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Chen J, Li R, Knapp S, Zhu G, Whitener RL, Leiter EH, Mathews CE. Intergenomic and epistatic interactions control free radical mediated pancreatic β-cell damage. Front Genet 2022; 13:994501. [PMID: 36276935 PMCID: PMC9585181 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.994501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloxan (AL)-generated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) selectively destroy insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. A previous genome-wide scan (GWS) using a cohort of 296 F2 hybrids between NOD (AL-sensitive) and ALR (AL-resistant) mice identified linkages contributing to β-cell susceptibility or resistance to AL-induced diabetes on Chromosomes (Chr) 2, 3, 8, and a single nucleotide polymorphism in mt-Nd2 of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). AL treatment of congenic and consomic NOD mouse stocks confirmed resistance linked to both the mtDNA and the Chr 8 locus from ALR [NOD.mtALR.ALR-(D8Mit293-D8Mit137)]. To identify possible epistatic interactions, the GWS analysis was expanded to 678 F2 mice. ALR-derived diabetes-resistance linkages on Chr 8 as well as the mt-Nd2a allele were confirmed and novel additional linkages on Chr 4, 5, 6, 7, and 13 were identified. Epistasis was observed between the linkages on Chr 8 and 2 and Chr 8 and 6. Furthermore, the mt-Nd2 genotype affected the epistatic interactions between Chr 8 and 2. These results demonstrate that a combination of nuclear-cytoplasmic genome interactions regulates β-cell sensitivity to ROS-mediated ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Renhua Li
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Knapp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert L. Whitener
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Clayton E. Mathews,
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Chen J, Stimpson SE, Fernandez-Bueno GA, Mathews CE. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Type 1 Diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1361-1372. [PMID: 29295631 PMCID: PMC6166689 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The complex etiology of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the outcome of failures in regulating immunity in combination with beta cell perturbations. Mitochondrial dysfunction in beta cells and immune cells may be involved in T1D pathogenesis. Mitochondrial energy production is essential for the major task of beta cells (the secretion of insulin in response to glucose). Mitochondria are a major site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Under immune attack, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) participate in beta cell damage. Similarly, T cell fate during immune responses is tightly regulated by mitochondrial physiology, morphology, and metabolism. Production of mtROS is essential for signaling in antigen-specific T cell activation. Mitochondrial dysfunction in T cells has been noted as a feature of some human autoimmune diseases. Recent Advances: Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction in beta cells sensitizes these cells to immune-mediated destruction via direct or indirect mechanisms. Sensitivity of beta cells to mtROS is associated with genetic T1D risk loci in human and the T1D-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered metabolism have also been observed in immune cells of NOD mice and patients with T1D. This immune cell mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to deleterious functional changes. CRITICAL ISSUES It remains unclear how mitochondria control T cell receptor signaling and downstream events, including calcium flux and activation of transcription factors during autoimmunity. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Mechanistic studies are needed to investigate the mitochondrial pathways involved in autoimmunity, including T1D. These studies should seek to identify the role of mitochondria in regulating innate and adaptive immune cell activity and beta cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott E Stimpson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gabriel A Fernandez-Bueno
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, Florida
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Das UN. Is There a Role for Bioactive Lipids in the Pathobiology of Diabetes Mellitus? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:182. [PMID: 28824543 PMCID: PMC5539435 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, decreased levels of circulating endothelial nitric oxide (eNO) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), altered activity of hypothalamic neurotransmitters (including serotonin and vagal tone) and gut hormones, increased concentrations of free radicals, and imbalance in the levels of bioactive lipids and their pro- and anti-inflammatory metabolites have been suggested to play a role in diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM) is due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells because of enhanced production of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines released by immunocytes infiltrating the pancreas in response to unknown exogenous and endogenous toxin(s). On the other hand, type 2 DM is due to increased peripheral insulin resistance secondary to enhanced production of IL-6 and TNF-α in response to high-fat and/or calorie-rich diet (rich in saturated and trans fats). Type 2 DM is also associated with significant alterations in the production and action of hypothalamic neurotransmitters, eNO, BDNF, free radicals, gut hormones, and vagus nerve activity. Thus, type 1 DM is because of excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines close to β cells, whereas type 2 DM is due to excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the systemic circulation. Hence, methods designed to suppress excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may form a new approach to prevent both type 1 and type 2 DM. