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Trindade JDS, Freire-de-Lima CG, Côrte-Real S, Decote-Ricardo D, Freire de Lima ME. Drug repurposing for Chagas disease: In vitro assessment of nimesulide against Trypanosoma cruzi and insights on its mechanisms of action. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258292. [PMID: 34679091 PMCID: PMC8535186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected illness caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and its treatment is done only with two drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole. However, both drugs are ineffective in the chronic phase, in addition to causing serious side effects. This context of therapeutic limitation justifies the continuous research for alternative drugs. Here, we study the in vitro trypanocidal effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug nimesulide, a molecule that has in its chemical structure a toxicophoric nitroaromatic group (NO2). The set of results obtained in this work highlights the potential for repurposing nimesulide in the treatment of this disease that affects millions of people around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana D’Arc S. Trindade
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Célio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suzana Côrte-Real
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debora Decote-Ricardo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Edilson Freire de Lima
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Villanueva-Paz M, Morán L, López-Alcántara N, Freixo C, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Cubero FJ. Oxidative Stress in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI): From Mechanisms to Biomarkers for Use in Clinical Practice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:390. [PMID: 33807700 PMCID: PMC8000729 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a type of hepatic injury caused by an uncommon drug adverse reaction that can develop to conditions spanning from asymptomatic liver laboratory abnormalities to acute liver failure (ALF) and death. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in DILI are poorly understood. Hepatocyte damage can be caused by the metabolic activation of chemically active intermediate metabolites that covalently bind to macromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA), forming protein adducts-neoantigens-that lead to the generation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which can eventually lead to cell death. In parallel, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) stimulate the immune response, whereby inflammasomes play a pivotal role, and neoantigen presentation on specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules trigger the adaptive immune response. A wide array of antioxidant mechanisms exists to counterbalance the effect of oxidants, including glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), which are pivotal in detoxification. These get compromised during DILI, triggering an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants defense systems, generating oxidative stress. As a result of exacerbated oxidative stress, several danger signals, including mitochondrial damage, cell death, and inflammatory markers, and microRNAs (miRNAs) related to extracellular vesicles (EVs) have already been reported as mechanistic biomarkers. Here, the status quo and the future directions in DILI are thoroughly discussed, with a special focus on the role of oxidative stress and the development of new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, CIBERehd, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (M.V.-P.); (M.I.L.)
| | - Laura Morán
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (N.L.-A.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria López-Alcántara
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (N.L.-A.)
| | - Cristiana Freixo
- CINTESIS, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, do Porto University School of Medicine, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, CIBERehd, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (M.V.-P.); (M.I.L.)
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, CIBERehd, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (M.V.-P.); (M.I.L.)
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (N.L.-A.)
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
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Huerta B, Chung-Davidson YW, Bussy U, Zhang Y, Bazil JN, Li W. Sea lamprey cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics after exposure to TFM and its metabolites. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 219:105380. [PMID: 31855722 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Population control of invasive sea lamprey relies heavily on lampricide treatment of infested streams. The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is thought to impair mitochondrial ATP production through uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. However, the effect of TFM on the entire electron transport chain (complexes I to V) in the mitochondria is not clear. In addition, TFM is reduced in phase I metabolism by sea lamprey at higher levels than in other fish species. The effects of these TFM reductive metabolites on mitochondria have not been explored. In this study, we sought to examine the effects of TFM and its reductive metabolite amino-TFM (TFMa) on cardiac mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential to delineate potential mechanisms for toxicity. To determine if molecules with similar structure also exhibit similar effects on mitochondria, we used 4-nitro-3-methylphenol (NMP) and its reductive metabolites 4-amino-3-methylphenol (NMPa) and 4-nitroso-3-methylphenol (NMPn) for comparisons. We found that mitochondrial bioenergetics was heavily affected with increasing concentrations of TFM, NMP, and NMPa when complexes I and II of the electron transport chain were examined, indicating that the toxic action of these compounds was exerted not only by uncoupling complex V, but also affecting complexes I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Huerta
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Yizhu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Jason N Bazil
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Saquib Q, Faisal M, Ansari SM, Wahab R. Phorate triggers oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction to enhance micronuclei generation and DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:1411-1417. [PMID: 31762602 PMCID: PMC6864401 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we studied phorate for its toxicological effects in human lymphocytes. Phorate treatment for 3 h has induced significant increase in the lymphocytic DNA damage. Compared to control, comet data from highest concentration of phorate (1000 µM) showed 8.03-fold increase in the Olive tail moment (OTM). Cytokinesis blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay revealed 6.4-fold increase in binucleated micronucleated (BNMN) cells following the exposure with phorate (200 µM) for 24 h. The nuclear division index (NDI) in phorate (200 µM) treated cells reduced to 1.8 vis-à-vis control cells showed NDI of 1.94. Comparative to untreated control, 60.43% greater DCF fluorescence was quantitated in lymphocytes treated with phorate (500 µM), affirming reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative stress. Flow cytometric data of phorate (200 µM) treated lymphocytes showed 81.77% decline in the fluorescence of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) dye, confirming the perturbation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) treated with phorate (1000 µM) exhibited 2.3-fold higher 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) DNA adduct formation, signified the oxidative DNA damage. The alkaline unwinding assay revealed 4.0 and 6.5 ct-DNA strand breaks when treated to phorate and phorate-Cu (II) complex. Overall, the data unequivocally suggests the cyto- and genotoxic potential of phorate in human lymphocytes, which may induce comparable toxicological consequences in persons occupationally or non-occupationally exposed to insecticide phorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quaiser Saquib
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabiha Mahmood Ansari
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Wahab
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Nguyen V, Huang J, Doan V, Lin X, Tang X, Huang Y, Tang A, Yang X, Huang R. Hepatoprotective effects of Yulangsan polysaccharide against nimesulide-induced liver injury in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:273-280. [PMID: 26144697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yulangsan polysaccharide (YLSPS) is often used in popular folk medicine in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China as a chief ingredient of Millettia pulchra, which is used as a hepatic protection, anti-aging and memory improving agent. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of polysaccharides from Millettia pulchra Kurz var.laxior (Dunn) (Yulangsan polysaecharide, YLSPS) against nimesulide-induced hepatotoxicities in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Liver injury was induced in mice by administering nimesulide. Simultaneously, YLSPS was administered 2h prior to the administration of nimesulide. Dimethyl diphenyl bicarboxylate (DDB) was used as a reference drug. RESULTS Compared with the nimesulide group, YLSPS significantly decreased the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the content of bilirubin in the serum. The anti-oxidative effect of YLSPS was observed from the increase of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the liver, both of which were decreased by nimesulide. Moreover, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was reduced, and histological findings also confirmed the anti-hepatotoxic activity. In addition, YLSPS significantly inhibited proinflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Additionally, YLSPS also enhanced the mitochondrial antioxidant and inhibited dead cells by preventing the down-regulation of Bcl-2, up-regulation and release of Bax along with caspase 9 and 3 activity, confirming the involvement of mitochondria in the nimesulide-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION The protective effect of YLSPS against nimesulide-induced hepatic injury may rely on its ability to reduce oxidative stress and prevent nimesulide-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting critical control points of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanphuc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Jianchun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Vanminh Doan
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Xing Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Xiuneng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Yuanheng Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Aicun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China
| | - Renbin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, PR China.
