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Saliem SS, Bede SY, Abdulkareem AA, Abdullah BH, Milward MR, Cooper PR. Gingival tissue samples from periodontitis patients demonstrate epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:247-255. [PMID: 36575609 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the expression of key epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in gingival tissue samples collected from patients with periodontitis. BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a process responsible for shifting epithelial-phenotype to mesenchymal-phenotype leading to loss of epithelial-barrier function. Thus, EMT could be involved as a pathogenic mechanism in periodontitis as both conditions share common promoters and signalling pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gingival tissue samples were collected from patients with periodontitis (case) and healthy periodontium (control). Periodontal parameters including bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss were recorded. Paraffinized tissue samples were processed and immunohistochemically stained to determine the expression of key EMT markers which included E-cadherin, β-catenin, Snail1 and vimentin. RESULTS The majority of cases (n = 65, 72.2%) were diagnosed with periodontitis stage 3 or 4, grade b or c vs 25 (27.8%) subjects with intact healthy periodontium. Discontinuity of epithelium was detected in up to 80.9% of periodontitis cases associated with reduced number of epithelial layers as compared to controls. Immunohistochemical expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin and β-catenin) was significantly downregulated in periodontitis patients as compared with controls. Periodontitis cases exhibited significant upregulation of Snail1 expression. Furthermore, cytoplasmic vimentin (66.2%) and nuclear β-catenin (27.7%) were solely expressed in periodontally diseased tissues compared with control. Epithelial markers, E-cadherin and β-catenin, were significantly negatively correlated with increasing PPD, while vimentin showed positive correlation with this parameter. CONCLUSION There were marked downregulation of epithelial molecules and upregulation of mesenchymal markers in gingival tissues derived from periodontitis patients, suggesting expression of the EMT phenotype in the pathological epithelial lining of periodontal pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif S Saliem
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salwan Y Bede
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | | | - Paul R Cooper
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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2
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Nourian YH, Salimian J, Ahmadi A, Salehi Z, Karimi M, Emamvirdizadeh A, Azimzadeh Jamalkandi S, Ghanei M. cAMP-PDE signaling in COPD: Review of cellular, molecular and clinical features. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101438. [PMID: 36865738 PMCID: PMC9971187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death among non-contagious diseases in the world. PDE inhibitors are among current medicines prescribed for COPD treatment of which, PDE-4 family is the predominant PDE isoform involved in hydrolyzing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) that regulates the inflammatory responses in neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and epithelial cells The aim of this study is to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cAMP-PDE signaling, as an important pathway in the treatment management of patients with COPD. In this review, a comprehensive literature review was performed about the effect of PDEs in COPD. Generally, PDEs are overexpressed in COPD patients, resulting in cAMP inactivation and decreased cAMP hydrolysis from AMP. At normal amounts, cAMP is one of the essential agents in regulating metabolism and suppressing inflammatory responses. Low amount of cAMP lead to activation of downstream inflammatory signaling pathways. PDE4 and PDE7 mRNA transcript levels were not altered in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and CD8 lymphocytes originating from the peripheral venous blood of stable COPD subjects compared to healthy controls. Therefore, cAMP-PDE signaling pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways involved in COPD. By examining the effects of different drugs in this signaling pathway critical steps can be taken in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Hasani Nourian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Salimian
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Salehi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Karimi
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Emamvirdizadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Bio Sciences, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Azimzadeh Jamalkandi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author.
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bellamri M, Walmsley SJ, Brown C, Brandt K, Konorev D, Day A, Wu CF, Wu MT, Turesky RJ. DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress of Tobacco Smoke Condensate in Human Bladder Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1863-1880. [PMID: 35877975 PMCID: PMC9665352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer (BC), with up to 50% of BC cases being attributed to smoking. There are 70 known carcinogens in tobacco smoke; however, the principal chemicals responsible for BC remain uncertain. The aromatic amines 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) are implicated in BC pathogenesis of smokers on the basis of the elevated BC risk in factory workers exposed to these chemicals. However, 4-ABP and 2-NA only occur at several nanograms per cigarette and may be insufficient to induce BC. In contrast, other genotoxicants, including acrolein, occur at 1000-fold or higher levels in tobacco smoke. There is limited data on the toxicological effects of tobacco smoke in human bladder cells. We have assessed the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA damage of tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) in human RT4 bladder cells. TSC was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction into an acid-neutral fraction (NF), containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs, phenols, and aldehydes, and a basic fraction (BF) containing aromatic amines, heterocyclic aromatic amines, and N-nitroso compounds. The TSC and NF induced a time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity associated with oxidative stress, lipid peroxide formation, glutathione (GSH) depletion, and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site formation, while the BF showed weak effects. LC/MS-based metabolomic approaches showed that TSC and NF altered GSH biosynthesis pathways and induced more than 40 GSH conjugates. GSH conjugates of several hydroquinones were among the most abundant conjugates. RT4 cell treatment with synthetic hydroquinones and cresol mixtures at levels present in tobacco smoke accounted for most of the TSC-induced cytotoxicity and the AP sites formed. GSH conjugates of acrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, and crotonaldehyde levels also increased owing to TSC-induced oxidative stress. Thus, TSC is a potent toxicant and DNA-damaging agent, inducing deleterious effects in human bladder cells at concentrations of <1% of a cigarette in cell culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Scott J. Walmsley
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Christina Brown
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Kyle Brandt
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Dmitri Konorev
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Abderrahman Day
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, CS Building, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tsang Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, CS Building, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
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Lin F, Liao C, Zhang J, Sun Y, Lu W, Bai Y, Liao Y, Li M, Qi Y, Chen Y. Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Bronchial Epithelial Cell Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Through Regulating Endoplasm Reticulum Stress. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:828766. [PMID: 35495633 PMCID: PMC9039047 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.828766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a contributing factor in remodeling events of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD, but the effect of H2S in regulating EMT and the underlying mechanisms is not clear. In this study, we assessed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, EMT markers and associated signal molecules in rat lungs, bronchial epithelial cells, and human peripheral lung tissues to investigate the effect of H2S in regulating EMT and the underlying mechanisms. We found that EMT and ER stress occurred in lung epithelial cells, especially in the bronchial epithelial cells of smokers and COPD patients. In cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed rats, intraperitoneal injection of NaHS significantly alleviated CS-induced lung tissue damage, small airway fibrosis, ER stress, and EMT, while intraperitoneal injection of propargylglycine (cystathionine-gamma-lyase inhibitor) aggravated these effects induced by CS. In the nicotine-exposed 16HBE cells, an appropriate concentration of H2S donor not only inhibited nicotine-induced ER stress, but also inhibited nicotine-induced enhancement of cell migration ability and EMT. ER stress nonspecific inhibitors taurine and 4-phenyl butyric acid also inhibited nicotine-induced enhancement of cell migration ability and EMT. Both H2S and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) activation inhibitor 4μ8C inhibited nicotine-induced activation of IRE1, Smad2/3 and EMT. These results suggest that H2S inhibits CS- or nicotine-induced ER stress and EMT in bronchial epithelial cells and alleviates CS-induced lung tissue damage and small airway fibrosis. The IRE1 signal pathway and Smad2/3 may be responsible for the inhibitory effect of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Geriatric Medicine Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minxia Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yahong Chen, ; Yongfen Qi,
