell redox biology are scrutinized in-depth. Importantly, CO2 also regulates gene expression related to redox and nitric oxide metabolism and as such influences oxidative and inflammatory processes. Accumulated biochemical evidence in vitro, in cellula, and in vivo unambiguously show that the CO2 and peroxide metabolic pathways are intertwined and together participate in key redox events in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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3
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Othman MA, Mubarak HA, Sayed MM. Ameliorative role of alpha-lipoic acid in renal cortical structural damage, induced by limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:110-121. [PMID: 35135431 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2022.2035875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is related to kidney dysfunction due to bilateral lower limb ischemia. This kidney injury may lead to acute kidney failure and mortality. Alpha-Lipoic Acid, a known antioxidant, can ameliorate kidney dysfunction and histopathology related to several etiologies. Ischemia was performed in adult male rats by bilateral femoral artery occlusion, then ischemia-reperfusion was done for 1 day and 7 days. Lipoic acid was administered to rats that had undergone ischemia-reperfusion for 7 days. The renal cortices of the kidneys of the tested groups were processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Immunohistochemical evaluation was performed using the following markers: cleaved caspase 3, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. There was damage to the renal cortical tubules and degeneration of podocytes and thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Additionally, there was an increase in apoptosis and the inflammatory markers' immunoreactivity. Administration of alpha-lipoic acid resulted in improvement of the structural and immunohistochemical changes of the renal cortex. This may suggest a therapeutic rule of it and promising application for variable kidney injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Othman
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.,Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Heba A Mubarak
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Manal M Sayed
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
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4
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Radiolysis Studies of Oxidation and Nitration of Tyrosine and Some Other Biological Targets by Peroxynitrite-Derived Radicals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031797. [PMID: 35163717 PMCID: PMC8836854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread interest in free radicals in biology extends far beyond the effects of ionizing radiation, with recent attention largely focusing on reactions of free radicals derived from peroxynitrite (i.e., hydroxyl, nitrogen dioxide, and carbonate radicals). These radicals can easily be generated individually by reactions of radiolytically-produced radicals in aqueous solutions and their reactions can be monitored either in real time or by analysis of products. This review first describes the general principles of selective radical generation by radiolysis, the yields of individual species, the advantages and limitations of either pulsed or continuous radiolysis, and the quantitation of oxidizing power of radicals by electrode potentials. Some key reactions of peroxynitrite-derived radicals with potential biological targets are then discussed, including the characterization of reactions of tyrosine with a model alkoxyl radical, reactions of tyrosyl radicals with nitric oxide, and routes to nitrotyrosine formation. This is followed by a brief outline of studies involving the reactions of peroxynitrite-derived radicals with lipoic acid/dihydrolipoic acid, hydrogen sulphide, and the metal chelator desferrioxamine. For biological diagnostic probes such as ‘spin traps’ to be used with confidence, their reactivities with radical species have to be characterized, and the application of radiolysis methods in this context is also illustrated.