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Identifying Compounds that Induce Opening of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore in Isolated Rat Liver Mitochondria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 60:25.4.1-17. [DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx2504s60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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7
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Lee KK, Fujimoto K, Zhang C, Schwall CT, Alder NN, Pinkert CA, Krueger W, Rasmussen T, Boelsterli UA. Isoniazid-induced cell death is precipitated by underlying mitochondrial complex I dysfunction in mouse hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:584-594. [PMID: 23911619 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) is an antituberculosis drug that has been associated with idiosyncratic liver injury in susceptible patients. The underlying mechanisms are still unclear, but there is growing evidence that INH and/or its major metabolite, hydrazine, may interfere with mitochondrial function. However, hepatic mitochondria have a large reserve capacity, and minor disruption of energy homeostasis does not necessarily induce cell death. We explored whether pharmacologic or genetic impairment of mitochondrial complex I may amplify mitochondrial dysfunction and precipitate INH-induced hepatocellular injury. We found that INH (≤ 3000 μM) did not induce cell injury in cultured mouse hepatocytes, although it decreased hepatocellular respiration and ATP levels in a concentration-dependent fashion. However, coexposure of hepatocytes to INH and nontoxic concentrations of the complex I inhibitors rotenone (3 μM) or piericidin A (30 nM) resulted in massive ATP depletion and cell death. Although both rotenone and piericidin A increased MitoSox-reactive fluorescence, Mito-TEMPO or N-acetylcysteine did not attenuate the extent of cytotoxicity. However, preincubation of cells with the acylamidase inhibitor bis-p-nitrophenol phosphate provided protection from hepatocyte injury induced by rotenone/INH (but not rotenone/hydrazine), suggesting that hydrazine was the cell-damaging species. Indeed, we found that hydrazine directly inhibited the activity of solubilized complex II. Hepatocytes isolated from mutant Ndufs4(+/-) mice, although featuring moderately lower protein expression levels of this complex I subunit in liver mitochondria, exhibited unchanged hepatic complex I activity and were therefore not sensitized to INH. These data indicate that underlying inhibition of complex I, which alone is not acutely toxic, can trigger INH-induced hepatocellular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Kwang Lee
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kazunori Fujimoto
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Daiichi Sankyo, Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Japan
| | - Carmen Zhang
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Christine T Schwall
- University of Connecticut, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Storrs, CT 06029, USA
| | - Nathan N Alder
- University of Connecticut, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Storrs, CT 06029, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Auburn University, Department of Pathobiology, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Winfried Krueger
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Theodore Rasmussen
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Urs A Boelsterli
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Monteiro JP, Silva AM, Jurado AS, Oliveira PJ. Rapeseed oil-rich diet alters in vitro menadione and nimesulide hepatic mitochondrial toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:479-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Balaji T, Subramanian M, Gnanasundaram V, Rajendran SS, Rajendran HSR. Nimesulide induced histopathological changes in the vas deferens of mice. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:2116-8. [PMID: 24298452 PMCID: PMC3843396 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/6693.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Nimesulide, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor has 20 times more selectivity towards COX-2 than that of COX-1. COX-2 selective inhibitors cause frequent nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity following their usage. This proposes a physiological role of COX-2 in kidney and liver. Not much attention has been focused on the role of COX-2 with respect to reproduction especially in male reproduction, and the available information is scanty. AIMs and Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the adverse effects of nimesulide in the vas deferens thereby indirectly assess the role of COX-2 in male reproductive tract. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nimesulide was administered orally and the animals were maintained for different time periods prior to sacrifice. RESULTS The vas deferens of nimesulide treated mice showed extensive histopathological changes such as vacoulation and exfoliation of cells in the epithelial layer. CONCLUSION Nimesulide administration leads to cytotoxic effects suggestive of apoptosis in the vas deferens of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thotakura Balaji
- Professor, Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Kelambakam – 603 103, Tamil nadu, India
- NAME, ADDRESS, E-MAIL ID OF THE CORESPONDING AUTHOR: Dr. Thotakura Balaji, Professor, Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakam – 603 103, Tamil nadu, India. Phone: 9492776417, E-mail:
| | - Manickam Subramanian
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Kelambakam – 603 103, Tamil nadu, India
| | - Vaithianathan Gnanasundaram
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Kelambakam – 603 103, Tamil nadu, India
| | - Sharmila Saran Rajendran
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Kelambakam – 603 103, Tamil nadu, India
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Corsini A, Ganey P, Ju C, Kaplowitz N, Pessayre D, Roth R, Watkins PB, Albassam M, Liu B, Stancic S, Suter L, Bortolini M. Current challenges and controversies in drug-induced liver injury. Drug Saf 2013. [PMID: 23137150 DOI: 10.2165/11632970-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current key challenges and controversies encountered in the identification of potentially hepatotoxic drugs and the assessment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are covered in this article. There is substantial debate over the classification of DILI itself, including the definition and validity of terms such as 'intrinsic' and 'idiosyncratic'. So-called idiosyncratic DILI is typically rare and requires one or more susceptibility factors in individuals. Consequently, it has been difficult to reproduce in animal models, which has limited the understanding of its underlying mechanisms despite numerous hypotheses. Advances in predictive models would also help to enable preclinical elimination of drug candidates and development of novel biomarkers. A small number of liver laboratory tests have been routinely used to help identify DILI, but their interpretation can be limited and confounded by multiple factors. Improved preclinical and clinical biomarkers are therefore needed to accurately detect early signals of liver injury, distinguish drug hepatotoxicity from other forms of liver injury, and differentiate mild from clinically important liver injury. A range of potentially useful biomarkers are emerging, although so far most have only been used preclinically, with only a few validated and used in the clinic for specific circumstances. Advances in the development of genomic biomarkers will improve the prediction and detection of hepatic injury in future. Establishing a definitive clinical diagnosis of DILI can be difficult, since it is based on circumstantial evidence by excluding other aetiologies and, when possible, identifying a drug-specific signature. DILI signals based on standard liver test abnormalities may be affected by underlying diseases such as hepatitis B and C, HIV