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yahong Chen, ; Yongfen Qi,
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Chen TY, Liu CH, Chen TH, Chen MR, Liu SW, Lin P, Lin KMC. Conditioned Media of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Suppresses Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Extract Induced Cell Death and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112069. [PMID: 34769496 PMCID: PMC8584490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung epithelial cells is increasingly being recognized as a key stage in the development of COPD, fibrosis, and lung cancers, which are all highly associated with cigarette smoking and with exposure to second-hand smoke. Using the exposure of human lung cancer epithelial A549 cells and non-cancerous Beas-2B cells to sidestream cigarette smoke extract (CSE) as a model, we studied the protective effects of adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned medium (ADSC-CM) against CSE-induced cell death and EMT. CSE dose-dependently induced cell death, decreased epithelial markers, and increased the expression of mesenchymal markers. Upstream regulator analysis of differentially expressed genes after CSE exposure revealed similar pathways as those observed in typical EMT induced by TGF-β1. CSE-induced cell death was clearly attenuated by ADSC-CM but not by other control media, such as a pass-through fraction of ADSC-CM or A549-CM. ADSC-CM effectively inhibited CSE-induced EMT and was able to reverse the gradual loss of epithelial marker expression associated with TGF-β1 treatment. CSE or TGF-β1 enhanced the speed of A549 migration by 2- to 3-fold, and ADSC-CM was effective in blocking the cell migration induced by either agent. Future work will build on the results of this in vitro study by defining the molecular mechanisms through which ADSC-CM protects lung epithelial cells from EMT induced by toxicants in second-hand smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (C.-H.L.); (T.-H.C.); (M.-R.C.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Chia-Hao Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (C.-H.L.); (T.-H.C.); (M.-R.C.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (C.-H.L.); (T.-H.C.); (M.-R.C.); (S.-W.L.)
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi 600566, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (C.-H.L.); (T.-H.C.); (M.-R.C.); (S.-W.L.)
| | - Shan-Wen Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (C.-H.L.); (T.-H.C.); (M.-R.C.); (S.-W.L.)
- Institute of Population Health, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Pinpin Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Kurt Ming-Chao Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan; (T.-Y.C.); (C.-H.L.); (T.-H.C.); (M.-R.C.); (S.-W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-37206166 (ext. 37118)
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Coco JC, Ataide JA, Sake JA, Tambourgi EB, Ehrhardt C, Mazzola PG. In vitro antioxidant and wound healing properties of baru nut extract ( Dipteryx alata Vog.) in pulmonary epithelial cells for therapeutic application in chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD). Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4475-4481. [PMID: 34618614 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1984909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Baru nuts (Dipteryx alata Vog.) are a native species from Brazil, rich in phenols and other antioxidants, with high socioeconomic value and possible pharmaceutical applications. Here we investigated baru nut ethanolic extract (BNEE) antioxidant and wound healing activities in human NCI-H441 and A549 lung epithelial cell lines for a possible use in conditions related to oxidative stress and wound healing impairments, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). BNEE was characterised with high DPPH free radical scavenging activity and high total phenolics content, amongst them gallic acid, that was identified and quantified by HPLC. BNEE was not cytotoxic at concentrations studied, reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species before and during oxidative stress and increased wound healing in cell monolayers. These are the first steps to investigate the beneficial properties of baru in diseases related to oxidative stress and wound healing impairments such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cedran Coco
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Johannes A Sake
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Zhu L, Xu F, Kang X, Zhou J, Yao Q, Lin Y, Zhang W. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine promotes immune response and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition to alleviate pulmonary fibrosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by suppressing the VWF/p38 MAPK axis. Mol Med 2021; 27:97. [PMID: 34479474 PMCID: PMC8414683 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) demonstrates applications in the prevention of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is often characterized by fibrosis of the small airways. This study aims at investigating the physiological mechanisms by which NAC might mediate the pulmonary fibrosis in COPD. Methods A total of 10 non-smokers without COPD and 10 smokers with COPD were recruited in this study, and COPD rat models were established. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) cell models were constructed. The gain- or loss-of-function experiments were adopted to determine the expression of VWF and the extent of p38 MAPK phosphorylation, levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA) in the serum of COPD rats and supernatant of alveolar epithelial cells and to detect cell invasion and migration and the ratio of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+T lymphocytes. Results Expression of VWF and the extent of p38 MAPK phosphorylation were increased in COPD. NAC inhibited p38 MAPK phosphorylation by reducing the VWF expression. NAC could inhibit cell migration and invasion, elevate E-cadherin expression, the ratio of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+T lymphocytes, and levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM, and reduce N-cadherin expression and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in CSE cells and serum of COPD rats. NAC promoted immune response and suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) to relieve COPD-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the VWF/p38 MAPK axis. Conclusions Collectively, NAC could ameliorate COPD-induced pulmonary fibrosis by promoting immune response and inhibiting EMT process via the VWF/p38 MAPK axis, therefore providing us with a potential therapeutic target for treating COPD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-021-00342-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Kang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinqin Yao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Pereira ABM, Oliveira JR, Souza ALJ, Andrade-Silva L, Silva MV, Silva PR, Silva-Vergara ML, Rogerio AP. Effects of cigarette smoke extract on bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with Cryptococcus neoformans. Med Microbiol Immunol 2021; 210:221-233. [PMID: 34228244 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the airways, the adhesion of Cryptococcus neoformans with airway epithelial cells is crucial for the establishment of cryptococcosis. Tobacco smoke is considered a risk factor for cryptococcosis. Here, we evaluated the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) stimulated with C. neoformans. Multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of 1-100 of C. neoformans per cell led to increased IL-8 production and no cytotoxic effects when compared to those of controls. C. neoformans (MOI 100) also significantly increased the concentration of IL-6. In cells stimulated with CSE doses (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0%) from one or five cigarettes, increased IL-1β production was observed only in doses from one (1.0%) and five (2.5%) cigarettes when compared to that of controls. However, only 1.0% CSE failed to show cytotoxic effects. In addition, CSE significantly increased the concentration of IL-8. Cells stimulated with both CSE and C. neoformans demonstrated a reduction in IL-6/STAT3 signalling compared to that in cells stimulated by C. neoformans. In addition, a significant increase in IL-10 production was also observed. No alterations in NF-kB or ICAM-1 expression were observed among the groups. The combination of CSE and C. neoformans favoured the increase of fungal numbers and extracellular adhering of C. neoformans on BEAS-2B cells. In addition, the internalization of C. neoformans on BEAS-2B cells was reduced after CSE stimulation. In conclusion, the association of CSE and C. neoformans induced an anti-inflammatory effect in bronchial epithelial cells, which might favour the development of C. neoformans infection in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Beatriz Mahler Pereira
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Street Vigário Carlos 162, Uberaba, MG, 38025-380, Brazil
| | - Jhony Robison Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Street Vigário Carlos 162, Uberaba, MG, 38025-380, Brazil
| | - Ana Leticia Julio Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Street Vigário Carlos 162, Uberaba, MG, 38025-380, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Andrade-Silva
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute Department of Clinical Medicine, of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Street Vigário Carlos 162, Uberaba, MG, 38025-380, Brazil
| | - Mario Leon Silva-Vergara
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Paula Rogerio
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunopharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Street Vigário Carlos 162, Uberaba, MG, 38025-380, Brazil.