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5
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Möller MN, Rios N, Trujillo M, Radi R, Denicola A, Alvarez B. Detection and quantification of nitric oxide-derived oxidants in biological systems. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14776-14802. [PMID: 31409645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.006136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The free radical nitric oxide (NO•) exerts biological effects through the direct and reversible interaction with specific targets (e.g. soluble guanylate cyclase) or through the generation of secondary species, many of which can oxidize, nitrosate or nitrate biomolecules. The NO•-derived reactive species are typically short-lived, and their preferential fates depend on kinetic and compartmentalization aspects. Their detection and quantification are technically challenging. In general, the strategies employed are based either on the detection of relatively stable end products or on the use of synthetic probes, and they are not always selective for a particular species. In this study, we describe the biologically relevant characteristics of the reactive species formed downstream from NO•, and we discuss the approaches currently available for the analysis of NO•, nitrogen dioxide (NO2 •), dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), nitroxyl (HNO), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-/ONOOH), as well as peroxynitrite-derived hydroxyl (HO•) and carbonate anion (CO3 •-) radicals. We also discuss the biological origins of and analytical tools for detecting nitrite (NO2 -), nitrate (NO3 -), nitrosyl-metal complexes, S-nitrosothiols, and 3-nitrotyrosine. Moreover, we highlight state-of-the-art methods, alert readers to caveats of widely used techniques, and encourage retirement of approaches that have been supplanted by more reliable and selective tools for detecting and measuring NO•-derived oxidants. We emphasize that the use of appropriate analytical methods needs to be strongly grounded in a chemical and biochemical understanding of the species and mechanistic pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías N Möller
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay .,Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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6
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Bai X, Ng KKH, Hu JJ, Ye S, Yang D. Small-Molecule-Based Fluorescent Sensors for Selective Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species in Biological Systems. Annu Rev Biochem 2019; 88:605-633. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) encompass a collection of intricately linked chemical entities characterized by individually distinct physicochemical properties and biological reactivities. Although excessive ROS generation is well known to underpin disease development, it has become increasingly evident that ROS also play central roles in redox regulation and normal physiology. A major challenge in uncovering the relevant biological mechanisms and deconvoluting the apparently paradoxical roles of distinct ROS in human health and disease lies in the selective and sensitive detection of these transient species in the complex biological milieu. Small-molecule-based fluorescent sensors enable molecular imaging of ROS with great spatial and temporal resolution and have thus been appreciated as excellent tools for aiding discoveries in modern redox biology. We review a selection of state-of-the-art sensors with demonstrated utility in biological systems. By providing a systematic overview based on underlying chemical sensing mechanisms, we wish to highlight the strengths and weaknesses in prior sensor works and propose some guiding principles for the development of future probes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Jacob Hu
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China;, , , ,
| | - Sen Ye
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China;, , , ,
| | - Dan Yang
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China;, , , ,
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7
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Ferrer-Sueta G, Campolo N, Trujillo M, Bartesaghi S, Carballal S, Romero N, Alvarez B, Radi R. Biochemistry of Peroxynitrite and Protein Tyrosine Nitration. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1338-1408. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Campolo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvina Bartesaghi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Carballal
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Romero
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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8
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Xiao Y, Li C, Gu M, Wang H, Chen W, Luo G, Yang G, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Xian G, Li Z, Sheng P. Protein Disulfide Isomerase Silence Inhibits Inflammatory Functions of Macrophages by Suppressing Reactive Oxygen Species and NF-κB Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 41:614-625. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Zhang J, McCullough PA. Lipoic Acid in the Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 134:133-140. [DOI: 10.1159/000448666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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10
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Kumar PV, Singh BG, Kunwar A, Iwaoka M, Priyadarsini KI. Degradation of Peroxynitrite by Simple, Recyclable Selenolanes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra V. Kumar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
| | - Beena G. Singh
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
| | - Amit Kunwar
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
| | - Michio Iwaoka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University
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11
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The many roads to mitochondrial dysfunction in neuroimmune and neuropsychiatric disorders. BMC Med 2015; 13:68. [PMID: 25889215 PMCID: PMC4382850 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction and defects in oxidative metabolism are a characteristic feature of many chronic illnesses not currently classified as mitochondrial diseases. Examples of such illnesses include bipolar disorder, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, depression, autism, and chronic fatigue syndrome. DISCUSSION While the majority of patients with multiple sclerosis appear to have widespread mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired ATP production, the findings in patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, autism, depression, bipolar disorder schizophrenia and chronic fatigue syndrome are less consistent, likely reflecting the fact that these diagnoses do not represent a disease with a unitary pathogenesis and pathophysiology. However, investigations have revealed the presence of chronic oxidative stress to be an almost invariant finding in study cohorts of patients afforded each diagnosis. This state is characterized by elevated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and/or reduced levels of glutathione, and goes hand in hand with chronic systemic inflammation with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. SUMMARY This paper details mechanisms by which elevated levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species together with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines could conspire to pave a major road to the development of mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired oxidative metabolism seen in many patients diagnosed with these disorders.
