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Gupta JK. The Role of Aldose Reductase in Polyol Pathway: An Emerging Pharmacological Target in Diabetic Complications and Associated Morbidities. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:1073-1081. [PMID: 37649296 DOI: 10.2174/1389201025666230830125147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The expression of aldose reductase leads to a variety of biological and pathological effects. It is a multifunctional enzyme which has a tendency to reduce aldehydes to the corresponding sugar.alcohol. In diabetic conditions, the aldose reductase enzyme converts glucose into sorbitol using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as a cofactor. It is a key enzyme in polyol pathway which is a surrogate course of glucose metabolism. The polyol pathway has a significant impact on the aetiology of complications in individuals with end-stage diabetes. The exorbitant level of sorbitol leads to the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species in diabetic heart, neurons, kidneys, eyes and other vasculatures, leading to many complications and pathogenesis. Recently, the pathophysiological role of aldose reductase has been explored with multifarious perspectives. Research on aldose reductase suggest that besides implying in diabetic complications, the enzyme also turns down the lipid-derived aldehydes as well as their glutathione conjugates. Although aldose reductase has certain lucrative role in detoxification of toxic lipid aldehydes, its overexpression leads to intracellular accumulation of sorbitol which is involved in secondary diabetic complications, such as neuropathy, cataractogenesis, nephropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular pathogenesis. Osmotic upset and oxidative stress are produced by aldose reductase via the polyol pathway. The inhibition of aldose reductase alters the activation of transcription factors like NF-ƙB. Moreover, in many preclinical studies, aldose reductase inhibitors have been observed to reduce inflammation-related impediments, such as asthma, sepsis and colon cancer, in diabetic subjects. Targeting aldose reductase can bestow a novel cognizance for this primordial enzyme as an ingenious strategy to prevent diabetic complications and associated morbidities. In this review article, the significance of aldose reductase is briefly discussed along with their prospective applications in other afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Shin S, Awuah Boadi E, Shah S, Ezell M, Li P, Bandyopadhyay BC. Anti-inflammatory role of extracellular l-arginine through calcium sensing receptor in human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109853. [PMID: 36827919 PMCID: PMC10124988 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Renal tubular epithelial cells are capable of synthesizing interleukins (IL) in response to a variety of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, elevated urinary levels of IL have been shown in patients with various forms of nephritic diseases. However, the underlying intracellular signaling mechanism is unclear. Here we show the immunological signaling role of l-Arginine (l-Arg) through Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) in human kidney 2 (HK-2) renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, using Ca2+ imaging and patch clamp techniques and its mechanistic link to the downstream cellular function. Both pharmacological and siRNA inhibitors support the activation CaSR by extracellular l-Arg to induced Ca2+ entry via a Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channel in HK-2 cells mainly through the receptor operated Ca2+ entry (ROCE). Activation of CaSR by l-Arg led to the rise in p-p38/p38 expression suggesting [Ca2+]i as a regulator for p38-signaling pathways. Notably, l-Arg activated CaSR-induced Ca2+ signaling reduced the expressions of key fibrotic, inflammatory, and apoptotic genes, suggesting its nephroprotective role via Ca2+ signaling through CaSR in HK-2 cells. Since we found that the IL-6 expressions were inversely proportional to the increasing concentrations of l-Arg in HK-2 cells, we measured the release of IL-6, which steadily decreased as the concentrations of l-Arg were elevated. Taken together, extracellular l-Arg is a negative regulator for IL-6-induced inflammatory process, through the activation of CaSR and TRPC channel by ROCE pathway and can have a potential to alleviate inflammatory renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Shin
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Eugenia Awuah Boadi
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Saloni Shah
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Madison Ezell
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Peijun Li
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA; Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, 620 Michigan Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
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The Role of Aldose Reductase in Beta-Amyloid-Induced Microglia Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315088. [PMID: 36499422 PMCID: PMC9739496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Alzheimer's disease has been associated with the accumulation of beta-amyloid (β-amyloid) plaques. These plaques activate microglia to secrete inflammatory molecules, which damage neurons in the brain. Thus, understanding the underlying mechanism of microglia activation can provide a therapeutic strategy for alleviating microglia-induced neuroinflammation. The aldose reductase (AR) enzyme catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway. In addition to mediating diabetic complications in hyperglycemic environments, AR also helps regulate inflammation in microglia. However, little is known about the role of AR in β-amyloid-induced inflammation in microglia and subsequent neuronal death. In this study, we confirmed that AR inhibition attenuates increased β-amyloid-induced reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor α secretion by suppressing ERK signaling in BV2 cells. In addition, we are the first to report that AR inhibition reduced the phagocytotic capability and cell migration of BV2 cells in response to β-amyloid. To further investigate the protective role of the AR inhibitor sorbinil in neurons, we co-cultured β-amyloid-induced microglia with stem cell-induced neurons. sorbinil ameliorated neuronal damage in both cells in the co-culture system. In summary, our findings reveal AR regulation of microglia activation as a novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
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Sonowal H, Ramana KV. Development of Aldose Reductase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders and Cancer: Current Drug Design Strategies and Future Directions. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3683-3712. [PMID: 33109031 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201027152737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldose Reductase (AR) is an enzyme that converts glucose to sorbitol during the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism. AR has been shown to be involved in the development of secondary diabetic complications due to its involvement in causing osmotic as well as oxidative stress. Various AR inhibitors have been tested for their use to treat secondary diabetic complications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy in clinical studies. Recent studies also suggest the potential role of AR in mediating various inflammatory complications. Therefore, the studies on the development and potential use of AR inhibitors to treat inflammatory complications and cancer besides diabetes are currently on the rise. Further, genetic mutagenesis studies, computer modeling, and molecular dynamics studies have helped design novel and potent AR inhibitors. This review discussed the potential new therapeutic use of AR inhibitors in targeting inflammatory disorders and cancer besides diabetic complications. Further, we summarized studies on how AR inhibitors have been designed and developed for therapeutic purposes in the last few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Sonowal
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kota V Ramana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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4-Hydroxy-Trans-2-Nonenal in the Regulation of Anti-Oxidative and Pro-Inflammatory Signaling Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5937326. [PMID: 31781341 PMCID: PMC6875399 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5937326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE), a major oxidative stress triggered lipid peroxidation-derived aldehyde, plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of various human pathologies including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular, neurological, immunological, and age-related diseases and various types of cancer. HNE is the most abundant and toxic α, β-unsaturated aldehyde formed during the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in a series of free radical-mediated reactions. The presence of an aldehyde group at C1, a double bond between C2 and C3 and a hydroxyl group at C4 makes HNE a highly reactive molecule. These strong reactive electrophilic groups favor the formation of HNE adducts with cellular macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids leading to the regulation of various cell signaling pathways and processes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Many studies suggest that the cell-specific intracellular concentrations of HNE dictate the anti-oxidative and pro-inflammatory activities of this important molecule. In this review, we focused on how HNE could alter multiple anti-oxidative defense pathways and pro-inflammatory cytotoxic pathways by interacting with various cell-signaling intermediates.