and cancer, as well as the concomitant use of hepatotoxic drugs to treat some of these conditions. Therefore, a modified approach to DILI assessment is justified in these special populations and a suggested framework is presented that takes into account underlying disease when evaluating DILI signals in individuals. Detection of idiosyncratic DILI should, in some respects, be easier in the postmarketing setting compared with the clinical development programme, since there is a much larger and more varied patient population exposure over longer timeframes. However, postmarketing safety surveillance is currently limited by the quantity and quality of information available to make an accurate diagnosis, the lack of a control group and the rarity of cases. The pooling of multiple healthcare databases, which could potentially contain different types of patient data, is advised to address some of these deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universit degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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MacAllister SL, Maruf AA, Wan L, Chung E, O'Brien P. Modeling xenobiotic susceptibility to hepatotoxicity using an in vitro oxidative stress inflammation model. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:236-40. [PMID: 23537437 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests xenobiotic exposure during periods of inflammation can increase an individual's susceptibility to toxicity. The present study aimed to validate an in-vitro inflammatory model to identify compounds that increase hepatotoxicity during inflammation. Using freshly isolated hepatocytes exposed to a low nontoxic flow of H2O2 using glucose (G) and glucose oxidase (GO) and supplementing it with either peroxidase or Fe(II), the effects of inflammation on 2 classes of drugs known to cause hepatotoxicity were examined: nitroaromatics (nimesulide, nilutamide, flutamide) and aromatic amines (clozapine, thioridazine). Co-incubation with G/GO and the nitroaromatics increased toxicity that was further increased when peroxidase was present. While the aromatic amines did not increase cytotoxicity with G/GO alone, they demonstrated significant increases in cytotoxicity when incubated with peroxidase+G/GO. Liver injury is commonly observed with alcohol abusers; therefore, the effects of inflammation on ethanol, and its metabolite acetaldehyde, were observed. Both ethanol and acetaldehyde increased cytotoxicity, which was further increased when Fe(II) was present. These results implicate H2O2, a cellular mediator of inflammation, as a potential risk factor for hepatotoxicity. A H2O2-enhanced hepatocyte-system in the presence of peroxidase or Fe(II) may prove useful for a more robust screening of xenobiotics for assessing potential toxicity associated with inflammation.
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13
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Boelsterli UA, Redinbo MR, Saitta KS. Multiple NSAID-induced hits injure the small intestine: underlying mechanisms and novel strategies. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:654-67. [PMID: 23091168 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause serious gastrointestinal (GI) injury including jejunal/ileal mucosal ulceration, bleeding, and even perforation in susceptible patients. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown, but they are distinct from those related to gastric injury. Based on recent insights from experimental models, including genetics and pharmacology in rodents typically exposed to diclofenac, indomethacin, or naproxen, we propose a multiple-hit pathogenesis of NSAID enteropathy. The multiple hits start with an initial pharmacokinetic determinant caused by vectorial hepatobiliary excretion and delivery of glucuronidated NSAID or oxidative metabolite conjugates to the distal small intestinal lumen, where bacterial β-glucuronidase produces critical aglycones. The released aglycones are then taken up by enterocytes and further metabolized by intestinal cytochrome P450s to potentially reactive intermediates. The "first hit" is caused by the NSAID and/or oxidative metabolites that induce severe endoplasmic reticulum stress or mitochondrial stress and lead to cell death. The "second hit" is created by the significant subsequent inflammatory response that would follow such a first-hit injury. Based on these putative mechanisms, strategies have been developed to protect the enterocytes from being exposed to the parent NSAID and/or oxidative metabolites. Among these, a novel strategy already demonstrated in a murine model is the selective disruption of bacteria-specific β-glucuronidases with a novel small molecule inhibitor that does not harm the bacteria and that alleviates NSAID-induced enteropathy. Such mechanism-based strategies require further investigation but provide potential avenues for the alleviation of the GI toxicity caused by multiple NSAID hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Boelsterli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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14
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Singh BK, Tripathi M, Chaudhari BP, Pandey PK, Kakkar P. Natural terpenes prevent mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and release of apoptotic proteins during nimesulide-hepatotoxicity in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34200. [PMID: 22509279 PMCID: PMC3317927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nimesulide, an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug, is reported to cause severe hepatotoxicity. In this study, molecular mechanisms involved in deranged oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction during nimesulide-induced hepatotoxicity and its attenuation by plant derived terpenes, camphene and geraniol has been explored in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Hepatotoxicity due to nimesulide (80 mg/kg BW) was evident from elevated SGPT, SGOT, bilirubin and histo-pathological changes. Antioxidants and key redox enzymes (iNOS, mtNOS, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx and GR) were altered significantly as assessed by their mRNA expression, Immunoblot analysis and enzyme activities. Redox imbalance along with oxidative stress was evident from decreased NAD(P)H and GSH (56% and 74% respectively; P<0.001), increased superoxide and secondary ROS/RNS generation along with oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules. Nimesulide reduced mitochondrial activity, depolarized mitochondria and caused membrane permeability transition (MPT) followed by release of apoptotic proteins (AIF; apoptosis inducing factor, EndoG; endonuclease G, and Cyto c; cytochrome c). It also significantly activated caspase-9 and caspase-3 and increased oxidative DNA damage (level of 8-Oxoguanine glycosylase; P<0.05). A combination of camphene and geraniol (CG; 1∶1), when pre-administered in rats (10 mg/kg BW), accorded protection against nimesulide hepatotoxicity in vivo, as evident from normalized serum biomarkers and histopathology. mRNA expression and activity of key antioxidant and redox enzymes along with oxidative stress were also normalized due to CG pre-treatment. Downstream effects like decreased mitochondrial swelling, inhibition in release of apoptotic proteins, prevention of mitochondrial depolarization along with reduction in oxidized NAD(P)H and increased mitochondrial electron flow further supported protective action of selected terpenes against nimesulide toxicity. Therefore CG, a combination of natural terpenes prevented nimesulide induced cellular damage and ensuing hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Herbal Research Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly-Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulika Tripathi
- Herbal Research Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly-Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhushan P. Chaudhari