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and similar surgeries ameliorate type 2 DM, partly by restoring to normal: gut hormones, hypothalamic neurotransmitters, eNO, vagal activity, gut microbiota, bioactive lipids, BDNF production in the gut and hypothalamus, concentrations of cytokines and free radicals that results in resetting glucose-stimulated insulin production by pancreatic β cells. Our recent studies suggested that bioactive lipids, such as arachidonic acid, eicosapentaneoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (which are unsaturated fatty acids) and their anti-inflammatory metabolites: lipoxin A4, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, may have antidiabetic actions. These bioactive lipids have anti-inflammatory actions, enhance eNO, BDNF production, restore hypothalamic dysfunction, enhance vagal tone, modulate production and action of ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin, and influence gut microbiota that may explain their antidiabetic action. These pieces of evidence suggest that methods designed to selectively deliver bioactive lipids to pancreatic β cells, gut, liver, and muscle may prevent type 1 and type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N. Das
- BioScience Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Hospital, GVP College of Engineering Campus, Visakhapatnam, India
- UND Life Sciences, Battle Ground, WA, United States
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Zhou Z, Yang P, Wang CY. Sumoylation Modulates the Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 963:299-322. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhang P, Wang JM, Shi L, Liu QZ, Lin CH, Wu JT, Men CP, Zhao JJ, Gao ZL, Shi BK. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the prostate adenocarcinoma rat R3327. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2016; 27:2026-2027. [PMID: 25379801 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.974172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The prostate adenocarcinoma of the Copenhagen rat (R3327) is recognized as a suitable model for human prostate carcinoma. In this study, we sequenced its complete mitogenome and total length of the genome was 16,310 bp (GenBank Accession Number KM820831). It contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. This mitochondrial genome sequence will provide new genetic resource into prostate adenocarcinoma disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- a Department of Urology , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , P.R. China and
- b Department of Urology , Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital , Yantai , P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ming Wang
- b Department of Urology , Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital , Yantai , P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- b Department of Urology , Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital , Yantai , P.R. China
| | - Qing-Zuo Liu
- b Department of Urology , Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital , Yantai , P.R. China
| | - Chun-Hua Lin
- b Department of Urology , Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital , Yantai , P.R. China
| | - Ji-Tao Wu
- b Department of Urology , Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital , Yantai , P.R. China
| | - Chang-Ping Men
- b Department of Urology , Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital , Yantai , P.R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhao
- b Department of Urology , Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital , Yantai , P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Li Gao
- b Department of Urology , Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital , Yantai , P.R. China
| | - Ben-Kang Shi
- a Department of Urology , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , P.R. China and
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Gusdon AM, Fang F, Chen J, Mathews CE, Li W, Chu CT, Ding JQ, Chen SD. Association of the mt-ND2 5178A/C polymorphism with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2015; 587:98-101. [PMID: 25511548 PMCID: PMC4934122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an important role in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). While mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been shown to accumulate in PD, no specific mtDNA polymorphisms have been associated with susceptibility or resistance to PD. A cytosine to adenine transversion at base pair 5178 in the mtDNA has been associated with increased longevity and resistance against a number of age related disorders and has been shown to decrease mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We sought to determine whether 5178A is associated with resistance against PD in a Han Chinese population. To assess its association with PD, we genotyped 484 idiopathic PD patients and 710 control individuals for 5178C/A. Genotyping was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. There was no significant association between 5178A and PD (P=0.308) when analyzing the entire population. However, sub-group analysis revealed that in males the frequency of 5178A was significantly lower in PD patients (27.7% in controls vs 20.0% in PD patients, P=0.027). Stratification of the population by age showed that this trend held across age groups but only reached statistical significance in males aged 60-70 (29.1% in controls vs 14.05 in PD patients, P=0.011). In conclusion, we demonstrated that the frequency of 5178A was significantly decreased in male PD patients in a Han Chinese population. This polymorphism may be associated with resistance against the development of PD when in combination with loci on the Y chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Gusdon