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Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) has anti-inflammatory potential through NLRP3-inflammasome modulation. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Aldose reductase inhibition enhances lens regeneration in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:58-62. [PMID: 31026421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
After cataract surgery, epithelial cells lining the anterior lens capsule can transition to one of two divergent pathways, including fibrosis which leads to posterior capsular opacification (PCO), or lens fiber cell differentiation which leads to regeneration of lens material. We previously showed that the PCO response can be suppressed with aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors. In this present study we show that AR inhibition, both genetic and pharmacologic with Sorbinil, can augment the process of lens regeneration. Extracapsular lens extraction (ECLE) was carried out in C57BL/6 (WT), AR overexpression (AR-Tg), and AR knockout (ARKO) mice, and in some cases in mice treated with the AR inhibitor sorbinil. Whole eyes were harvested approximately 8 weeks after ECLE and evaluated by histological analysis and immunostaining for the fiber cell marker γ-crystallin. All eyes examined for lens regeneration were paraffin embedded for serial sectioning to produce three-dimensional reconstructed models of lens morphology and size. We observed that AR-null mice respond to ECLE by regenerating a lens-like structure with a circular shape and array of cell nuclei reminiscent of the lens bow region typical of the native mammalian lens. Although WT and AR-Tg eyes also produced some regenerated lens material after ECLE, their structures were consistently smaller than ARKO regenerated lenses. WT mice treated with sorbinil showed higher levels of lens regeneration after ECLE compared to WT mice, as assessed by size and three-dimensional morphology. Altogether, this study adds evidence for a critical role for AR in the response of lens epithelial cells to cataract extraction and lens regeneration.
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Banala VT, Urandur S, Sharma S, Sharma M, Shukla RP, Marwaha D, Gautam S, Dwivedi M, Mishra PR. Targeted co-delivery of the aldose reductase inhibitor epalrestat and chemotherapeutic doxorubicin via a redox-sensitive prodrug approach promotes synergistic tumor suppression. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2889-2906. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox responsive epalrestat prodrug micelles facilitate synergistic concentrations of doxorubicin with an advantage of CD44 down-regulation and reduced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Teja Banala
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow
- India
| | - Sandeep Urandur
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow
- India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow
- India
| | - Madhu Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow
- India
| | - Ravi P. Shukla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow
- India
| | - Disha Marwaha
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow
- India
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow
- India
| | - Monika Dwivedi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow
- India
| | - Prabhat Ranjan Mishra
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow
- India
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Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combat Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Sepsis in Rats via Amendment of P38-MAPK Signaling Cascade. Inflammation 2018; 41:541-554. [PMID: 29204871 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory disorder which often occurs during extremely stressful conditions such as trauma, burn, shock, and infection. This study investigated the curative effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) against hepatic, renal, and pulmonary responses caused by a single administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/kg, i.p) in rats. Treatment with BM-MSCs (5 × 105 in 0.1 ml PBS, i.p.) 3 h after LPS antagonized the LPS-induced increment of the liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and kidney functions (BUN, sCr). BM-MSCs decreased tissue levels of P38-MAPK, NF-κB, STAT-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, Bax together with elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the anti-apoptotic biomarker Bcl-2. Meanwhile, rats exhibited marked reduction of the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ. Interestingly, BM-MSCs normalized both broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophils count and lung wet/dry ratios. Briefly, these findings may provide a preclinical platform for the management of LPS-induced sepsis using BM-MSCs via their ameliorative anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic potentials.
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Cumaoğlu A, Yerer MB. The Effects of Aldose Reductase Inhibitor Quercetin and Monochloropivaloylquercetin in Amyloid β Peptide (1–42) Induced Neuroinflammation in Microglial Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial over-activation plays a crucial roles during neuroinflammation. Aldose reductase (AR) is one of the enzymes that has been linked to inflammatory processes in several diseases. Therefore, inhibition of AR is considered as an important strategy to reduce inflammation. In the present study, Quercetin (Q) and monochloropivaloylquercetin (MCPQ) showed potent inhibition on AR expression and anti-neuroinflammatory effects in Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide (1–42) induced inflammatory process by inhibiting expression of inflammatory mediators from microglial cells. Furthermore, ablation of AR caused a significant reduction on COX2 expression in Aβ-induced neuroinflammation. Q and MCPQ suppressed COX2 mRNA and protein expression, which further resulted in downstream inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory process. Additionally, Aβ treatment resulted in activation of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and increased translocation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFκB). Q and Sorbinil significantly reduced the activation of MAPK, at the same time Q, MCPQ and sorbinil decreased nuclear translocation of NFκB and diminished tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release in Aβ-induced neuroinflammation. The results suggested that AR is a probable target for treatment of neuroinflammation as well as Q and MCPQ could be effective agents for treating or preventing inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases by AR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Cumaoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Mükerrem Betül Yerer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
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The Traditional Medicinal Plants Cuphea calophylla, Tibouchina kingii, and Pseudelephantopus spiralis Attenuate Inflammatory and Oxidative Mediators. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:1953726. [PMID: 29849694 PMCID: PMC5941728 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1953726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aerial parts of Cuphea calophylla, Tibouchina kingii, and Pseudelephantopus spiralis have been used in Colombian traditional medicine for inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms that could explain the anti-inflammatory actions remain unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from C. calophylla (HECC), T. kingii (HETK), and P. spiralis (HEPS) in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were monitored as inflammatory and oxidative markers. The inhibition of lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) activities in a cell-free system were also investigated. Antioxidant activities were determined using standard in vitro methods. All extracts inhibited the NO, ROS, and MDA levels. HETK showed the highest ROS production inhibition and the highest antioxidant values, whereas HETK and HEPS significantly decreased the cytotoxicity mediated by LPS. The release of MDA was reduced significantly by all extracts. Moreover, the catalytic activity of LOX was inhibited by HECC and HETK. HECC was a more potent reducer of COX-2 activity. All extracts effectively suppressed COX-1 activity. In summary, these results suggest that HECC, HEPS, and HETK possess anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, these plants could provide a valuable source of natural bioactive compounds for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.