- Pathology Laboratory, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly-Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pramod K. Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- Herbal Research Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Formerly-Industrial Toxicology Research Centre), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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Grattagliano I, de Bari O, Bernardo TC, Oliveira PJ, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Role of mitochondria in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease--from origin to propagation. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:610-8. [PMID: 22484459 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mitochondria play a major role in cell energy-generating processes and integrate several signalling pathways to control cellular life and death. DESIGN AND METHODS Several liver diseases are characterized by mitochondrial alterations which are directly or indirectly dependent on the activation of intracellular stress cascades or receptor-mediated pathways. This article examines the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in critical initiating or propagating events in fatty liver infiltration and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Genetic variants and the role of drug-induced toxicity have been considered. RESULTS Key alterations of mitochondrial physiology associated with hepatocyte fatty changes are described. The value of novel non-invasive diagnostic methods to detect mitochondrial metabolic alterations is also discussed. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial metabolic remodeling is a predominant factor in the appearance and perpetuation of hepatocyte fat accumulation. Non-invasive techniques to identify mitochondrial dysfunction and proper mitochondria protection are two necessary clinical steps for an efficient management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Grattagliano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Clinica Medica A. Murri, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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16
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Amacher DE. The primary role of hepatic metabolism in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:335-47. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.658041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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LoGuidice A, Boelsterli UA. Acetaminophen overdose-induced liver injury in mice is mediated by peroxynitrite independently of the cyclophilin D-regulated permeability transition. Hepatology 2011; 54:969-78. [PMID: 21626531 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acetaminophen (APAP) is safe at therapeutic dosage but can cause severe hepatotoxicity if used at overdose. The mechanisms of injury are not yet fully understood, but previous reports had suggested that the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) may be involved in triggering hepatocellular necrosis. We aimed at inhibiting mitochondrial cyclophilin D (CypD), a key regulator of the mPT, as a potential therapeutic target in APAP hepatotoxicity. Wildtype mice treated with a high dose of APAP (600 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) developed typical centrilobular necrosis, which could not, however, be prevented by cotreatment with the selective CypD inhibitor, Debio 025 (alisporivir, DEB025, a nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin A analog). Similarly, genetic ablation of mitochondrial CypD in Ppif-null mice did not afford protection from APAP hepatotoxicity. To determine whether APAP-induced peroxynitrite stress might directly activate mitochondrial permeabilization, independently of the CypD-regulated mPT, we coadministered the peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst Fe-TMPyP (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, 90 minutes prior to APAP) to CypD-deficient mice. Liver injury was greatly attenuated by Fe-TMPyP pretreatment, and mitochondrial 3-nitrotyrosine adduct levels (peroxynitrite marker) were decreased. Acetaminophen treatment increased both the cytosolic and mitochondria-associated P-JNK levels, but the c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling inhibitor SP600125 was hepatoprotective in wildtype mice only, indicating that the JNK pathway may not be critically involved in the absence of CypD. CONCLUSION These data support the concept that an overdose of APAP results in liver injury that is refractory to pharmacological inhibition or genetic depletion of CypD and that peroxynitrite-mediated cell injury predominates in the absence of CypD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda LoGuidice
- University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
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18
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Roth RA, Ganey PE. Animal models of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury—Current status. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:723-39. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.575765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Proteomic identification of carbonylated proteins in 1,3-dinitrobenzene neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:362-73. [PMID: 21402099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that 1,3-dinitrobenzene-induced (1,3-DNB) oxidative stress led to the oxidative carbonlyation of specific protein targets in DI TNC1 cells. 1,3-DNB-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, as indicated by loss of tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) fluorescence, was initially observed at 5h and coincided with peak reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS production was inhibited in cells pre-treated with the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) inhibitor, bonkrekic acid (BkA). Pre-incubation with the antioxidant deferoxamine inhibited loss of TMRM fluorescence until 24h after initial exposure to 1,3-DNB. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) and subsequent Oxyblot analysis were used to determine if 1,3-DNB exposure led to the formation of protein carbonyls. Exposing DI TNC1 cells to 1,3-DNB led to marked protein carbonylation 45 min following initial exposure. Pre-treatment with deferoxamine or Trolox reduced the intensity of protein carbonylation in DI TNC1 cells exposed to 1mM 1,3-DNB. Tandem MS/MS performed on protein samples isolated from 1,3-DNB-treated cells revealed that specific proteins within the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and cytosol are targets of protein carbonylation. The results presented in this study are the first to suggest that the molecular mechanism of 1,3-DNB neurotoxicity may occur through selective carbonylation of protein targets found within specific intracellular compartments of susceptible cells.
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Nadanaciva S, Will Y. Current concepts in drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 2:Unit 2.15. [PMID: 20941696 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0215s40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria generate most of the cell's ATP and play key roles in fatty acid oxidation, steroid synthesis, heme synthesis, thermogenesis, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. With the development of new methods to study mitochondrial function, it is becoming clear that drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the causes of drug toxicity. Mitochondria can be impaired by drugs in a variety of ways. These include inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, uncoupling of electron transport from ATP synthesis, irreversible opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, inhibition of transporters within the mitochondrial inner membrane, increased oxidative stress, inhibition of the citric acid cycle, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, and impairment of either mtDNA replication or mtDNA-encoded protein synthesis. This unit provides an overview on the physiological roles of mitochondria and the mechanisms by which they can be adversely affected by drugs.