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12
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Morris G, Maes M. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Immune-Inflammatory Pathways in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:168-85. [PMID: 24669210 PMCID: PMC3964747 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11666131120224653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) has been classified as a disease of the central nervous system by the WHO since 1969. Many patients carrying this diagnosis do demonstrate an almost bewildering array of biological abnormalities particularly the presence of oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) and a chronically activated innate immune system. The proposal made herein is that once generated chronically activated O&NS and immune-inflammatory pathways conspire to generate a multitude of self-sustaining and self-amplifying pathological processes which are associated with the onset of ME/CFS. Sources of continuous activation of O&NS and immune-inflammatory pathways in ME/CFS are chronic, intermittent and opportunistic infections, bacterial translocation, autoimmune responses, mitochondrial dysfunctions, activation of the Toll-Like Receptor Radical Cycle, and decreased antioxidant levels. Consequences of chronically activated O&NS and immune-inflammatory pathways in ME/CFS are brain disorders, including neuroinflammation and brain hypometabolism / hypoperfusion, toxic effects of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite, lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to DNA, secondary autoimmune responses directed against disrupted lipid membrane components and proteins, mitochondrial dysfunctions with a disruption of energy metabolism (e.g. compromised ATP production) and dysfunctional intracellular signaling pathways. The interplay between all of these factors leads to self-amplifying feed forward loops causing a chronic state of activated O&NS, immune-inflammatory and autoimmune pathways which may sustain the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand ; Department of Psychiatry, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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13
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Bassi E, Liberman M, Martinatti MK, Bortolotto LA, Laurindo FRM. Lipoic acid, but not tempol, preserves vascular compliance and decreases medial calcification in a model of elastocalcinosis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2014; 47:119-27. [PMID: 24519127 PMCID: PMC4051185 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification decreases compliance and increases morbidity. Mechanisms
of this process are unclear. The role of oxidative stress and effects of
antioxidants have been poorly explored. We investigated effects of the
antioxidants lipoic acid (LA) and tempol in a model of atherosclerosis
associated with elastocalcinosis. Male New Zealand white rabbits (2.5-3.0 kg)
were fed regular chow (controls) or a 0.5% cholesterol (chol)
diet+104 IU/day vitamin D2 (vitD) for 12 weeks, and
assigned to treatment with water (vehicle, n=20), 0.12
mmol·kg-1·day-1 LA (n=11) or 0.1
mmol·kg-1·day-1 tempol (n=15). Chol+vitD-fed rabbits
developed atherosclerotic plaques associated with expansive remodeling, elastic
fiber disruption, medial calcification, and increased aortic stiffness.
Histologically, LA prevented medial calcification by ∼60% and aortic stiffening
by ∼60%. LA also preserved responsiveness to constrictor agents, while
intima-media thickening was increased. In contrast to LA, tempol was associated
with increased plaque collagen content, medial calcification and aortic
stiffness, and produced differential changes in vasoactive responses in the
chol+vitD group. Both LA and tempol prevented superoxide signals with chol+vitD.
However, only LA prevented hydrogen peroxide-related signals with chol+vitD,
while tempol enhanced them. These data suggest that LA, opposite to tempol, can
minimize calcification and compliance loss in elastocalcionosis by inhibition of
hydrogen peroxide generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bassi
- Laboratório de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brasil, Laboratório de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M Liberman
- Laboratório de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brasil, Laboratório de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M K Martinatti
- Laboratório de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brasil, Laboratório de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L A Bortolotto
- Unidade de Hipertensão, Departamento de Cardiologia, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brasil, Unidade de Hipertensão, Departamento de Cardiologia, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F R M Laurindo
- Laboratório de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São PauloSP, Brasil, Laboratório de Biologia Vascular, Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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14