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9
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Sun HN, Ren CX, Gong YX, Xie DP, Kwon T. Regulatory function of peroxiredoxin I on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung cancer development. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:465. [PMID: 33907575 PMCID: PMC8063228 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a major cause of lung cancer, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is one of the most important carcinogens in cigarette smoke. NNK modulates the expression of peroxiredoxin (Prdx) I in lung cancer. Prdx1 is upregulated in lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma, and considered a potential biomarker for lung cancer. The current article reviewed the role and regulatory mechanisms of Prdx1 in NNK-induced lung cancer cells. Prdx1 protects erythrocytes and DNA from NNK-induced oxidative damage, prevents malignant transformation of cells and promotes cytotoxicity of natural killer cells, hence suppressing tumor formation. In addition, Prdx1 has the ability to prevent NNK-induced lung tumor metabolic activity and generation of large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced apoptosis, thus promoting tumor cell survival. In contrast to this, Prdx1, together with NNK, can promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration of lung tumor cells. The signaling pathways associated with NNK and Prdx1 in lung cancer cells have been discussed in present review; however, numerous potential pathways are yet to be studied. To develop novel methods for treating NNK-induced lung cancer, and improve the survival rate of patients with lung cancer, further research is needed to understand the complete mechanism associated with NNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Nan Sun
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Xi Ren
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xi Gong
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Ping Xie
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 56216, Republic of Korea
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Xie C, Zhu J, Yang X, Huang C, Zhou L, Meng Z, Li X, Zhong C. TAp63α Is Involved in Tobacco Smoke-Induced Lung Cancer EMT and the Anti-cancer Activity of Curcumin via miR-19 Transcriptional Suppression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:645402. [PMID: 33748140 PMCID: PMC7970191 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.645402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key risk factor for lung cancer, tobacco smoke (TS) influences several cellular processes, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). TAp63α is a crucial transcription factor involved in tumor progression. The present study was designed to investigate the potential role and underlying mechanisms of TAp63α in TS-induced lung cancer EMT. We found that compared to normal tissues, the tumor tissues collected from lung cancer patients showed a lower level of TAp63α expression, along with downregulated E-cadherin expression and upregulated Vimentin expression. Results of treatment with TAp63α and TAp63α siRNA as well as with tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β) showed that TAp63α acted as a tumor suppressor gene, and its upregulated expression suppressed lung cancer EMT. Significantly, TS exposure altered expression of EMT-related markers, enhanced cell migratory and invasive capacities, and decreased the TAp63α expression level in lung cancer cells. Overexpression of TAp63α significantly alleviated TS-stimulated lung cancer EMT. Mechanistically, TAp63α expression transcriptionally reduced the miR-19 level, which resulted in the suppression of lung cancer EMT. Additionally, as a natural compound possessing anti-cancer effects, curcumin inhibited TS-induced lung cancer EMT by increasing TAp63α expression and reducing miR-19 expression. Collectively, our results indicate that TAp63α inhibits TS-induced lung cancer EMT via transcriptionally suppressing miR-19 and the inhibitory effect of TAp63α on miR-19 mediates the anti-cancer action of curcumin. These findings provide new insights into novel targets for lung cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Digestive Disease and Nutrition Research Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Guangde Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Guangde, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zili Meng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Pivotal Role of Fyn Kinase in Parkinson's Disease and Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia: a Novel Therapeutic Target? Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1372-1391. [PMID: 33175322 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The exact etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains obscure, although many cellular mechanisms including α-synuclein aggregation, oxidative damage, excessive neuroinflammation, and dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis are implicated in its pathogenesis. There is still no disease-modifying treatment for PD and the gold standard therapy, chronic use of levodopa is usually accompanied by severe side effects, mainly levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Hence, the elucidation of the precise underlying molecular mechanisms is of paramount importance. Fyn is a tyrosine phospho-transferase of the Src family nonreceptor kinases that is highly implicated in immune regulation, cell proliferation and normal brain development. Accumulating preclinical evidence highlights the emerging role of Fyn in key aspects of PD and LID pathogenesis: it may regulate α-synuclein phosphorylation, oxidative stress-induced dopaminergic neuronal death, enhanced neuroinflammation and glutamate excitotoxicity by mediating key signaling pathways, such as BDNF/TrkB, PKCδ, MAPK, AMPK, NF-κB, Nrf2, and NMDAR axes. These findings suggest that therapeutic targeting of Fyn or Fyn-related pathways may represent a novel approach in PD treatment. Saracatinib, a nonselective Fyn inhibitor, has already been tested in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease, and novel selective Fyn inhibitors are under investigation. In this comprehensive review, we discuss recent evidence on the role of Fyn in the pathogenesis of PD and LID and provide insights on additional Fyn-related molecular mechanisms to be explored in PD and LID pathology that could aid in the development of future Fyn-targeted therapeutic approaches.