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Chang KC, Petrash JM. Aldo-Keto Reductases: Multifunctional Proteins as Therapeutic Targets in Diabetes and Inflammatory Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1032:173-202. [PMID: 30362099 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98788-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is an NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase that has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several blinding diseases such as uveitis, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and cataract. However, possible mechanisms linking the action of AR to these diseases are not well understood. As DR and cataract are among the leading causes of blindness in the world, there is an urgent need to explore therapeutic strategies to prevent or delay their onset. Studies with AR inhibitors and gene-targeted mice have demonstrated that the action of AR is also linked to cancer onset and progression. In this review we examine possible mechanisms that relate AR to molecular signaling cascades and thus explain why AR inhibition is an effective strategy against colon cancer as well as diseases of the eye such as uveitis, cataract, and retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Guéraud F. 4-Hydroxynonenal metabolites and adducts in pre-carcinogenic conditions and cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:196-208. [PMID: 28065782 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is an amazing reactive compound, originating from lipid peroxidation within cells but also in food and considered as a "second messenger" of oxidative stress. Due to its chemical features, HNE is able to make covalent links with DNA, proteins and lipids. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive summary of the chemical properties of HNE and of the consequences of its reactivity in relation to cancer development. The formation of exocyclic etheno-and propano-adducts and genotoxic effects are addressed. The adduction to cellular proteins and the repercussions on the regulation of cell signaling pathways involved in cancer development are reviewed, notably on the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE pathway. The metabolic pathways leading to the inactivation/elimination or, on the contrary, to the bioactivation of HNE are considered. A special focus is given on the link between HNE and colorectal cancer development, due to its occurrence in foodstuffs and in the digestive lumen, during digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Guéraud
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Song XM, Yu Q, Dong X, Yang HO, Zeng KW, Li J, Tu PF. Aldose reductase inhibitors attenuate β-amyloid-induced TNF-α production in microlgia via ROS-PKC-mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28623716 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a key risk factor to the development of Alzheimer' disease (AD). Aldose reductase (AR) has been found to be widely involved in inflammation-related diseases; however, whether aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) could be used to treat neuroinflammation is rarely reported. This study aims to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of two major ARIs of Sorbinil (Sor) and Zopolrestat (Zol) in β-amyloid protein (Aβ)-induced microglia (BV-2). We find that Sor and Zol significantly inhibit TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 production from microglia in response to Aβ stimulation. Mechanism study showed that Sor and Zol decreased the production of intracellular ROS which resulted in an effective inhibition on the phosphorylation of several protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms including PKCα/β, δ, ζ/λ and mu. Moreover, Sor and Zol inactivated PCK-associated IKKβ-IκB-NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (JNK, p38, ERK) inflammation pathways. In summary, our findings suggest that Sor and Zol could inhibit Aβ-induced neuroinflammation by regulating ROS/PKC-dependent NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, indicating that ARIs could be promising agents for treating inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Research Studio of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute, Kangneung 210-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke-Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Jeon W, Park SJ, Kim BC. n -Propyl gallate suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase activation through protein kinase Cδ-mediated up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 in RAW264.7 macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 801:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Schweikl H, Widbiller M, Krifka S, Klement J, Petzel C, Bolay C, Hiller KA, Buchalla W. Interaction between LPS and a dental resin monomer on cell viability in mouse macrophages. Dent Mater 2016; 32:1492-1503. [PMID: 27671463 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from cariogenic microorganisms and resin monomers like HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) included in dentin adhesive are present in a clinical situation in deep dentinal cavity preparations. Here, cell survival, expression of proteins related to redox homeostasis, and viability of mouse macrophages exposed to LPS and HEMA were analyzed with respect to the influence of oxidative stress. METHODS Cell survival of RAW264.7 mouse macrophages was determined using a crystal violet assay, protein expression was detected by Western blotting, and HEMA- or LPS-induced apoptosis (cell viability) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells were exposed to HEMA (0-8mM), LPS (0.1μg/ml) or combinations of both substances for 24h. The influence of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) was analyzed using the specific inhibitors PD98059 (ERK1/2), SB203580 (p38) or SP600125 (JNK), and oxidative stress was identified by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). RESULTS Cell survival was reduced by HEMA. LPS, however, increased cell survival from 29% in cultures exposed to 8mM HEMA, to 46% in cultures co-exposed to 8mM HEMA/LPS. Notably, LPS-induced apoptosis was neutralized by 4-6mM HEMA but apoptosis caused by 8mM HEMA was counteracted by LPS. Expression of NOS (nitric oxide synthase), p47phox and p67phox subunits of NADPH oxidase, catalase or heme oxygenase (HO-1) was associated with HEMA- or LPS-induced apoptosis. While no influence of MAPK was detected, NAC inhibited cytotoxic effects of HEMA. SIGNIFICANCE HEMA- and LPS-triggered pathways may induce apoptosis and interfere with physiological tissue responses as a result of the differential formation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schweikl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Widbiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Krifka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Klement
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christine Petzel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carola Bolay