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Hardeland R. Melatonin and the theories of aging: a critical appraisal of melatonin's role in antiaging mechanisms. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:325-56. [PMID: 24112071 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The classic theories of aging such as the free radical theory, including its mitochondria-related versions, have largely focused on a few specific processes of senescence. Meanwhile, numerous interconnections have become apparent between age-dependent changes previously thought to proceed more or less independently. Increased damage by free radicals is not only linked to impairments of mitochondrial function, but also to inflammaging as it occurs during immune remodeling and by release of proinflammatory cytokines from mitotically arrested, DNA-damaged cells that exhibit the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Among other effects, SASP can cause mutations in stem cells that reduce the capacity for tissue regeneration or, in worst case, lead to cancer stem cells. Oxidative stress has also been shown to promote telomere attrition. Moreover, damage by free radicals is connected to impaired circadian rhythmicity. Another nexus exists between cellular oscillators and metabolic sensing, in particular to the aging-suppressor SIRT1, which acts as an accessory clock protein. Melatonin, being a highly pleiotropic regulator molecule, interacts directly or indirectly with all the processes mentioned. These influences are critically reviewed, with emphasis on data from aged organisms and senescence-accelerated animals. The sometimes-controversial findings obtained either in a nongerontological context or in comparisons of tumor with nontumor cells are discussed in light of evidence obtained in senescent organisms. Although, in mammals, lifetime extension by melatonin has been rarely documented in a fully conclusive way, a support of healthy aging has been observed in rodents and is highly likely in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Butterfield DA, Perluigi M, Reed T, Muharib T, Hughes CP, Robinson RAS, Sultana R. Redox proteomics in selected neurodegenerative disorders: from its infancy to future applications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1610-55. [PMID: 22115501 PMCID: PMC3448942 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated that oxidative damage is a characteristic feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. The accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins may disrupt cellular functions by affecting protein expression, protein turnover, cell signaling, and induction of apoptosis and necrosis, suggesting that protein oxidation could have both physiological and pathological significance. For nearly two decades, our laboratory focused particular attention on studying oxidative damage of proteins and how their chemical modifications induced by reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species correlate with pathology, biochemical alterations, and clinical presentations of Alzheimer's disease. This comprehensive article outlines basic knowledge of oxidative modification of proteins and lipids, followed by the principles of redox proteomics analysis, which also involve recent advances of mass spectrometry technology, and its application to selected age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Redox proteomics results obtained in different diseases and animal models thereof may provide new insights into the main mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and progression of oxidative-stress-related neurodegenerative disorders. Redox proteomics can be considered a multifaceted approach that has the potential to provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of a disease, to find disease markers, as well as to identify potential targets for drug therapy. Considering the importance of a better understanding of the cause/effect of protein dysfunction in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, this article provides an overview of the intrinsic power of the redox proteomics approach together with the most significant results obtained by our laboratory and others during almost 10 years of research on neurodegenerative disorders since we initiated the field of redox proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Veljkovic AR, Nikolic RS, Kocic GM, Pavlovic DD, Cvetkovic TP, Sokolovic DT, Jevtovic TM, Basic JT, Laketic DM, Marinkovic MR, Stojanovic SR, Djordjevic BS, Krsmanovic MM. Protective effects of glutathione and lipoic acid against cadmium-induced oxidative stress in rat's kidney. Ren Fail 2012; 34:1281-7. [PMID: 23009295 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2012.723661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a widespread, toxic industrial pollutant. The proximal tubule of the mammalian kidney is a major target of Cd-induced toxicity. We analyzed the effects of cadmium exposure on the model system of experimental animals, the thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive substance (TBARS) level, and the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) and catalase in kidney of rats, with and without glutathione and lipoic acid (LA). The experimental animals were classified into six groups, regarding cadmium, glutathione, and LA intake. The concentration of TBARSs in the homogenate was determined by spectrophotometric method according to Nabavi et al. The specific activity of XO was determined spectrophotometrically by the method of Aygul et al. Catalase activity in tissues was determined by spectrophotometric method according to Nabavi et al. The increased level of TBARS and the increased activity of XO in kidney tissue in cadmium poisoning are statistically significant compared to control (p < 0.001). Glutathione and LA applied along with cadmium lowered TBARS concentration and reduced XO activity (p < 0.001). Catalase activity in the kidney tissue was increased in the group, which was administered cadmium (p < 0.001). In conclusion, glutathione and LA, as physiological antioxidants applied with cadmium, have reduced the level of lipid peroxide and the activity of XO, and can be used as protectors in conditions of cadmium poisoning.