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12
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Zhou H, Liu Y, Wang Z, Yang Y, Li M, Yuan D, Zhang X, Li Y. CD147 Promoted Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Airway Epithelial Cells Induced by Cigarette Smoke via Oxidative Stress Signaling Pathway. COPD 2020; 17:269-279. [PMID: 32366134 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2020.1758051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common airway disease, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is participated in the pathogenesis of COPD. However, the role of CD147 in COPD remains largely unknown. In order to clarify the role of CD147 in EMT induced by cigarette smoke, we established animal and cell model of EMT by mean of cigarette smoke exposure and detected the expressions of CD147 and EMT markers via PCR, WB and IF. RNA inference was applied to study the role of CD147 in CSE induced EMT in vitro. NAC and H2O2 were used to study oxidative stress signaling pathway in this model. As a result, cigarette smoke exposure upregulated the expressions of CD147, α-SMA, and Vimentin and downregulated the expression of Ecadherin and ZO1 both in vivo and in vitro, which was accompanied by augmented level of oxidative stress. CD147 knockdown would partly inhibit CSE induced EMT, while preincubation of H2O2 could inverse this effect. In conclusion, CD147 promoted EMT in mice and HBE cells induced by cigarette smoke via oxidative stress signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yuanshun Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhehua Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Dong Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yaqing Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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13
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Giotopoulou GA, Stathopoulos GT. Effects of Inhaled Tobacco Smoke on the Pulmonary Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1225:53-69. [PMID: 32030647 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35727-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is a multicomponent mixture of chemical, organic, and inorganic compounds, as well as additive substances and radioactive materials. Many studies have proved the carcinogenicity of various of these compounds through the induction of DNA adducts, mutational potential, epigenetic changes, gene fusions, and chromosomal events. The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in malignant tumor formation and progression through the regulation of expression of key molecules which mediate the recruitment of immune cells to the tumor site and subsequently regulate tumor growth and metastasis. In this chapter, we discuss the effects of inhaled tobacco smoke in the tumor microenvironment of the respiratory tract. The mechanisms underlying these effects as well as their link with tumor progression are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia A Giotopoulou
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece.
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
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14
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Agraval H, Yadav UCS. MMP-2 and MMP-9 mediate cigarette smoke extract-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in airway epithelial cells via EGFR/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway: Amelioration by fisetin. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 314:108846. [PMID: 31606474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in EMT but their role in the regulation of cigarette smoke-induced EMT in airway epithelium is not clear. We have therefore investigated the potential role of MMP-2 and -9 in cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induced EMT using A549 lung epithelial cells and human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). The cells were treated with different concentration of CSE, and MTT and trypan blue assays, acridine orange-ethidium bromide assay, gelatin zymography, Western blotting, immunofluorescence studies, Boyden-chamber assay, wound healing assay and air-liquid interface (ALI) culture were used to assess different cellular and molecular changes associated with EMT. The results depict that CSE increased the cytotoxicity along with a concurrent increase in the expression and activity of MMP-2 and -9. CSE further altered EMT markers like E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, and the molecular modulators of EMT such as β-catenin and pGSK-3β. Further, CSE also upregulated EGFR, AKT, and ERK1/2 in airway epithelial cells. SB-3CT, a known inhibitor of MMP-2 and -9, altered and reversed the expression of markers of EMT and kinases, validating the role of MMP-2 and -9 in CSE-induced EMT. Fisetin, a plant-derived bioflavonoid, also reversed the expression of EMT markers and molecular regulators in a similar fashion as SB-3CT. In summary, this study highlights the role of MMP-2 and -9 in CSE-induced EMT and curate its molecular cascade through EGFR/AKT/ERK/β-catenin axis, which could be restored by MMP-2 and -9 inhibitor and fisetin. Fisetin is hitherto unknown to modulate CSE-induced MMPs activity in airway epithelial cells, and our study suggests its potential role as a therapeutic approach in CSE-induced EMT in lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Agraval
- Metabolic Disorders and Inflammatory Pathologies Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Sector 30, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Umesh C S Yadav
- Metabolic Disorders and Inflammatory Pathologies Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Sector 30, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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15
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Sarkar R, Kishida S, Kishida M, Nakamura N, Kibe T, Karmakar D, Chaudhuri CR, Barui A. Effect of cigarette smoke extract on mitochondrial heme-metabolism: An in vitro model of oral cancer progression. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:336-346. [PMID: 31247333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is considered as one of the major risk factors for development of oral cancer. In vitro studies indicate that cigarette smoke initiates transformation of epithelial cells toward development of oral cancer through altering mitochondrial metabolic pathways. However the present in vitro models need to be improved to correlate these molecular changes with epithelial transformations. In present study, we investigated the association of mitochondrial metabolic events with oral cancer progression under cigarette smoke extract (CSE). In this regard, an in vitro model of oral keratinocyte cell line (MOE1A) was developed by exposing them with different concentrations of CSE. Alterations in cellular phenomena were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study, which indicated changes in important functional groups of CSE-induced oral cells. Enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) of exposed cells altered the mitochondrial metabolic activities in terms of increased mitochondrial mass and DNA content. Further, mitochondrial heme-metabolism was investigated and real-time PCR study showed altered expression of important genes like ALAS1, ABCB6, CPOX, FECH, HO-1. Both transcriptomic and proteomic studies showed up- and down-regulation of important biomarkers related to cellular cancer progression. Overall data suggest that CSE alters mitochondrial heme metabolic pathway and initiates cancer progression through modifying cellar biomarkers in oral epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripon Sarkar
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering of Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Shosei Kishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Michiko Kishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Norifumi Nakamura
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kibe
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | | | - Chirasree Roy Chaudhuri
- Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering of Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Ananya Barui
- Centre for Healthcare Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Engineering of Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India.