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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Chang KC, Shieh B, Petrash JM. Aldose reductase mediates retinal microglia activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:565-71. [PMID: 27033597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Retinal microglia (RMG) are one of the major immune cells in charge of surveillance of inflammatory responses in the eye. In the absence of an inflammatory stimulus, RMG reside predominately in the ganglion layer and inner or outer plexiform layers. However, under stress RMG become activated and migrate into the inner nuclear layer (INL) or outer nuclear layer (ONL). Activated RMG in cell culture secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines in a manner sensitive to downregulation by aldose reductase inhibitors. In this study, we utilized CX3CR1(GFP) mice carrying AR mutant alleles to evaluate the role of AR on RMG activation and migration in vivo. When tested on an AR(WT) background, IP injection of LPS induced RMG activation and migration into the INL and ONL. However, this phenomenon was largely prevented by AR inhibitors or in AR null mice, or was exacerbated in transgenic mice that over-express AR. LPS-induced increases in ocular levels of TNF-α and CX3CL-1 in WT mice were substantially lower in AR null mice or were reduced by AR inhibitor treatment. These studies demonstrate that AR expression in RMG may contribute to the proinflammatory phenotypes common to various eye diseases such as uveitis and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Biehuoy Shieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Chang KC, Ponder J, Labarbera DV, Petrash JM. Aldose reductase inhibition prevents endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses in retinal microglia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2853-61. [PMID: 24677107 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal microglia become activated in diabetes and produce pro-inflammatory molecules associated with changes in retinal vasculature and increased apoptosis of retinal neurons and glial cells. We sought to determine if the action of aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, contributes to activation of microglial cells. METHODS Involvement of AR in the activation process was studied using primary cultures of retinal microglia (RMG) isolated from wild-type and AR-null mice, or in mouse macrophage cultures treated with either AR inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed to AR. Inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. Cell migration was measured using a transwell assay. Gelatin zymography was used to detect active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, while RMG-induced apoptosis of adult retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells was studied in a cell coculture system. RESULTS Aldose reductase inhibition or genetic deficiency substantially reduced lipopolysacharide (LPS)-induced cytokine secretion from macrophages and RMG. Aldose reductase inhibition or deficiency also reduced the activation of MMP-9 and attenuated LPS-induced cell migration. Additionally, blockade of AR by sorbinil or through genetic means caused a reduction in the ability of activated RMG to induce apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the action of AR contributes to the activation of RMG. Inhibition of AR may be a therapeutic strategy to reduce inflammation associated with activation of RMG in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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19
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Tao J, Zhao G, Zhao X, Li F, Wu X, Hu J, Zhang Y. Proteomic analysis of the follicular fluid of Tianzhu white yak during diestrus. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4481-91. [PMID: 24633201 PMCID: PMC3975409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed proteins in the follicular fluid of Tianzhu white yak during diestrus. Follicles obtained from female yak were divided into four groups according to their diameter: 0–2, 2–4, 4–6 mm, and greater than 6 mm. The follicular fluid was directly aspirated from the follicles and mixed according to follicular size, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was carried out on the crude follicular fluid samples. Thirty-four differentially expressed spots were generated from these four sizes of follicles. Fourteen of these spots were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and identified as: AS3MT, VDP, ANKRD6, C10orf107 protein, MRP4, MAPKAP1, AGO3, profilin-β-actin, SPT2 homolog, AGP, AR, RNF20, obscurin-like-1, and one unnamed protein. These proteins were first reported in follicular fluid, in addition to VDP and AGP. Based on existing knowledge of their function and patterns of expression, we hypothesize that most of these differentially expressed proteins play a role in ovarian follicular growth and development, dominant follicle selection, or follicular atresia and development of oocytes; however, the function of the other differentially expressed proteins in reproduction remains ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Tao
- Agricultural College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Guoshun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Fadi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Junjie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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20
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Shaw N, Yang B, Millward A, Demaine A, Hodgkinson A. AKR1B10 is induced by hyperglycaemia and lipopolysaccharide in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:281-7. [PMID: 23975544 PMCID: PMC3933614 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase family member B10 (AKR1B10) belongs to the aldo-keto reductase gene superfamily and is closely related to aldose reductase (AKR1B1). It has been shown that AKR1B10 is present in many of the same human tissues as AKR1B1. The objective of this study was to investigate whether AKR1B10 has a role in diabetic nephropathy (DN) by investigating its response to high glucose and inflammation, both of which have been associated with the development and progression of DN. Expression levels of AKR1B10 were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from 25 patients with type 1 diabetes and nephropathy, 25 without DN and 25 normal healthy controls that were exposed to high glucose (25 mM D-glucose) and also the inflammatory stressor lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 μm). Under high glucose and LPS conditions, there was a significant increase in the expression of AKR1B10 in the PBMCs from patients with DN compared to those without DN and the normal controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that AKR1B10 may have an important role in the development and progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Shaw
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU UK
| | - Bingmei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU UK
| | - Ann Millward
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU UK
| | - Andrew Demaine
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU UK
| | - Andrea Hodgkinson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Research Way, Plymouth, PL6 8BU UK
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21
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Huang XJ, Ren W, Li J, Chen LY, Mei ZN. Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of ethanol extract of pendulous monkshood root in vitro. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:3569-73. [PMID: 23886147 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Pendulous monkshood root is traditionally used for the treatment of several inflammatory pathologies such as rheumatisms, wounds, pain and tumors in China. In this study, the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities and the mechanism of crude ethanol extract of pendulous monkshood root (EPMR) were evaluated and investigated in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytotoxic effects of EPMR on different tumor cell lines were determined by the MTT method. Cell apoptosis and cell nucleus morphology were assessed by Hoechst 33258 staining. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) levels and intracellular oxidative stress in peritoneal macrophages were determined to further elucidate mechanisms of action. RESULTS The data showed that EPMR could produce significant dose-dependent toxicity on three kinds of tumor cells. Furthermore, EPMR displayed obvious anti- inflammatory effects on LPS-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages at the dosage of 4 - 200 μg/mL. The results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of Pendulous Monkshood Root on cancer and inflammatory diseases. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that EPMR has anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, suggesting that pendulous monkshood root may be a useful anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory reagent in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ju Huang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China.