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA
| | - Wang Li
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15261, USA
| | - Charleen T Chu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jian-Qing Ding
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sheng-di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 197, Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Xiao MC, Wang XY, Dou LY, Liu XX, Tian Y. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a coronary heart disease model rat strain (Muridae; Rattus). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:1287-8. [PMID: 25187237 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.945559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome sequencing of an important coronary heart disease model inbred rat strain for the first time. The total length of the mitogenome was 16,308 bp with 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Chao Xiao
- a College of Medicine, Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang Province , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- b Department of Cardiology , The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang Province , P.R. China , and
| | - Li-Yan Dou
- b Department of Cardiology , The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang Province , P.R. China , and
| | - Xiao-Xia Liu
- b Department of Cardiology , The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang Province , P.R. China , and
| | - Ye Tian
- c Department of Cardiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang Province , P.R. China
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8
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Zhu R, Meng ZL, Chen L, Chen W, Wang H, Hong YQ. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence and mutations of the cardiac hypertrophy model inbred rat strain (Muridae; Rattus). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:1165-1166. [PMID: 25109625 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.936420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present work we undertook the complete mitochondrial genome sequencing of a important cardiac hypertrophy model inbred rat strain for the first time. The total length of the mitogenome was 16,308 bp. It harbored 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop region). The mutation events were also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhu
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , China and
| | - Zi-Li Meng
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , China and
| | - Liang Chen
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , China and
| | - Wei Chen
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , China and
| | - Hong Wang
- b Department of Respiratory Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yong-qing Hong
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine , Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , China and
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Chen J, Mathews CE. Use of chemical probes to detect mitochondrial ROS by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry. Methods Enzymol 2014; 542:223-41. [PMID: 24862269 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416618-9.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic respiration is a major source of energy in eukaryotic cells. In this setting, ATP production by the mitochondrial respiratory chain relies on the availability of NADH and FADH2 to donate protons and electrons. The flux of electrons down the electron transport chain, based on a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, releases energy that allow for the transport of H(+) ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The resulting proton-motive force is employed to drive ATP synthesis, while the final acceptor of the electrons flowing through the respiratory chain if molecular oxygen. A side effect of this process is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production has been linked to many pathological conditions (i.e., aging and tumorigenesis), recent evidence suggests that multiple cells, including malignant cells, employ these by-products of energy production as signals to control various cellular processes. Here, we describe protocols to use chemical probes for measuring mtROS production in intact cells by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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10