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16
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The effects of cigarette smoking extracts on cell cycle and tumor spread: novel evidence. Future Sci OA 2019. [DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2019-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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17
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Pezzuto A, Citarella F, Croghan I, Tonini G. The effects of cigarette smoking extracts on cell cycle and tumor spread: novel evidence. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO394. [PMID: 31205749 PMCID: PMC6556819 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2019-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major preventable risk factor for lung cancer, contributing to lung cancer progression and metastasis. Moreover, cigarette smoking correlates with increased metastasis frequency of pancreatic, breast and bladder cancer. The aim of this review was to examine the role of cigarette smoke extract in cell cycle and cancer progression. Clinical impact and the effects of cigarette smoke extract on carcinogenesis are discussed. 98 of the over 5000 chemicals in tobacco smoke are known carcinogens that can act on cancer genes such as K-RAS and p53. Through various mechanisms these compounds can activate molecules involved in the cell cycle, such as cyclins, and molecules involved in apoptosis and autophagy, such as Beclin-1 or LC3B. A search of the literature, including in vitro and in vivo studies, was carried out and the results summarized. There is evidence of cancerogenic effects of cigarette smoke compounds. Cigarette smoke extract is a tobacco condensate obtained by filtration processes. Studies have shown that it can modify the cell cycle, inducing uncontrolled cell proliferation. This effect occurs through activation of genetic and epigenetic pathways and increasing the expression of proteins involved in inflammation. The pathways activated by cigarette smoke extract open up opportunities for researchers to develop new targeted therapies toward the specific molecules involved. Furthermore, the effects exerted by cigarette smoke extract on normal epithelial cells hold potential for use in the development of prevention medicine and early cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Pezzuto
- Cardiovascular & Thoracic Department, AOU Sant'Andrea, Sapienza - Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Ivana Croghan
- Department of Medicine Clinical Research Office & Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Giuseppe Tonini
- Oncology Department, Campus Bio-Medico Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
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18
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Weng MS, Chang JH, Hung WY, Yang YC, Chien MH. The interplay of reactive oxygen species and the epidermal growth factor receptor in tumor progression and drug resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:61. [PMID: 29548337 PMCID: PMC5857086 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays important roles in cell survival, growth, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of the EGFR is a common mechanism in cancer progression especially in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Main body Suppression of the EGFR-mediated signaling pathway is used in cancer treatment. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress from mitochondrial dysfunction or NADPH oxidase (NOX) overactivation and ectopic expression of antioxidative enzymes were also indicated to be involved in EGFR-mediated tumor progression (proliferation, differentiation, migration, and invasion) and drug resistance (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)). The products of NOX, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are considered to be major types of ROS. ROS are not only toxic materials to cells but also signaling regulators of tumor progression. Oxidation of both the EGFR and downstream phosphatases by ROS enhances EGFR-mediated signaling and promotes tumor progression. This review primarily focuses on the recent literature with respect to the roles of the EGFR and ROS and correlations between ROS and the EGFR in tumor progression and EGFR TKI resistance. Short conclusion The evidence discussed in this article can serve as a basis for basic and clinical research to understand how to modulate ROS levels to control the development and drug resistance of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shih Weng
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Hwa Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yueh Hung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Yang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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19
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Solanki HS, Raja R, Zhavoronkov A, Ozerov IV, Artemov AV, Advani J, Radhakrishnan A, Babu N, Puttamallesh VN, Syed N, Nanjappa V, Subbannayya T, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Patil AH, Prasad TSK, Gaykalova D, Chang X, Sathyendran R, Mathur PP, Rangarajan A, Sidransky D, Pandey A, Izumchenko E, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. Targeting focal adhesion kinase overcomes erlotinib resistance in smoke induced lung cancer by altering phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Oncoscience 2018; 5:21-38. [PMID: 29556515 PMCID: PMC5854290 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EGFR-based targeted therapies have shown limited success in smokers. Identification of alternate signaling mechanism(s) leading to TKI resistance in smokers is critically important. We observed increased resistance to erlotinib in H358 NSCLC (non-small cell lung carcinoma) cells chronically exposed to cigarette smoke (H358-S) compared to parental cells. SILAC-based mass-spectrometry approach was used to study altered signaling in H358-S cell line. Importantly, among the top phosphosites in H358-S cells we observed hyperphosphorylation of EGFR (Y1197) and non-receptor tyrosine kinase FAK (Y576/577). Supporting these observations, a transcriptomic-based pathway activation analysis of TCGA NSCLC datasets revealed that FAK and EGFR internalization pathways were significantly upregulated in smoking patients, compared to the never-smokers and were associated with elevated PI3K signaling and lower level of caspase cascade and E-cadherin pathways activation. We show that inhibition of FAK led to decreased cellular proliferation and invasive ability of the smoke-exposed cells, and restored their dependency on EGFR signaling. Our data suggests that activation of focal adhesion pathway significantly contributes to erlotinib resistance, and that FAK is a potential therapeutic target for management of erlotinib resistance in smoke-induced NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra S Solanki
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Remya Raja
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ivan V Ozerov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Artem V Artemov
- Insilico Medicine, Inc., Emerging Technology Centers, Johns Hopkins University at Eastern, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | | | - Niraj Babu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Vinuth N Puttamallesh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam 690525, India
| | - Nazia Syed
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India
| | | | | | | | - Arun H Patil
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India.,NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Daria Gaykalova
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Xiaofei Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Rachana Sathyendran
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Premendu Prakash Mathur
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Annapoorni Rangarajan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore 560066, India.,Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
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20
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Shin NR, Park JW, Lee IC, Ko JW, Park SH, Kim JS, Kim JC, Ahn KS, Shin IS. Melatonin suppresses fibrotic responses induced by cigarette smoke via downregulation of TGF-β1. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95692-95703. [PMID: 29221159 PMCID: PMC5707053 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is the most important risk factor in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible response and important feature of COPD. In this study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on fibrotic response in development of COPD using a CS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced COPD model and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-stimulated NCI-H292 cells, a human mucoepidermoid cell line. Mice were exposed to CS for 1 h per day (8 cigarettes per day) from day 1 to day 7 and were treated intranasally with LPS on day 4. Melatonin (10 or 20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 1 h before CS exposure. Melatonin decreased the inflammatory cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), with a reduction in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. Melatonin inhibited the expression of TGF-β1, collagen I and SMAD3 phosphorylation in lung tissue exposed to CS and LPS. In CSC-stimulated H292 cells, melatonin suppressed the elevated expression of fibrotic mediators induced by CSC treatment. Melatonin reduced the expression of TGF-β1, collagen I, SMAD3 and p38 phosphorylation in CSC-stimulated H292 cells. In addition, cotreatment with melatonin and TGF-β1 inhibitors significantly limited fibrotic mediators, with greater reductions in the expression of TGF-β1, collagen I, SMAD3 and p38 phosphorylation than those of H292 cells treated with TGF-β1 inhibitor alone. Taken together, melatonin effectively inhibited fibrotic responses induced by CS and LPS exposure, which was related to the downregulation of TGF-β1. Therefore, our results suggest that melatonin may suppress the pulmonary fibrotic response induced by CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Rae Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Jeonbuk Branch, Korea Research Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Won Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyeuk Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Sun Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science (DIRAMS), Busan 619-953, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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21
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Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and MicroRNAs in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9080101. [PMID: 28771186 PMCID: PMC5575604 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9080101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the major cause of cancer-related death in developed countries. Metastasis and drug resistance are the main factors contributing to relapse and death. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex molecular and cellular process involved in tissue remodelling that was extensively studied as an actor of tumour progression, metastasis and drug resistance in many cancer types and in lung cancers. Here we described with an emphasis on NSCLC how the changes in signalling pathways, transcription factors expression or microRNAs that occur in cancer promote EMT. Understanding the biology of EMT will help to define reversing process and treatment strategies. We will see that this complex mechanism is related to inflammation, cell mobility and stem cell features and that it is a dynamic process. The existence of intermediate phenotypes and tumour heterogeneity may be debated in the literature concerning EMT markers, EMT signatures and clinical consequences in NSCLC. However, given the role of EMT in metastasis and in drug resistance the development of EMT inhibitors is an interesting approach to counteract tumour progression and drug resistance. This review describes EMT involvement in cancer with an emphasis on NSCLC and microRNA regulation.