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22
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Frohnert BI, Long EK, Hahn WS, Bernlohr DA. Glutathionylated lipid aldehydes are products of adipocyte oxidative stress and activators of macrophage inflammation. Diabetes 2014; 63:89-100. [PMID: 24062247 PMCID: PMC3868039 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced insulin resistance has been linked to adipose tissue lipid aldehyde production and protein carbonylation. Trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is the most abundant lipid aldehyde in murine adipose tissue and is metabolized by glutathione S-transferase A4 (GSTA4), producing glutathionyl-HNE (GS-HNE) and its metabolite glutathionyl-1,4-dihydroxynonene (GS-DHN). The objective of this study was to evaluate adipocyte production of GS-HNE and GS-DHN and their effect on macrophage inflammation. Compared with lean controls, GS-HNE and GS-DHN were more abundant in visceral adipose tissue of ob/ob mice and diet-induced obese, insulin-resistant mice. High glucose and oxidative stress induced production of GS-HNE and GS-DHN by 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a GSTA4-dependent manner, and both glutathionylated metabolites induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α from RAW 264.7 and primary peritoneal macrophages. Targeted microarray analysis revealed GS-HNE and GS-DHN induced expression of inflammatory genes, including C3, C4b, c-Fos, igtb2, Nfkb1, and Nos2. Transgenic overexpression of GSTA4 in mouse adipose tissue led to increased production of GS-HNE associated with higher fasting glucose levels and moderately impaired glucose tolerance. These results indicated adipocyte oxidative stress results in GSTA4-dependent production of proinflammatory glutathione metabolites, GS-HNE and GS-DHN, which may represent a novel mechanism by which adipocyte dysfunction results in tissue inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric K. Long
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Wendy S. Hahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David A. Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Corresponding author: David A. Bernlohr,
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23
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Jayasooriya RGPT, Lee KT, Lee HJ, Choi YH, Jeong JW, Kim GY. Anti-inflammatory effects of β-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin in BV2 microglia are mediated through suppression of the PI3K/Akt/NF-kB pathway and activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 65:82-9. [PMID: 24365262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether β-hydroxyisovalerylshikonin (β-HIVS) affects the production of proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in BV2 microglial cells. Our data showed that β-HIVS inhibited secretion of NO and PGE2 and downregulated expression of their main regulatory genes, inducible NO synthesis (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). β-HIVS also reduced the LPS-induced DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by suppressing nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunits and inhibiting the degradation and phosphorylation of IκBα. Furthermore, an NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), attenuated LPS-stimulated iNOS and COX-2 expression, suggesting that NF-κB inhibition is a main effector in the expression of iNOS and COX-2. We also found that LPS-induced NF-κB activation is regulated through inhibition of PI3K/Akt phosphorylation in response to β-HIVS. Additionally, β-HIVS caused the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) via upregulation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), both of which are involved in the secretion of proinflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2. Taken together, our data indicate that β-HIVS diminishes the proinflammatory mediators NO and PGE2 and the expression of their regulatory genes, iNOS and COX-2, in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by inhibiting PI3K/Akt-dependent NF-κB activation and inducing Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoung-Tae Lee
- Division of Wood Chemistry & Microbiology, Department of Forest Products, Korea Forest Research Institute, 57 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Ju Lee
- Division of Wood Chemistry & Microbiology, Department of Forest Products, Korea Forest Research Institute, 57 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-050, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Center for Core Research Facilities, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Ara-1 dong, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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24
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The unique role of dietary L-arginine in the acceleration of peritoneal macrophage sensitivity to bacterial endotoxin. Immunol Res 2013. [PMID: 23184235 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is known that cells and organisms can indirectly "sense" changes in L-arginine availability via changes in the activity of various metabolic pathways. However, the mechanism(s) by which genes can be directly regulated by L-arginine in mammalian cells have not yet been elucidated. We investigated the effect of L-arginine in the in vivo model of peritoneal inflammation in mice and in vitro in RAW 264.7 macrophages. A detailed analysis of basic physiological functions and selected intracellular signaling cascades revealed that L-arginine is crucial for the acceleration of macrophage activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. L-arginine increased the production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, release of Ca(2+), as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Interestingly, the effect of L-arginine on macrophage activation was dependent on the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and activity of phospholipase C. In RAW 264.7 cells, L-arginine was shown to modulate the response of macrophages toward lipopolysaccharide via the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors. According to our data, we concluded that L-arginine availability plays a key role in the initiation of intracellular signaling pathways that trigger the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. Although macrophages are partially stimulated in the absence of extracellular L-arginine, the presence of this amino acid significantly accelerates the sensitivity of macrophages to bacterial endotoxin.