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Ho SC, Chiu SJ, Hu TM. Comparative kinetics of thiol oxidation in two distinct free-radical generating systems: SIN-1 versus AAPH. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:1190-200. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.698010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Marnett LJ. Inflammation and cancer: chemical approaches to mechanisms, imaging, and treatment. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5224-38. [PMID: 22515568 PMCID: PMC3375764 DOI: 10.1021/jo300214d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response represents a first line of defense against invading pathogens and is important to human health. Chronic inflammation contributes to the etiology of multiple diseases, especially those associated with aging, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. The chemistry of the inflammatory response is complex and involves the generation of highly reactive oxidants and electrophiles designed to kill the pathogen as well as the release of small molecule and protein mediators of intercellular signaling, chemotaxis, vasoconstriction, and wound-healing. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids--either nonenzymatic or enzymatic--contributes to the inflammatory response and associated cellular pathologies. The current perspective summarizes our research on unsaturated fatty acid oxidation in the context of inflammation and cancer. In addition to understanding the consequences of DNA and protein modification by lipid electrophiles, our research has focused on the development of molecularly targeted agents to image and treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Marnett
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA.
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Hu TM, Ho SC. Similarity and dissimilarity of thiols as anti-nitrosative agents in the nitric oxide–superoxide system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 404:785-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Role of oxidative stress and nitric oxide in the protective effects of α-lipoic acid and aminoguanidine against isoniazid–rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1869-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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21
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Targeting peroxynitrite driven nitroxidative stress with synzymes: A novel therapeutic approach in chronic pain management. Life Sci 2010; 86:604-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Pavlovic R, Santaniello E. Peroxynitrite and nitrosoperoxycarbonate, a tightly connected oxidizing-nitrating couple in the reactive nitrogen-oxygen species family: new perspectives for protection from radical-promoted injury by flavonoids. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:1687-95. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.12.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Peroxynitrite is the product of the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide radical and is implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of human diseases, being responsible for in-vivo oxidation/nitration events. Nitrosoperoxycarbonate anion, formed by the interaction of peroxynitrite with CO2/bicarbonate at physiological concentrations, provides a new interpretation of oxidative/nitrative processes formerly attributed to peroxynitrite. The aim of this review is to summarize the chemistry and biology of peroxynitrite and radical species related to nitrosoperoxycarbonate anion, as well as the information available regarding the molecular mechanisms that determine and regulate radical-promoted injury by the two tightly connected species at physiological concentrations. Interception of carbonate and nitro radicals produced by interaction of peroxynitrite with CO2/bicarbonate, as in-vivo prevention of pathological events, creates new perspectives for the evaluation of safe scavengers of oxidative/nitrative stress at the physiological level. In this respect, natural products such as flavonoids hold a preeminent position among the vast array of compounds endowed with such properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Milan, S. Paolo Hospital — Via A. Di Rudinì, 8, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Enzo Santaniello
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Milan, S. Paolo Hospital — Via A. Di Rudinì, 8, 20142 Milano, Italy
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Hardeland R. Neuroprotection by radical avoidance: search for suitable agents. Molecules 2009; 14:5054-102. [PMID: 20032877 PMCID: PMC6255388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14125054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is frequently associated with damage by free radicals. However, increases in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which may ultimately lead to neuronal cell death, do not necessarily reflect its primary cause, but can be a consequence of otherwise induced cellular dysfunction. Detrimental processes which promote free radical formation are initiated, e.g., by disturbances in calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial malfunction, and an age-related decline in the circadian oscillator system. Free radicals generated at high rates under pathophysiological conditions are insufficiently detoxified by scavengers. Interventions at the primary causes of dysfunction, which avoid secondary rises in radical formation, may be more efficient. The aim of such approaches should be to prevent calcium overload, to reduce mitochondrial electron dissipation, to support electron transport capacity, and to avoid circadian