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21
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Dai Z, Yin J, He H, Li W, Hou C, Qian X, Mao N, Pan L. Mitochondrial comparative proteomics of human ovarian cancer cells and their platinum-resistant sublines. Proteomics 2010; 10:3789-99. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Roy DN, Sen G, Chowdhury KD, Biswas T. Combination therapy with andrographolide and d-penicillamine enhanced therapeutic advantage over monotherapy with d-penicillamine in attenuating fibrogenic response and cell death in the periportal zone of liver in rats during copper toxicosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 250:54-68. [PMID: 20946909 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Long treatment regime with d-penicillamine is needed before it can exert clinically meaningful benefits in the treatment of copper toxicosis. The consequence of long-term d-penicillamine treatment is associated with numerous side effects. The limitations of d-penicillamine monotherapy prompted us to search for more effective treatment strategies that could decrease the duration of d-penicillamine therapy. The present study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of d-penicillamine in combination with another hepatoprotective drug, andrographolide in treatment of copper toxicosis in rats. d-penicillamine treatment led to the excretion of copper through urine. Addition of andrographolide to d-penicillamine regime appeared to increase protection of liver by increasing the biliary excretion of copper and reduction in cholestatic injury. The early removal of the causative agent copper during combination treatment was the most effective therapeutic intervention that contributed to the early rectification of fibrosis in liver. Combination treatment reduced Kupffer cells accumulation and TNFα production in liver of copper exposed rats. In particular, andrographolide mediated the anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the cytokine production. However, another possible mechanism of cytoprotection of andrographolide was decreasing mitochondrial production of superoxide anions that resulted in better restoration of mitochondrial dysfunction during combination therapy than monotherapy. Furthermore, ROS inhibition by combination regimen resulted in significant decline in activation of caspase cascade. Inhibition of caspases attenuated apoptosis of hepatocytes, induced by chronic copper exposure. In summary, this study suggested that added benefit of combination treatment over use of either agent alone in alleviating the hepatotoxicity and fibrosis associated with copper toxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijendra Nath Roy
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, A Unit of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Hsiao CJJ, Younis H, Boelsterli UA. Trovafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with hepatotoxic potential, causes mitochondrial peroxynitrite stress in a mouse model of underlying mitochondrial dysfunction. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:204-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Dykens JA, Will Y. Biomarkers of in Vitro Drug‐Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Biomarkers 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470918562.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Kale VM, Hsiao CJJ, Boelsterli UA. Nimesulide-induced electrophile stress activates Nrf2 in human hepatocytes and mice but is not sufficient to induce hepatotoxicity in Nrf2-deficient mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:967-76. [PMID: 20405857 DOI: 10.1021/tx100063z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nimesulide is a widely prescribed nitroaromatic sulfoanilide-type nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that, despite its favorable safety profile, has been associated with rare cases of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Because reactive metabolites have been implicated in DILI, we aimed at investigating whether hepatic bioactivation of nimesulide produces a protein-reactive intermediate in hepatocytes. Also, we explored whether nimesulide can activate the transcription factor Nrf2 that would protect from drug-induced hepatocyte injury. We found that [(14)C]-nimesulide covalently bound to human liver microsomes (<50 pmol/mg under standard conditions) or immortalized human hepatocytes in a sulfaphenazole-sensitive, rifampicin-inducible manner; yet the overall extent of binding was modest. Although exposure of hepatocytes to nimesulide was not associated with increased net levels of superoxide anion, nimesulide (100 microM, 24 h) caused nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in a sulfaphenazole-sensitive manner, indicating a role of electrophilic metabolites. However, knockdown of Nrf2 with siRNA did not make the cells more sensitive to nimesulide-induced cell injury. Similarly, exposure of wild-type C57BL/6x129 Sv mice to nimesulide (100 mg/kg/day, po, for 5 days) was associated with nuclear translocation of immunoreactive Nrf2 in a small number of hepatocytes and induced >2-fold the expression levels of the Nrf2-target gene Nqo1 in wild-type but not Nrf2-null mice. Nimesulide administered to Nrf2(-/-) knockout mice did not cause increases in serum ALT activity or any apparent histopathological signs of liver injury. In conclusion, these data indicate that nimesulide is bioactivated by CYP2C to a protein-reactive electrophilic intermediate that activates the Nrf2 pathway even at nontoxic exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M Kale
- University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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26
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Xu J, Timares L, Heilpern C, Weng Z, Li C, Xu H, Pressey JG, Elmets CA, Kopelovich L, Athar M. Targeting wild-type and mutant p53 with small molecule CP-31398 blocks the growth of rhabdomyosarcoma by inducing reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6566-76. [PMID: 20682800 PMCID: PMC2922473 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a common soft-tissue sarcoma of childhood in need of more effective therapeutic options. The expression of p53 in RMS is heterogeneous such that some tumors are wild-type whereas others are p53 mutant. The small molecule CP-31398 modulates both the wild-type and the mutant p53 proteins. Here, we show that CP-31398 blocks the growth of RMS cells that have either wild-type or mutant p53 status. In wild-type A204 cells, CP-31398 increased the expression of p53 and its downstream transcriptional targets, p21 and mdm2; enhanced the expression of apoptosis-related proteins; and reduced proliferation biomarkers. Flow profiling of CP-31398-treated cells indicated an enhancement in sub-G(0) and G(1) populations. CP-31398 inhibited proliferation in a manner associated with co-induction of SOX9 and p21. Apoptosis induced by CP-31398 occurred with translocation of p53 to mitochondria, leading to altered mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, and reactive oxygen species release. In vivo, CP-31398 decreased the growth of tumor xenografts composed of wild-type or mutant p53 tumor cells, increasing tumor-free host survival. Our findings indicate that the ability of CP-31398 to modulate wild-type and mutant p53 results in the inhibition of RMS growth and invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Laura Timares
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Clay Heilpern
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Changzhao Li
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Joseph G. Pressey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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27
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Wang Y, Zhu Y, Ling Y, Zhang H, Liu P, Baluška F, Šamaj J, Lin J, Wang Q. Disruption of actin filaments induces mitochondrial Ca2+ release to the cytoplasm and [Ca2+]c changes in Arabidopsis root hairs. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:53. [PMID: 20334630 PMCID: PMC2923527 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that move along actin filaments, and serve as calcium stores in plant cells. The positioning and dynamics of mitochondria depend on membrane-cytoskeleton interactions, but it is not clear whether microfilament cytoskeleton has a direct effect on mitochondrial function and Ca2+ storage. Therefore, we designed a series of experiments to clarify the effects of actin filaments on mitochondrial Ca2+ storage, cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c), and the interaction between mitochondrial Ca2+ and cytoplasmic Ca2+ in Arabidopsis root hairs. RESULTS In this study, we found that treatments with latrunculin B (Lat-B) and jasplakinolide (Jas), which depolymerize and polymerize actin filaments respectively, decreased membrane potential and Ca2+ stores in the mitochondria of Arabidopsis root hairs. Simultaneously, these treatments induced an instantaneous increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+, followed by a continuous decrease. All of these effects were inhibited by pretreatment with cyclosporin A (Cs A), a representative blocker of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Moreover, we found there was a Ca2+ concentration gradient in mitochondria from the tip to the base of the root hair, and this gradient could be disrupted by actin-acting drugs. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, we concluded that the disruption of actin filaments caused by Lat-B or Jas promoted irreversible opening of the mPTP, resulting in mitochondrial Ca2+ release into the cytoplasm, and consequent changes in [Ca2+]c. We suggest that normal polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments are essential for mitochondrial Ca2+ storage in root hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Ling
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 78301 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qinli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Roy DN, Mandal S, Sen G, Biswas T. Superoxide anion mediated mitochondrial dysfunction leads to hepatocyte apoptosis preferentially in the periportal region during copper toxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 182:136-47. [PMID: 19715684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to copper induces hepatocellular apoptosis with greater injury in the periportal region compared to the perivenous region. Here we have identified the factors responsible for the development of regional damage in the liver under in vivo conditions. Enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with predominance of superoxide radical (O(2)(-)) indicates the contribution of redox imbalance in the process. This may be linked with copper catalyzed oxidation of GSH to GSSG resulting in the generation of O(2)(-). Downregulation of Cu-Zn SOD in consequence of the degradation of this enzyme, causes decreased dismutation of O(2)(-), that further contributes to the enhanced level of O(2)(-) in the periportal region. Decreased functioning of Mn SOD activity, reduction in mitochondrial thiol/disulphide ratio and generation of O(2)(-) were much higher in the mitochondria from periportal region, which point to the involvement of this organelle in the regional hepatotoxicity observed during copper exposure. This was supported by copper-mediated enhanced mitochondrial dysfunction as evident from ATP depletion, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induction of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Results suggest the active participation of O(2)(-) in inducing mitochondrial dysfunction preferentially in the periportal region that eventually leads to the development of hepatotoxicity due to copper exposure under in vivo condition.