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25
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Chatzopoulou M, Pegklidou K, Papastavrou N, Demopoulos VJ. Development of aldose reductase inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1365-80. [PMID: 24090200 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.843524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence attributes a significant role to aldose reductase (ALR2) in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory pathologies. Aldose reductase inhibitors (ARIs) were found to attenuate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, they disrupt signaling cascades that lead to the production of cytokines/chemokines, which induce and exacerbate inflammation. As a result, ARIs might hold a significant therapeutic potential as alternate anti-inflammatory drugs. AREAS COVERED The authors present a comprehensive review of the current data that support the central role of ALR2 in several inflammatory pathologies (i.e., diabetes, cancer, sepsis, asthma and ocular inflammation). Further, the authors describe the potential underlying molecular mechanisms and provide a commentary on the status of ARIs in this field. EXPERT OPINION It is important that future efforts focus on delineating all the steps of the molecular mechanism that implicates ALR2 in inflammatory pathologies. At the same time, utilizing the previous efforts in the field of ARIs, several candidates that have been proven safe in the clinic may be evaluated for their clinical significance as anti-inflammatory medication. Finally, structurally novel ARIs, designed to target specifically the proinflammatory subpocket of ALR2, should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzopoulou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , 54124 Thessaloniki , Greece ;
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26
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Shoeb M, Ramana KV, Srivastava SK. Aldose reductase inhibition enhances TRAIL-induced human colon cancer cell apoptosis through AKT/FOXO3a-dependent upregulation of death receptors. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:280-90. [PMID: 23732517 PMCID: PMC3729926 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the major problems associated with the chemotherapy of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) that selectively kills tumor cells is decreased drug resistance. This warranted the development of safe novel pharmacological agents that could sensitize the tumor cells to TRAIL. Herein, we examined the role of aldose reductase (AR) in sensitizing cancer cells to TRAIL and potentiating TRAIL-induced apoptosis of human colon cancer cells. We demonstrate that AR inhibition potentiates TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity in cancer cells by upregulation of both death receptor (DR)-5 and DR4. Knockdown of DR5 and DR4 significantly (>85%) reduced the sensitizing effect of the AR inhibitor fidarestat on TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Further, AR inhibition also downregulates cell survival proteins (Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, survivin, XIAP, and FLIP) and upregulates the expression of proapoptotic proteins such as Bax and alters mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cytochrome c release, caspases-3 activation, and PARP cleavage. We found that AR inhibition regulates AKT/PI3K-dependent activation of forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a. Knockdown of FOXO3a significantly (>80%) abolished AR inhibition-induced upregulation of DR5 and DR4 and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Overall, our results show that fidarestat potentiates TRAIL-induced apoptosis through downregulation of cell survival proteins and upregulation of death receptors via activation of the AKT/FOXO3a pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shoeb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Kota V Ramana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Satish K Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
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Beta-glucogallin reduces the expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory markers by inhibition of aldose reductase in murine macrophages and ocular tissues. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 202:283-7. [PMID: 23247009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) catalyzes the reduction of toxic lipid aldehydes to their alcohol products and mediates inflammatory signals triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Beta-glucogallin (BGG), a recently described AR inhibitor, was purified from extracts of the Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis). In this study, we found that BGG showed low cytotoxicity in Raw264.7 murine macrophages and effectively inhibited AR activity as measured by a decrease in sorbitol accumulation. In addition, BGG-mediated inhibition of AR prevented LPS-induced activation of JNK and p38 and lowered ROS levels, which could inhibit LPS-induced apoptosis. Uveitis is a disease of the eye associated with chronic inflammation. In this study, we also demonstrated that treatment with BGG decreased the number of inflammatory cells that infiltrate the ocular media of mice with experimental uveitis. Accordingly, these results suggest BGG is a potential therapy for inflammatory diseases.
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28
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Ha SK, Park HY, Eom H, Kim Y, Choi I. Narirutin fraction from citrus peels attenuates LPS-stimulated inflammatory response through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPKs activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3498-504. [PMID: 22813871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the regulatory activity of narirutin fraction from citrus peels on the production of inflammatory mediators managing acute or chronic inflammatory diseases in macrophages. Narirutin fraction inhibited the release, by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through suppressing the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), respectively. The release, by LPS stimulated macrophages, of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was also reduced by narirutin fraction in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, narirutin fraction inhibited the LPS-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are signaling molecules involved in production of pro-inflammatory factors. As a result of these properties, narirutin fraction has the potential to be used as a functional dietary supplement and effective anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Keun Ha
- Functional Materials Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea.
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29
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ZOU LIPING, WANG WENJUAN, XU ZUDE, ZHANG NONG, JIANG TAO. Aldose reductase regulates platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation through mediating cell cycle progression in rat mesangial cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:409-16. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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30
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Pandey S, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. A potential therapeutic role for aldose reductase inhibitors in the treatment of endotoxin-related inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:329-39. [PMID: 22283786 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.656198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aldose reductase (AR) was initially thought to be involved in the secondary diabetic complications because of its glucose-reducing potential. However, evidence from recent studies indicates that AR is an excellent reducer of a number of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes as well as their glutathione conjugates, which regulate inflammatory signals initiated by oxidants such as cytokines, growth factors and bacterial endotoxins, and revealed the potential use of AR inhibition as an approach to prevent inflammatory complications. AREAS COVERED An extensive Internet and Medline search was performed to retrieve information on understanding the role of AR inhibition in the pathophysiology of endotoxin-mediated inflammatory disorders. Overall, inhibition of AR appears to be a promising strategy for the treatment of endotoxemia, sepsis and other related inflammatory diseases. EXPERT OPINION Current knowledge provides enough evidence to indicate that AR inhibition is a logical therapeutic strategy for the treatment of endotoxin-related inflammatory diseases. Since AR inhibitors have already gone to Phase III clinical studies for diabetic complications and found to be safe for human use, their use in endotoxin-related inflammatory diseases could be expedited. However, one of the major challenges will be the discovery of AR-regulated clinically relevant biomarkers to identify susceptible individuals at risk of developing inflammatory diseases, thereby warranting future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Pandey
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Galveston, TX 77555 , USA
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31