perturbations. L-theanine and several amphiphilic nitrones are capable of counteracting excitotoxicity and/or mitochondrial radical formation. Resveratrol seems to promote mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitochondrial effects of leptin include attenuation of electron leakage. Melatonin combines all the requirements mentioned, additionally regulates anti- and pro-oxidant enzymes and is, with few exceptions, very well tolerated. In this review, the perspectives, problems and limits of drugs are compared which may be suitable for reducing the formation of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner str. 28, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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Abdel-Zaher AO, Abdel-Hady RH, Abdel Moneim WM, Salim SY. Alpha-lipoic acid protects against potassium cyanide-induced seizures and mortality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 63:161-5. [PMID: 19962284 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was proposed to investigate the potential protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) against potassium cyanide (KCN)-induced seizures and lethality in mice. The intraperitoneal ED(50) value of KCN, as measured by induction of clonic and tonic seizures was increased by pretreatment of mice with α-LA (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the intraperitoneal LD(50) value of KCN, based on 24h mortality, was increased by pretreatment with α-LA in a dose-dependent manner. Intraperitoneal injection of the estimated ED(50) of KCN (4.8 mg/kg) into mice increased, 1h later, nitric oxide (NO) production and brain glutamate and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The estimated ED(50) of KCN also decreased brain intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in these animals. Administration of the estimated LD(50) of KCN (6 mg/kg) produced, 24h later, similar marked biochemical alterations in surviving animals. Pretreatment of mice with α-LA inhibited; dose-dependently KCN (ED(50) and LD(50))-induced an increase in NO production and brain MDA level as well as a decrease in brain intracellular GSH level and GSH-Px activity. The elevation induced by KCN in brain glutamate level was not inhibited by α-LA. It can be concluded that the protective effect of α-LA against KCN-induced seizures and lethality may be due to inhibition of NO overproduction and maintenance of intracellular antioxidant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O Abdel-Zaher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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Jia Z, Zhu H, Vitto MJ, Misra BR, Li Y, Misra HP. Alpha-lipoic acid potently inhibits peroxynitrite-mediated DNA strand breakage and hydroxyl radical formation: implications for the neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 323:131-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Abdel-Zaher AO, Abdel-Hady RH, Mahmoud MM, Farrag MM. The potential protective role of alpha-lipoic acid against acetaminophen-induced hepatic and renal damage. Toxicology 2008; 243:261-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Bartesaghi S, Peluffo G, Zhang H, Joseph J, Kalyanaraman B, Radi R. Tyrosine nitration, dimerization, and hydroxylation by peroxynitrite in membranes as studied by the hydrophobic probe N-t-BOC-l-tyrosine tert-butyl ester. Methods Enzymol 2008; 441:217-36. [PMID: 18554537 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(08)01212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine oxidation mechanisms in hydrophobic biocompartments (i.e., biomembranes, lipoproteins) leading to nitrated, dimerized, and hydroxylated products are just starting to be appreciated. This chapter reports on the use of the hydrophobic tyrosine analog N-t-BOC-l-tyrosine tert-butyl ester (BTBE) incorporated to phosphatidyl choline liposomes to study peroxynitrite-dependent tyrosine oxidation processes in model biomembranes. The probe proved to be valuable in defining the role of biologically relevant variables in the oxidation process, including the action of hydrophilic and hydrophobic peroxynitrite and peroxynitrite-derived free radical scavengers, transition metal catalysts, carbon dioxide, molecular oxygen, pH, and fatty acid unsaturation degree. Moreover, detection of the BTBE phenoxyl radical and relative product distribution yields of 3-nitro-, 3,3'-di-, and 3-hydroxy-BTBE in the membrane fully accommodate with a free radical mechanism of tyrosine oxidation, with physical chemical and biochemical determinants that in several respects differ of those participating in aqueous environments. The methods presented herein can be extended to explore the reaction mechanisms of tyrosine oxidation by other biologically relevant oxidants and in other hydrophobic biocompartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Bartesaghi
- Department of Biochemistry, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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28