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Driver JP, Chen YG, Mathews CE. Comparative genetics: synergizing human and NOD mouse studies for identifying genetic causation of type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 9:169-87. [PMID: 23804259 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2012.9.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although once widely anticipated to unlock how human type 1 diabetes (T1D) develops, extensive study of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse has failed to yield effective treatments for patients with the disease. This has led many to question the usefulness of this animal model. While criticism about the differences between NOD and human T1D is legitimate, in many cases disease in both species results from perturbations modulated by the same genes or different genes that function within the same biological pathways. Like in humans, unusual polymorphisms within an MHC class II molecule contributes the most T1D risk in NOD mice. This insight supports the validity of this model and suggests the NOD has been improperly utilized to study how to cure or prevent disease in patients. Indeed, clinical trials are far from administering T1D therapeutics to humans at the same concentration ranges and pathological states that inhibit disease in NOD mice. Until these obstacles are overcome it is premature to label the NOD mouse a poor surrogate to test agents that cure or prevent T1D. An additional criticism of the NOD mouse is the past difficulty in identifying genes underlying T1D using conventional mapping studies. However, most of the few diabetogenic alleles identified to date appear relevant to the human disorder. This suggests that rather than abandoning genetic studies in NOD mice, future efforts should focus on improving the efficiency with which diabetes susceptibility genes are detected. The current review highlights why the NOD mouse remains a relevant and valuable tool to understand the genes and their interactions that promote autoimmune diabetes and therapeutics that inhibit this disease. It also describes a new range of technologies that will likely transform how the NOD mouse is used to uncover the genetic causes of T1D for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Driver
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A single nucleotide polymorphism in the mitochondrial gene encoding NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (mt-ND2) has been associated with reduced incidence of human type 1 diabetes (T1D). We identified the orthologue of this mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism in mouse and using NOD mouse models linked this genetic polymorphism to T1D resistance. The mechanism how this single nucleotide polymorphism affects the development of diabetes is studied using mouse models and beta cell lines. METHODS The impact of this single nucleotide polymorphism on mitochondrial function and resistance to reactive oxygen species was assessed. For these studies we measured oxygen consumption by isolated mitochondria under different doses of nitric oxide. In addition, alloxan sensitivity of beta cell lines was tested using the MTT method to measure cell survival. RESULTS mt-Nd2a is associated with protection against mouse T1D and alloxan-induced diabetes. Mice with mt-Nd2a exhibited resistance to transfer of diabetes by single clone of diabetogenic CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Beta cell line with mt-Nd2a resist in vitro attack of diabetogenic CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, as well as free radicals generated by alloxan; isolated mitochondria with mt-Nd2a showed lower reactive oxygen species production and were more resistant to nitric oxide. CONCLUSION mt-Nd2a protects against T1D in mouse models. The protection is at beta cell level and is associated with resistance against reactive oxygen species-mediated damage and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA
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Chen J, Gusdon AM, Piganelli J, Leiter EH, Mathews CE. mt-Nd2(a) Modifies resistance against autoimmune type 1 diabetes in NOD mice at the level of the pancreatic β-cell. Diabetes 2011; 60:355-9. [PMID: 20980458 PMCID: PMC3012193 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the mitochondrial gene for NADH dehydrogenase 2 (mt-Nd2) can modulate susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS NOD/ShiLtJ mice conplastic for the alloxan resistant (ALR)/Lt-derived mt-Nd2(a) allele (NOD.mt(ALR)) were created and compared with standard NOD (carrying the mt-Nd2(c) allele) for susceptibility to spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, or to diabetes elicited by reciprocal adoptive splenic leukocyte transfers, as well as by adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T-cell clones. β-Cell lines derived from either the NOD (NIT-1) or the NOD.mt(ALR) (NIT-4) were also created to compare their susceptibility to cytolysis by diabetogenic CD8(+) T-cells in vitro. RESULTS NOD mice differing at this single SNP developed spontaneous or adoptively transferred diabetes at comparable rates and percentages. However, conplastic mice with the mt-Nd2(a) allele exhibited resistance to transfer of diabetes by the CD4(+) T-cell clone BDC 2.5 as well as the CD8(+) AI4 T-cell clones from T-cell receptor transgenic animals. NIT-4 cells with mt-Nd2(a) were also more resistant to AI4-mediated destruction in vitro than NIT-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Conplastic introduction into NOD mice of a variant mt-Nd2 allele alone was not sufficient to prevent spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Subtle nonhematopoietic type 1 diabetes resistance was observed during adoptive transfer experiments with T-cell clones. This study confirms that genetic polymorphisms in mitochondria can modulate β-cell sensitivity to autoimmune T-cell effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Aaron M. Gusdon
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jon Piganelli
- Division of Immunogenetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Corresponding author: Clayton E. Mathews,