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Takahashi K, Mizukami H, Kamata K, Inaba W, Kato N, Hibi C, Yagihashi S. Amelioration of acute kidney injury in lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome by an aldose reductase inhibitor, fidarestat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30134. [PMID: 22253906 PMCID: PMC3257265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a fatal disease because of multiple organ failure. Acute kidney injury is a serious complication of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and its genesis is still unclear posing a difficulty for an effective treatment. Aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor is recently found to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac failure and its lethality. We studied the effects of AR inhibitor on LPS-induced acute kidney injury and its mechanism. Methods Mice were injected with LPS and the effects of AR inhibitor (Fidarestat 32 mg/kg) before or after LPS injection were examined for the mortality, severity of renal failure and kidney pathology. Serum concentrations of cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and their mRNA expressions in the lung, liver, spleen and kidney were measured. We also evaluated polyol metabolites in the kidney. Results Mortality rate within 72 hours was significantly less in LPS-injected mice treated with AR inhibitor both before (29%) and after LPS injection (40%) than untreated mice (90%). LPS-injected mice showed marked increases in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and cytokines, and AR inhibitor treatment suppressed the changes. LPS-induced acute kidney injury was associated with vacuolar degeneration and apoptosis of renal tubular cells as well as infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. With improvement of such pathological findings, AR inhibitor treatment suppressed the elevation of cytokine mRNA levels in multiple organs and renal sorbitol accumulation. Conclusion AR inhibitor treatment ameliorated LPS-induced acute kidney injury, resulting in the lowered mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Takahashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mizukami
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kamata
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Wataru Inaba
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Shoeb M, Ramana KV. Anti-inflammatory effects of benfotiamine are mediated through the regulation of the arachidonic acid pathway in macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:182-90. [PMID: 22067901 PMCID: PMC3249497 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Benfotiamine, a lipid-soluble analogue of vitamin B1, is a potent antioxidant that is used as a food supplement for the treatment of diabetic complications. Our recent study (U.C. Yadav et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med. 48:1423-1434, 2010) indicates a novel role for benfotiamine in the prevention of bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in murine macrophages. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how benfotiamine mediates anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory role of benfotiamine in regulating arachidonic acid (AA) pathway-generated inflammatory lipid mediators in RAW264.7 macrophages. Benfotiamine prevented the LPS-induced activation of cPLA2 and release of AA metabolites such as leukotrienes, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane 2 (TXB2), and prostacyclin (PGI2) in macrophages. Further, LPS-induced expression of AA-metabolizing enzymes such as COX-2, LOX-5, TXB synthase, and PGI2 synthase was significantly blocked by benfotiamine. Furthermore, benfotiamine prevented the LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and expression of transcription factors NF-κB and Egr-1. Benfotiamine also prevented the LPS-induced oxidative stress and protein-HNE adduct formation. Most importantly, compared to specific COX-2 and LOX-5 inhibitors, benfotiamine significantly prevented LPS-induced macrophage death and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Thus, our studies indicate that the dual regulation of the COX and LOX pathways in AA metabolism could be a novel mechanism by which benfotiamine exhibits its potential anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kota V Ramana
- Correspondence: Kota V Ramana, PhD, , Telephone (409)-772-2202, Fax: 409-772-9679 and mailing address: #6.614D BSB, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas -77555, USA
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Shoeb M, Yadav UCS, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Inhibition of aldose reductase prevents endotoxin-induced inflammation by regulating the arachidonic acid pathway in murine macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1686-96. [PMID: 21856412 PMCID: PMC3188329 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to induce release of arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolic products, which play important roles in the inflammatory process. We have shown earlier that LPS-induced signals in macrophages are mediated by aldose reductase (AR). Here we have investigated the role of AR in LPS-induced release of AA metabolites and their modulation using a potent pharmacological inhibitor, fidarestat, and AR siRNA ablation in RAW264.7 macrophages and AR-knockout mouse peritoneal macrophages and heart tissue. Inhibition or genetic ablation of AR prevented the LPS-induced synthesis and release of AA metabolites such as PGE2, TXB, PGI2, and LTBs in macrophages. LPS-induced activation of cPLA2 was also prevented by AR inhibition. Similarly, AR inhibition also prevented the calcium ionophore A23187-induced cPLA2 and LTB4 in macrophages. Further, AR inhibition by fidarestat prevented the expression of AA-metabolizing enzymes such as COX-2 and LOX-5 in RAW264.7 cells and AR-knockout mouse-derived peritoneal macrophages. LPS-induced expression of AA-metabolizing enzymes and their catalyzed metabolic products was significantly lower in peritoneal macrophages and heart tissue from AR-knockout mice. LPS-induced activation of redox-sensitive signaling intermediates such as MAPKs, transcription factor NF-κB, and EGR-1, a transcriptional regulator of mPGES-1, which in collaboration with COX-2 leads to the production of PGE2, was also significantly prevented by AR inhibition. Taken together, our results indicate that AR mediates LPS-induced inflammation by regulating the AA-metabolic pathway and thus provide a novel role for AR inhibition in preventing inflammatory complications such as sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kota V Ramana
- Correspondence: Kota V Ramana, PhD , Telephone (409)-772-2202, Fax: 409-772-9679 and mailing address: #6.614D BSB, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas -77555, USA
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Abstract
In the past years aldose reductase (AKR1B1; AR) is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of secondary diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and cataractogenesis. Subsequently, a number of AR inhibitors have been developed and tested for diabetic complications. Although, these inhibitors have found to be safe for human use, they have not been successful at the clinical studies because of limited efficacy. Recently, the potential physiological role of AR has been reassessed from a different point of view. Diverse groups suggested that AR besides reducing glucose, also efficiently reduces oxidative stress-generated lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes and their glutathione conjugates. Since lipid aldehydes alter cellular signals by regulating the activation of transcription factors such as NF-kB and AP1, inhibition of AR could inhibit such events. Indeed, a wide array of recent experimental evidence indicates that the inhibition of AR prevents oxidative stress-induced activation of NF-kB and AP1 signals that lead to cell death or growth. Further, AR inhibitors have been shown to prevent inflammatory complications such as sepsis, asthma, colon cancer and uveitis in rodent animal models. The new experimental in-vitro and in-vivo data has provided a basis for investigating the clinical efficacy of AR inhibitors in preventing other inflammatory complications than diabetes. This review describes how the recent studies have identified novel plethoric physiological and pathophysiological significance of AR in mediating inflammatory complications, and how the discovery of such new insights for this old enzyme could have considerable importance in envisioning potential new therapeutic strategies for the prevention or treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota V Ramana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