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Amudha G, Josephine A, Sudhahar V, Varalakshmi P. Protective effect of lipoic acid on oxidative and peroxidative damage in cyclosporine A-induced renal toxicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1442-9. [PMID: 17761348 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Free radical generation, including reactive nitrogen and reactive oxygen species, is known to participate in cell physiology in both a positive and negative manner. Moreover, alterations in their concentrations are implicated in a number of renal diseases. However, there is evidence that high concentration of nitric oxide (NO) occurring as a result of iNOS induction and peroxynitrite formation, is capable of causing lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in cyclosporine A (CsA) induced cellular damage. The present study was conducted to investigate the possible protective role of Lipoic acid (LA) in nitric oxide mediated cellular abnormalities induced by CsA in rat kidney. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were given CsA at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight, orally for 21 days. An extensive elevation in the activities of xanthine oxidase was noted in the renal tissue of the CsA administered rats. These changes were associated with significant increase in the levels of plasma lipid peroxidation with high protein carbonyl contents and 3-nitrotyrosine formation coupled with diminished protein thiols. In addition, plasma nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)), RT-PCR for inducible NOS (iNOS) mRNA, and immunohistochemically demonstrable iNOS protein were evaluated to assess peroxidative damage. Concomitant treatment with LA (20 mg/kg body weight, orally for 21 days showed that the oxidative stress alteration were significantly decreased in CsA treated renal tissue. While the expression of iNOS and the amounts of NO(x) were decreased simultaneously. These results indicate that the antioxidant LA might have a protective effect against CsA-induced peroxidative changes and cellular damage of the renal tissue of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapathy Amudha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600 113, India
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Szabó C, Ischiropoulos H, Radi R. Peroxynitrite: biochemistry, pathophysiology and development of therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:662-80. [PMID: 17667957 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1619] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite--the product of the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide radical--is a short-lived oxidant species that is a potent inducer of cell death. Conditions in which the reaction products of peroxynitrite have been detected and in which pharmacological inhibition of its formation or its decomposition have been shown to be of benefit include vascular diseases, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, circulatory shock, inflammation, pain and neurodegeneration. In this Review, we first discuss the biochemistry and pathophysiology of peroxynitrite and then focus on pharmacological strategies to attenuate the toxic effects of peroxynitrite. These include its catalytic reduction to nitrite and its isomerization to nitrate by metalloporphyrins, which have led to potential candidates for drug development for cardiovascular, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabó
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA.
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Corduneanu O, Garnett M, Brett AMO. Anodic Oxidation of α‐Lipoic Acid at a Glassy Carbon Electrode and Its Determination in Dietary Supplements. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701298552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide (NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, and proteins via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect, radical-mediated mechanisms. These reactions trigger cellular responses ranging from subtle modulations of cell signaling to overwhelming oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. In vivo, peroxynitrite generation represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, diabetes, circulatory shock, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, novel pharmacological strategies aimed at removing peroxynitrite might represent powerful therapeutic tools in the future. Evidence supporting these novel roles of NO and peroxynitrite is presented in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Pacher
- Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Varma SD, Hegde KR. Lens thiol depletion by peroxynitrite. Protective effect of pyruvate. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 298:199-204. [PMID: 17111192 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate (PY) is known to be a potent scavenger of H(2)O(2 )by undergoing its peroxidative decarboxylation. While doing so, it also inhibits .OH generation, in addition to its direct .OH scavenging effect. We now hypothesize that PY would also be decarboxylated by cleaving the -O-O- bond in peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) (PN), with the effect of protecting tissues against NO(x )induced damage. We have verified this by measuring (14)CO(2) formation on incubation of 1-(14)C-PY with 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1). Its protective effect against PN induced thiol depletion was initially assessed by determining its ability to inhibit oxidation of pure GSH. This was further evaluated by incubating lens homogenate with SIN-1 with or without PY. As conceived, PY did inhibit PN induced loss of protein as well as non-protein -SH. The findings therefore appear potentially useful to protect against nitrite induced damage to the lens and other tissues known to occur with aging and certain diseases such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhu D Varma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MSTF, 5-00A, 10 South Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Bartesaghi S, Ferrer-Sueta G, Peluffo G, Valez V, Zhang H, Kalyanaraman B, Radi R. Protein tyrosine nitration in hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. Amino Acids 2006; 32:501-15. [PMID: 17077966 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review we address current concepts on the biological occurrence, levels and