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Wang Y, Geng H, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Xie D, Zhang T, Min J, Yu D, Zhong C. Role of AP-1 in the tobacco smoke-induced urocystic abnormal cell differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vivo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:8243-8252. [PMID: 31966675 PMCID: PMC6965368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is believed to arise after a series of progressive pathological changes. Cell differentiation exists in almost all cells, when become aberrant, can initiate or promote diseases processes and tumorigenesis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial pathophysiological process in cancer initiation and development. Tobacco smoke is an important risk factor of bladder cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of tobacco smoke-triggered abnormal cell differentiation and EMT in bladder tissues have not been well defined. The current study was designed to investigate the regulatory role of AP-1 in tobacco smoke-triggered urocystic abnormal cell differentiation and EMT in vivo. Exposure of male BALB/c mice to tobacco smoke for 12 weeks altered the expression of cell differentiation and EMT markers in bladder tissues. Importantly, we demonstrated that AP-1 modulated tobacco smoke-induced abnormal cell differentiation and EMT, as evidenced by the findings that tobacco smoke elevated AP-1 activation, and tobacco smoke-mediated cell differentiation and EMT were reversed by AP-1 suppression. These data indicated that AP-1 play an important role in tobacco smoke-induced urocystic abnormal cell differentiation and EMT. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of tobacco smoke associated urocystic tumorigenesis and may help to discover potential targets for novel therapies and chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Hao Geng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Dongdong Xie
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Jie Min
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
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Liang Z, Wu R, Xie W, Xie C, Wu J, Geng S, Li X, Zhu M, Zhu W, Zhu J, Huang C, Ma X, Xu W, Zhong C, Han H. Effects of Curcumin on Tobacco Smoke-induced Hepatic MAPK Pathway Activation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition In Vivo. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1230-1239. [PMID: 28585748 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is a major risk factor for hepatic cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by tobacco smoke is crucially involved in the initiation and development of cancer. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways play important roles in tobacco smoke-associated carcinogenesis including EMT process. The chemopreventive effect of curcumin supplementation against cancers has been reported. In this study, we investigated the effects of tobacco smoke on MAPK pathway activation and EMT alterations, and then the preventive effect of curcumin was examined in the liver of BALB/c mice. Our results indicated that exposure of mice to tobacco smoke for 12 weeks led to activation of ERK1/2, JNK, p38 and ERK5 pathways as well as activator protein-1 (AP-1) proteins in liver tissue. Exposure of mice to tobacco smoke reduced the hepatic mRNA and protein expression of the epithelial markers, while the hepatic mRNA and protein levels of the mesenchymal markers were increased. Treatment of curcumin effectively attenuated tobacco smoke-induced activation of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPK pathways, AP-1 proteins and EMT alterations in the mice liver. Our data suggested the protective effect of curcumin in tobacco smoke-triggered MAPK pathway activation and EMT in the liver of BALB/c mice, thus providing new insights into the chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-associated hepatic cancer. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Chongchuanqu Market Supervision Administration, Nantong, 226006, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Institute of Food Safety and Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jieshu Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shanshan Geng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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Pine bark extract (Pycnogenol®) suppresses cigarette smoke-induced fibrotic response via transforming growth factor-β1/Smad family member 2/3 signaling. Lab Anim Res 2017; 33:76-83. [PMID: 28747971 PMCID: PMC5527150 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2017.33.2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is an important disease featured as intense inflammation, protease imbalance, and air flow limitation and mainly induced by cigarette smoke (CS). In present study, we explored the effects of Pycnogenol® (PYC, pine bark extract) on pulmonary fibrosis caused by CS+lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Mice were treated with LPS intranasally on day 12 and 26, followed by CS exposure for 1 h/day (8 cigarettes per day) for 4 weeks. One hour before CS exposure, 10 and 20 mg/kg of PYC were administered by oral gavage for 4 weeks. PYC effectively reduced the number of inflammatory cells and proinflammatory mediators caused by CS+LPS exposure in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. PYC inhibited the collagen deposition on lung tissue caused by CS+LPS exposure, as evidenced by Masson's trichrome stain. Furthermore, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression and Smad family member 2/3 (Smad 2/3) phosphorylation were effectively suppressed by PYC treatment. PYC markedly reduced the collagen deposition caused by CS+LPS exposure, which was closely involved in TGF-β1/Smad 2/3 signaling, which is associated with pulmonary fibrotic change. These findings suggest that treatment with PYC could be a therapeutic strategy for controlling COPD progression.
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25
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Zhang L, Li J, Hu J, Li D, Wang X, Zhang R, Zhang H, Shi M, Chen H. Cigarette smoke extract induces EGFR-TKI resistance via promoting EGFR signaling pathway and ROS generation in NSCLC cell lines. Lung Cancer 2017; 109:109-116. [PMID: 28577939 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) somatic-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with smoking history always show a poor response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). The aim of the study is to explore the molecular mechanism of EGFR-TKI resistance induced by cigarette smoke extract and investigate the novel anti-resistance strategies. METHODS The effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on gefitinib sensitivity, EGFR signaling, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected in vitro by MTT assays, western blot, flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscope, respectively. RESULTS MTT assays presented that CSE claimed antagonistic effect on gefitinib sensitivity via the up-regulated half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, western blot showed that CSE instigated EGFR, AKT phosphorylation, while N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine (NAC) could alleviate gefitinib resistance and abort the aberrant phosphorylation in both PC-9 and A549 cells. Confocal microscope and flow cytometry displayed that ROS generation increased after CSE exposure in NSCLC cells and this change could be inhibited by NAC. CONCLUSION Cigarette smoke extract induces EGFR-TKI resistance via promoting EGFR signaling and ROS generation in NSCLC cell lines which could be suppressed by NAC. Alternatively, combined NAC with EGFR-TKIs to treat EGFR mutated NSCLC patients with smoking history may be a potential choice in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Meng Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Min J, Geng H, Liu Z, Liang Z, Zhang Z, Xie D, Wang Y, Zhang T, Yu D, Zhong C. ERK5 regulates tobacco smoke‑induced urocystic epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in BALB/c mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3893-3897. [PMID: 28440402 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (TS) is an important risk factor of bladder cancer. Epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in the initiation and development of cancer. The role of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) 5 in regulating TS‑induced EMT remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the regulatory role of ERK5 in TS‑triggered EMT in the bladder of mice. BALB/c mice were used for an in vivo TS exposure model. Mice were treated for 6 h a day for 12 weeks. The results demonstrated that mice exposed to TS had decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of the epithelial markers E‑cadherin and zonula occludens‑1, whereas expression levels of the mesenchymal markers Vimentin and N‑cadherin were increased. Treatment with XMD8‑92, a highly specific ERK5 inhibitor, effectively abrogated TS‑triggered activation of ERK5, activator protein‑1 and EMT alterations in the bladder of BALB/c mice. The data suggested that ERK5 regulates TS‑mediated urocystic EMT. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of TS‑associated bladder tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Min
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Hao Geng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqi Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Xie