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Kang ES, Iwata K, Ikami K, Ham SA, Kim HJ, Chang KC, Lee JH, Kim JH, Park SB, Kim JH, Yabe-Nishimura C, Seo HG. Aldose reductase in keratinocytes attenuates cellular apoptosis and senescence induced by UV radiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:680-8. [PMID: 21182935 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although aldose reductase (AR) has been implicated in the cellular response to oxidative stress, the role of AR in ultraviolet-B (UVB)-induced cellular injury has not been investigated. Here, we show that an increased expression of AR in human keratinocytes modulates UVB-induced apoptotic cell death and senescence. Overexpression of AR in HaCaT cells significantly attenuated UVB-induced cellular damage and apoptosis, with a decreased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aldehydes. Ablation of AR with small interfering RNA or inhibition of AR activity abolished these effects. We also show that increased AR activity suppressed UVB-induced activation of the p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases, but did not affect the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. Similarly, UVB-induced translocation of Bax and Bcl-2 to mitochondria and cytosol, respectively, was markedly attenuated in cells overexpressing AR. Knockdown or inhibition of AR activity in primary cultured keratinocytes enhanced UVB-induced cellular senescence and increased the level of a cell-cycle regulatory protein, p53. Finally, cellular apoptosis induced by UVB radiation was significantly reduced in the epidermis of transgenic mice overexpressing human AR. These findings suggest that AR plays an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress by sequestering ROS and reactive aldehydes generated in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sil Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 660-751, Korea
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Reddy ABM, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Aldose reductase inhibition prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced glucose uptake and glucose transporter 3 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1039-45. [PMID: 20348015 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages which play a central role in the injury, infection and sepsis, use glucose as their primary source of metabolic energy. Increased glucose uptake in inflammatory cells is well known to be one of the responsible processes that cause inflammatory response and cytotoxicity. We have shown recently that the inhibition of aldose reductase (AR) prevents bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytotoxicity and inflammatory response in macrophages. However, it is not known how AR inhibition prevents LPS-induced inflammation. Here in, we examined the effect of AR inhibition on LPS-induced glucose uptake and the expression of glucose transporter 3 (GLUT-3) in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Stimulation of macrophages with LPS-increased glucose uptake as measured by using C(14) labeled methyl-d-glucose and inhibition of AR prevented it. Similarly, ablation of AR by using AR-siRNA also prevented the LPS-induced glucose uptake in macrophages. Further, AR inhibition also prevented the LPS-induced up-regulation of GLUT-3 expression, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation and protein kinase A (PKA) activation in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, LPS-induced down-regulation of cAMP response element modulator (CREM), phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and DNA-binding of CREB were also prevented by AR inhibition. Further, inhibition of AR or PKA also prevented the LPS-induced levels of GLUT-3 protein as well as mRNA in macrophages. These results indicate that AR mediates LPS-induced glucose uptake and expression of glucose transporter-3 via cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway and thus represents a novel mechanism by which AR regulates LPS-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aramati B M Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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Reddy ABM, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Anti-inflammatory effect of aldose reductase inhibition in murine polymicrobial sepsis. Cytokine 2009; 48:170-6. [PMID: 19660963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Increased production of cytokines and chemokines in serum and tissues upon oxidative stress caused by severe systemic infections are the major cause of sepsis. Aldose reductase (AR) known to mediate oxidative stress-induced NF-kappaB activation and transcription of cytokines and chemokines are the main mediator of bacterial endotoxin-induced inflammatory response. Our aim is to investigate the effect of AR inhibitors on the prevention of inflammatory cytokines in the cecum ligation and puncture (CLP) model of polymicrobial sepsis which closely mimics the sepsis syndrome in humans. RESULTS Mice were rendered septic by CLP in the absence and presence of AR inhibitor, sorbinil. The levels of cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory markers in the plasma, peritoneal fluid and heart of mice were significantly inhibited by sorbinil. Inhibition of AR also prevented CLP-induced COX-2, iNOS and HMGB-1 in heart, kidney and spleen. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the inhibition of AR significantly prevented the polymicrobial sepsis-induced increase in inflammatory markers and thus indicate the use of AR inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aramati B M Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Kang ES, Kim GH, Woo IS, Kim HJ, Eun SY, Ham SA, Jin H, Kim MY, Park MH, Kim HJ, Chang KC, Lee JH, Kim JH, Yabe-Nishimura C, Seo HG. Down-regulation of aldose reductase renders J774A.1 cells more susceptible to acrolein- or hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. Free Radic Res 2009; 42:930-8. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760802555593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zuckerman ST, Brown JF, Kao WJ. Identification of regulatory Hck and PAI-2 proteins in the monocyte response to PEG-containing matrices. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3825-33. [PMID: 19443025 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a powerful proteomic tool enabling researchers to survey the global proteome of a cell. This technique has only recently been employed to investigate cell-material interactions. We had previously identified material scarcity and limited adherent cells as challenges facing mass spectrometric analysis of cell-material interactions. U937 adherent to tissue culture poly(styrene) was used as a model system for identifying proteins expressed by adherent monocytes and analyzed by HPLC coupled offline to MALDI-ToF/ToF (LC-MALDI). We identified 645 proteins from two cation fractions of crude U937 monocyte cell lysate. Forty three proteins of interest from the 645 were chosen based on literature searches for relevance to monocyte-material inflammation and wound healing. Proteins such as 40S ribosomal protein S19 and tyrosyl tRNA synthetase highlight the ability of LC-MALDI to identify proteins relevant to monocyte-material interactions that are currently unexplored. We used PEG-based semi-interpenetrating polymer networks and PEG-only hydrogels to investigate surface dependent effects on the Src family kinase Hck and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) using the pyrazolo pyrimidine small molecule inhibitor PP2 and exogenous urokinase plasminogen activator addition, respectively. Hck is well researched in cell adhesion while PAI-2 is virtually unknown in cell-material interactions. U937 on TCPS and PEG-only hydrogels secreted similar levels of inflammatory cytokines and gelatinase MMP-9. MCP-1 secretion from monocytes on PEG-only hydrogels was Hck independent in contrast to Hck-dependent MCP-1 secretion in U937 on TCPS. Overall, U937 adherent to sIPNs secrete low levels of soluble gelatinase MMP-9, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and MCP-1 independent of Hck and PAI-2. This work demonstrates significant changes in surface dependent expression of proteins from monocytes adherent to PEG-based materials compared to TCPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Zuckerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Pieper GM, Roza AM. The complex role of iNOS in acutely rejecting cardiac transplants. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1536-52. [PMID: 18291116 PMCID: PMC2443548 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the evidence for a detrimental role of nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and/or reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite in acutely rejecting cardiac transplants. In chronic cardiac transplant rejection, iNOS may have an opposing beneficial component. The purpose of this review is primarily to address issues related to acute rejection, which is a recognized risk factor for chronic rejection. The evidence for a detrimental role is based upon strategies involving nonselective NOS inhibitors, NO neutralizers, selective iNOS inhibitors, and iNOS gene deletion in rodent models of cardiac rejection. The review is presented in the context of the impact on various components, including graft survival, histological rejection, and cardiac function, which may contribute to the process of graft rejection in toto. Possible limitations of each strategy are discussed in order to understand better the variance in published findings, including issues related to the potential importance of cell localization of iNOS expression. Finally, the concept of a dual role for NO and its downstream product, peroxynitrite, in rejection vs immune regulation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galen M Pieper
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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