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29
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Regulation of isocyanate-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in cultured human neutrophils. Cell Biol Toxicol 2009; 26:279-91. [PMID: 19455394 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-009-9127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Balaji T, Ramanathan M, Srinivasan M, Padmanabhan Menon V. Distribution of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in the mouse seminal vesicle. J Appl Biomed 2008. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2008.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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31
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Lee YH, Boelsterli UA, Lin Q, Chung MCM. Proteomics profiling of hepatic mitochondria in heterozygous Sod2+/- mice, an animal model of discreet mitochondrial oxidative stress. Proteomics 2008; 8:555-68. [PMID: 18232058 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The heterozygous superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) gene knockout (Sod2+/-) mouse model has been increasingly used in cardiovascular and age research, neurobiology, and pharmacology/toxicology. These mutant mice exhibit mild oxidant stress in mitochondria but remain clinically inconspicuous. Although the Sod2+/- mouse has been characterized with respect to mitochondrial function and transcript expression of certain individual genes, the effects of the singular loss of the Sod2 allele on the global expression of hepatic mitochondrial proteins remains unknown. We therefore performed a differential analysis of the hepatic mitochondrial proteome from Sod2+/- mice and wild-type mice in order to identify the consequences of partial Sod2 deletion. Using 2-D difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) coupled with MALDI-MS/MS, we found approximately 1500 protein spots, of which 57 were differentially expressed (> or =1.5-fold change). Both SOD 1 and 2 were downregulated, but other antioxidant enzymes and related proteins were upregulated (<two-fold). The data indicate that heterozygous Sod2+/- mice exhibit a mild mitochondrial oxidative stress which is partly compensated by the antioxidant defense system linked to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, urea cycle, beta-oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The results of this study are compatible with our hypothesis that the Sod2+/- mouse is a suitable animal model for studying clinically silent mitochondrial abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yie Hou Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Tang X, Zhu Y, Han L, Kim AL, Kopelovich L, Bickers DR, Athar M. CP-31398 restores mutant p53 tumor suppressor function and inhibits UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:3753-64. [PMID: 18060030 PMCID: PMC2096455 DOI: 10.1172/jci32481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor p53 are detectable in over 50% of all human malignancies. Mutant p53 protein is incapable of transactivating its downstream target genes that are required for DNA repair and apoptosis. Chronic exposure to UVB induces p53 mutations and is carcinogenic in both murine and human skin. CP-31398, a styrylquinazoline compound, restores the tumor suppressor functions of mutant forms of p53 in tumor cells. However, its effectiveness in vivo remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CP-31398 blocked UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis and was associated with increases in p53, p21, and BclXs. CP-31398 downregulated Bcl2, proliferating nuclear cell antigen, and cyclin D1. Activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase also occurred in both tumor and perilesional skin following treatment. CP-31398 induced the expression of p53-dependent target proteins, and this was followed by apoptosis in UVB-irradiated wild-type mice but not in their p53-deficient littermates. Similar effects were observed in human skin carcinoma A431 cells expressing mutant p53. In addition, CP-31398 induced mitochondrial translocation of p53, leading to changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability pore transition (MPT) and consequent cytochrome c release in these cells. Blocking MPT diminished p53 translocation and apoptosis. These studies indicate that reconstituting p53 tumor suppressor functions in vivo by small molecular weight compounds may block the pathogenesis and progression of skin cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/radiation effects
- Caspase 3/genetics
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/radiation effects
- Cyclin D
- Cyclins/genetics
- Cyclins/metabolism
- Cytochromes c/genetics
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Hairless
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore
- Mutation/drug effects
- Mutation/radiation effects
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/genetics
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/genetics
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- Protein Transport/genetics
- Protein Transport/radiation effects
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects
- bcl-X Protein/genetics
- bcl-X Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yucui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lydia Han
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arianna L. Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Levy Kopelovich
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David R. Bickers
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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33
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Tang MHY, Helsby NA, Goldthorpe MA, Thompson KM, Al-Ali S, Tingle MD. Hepatic nitroreduction, toxicity and toxicokinetics of the anti-tumour prodrug CB 1954 in mouse and rat. Toxicology 2007; 240:70-85. [PMID: 17804142 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5-(Aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide (CB 1954), a promising anti-tumour compound, is associated with clinical hepatotoxicity. We have previously demonstrated that human liver preparations are capable of endogenous 2- and 4-nitroreduction of CB 1954 to generate highly potent cytotoxins. The present study initially examined the in vitro metabolism of CB 1954 in S9 preparations of several non-clinical species and strains. The CD-1 nu/nu mouse and Sprague-Dawley rat were subsequently chosen for further assessment of in vivo metabolism and hepatotoxicity of CB 1954, as well as the mechanisms that may be involved. Animals were administered the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). At 562 micromol/kg, the mouse exhibited transaminase elevation and centrilobular hepatocyte injury. Moreover, thiol adducts as well as hepatic glutathione depletion paralleled temporally by maximal nitroreduction were observed. The rat had a much lower MTD of 40 micromol/kg and showed signs of gastro-intestinal disturbances. In contrast to mouse, peri-portal damage and biliary changes were observed in rat without any alterations in plasma biomarkers or hepatic glutathione levels. Immunohistochemical analysis did not reveal any correlation between the location of injury and expression of cytochrome P450 reductase and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, two enzymes implicated in the bioactivation of this drug. In conclusion, the present study showed that following administration of CB 1954 at the respective MTDs, hepatotoxicity was observed in both mouse and rat. However, the degree of sensitivity to the drug and the mechanisms of toxicity involved appear to be widely different between CD-1 nu/nu mice and Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene Huen Yin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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34