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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Wible RS, Sutter TR. Soft Cysteine Signaling Network: The Functional Significance of Cysteine in Protein Function and the Soft Acids/Bases Thiol Chemistry That Facilitates Cysteine Modification. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:729-762. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Wible
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §W. Harry Feinstone Center for Genomic
Research, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3370, United States
| | - Thomas R. Sutter
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biological Sciences, and §W. Harry Feinstone Center for Genomic
Research, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3370, United States
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28
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Kim CW, Go RE, Lee HM, Hwang KA, Lee K, Kim B, Lee MY, Choi KC. Cigarette smoke extracts induced the colon cancer migration via regulating epithelial mesenchymal transition and metastatic genes in human colon cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:690-704. [PMID: 27087172 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There was considerable evidence that exposure to cigarette smoke is associated with an increased risk for colon cancer. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the relationship between cigarette smoking and colon cancer remains unclear. Moreover, there were only a few studies on effects of complexing substance contained in cigarette smoke on colon cancer. Thus, we further investigated whether cigarette smoke extract (CSE) affects the cell cycle, apoptosis and migration of human metastatic colon cancer cells, SW-620. MTT assay revealed that SW-620 cell proliferation was significantly inhibited following treatments with all CSEs, 3R4F, and two-domestic cigarettes, for 9 days in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, CSE treatments decreased cyclin D1 and E1, and increased p21 and p27 proteins by Western blot analysis in SW-620 cells. Additionally, the treatment of the cells with CSE contributed to these effects expressing by apoptosis-related proteins. An increased migration or invasion ability of SW-620 cells following CSE treatment was also confirmed by a scratch or fibronectin invasion assay in vitro. In addition, the protein levels of E-cadherin as an epithelial maker were down-regulated, while the mesenchymal markers, N-cadherin, snail, and slug, were up-regulated in a time-dependent manner. A metastatic marker, cathepsin D, was also down-regulated by CSE treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that CSE exposure in colon cancer cells may deregulate the cell growth by altering the expression of cell cycle-related proteins and pro-apoptotic protein, and stimulate cell metastatic ability by altering epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and cathepsin D expression. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 690-704, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Eun Go
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Miru Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center, Jeonbuk Department of Non-Human Primate, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Sun X, Deng Q, Liang Z, Liu Z, Geng H, Zhao L, Zhou Q, Liu J, Ma J, Wang D, Yu D, Zhong C. Cigarette smoke extract induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human bladder cancer T24 cells through activation of ERK1/2 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:457-465. [PMID: 28012925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common genitourinary malignant disease worldwide. Abundant evidence has shown that cigarette smoke (CS) is a crucial risk factor for bladder cancer. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the relationship between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation and EMT alterations in human bladder cancer T24 cells, and the preventive effect of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) inhibitor U0126 was further examined. Our results illustrated that CSE exposure induced morphological change of human bladder cancer T24 cells, enhanced migratory and invasive capacities, reduced epithelial marker expression and elevated mesenchymal marker expression. Meanwhile, exposure of T24 cells to CSE resulted in activation of ERK1/2 pathway as well as activator protein 1 (AP-1) proteins. Interestingly, treatment with ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 effectively abrogated CSE-triggered EMT and ERK1/2/AP-1 activation. These findings provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of CS-associated bladder cancer and may open up new avenues in the search for potential target of bladder cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 80 Feicui Rd, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China
| | - Qifei Deng
- Department of Urology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, 39 East Wangjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Zhiqi Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 80 Feicui Rd, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China
| | - Hao Geng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 80 Feicui Rd, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 80 Feicui Rd, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China
| | - Qirui Zhou
- Anhui International Travel Health Care Center, Anhui Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, 329 Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 80 Feicui Rd, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China
| | - Jiaxing Ma
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 80 Feicui Rd, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China
| | - Daming Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 80 Feicui Rd, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China
| | - Dexin Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 80 Feicui Rd, Hefei, Anhui 230032, PR China.
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, PR China.
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30
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Chen H, Wu FP, Yang YZ, Yu XY, Zhang L, Zhang H, Chen YJ. Cigarette smoke extract induces the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via the PLTP/TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway in RLE-6TN cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 6:215-222. [PMID: 30090492 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00378h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The role of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) in the pathogenesis of the cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has not been well described. In this study we investigated the effect of PLTP on the CSE-induced EMT of rat alveolar epithelial cells (RLE-6TN). Methods: The rats were exposed to air and cigarette smoke (CS) for 3 d and then the lungs were sectioned and examined using immunohistochemistry techniques. RLE-6TN cells were treated with different concentrations of CSE. PLTP siRNA was transfected into cells or SB431542 - an inhibitor of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) type I receptor - was administered prior to CSE exposure. The expression of EMT markers and PLTP was detected by qRT-PCR. The levels of PLTP, TGF-β1, p-Smad2, Smad2, and EMT proteins were analyzed by western blotting. Results: Lung injury and EMT were accompanied by up-regulation of PLTP and TGF-β1 in the CS-exposed rat model. EMT was induced by CSE in vitro, and the expression of PLTP, TGF-β1, and p-Smad2 was significantly increased after exposure to CSE (P < 0.05). Moreover, knockdown of PLTP and blocking of the TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway restrained the CSE-induced activation of the TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway and partly inhibited EMT by reversing E-cadherin expression and retarding the induction of N-cadherin and vimentin. In contrast, SB431542 had no effect on the expression of PLTP, while it ameliorated CSE-induced EMT. Conclusion: PLTP promotes the CSE-induced EMT process, in which the TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China . ; ; Tel: +86151-11926661
| | - Feng-Ping Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China . ; ; Tel: +86151-11926661.,Department of Respiratory Medicine , Neijiang Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Neijiang , Sichuan , China
| | - Yong-Zhen Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine , Neijiang Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Neijiang , Sichuan , China
| | - Xiu-Ying Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China . ; ; Tel: +86151-11926661
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China . ; ; Tel: +86151-11926661
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China . ; ; Tel: +86151-11926661
| | - Ya-Juan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China . ; ; Tel: +86151-11926661
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31