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Tse HM, Thayer TC, Steele C, Cuda CM, Morel L, Piganelli JD, Mathews CE. NADPH oxidase deficiency regulates Th lineage commitment and modulates autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:5247-58. [PMID: 20881184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are used by the immune system to eliminate infections; however, they may also serve as signaling intermediates to coordinate the efforts of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this study, we show that by eliminating macrophage and T cell superoxide production through the NADPH oxidase (NOX), T cell polarization was altered. After stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 or priming recall, T cells from NOX-deficient mice exhibited a skewed Th17 phenotype, whereas NOX-intact cells produced cytokines indicative of a Th1 response. These findings were corroborated in vivo by studying two different autoimmune diseases mediated by Th17 or Th1 pathogenic T cell responses. NOX-deficient NOD mice were Th17 prone with a concomitant susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and significant protection against type 1 diabetes. These data validate the role of superoxide in shaping Th responses and as a signaling intermediate to modulate Th17 and Th1 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert M Tse
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Thayer TC, Wilson SB, Mathews CE. Use of nonobese diabetic mice to understand human type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:541-61. [PMID: 20723819 PMCID: PMC2925291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 1922, Leonard Thompson received the first injections of insulin prepared from the pancreas of canine test subjects. From pancreatectomized dogs to the more recent development of animal models that spontaneously develop autoimmune syndromes, animal models have played a meaningful role in furthering diabetes research. Of these animals, the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is the most widely used for research in type 1 diabetes (T1D) because the NOD shares several genetic and immunologic traits with the human form of the disease. In this article, the authors discuss the similarities and differences in NOD and human T1D and the potential role of NOD mice in future preclinical studies, aiming to provide a better understanding of the genetic and immune defects that lead to T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri C Thayer
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Kumarasamy S, Gopalakrishnan K, Shafton A, Nixon J, Thangavel J, Farms P, Joe B. Mitochondrial polymorphisms in rat genetic models of hypertension. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:299-306. [PMID: 20443117 PMCID: PMC2890981 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a complex trait that has been studied extensively for genetic contributions of the nuclear genome. We examined mitochondrial genomes of the hypertensive strains: the Dahl Salt-Sensitive (S) rat, the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR), and the Albino Surgery (AS) rat, and the relatively normotensive strains: the Dahl Salt-Resistant (R) rat, the Milan Normotensive Strain (MNS), and the Lewis rat (LEW). These strains were used previously for linkage analysis for blood pressure (BP) in our laboratory. The results provide evidence to suggest that variations in the mitochondrial genome do not account for observed differences in blood pressure between the S and R rats. However, variants were detected among the mitochondrial genomes of the various hypertensive strains, S, SHR, and AS, and also among the normotensive strains R, MNS, and LEW. A total of 115, 114, 106, 106, and 16 variations in mtDNA were observed between the comparisons S versus LEW, S versus MNS, S versus SHR, S versus AS, and SHR versus AS, respectively. Among the 13 genes coding for proteins of the electron transport chain, 8 genes had nonsynonymous variations between S, LEW, MNS, SHR, and AS. The lack of any sequence variants between the mitochondrial genomes of S and R rats provides conclusive evidence that divergence in blood pressure between these two inbred strains is exclusively programmed through their nuclear genomes. The variations detected among the various hypertensive strains provides the basis to construct conplastic strains and further evaluate the effects of these variants on hypertension and associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivarajan Kumarasamy
- Physiological Genomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-5804, USA
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Chen J, Gusdon AM, Thayer TC, Mathews CE. Role of increased ROS dissipation in prevention of T1D. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1150:157-66. [PMID: 19120287 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1447.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protection of pancreatic beta cells is an approach to prevent autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to protect transplanted islets. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators of beta cell death during the development of T1D. We have examined the role of elevated ROS dissipation in the prevention of T1D using the ALR mouse strain. The selection of ALR, for resistance against alloxan-induced free radical-mediated diabetes, led to a strain of mice with an elevated systemic as well as pancreatic ROS dissipation. Independent genetic mapping studies have identified ALR-derived diabetes protective loci. Conplastic and congenic mouse as well as cell line studies have confirmed the genetic mapping and demonstrated that the elevated ROS dissipation protects ALR beta cells from autoimmune destruction. Our data support the hypothesis that elevated ROS dissipation protects beta cells against autoimmune destruction and prevents T1D development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0275, USA
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