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Freitas CS, Dorta DJ, Pardo-Andreu GL, Pestana CR, Tudella VG, Mingatto FE, Uyemura SA, Santos AC, Curti C. 4-hydroxy nimesulide effects on mitochondria and HepG2 cells. A comparison with nimesulide. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 566:43-9. [PMID: 17459371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, nimesulide (N-[4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl]-methanesulfonamide), is an uncoupler and oxidizes NAD(P)H in isolated rat liver mitochondria, triggering mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux or, if this effect is inhibited, eliciting mitochondrial permeability transition (Mingatto et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 131:1154-1160, 2000). We presently demonstrated that nimesulide's hydroxylated metabolite (4-hydroxy nimesulide) lacks the uncoupling property of the parent drug, while keeping its ability to oxidize mitochondrial NADPH. In the presence of 10 microM Ca2+, low (5-50 microM) concentrations of 4-hydroxy nimesulide elicited mitochondrial permeability transition, as assessed by cyclosporin A-sensitive mitochondrial swelling, associated with mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux/membrane potential dissipation (Deltapsi), apparently occurring on account of the oxidation of mitochondrial protein thiols; no involvement of reactive oxygen species was observed. While nimesulide (0.5 or 1 mM, 30 h incubation) did not lead to significant HepG2 cell death, 4-hydroxy nimesulide caused a low extent (approximately 15%) of cell necrosis, partly prevented by cyclosporine A, suggesting the involvement of mitochondrial permeability transition. Both nimesulide and 4-hydroxy nimesulide caused NADPH oxidation and Deltapsi dissipation in HepG2 cells. Because such Deltapsi dissipation induced by the metabolite was almost completely inhibited by cyclosporine A, it probably results from the mitochondrial permeability transition. Therefore, mitochondrial permeability transition, in apparent association with NADPH oxidation, constitutes the most probable cause of HepG2 cell death elicited by 4-hydroxy nimesulide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton S Freitas
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Rib. Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Kim SJ, Yune TY, Han CT, Kim YC, Oh YJ, Markelonis GJ, Oh TH. Mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative stress. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:139-52. [PMID: 17075901 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDPm), an enzyme involved in the reduction of NADP(+) to NADPH and the supply of glutathione (GSH) in mitochondria, was examined using SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing IDPm (S1). S1 cells showed higher NADPH and GSH levels than vector transfectant (V) cells and were more resistant to staurosporine-induced cell death than controls. Staurosporine-induced cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly attenuated in S1 cells as compared to V cells and reduced by antioxidants, trolox and GSH-ethyl ester (GSH-EE). Staurosporine-induced the release of Mcl-1 from mitochondria that formed a complex with Bim. Mcl-1 was then cleaved to a shortened form in a caspase-3 dependent manner; its release was attenuated far more in S1 than in V cells after staurosporine treatment. Finally, the staurosporine-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)) was correlated with the time of mitochondrial Mcl-1 release; the loss of Deltapsi(m) was attenuated significantly in S1 cells as compared to that in V cells. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of IDPm may result from increases in NADPH and GSH levels in the mitochondria. This, in turn, inhibits mitochondrial ROS production after cytochrome c release, which seems to be mediated through Mcl-1 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun J Kim
- Sogang University, College of Science, Department of Life Science, Seoul, Korea
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36
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Moreno AJ, Oliveira PJ, Nova CD, Alvaro AR, Moreira RA, Santos SMD, Macedo T. Unaltered hepatic oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial permeability transition in wistar rats treated with nimesulide: Relevance for nimesulide toxicity characterization. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2007; 21:53-61. [PMID: 17427176 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been associated with hepatotoxicity in susceptible patients. One such example is nimesulide, a preferential cyclooxygenase 2-inhibitor, widely used for the treatment of inflammation and pain. It was suggested that nimesulide could exert its hepatotoxicity by altering hepatic mitochondrial function, which was demonstrated in vitro. The objective of this study was to verify whether liver mitochondria isolated from rats treated with doses of nimesulide well above therapeutic levels possessed decreased calcium tolerance and oxidative phosphorylation, which indicates in vivo nimesulide mitochondrial toxicity. Male and female rats received nimesulide or its vehicle twice daily, for 5 days, and were killed on the seventh day for the isolation of liver mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiration, transmembrane electric potential, and calcium tolerance were characterized in all experimental groups. Nimesulide had no effect on liver mitochondrial function. Indexes of mitochondrial integrity, calcium loading capacity, and oxidative phosphorylation efficiency were unchanged between liver mitochondria from treated and control animals. In the animals tested, no evidence of degraded mitochondrial function due to nimesulide administration could be found. The results corroborate the notion that despite recognized in vitro mitochondrial toxicity, nimesulide does not cause detectable mitochondrial dysfunction in Wistar rats, even when administered in much higher concentrations than those known to have anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J Moreno
- Institute of Marine Research, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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37
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Boelsterli UA, Lim PLK. Mitochondrial abnormalities--a link to idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 220:92-107. [PMID: 17275868 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major clinical problem and poses a considerable challenge for drug development as an increasing number of successfully launched drugs or new potential drugs have been implicated in causing DILI in susceptible patient subsets. Although the incidence for a particular drug is very low (yet grossly underestimated), the outcome of DILI can be serious. Unfortunately, prediction has remained poor (both for patients at risk and for new chemical entities). The underlying mechanisms and the determinants of susceptibility have largely remained ill-defined. The aim of this review is to provide both clinical and experimental evidence for a major role of mitochondria both as a target of drugs causing idiosyncratic DILI and as mediators of delayed liver injury. We develop a unifying hypothesis that involves underlying genetic or acquired mitochondrial abnormalities as a major determinant of susceptibility for a number of drugs that target mitochondria and cause DILI. The mitochondrial hypothesis, implying gradually accumulating and initially silent mitochondrial injury in heteroplasmic cells which reaches a critical threshold and abruptly triggers liver injury, is consistent with the findings that typically idiosyncratic DILI is delayed (by weeks or months), that increasing age and female gender are risk factors and that these drugs are targeted to the liver and clearly exhibit a mitochondrial hazard in vitro and in vivo. New animal models (e.g., the Sod2(+/-) mouse) provide supporting evidence for this concept. However, genetic analyses of DILI patient samples are needed to ultimately provide the proof-of-concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs A Boelsterli
- Molecular Toxicology Lab, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.