consequences of protein tyrosine nitration in biological systems. We focused on mechanistic aspects, emphasizing on the free radical mechanisms of protein 3-nitrotyrosine formation and critically analyzed the restrictions for obtaining large tyrosine nitration yields in vivo, mainly due to the presence of strong reducing systems (e.g. glutathione) that can potently inhibit at different levels the nitration process. Evidence is provided to show that the existence of metal-catalyzed processes, the assistance of nitric oxide-dependent nitration steps and the facilitation by hydrophobic environments, provide individually and/or in combination, feasible scenarios for nitration in complex biological milieux. Recent studies using hydrophobic tyrosine analogs and tyrosine-containing peptides have revealed that factors controlling nitration in hydrophobic environments such as biomembranes and lipoproteins can differ to those in aqueous compartments. In particular, exclusion of key soluble reductants from the lipid phase will more easily allow nitration and lipid-derived radicals are suggested as important mediators of the one-electron oxidation of tyrosine to tyrosyl radical in proteins associated to hydrophobic environments. Development and testing of hydrophilic and hydrophobic probes that can compete with endogenous constituents for the nitrating intermediates provide tools to unravel nitration mechanisms in vitro and in vivo; additionally, they could also serve to play cellular and tissue protective functions against the toxic effects of protein tyrosine nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bartesaghi
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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King DA, Sheafor MW, Hurst JK. Comparative toxicities of putative phagocyte-generated oxidizing radicals toward a bacterium (Escherichia coli) and a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:765-74. [PMID: 16895797 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxicities of the radiolytically generated oxidizing radicals HO(*), CO(3)(-)(*), and NO(2)(*) toward suspension cultures of a bacterium (Escherichia coli) and a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were examined. As demonstrated by the absence of protection from the membrane-impermeable HO(*) scavenger polyethylene glycol (PEG), externally generated HO(*) was not bactericidal under these conditions; however, partial protection by PEG was observed for S. cerevisiae, indicating the presence of a fungicidal pathway involving external HO(*). For both organisms, conversion of external HO(*) to the secondary radical, CO(3)(-)(*), by reaction with HCO(3)(-) increases their susceptibility to radiolytic killing. In contrast, externally generated NO(2)(*) exhibited toxicity comparable to that of CO(3)(-)(*) toward E. coli, but completely blocked the extracellular toxicity of HO(*) toward S. cerevisiae. Cogeneration of equal fluxes of NO(2)(-)(*) and either HO(*) or CO(3)(-)(*) also essentially eliminated the extracellular microbicidal reactions. This behavior is consistent with expectations based upon relative rates of radical-radical self-coupling and cross-coupling reactions. The different patterns of toxicity observed imply fundamentally different microbicidal mechanisms for the two organisms, wherein the bacterium is susceptible to killing by oxidation of highly reactive targets on its cellular envelope but, despite undergoing similar oxidative insult, the fungus is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A King
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA
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Boccini F, Domazou AS, Herold S. Pulse Radiolysis Studies of the Reactions of CO3•- and NO2• with Nitrosyl(II)myoglobin and Nitrosyl(II)hemoglobin. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:3927-32. [PMID: 16539414 DOI: 10.1021/jp056452l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of carbonate radical anion [CO3*-, systematic name: trioxidocarbonate*1-] with nitrosyl(II)hemoglobin (HbFe(II)NO) and nitrosyl(II)myoglobin (MbFe(II)NO) were studied by pulse radiolysis in N2O-saturated 0.25 M sodium bicarbonate solutions at pH 10.0 and room temperature. The reactions proceed in two steps: outer-sphere oxidation of the nitrosyliron(II) proteins to their corresponding nitrosyliron(III) forms and subsequent dissociation of NO*. The second-order rate constants measured for the first reaction steps were (4.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(8) and (1.5 +/- 0.3) x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1), for MbFe(II)NO and HbFe(II)NO, respectively. The reactions between nitrogen dioxide and MbFe(II)NO or HbFe(II)NO were studied by pulse radiolysis in N2O-saturated 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4 containing 5 mM nitrite. Also for the reactions of this oxidant with the nitrosyliron(II) forms of Mb and Hb a two-step reaction was observed: oxidation of the iron was followed by dissociation of NO*. The second-order rate constants measured for the first reaction steps were (2.9 +/- 0.3) x 10(7) and (1.8 +/- 0.3) x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1), for MbFe(II)NO and HbFe(II)NO, respectively. Both radicals appear to be able to oxidize the iron(II) centers of the proteins directly. Only for the reactions with HbFe(II)NO it cannot be excluded that, in a parallel reaction, CO3*- and NO2* first react with amino acid(s) of the globin, which then oxidize the nitrosyliron(II) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Boccini
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH Hönggerberg, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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