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38
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Berson A, Cazanave S, Descatoire V, Tinel M, Grodet A, Wolf C, Feldmann G, Pessayre D. The Anti-Inflammatory Drug, Nimesulide (4-Nitro-2-phenoxymethane-sulfoanilide), Uncouples Mitochondria and Induces Mitochondrial Permeability Transition in Human Hepatoma Cells: Protection by Albumin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:444-54. [PMID: 16617166 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Like other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nimesulide (4-nitro-2-phenoxymethane-sulfoanilide) triggers hepatitis in a few recipients. Although nimesulide has been shown to uncouple mitochondrial respiration and cause hepatocyte necrosis in the absence of albumin, mechanisms for cell death are incompletely understood, and comparisons with human concentrations are difficult because 99% of nimesulide is albumin-bound. We studied the effects of nimesulide, with or without a physiological concentration of albumin, in isolated rat liver mitochondria or microsomes and in human hepatoma cells. Nimesulide did not undergo monoelectronic nitro reduction in microsomes. In mitochondria incubated without albumin, nimesulide (50 microM) decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), increased basal respiration, and potentiated the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) triggered by calcium preloading. In HUH-7 cells incubated for 24 h without albumin, nimesulide (1 mM) decreased the DeltaPsim and cell NADPH and increased the glutathione disulfide/reduced glutathione ratio and cell peroxides; nimesulide triggered MPT, ATP depletion, high cell calcium, and caused mostly necrosis, with rare apoptotic cells. Coincubation with either cyclosporin A (an MPT inhibitor) or the combination of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (a glycolysis substrate) and oligomycin (an ATPase inhibitor) prevented the decrease in DeltaPsim, ATP depletion, and cell death. A physiological concentration of albumin abolished the effects of nimesulide on isolated mitochondria or HUH-7 cells. In conclusion, the weak acid, nimesulide, uncouples mitochondria and triggers MPT and ATP depletion in isolated mitochondria or hepatoma cells incubated without albumin. However, in the presence of albumin, only a fraction of the drug enters cells or organelles, and uncoupling and toxicity are not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Berson
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U773, Equipe Mitochondries, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, BP 416, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018, Université Paris, France.
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39
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Wong CH, Liu TZ, Chye SM, Lu FJ, Liu YC, Lin ZC, Chen CH. Sevoflurane-induced oxidative stress and cellular injury in human peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1399-407. [PMID: 16678324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane is an inhalation anesthetic used for general anesthesia. Several studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exist in cardioprotection when preconditioned with sevoflurane. Moreover, sevoflurane can also directly trigger the formation of peroxynitrite. Up to now, information pertinent to the effect of sevoflurane on cellular injuries in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) is scant. In this study, we demonstrated that sevoflurane significantly increases intracellular H2O2 and/or peroxide, superoxide, and nitric oxide (NO) in PMN within 1h treatment. Intensification of intracellular glutathione (GSH) depletion in PMN has been demonstrated with the presence of sevoflurane. Inhibition of sevoflurane-mediated intracellular H2O2 and/or peroxide in PMN by catalase, mannitol, dexamethasone, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and trolox, but not superoxide dismutase (SOD) pretreatment, was observed. Among them, catalase has the best effect scavenging intracellular H2O2 and/or peroxide, suggesting that H2O2 is the major ROS during sevoflurane treatment. Two apoptotic critical factors-lowering of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim) and activation of caspase 3/7-were significantly increased after 1h of sevoflurane treatment. Apoptosis of PMN were determined by comet assay and flow cytometric analysis of annexin V-FITV protein binding to the cell surface. Exposure of PMN to sevoflurane markedly increased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, these results are important for demonstrating the oxidative stress and cellular injury on sevoflurane-treated human PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Hang Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at ChiaYi, and ChiaYi School, Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Puzih City, ChiaYi County 613, Taiwan, ROC
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40
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Ong MMK, Wang AS, Leow KY, Khoo YM, Boelsterli UA. Nimesulide-induced hepatic mitochondrial injury in heterozygous Sod2(+/-) mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:420-9. [PMID: 16443156 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nimesulide, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor, has been associated with rare idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. The underlying mechanisms of liver injury are unknown, but experimental evidence has identified oxidative stress as a potential hazard and mitochondria as a target. The aim of this study was to explore whether genetic mitochondrial abnormalities, resulting in impaired mitochondrial function and mildly increased oxidative stress, might sensitize mice to the hepatic adverse effects of nimesulide. We used heterozygous superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2(+/-)) mice as a model, as these mice develop clinically silent mitochondrial stress but otherwise appear normal. Nimesulide was administered for 4 weeks (10 mg/kg, ip, bid), at a dose equivalent to human therapeutic dosage. We found that the drug potentiated hepatic mitochondrial oxidative injury (decreased aconitase activity, increased protein carbonyls) in Sod2(+/-), but not wild-type, mice. Furthermore, the nimesulide-treated mutant mice exhibited increased hepatic cytosolic levels of cytochrome c and caspase-3 activity, as well as increased numbers of apoptotic hepatocytes. Finally, nimesulide in vitro caused a concentration-dependent net increase in superoxide anion in mitochondria from Sod2(+/-), but not Sod2(+/+) mice. In conclusion, repeated administration of nimesulide can superimpose an oxidant stress, potentiate mitochondrial damage, and activate proapoptotic factors in mice with genetically compromised mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michie M K Ong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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