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Danyal K, de Jong W, O'Brien E, Bauer RA, Heppner DE, Little AC, Hristova M, Habibovic A, van der Vliet A. Acrolein and thiol-reactive electrophiles suppress allergen-induced innate airway epithelial responses by inhibition of DUOX1 and EGFR. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L913-L923. [PMID: 27612966 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00276.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrolein is a major thiol-reactive component of cigarette smoke (CS) that is thought to contribute to increased asthma incidence associated with smoking. Here, we explored the effects of acute acrolein exposure on innate airway responses to two common airborne allergens, house dust mite and Alternaria alternata, and observed that acrolein exposure of C57BL/6 mice (5 ppm, 4 h) dramatically inhibited innate airway responses to subsequent allergen challenge, demonstrated by attenuated release of the epithelial-derived cytokines IL-33, IL-25, and IL-1α. Acrolein and other anti-inflammatory thiol-reactive electrophiles, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, and sulforaphane, similarly inhibited allergen-induced production of these cytokines from human or murine airway epithelial cells in vitro. Based on our previous observations indicating the importance of Ca2+-dependent signaling, activation of the NADPH oxidase DUOX1, and Src/EGFR-dependent signaling in allergen-induced epithelial secretion of these cytokines, we explored the impact of acrolein on these pathways. Acrolein and other thiol-reactive electrophiles were found to dramatically prevent allergen-induced activation of DUOX1 as well as EGFR, and acrolein was capable of inhibiting EGFR tyrosine kinase activity via modification of C797. Biotin-labeling strategies indicated increased cysteine modification and carbonylation of Src, EGFR, as well as DUOX1, in response to acrolein exposure in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that direct alkylation of these proteins on accessible cysteine residues may be responsible for their inhibition. Collectively, our findings indicate a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of CS-derived acrolein and other thiol-reactive electrophiles, by directly inhibiting DUOX1- and EGFR-mediated airway epithelial responses to airborne allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karamatullah Danyal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Willem de Jong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Edmund O'Brien
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Robert A Bauer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David E Heppner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Andrew C Little
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Milena Hristova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Aida Habibovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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Kolahian S, Fernandez IE, Eickelberg O, Hartl D. Immune Mechanisms in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 55:309-22. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0121tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Lu L, Chen J, Tang H, Bai L, Lu C, Wang K, Li M, Yan Y, Tang L, Wu R, Ye Y, Jin L, Liang Z. EGCG Suppresses ERK5 Activation to Reverse Tobacco Smoke-Triggered Gastric Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in BALB/c Mice. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070380. [PMID: 27447666 PMCID: PMC4963860 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is an important risk factor of gastric cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a crucial pathophysiological process in cancer development. ERK5 regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition may be sensitive to cell types and/or the cellular microenvironment and its role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process remain elusive. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a promising chemopreventive agent for several types of cancers. In the present study we investigated the regulatory role of ERK5 in tobacco smoke-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the stomach of mice and the preventive effect of EGCG. Exposure of mice to tobacco smoke for 12 weeks reduced expression of epithelial markers E-cadherin, ZO-1, and CK5, while the expression of mesenchymal markers Snail-1, Vimentin, and N-cadherin were increased. Importantly, we demonstrated that ERK5 modulated tobacco smoke-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mice stomach, as evidenced by the findings that tobacco smoke elevated ERK5 activation, and that tobacco smoke-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition was reversed by ERK5 inhibition. Treatment of EGCG (100 mg/kg BW) effectively attenuated tobacco smoke-triggered activation of ERK5 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition alterations in mice stomach. Collectively, these data suggested that ERK5 was required for tobacco smoke-triggered gastric epithelial-mesenchymal transition and that EGCG suppressed ERK5 activation to reverse tobacco smoke-triggered gastric epithelial-mesenchymal transition in BALB/c mice. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of tobacco smoke-associated gastric tumorigenesis and the chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-associated gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lu
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Hua Tang
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Ling Bai
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Chun Lu
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Kehuan Wang
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Manli Li
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Yinmei Yan
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Ling Tang
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Rui Wu
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Yang Ye
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Longtao Jin
- Zhenjiang Matemity and Child Health Care Hospital, Zhenjiang 212001, China.
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Jeon SY, Go RE, Heo JR, Kim CW, Hwang KA, Choi KC. Effects of cigarette smoke extracts on the progression and metastasis of human ovarian cancer cells via regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:1-10. [PMID: 27327412 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) contains over 60 well-established carcinogens, and there are strong links between these carcinogens and smoking-induced cancers. In this study we investigated whether three types of cigarette smoke extracts (CSEs), 3R4F (standard cigarette), CSE1 and CSE2 (two commercial cigarettes), affect the proliferation, migration, and invasive activity of BG-1 human ovarian cancer cells. All three types of CSEs increased BG-1 cell proliferation at nicotine concentrations of 1.5μM-2.1μM in a cell viability assay. The protein expressions of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1 were increased, while p21 and p27 expression was decreased by Western blot assay. However, they did not show a consistent dose-dependent tendency. The protein expressions of Bax and p53, pro-apoptotic genes, were also decreased by CSEs. The expression of E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, was reduced in the treatment of CSEs while the expression of its reverse transition marker, N-cadherin, was slightly increased by CSEs containing 2.1μM of nicotine, but a statistical significance was not observed. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated transcriptional factors, Snail and Slug, were also up-regulated by treatment with CSEs, indicating that CSEs can increase the EMT process in BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. In addition, CSEs increased the migratory and invasive propensity of cancer cells. These functional alterations were associated with changes in metastasis-related gene expression. Upon exposure to CSEs, the expression of MMP-9 and cathepsin D was increased. Taken together, we confirmed that CSEs increased the growth, migration, and invasion of human ovarian cancer cells by regulating cell cycle, apoptosis, EMT, and metastasis related cellular markers and signaling proteins. Based on the results, cigarette smokers of women might be at a higher risk of ovarian cancer than non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ye Jeon
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Eun Go
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Rim Heo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Vu T, Jin L, Datta PK. Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Lung Cancer. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5040044. [PMID: 27077888 PMCID: PMC4850467 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that allows an epithelial cell to acquire a mesenchymal phenotype through multiple biochemical changes resulting in an increased migratory capacity. During cancer progression, EMT is found to be associated with an invasive or metastatic phenotype. In this review, we focus on the discussion of recent studies about the regulation of EMT by cigarette smoking. Various groups of active compounds found in cigarette smoke such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), and reactive oxygen specicies (ROS) can induce EMT through different signaling pathways. The links between EMT and biological responses to cigarette smoke, such as hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative damages, are also discussed. The effect of cigarette smoke on EMT is not only limited to cancer types directly related to smoking, such as lung cancer, but has also been found in other types of cancer. Altogether, this review emphasizes the importance of understanding molecular mechanisms of the induction of EMT by cigarette smoking and will help in identifying novel small molecules for targeting EMT induced by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Vu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Lin Jin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Pran K Datta
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Shao K, Chen ZY, Gautam S, Deng NH, Zhou Y, Wu XZ. Posttranslational modification of E-cadherin by core fucosylation regulates Src activation and induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition-like process in lung cancer cells. Glycobiology 2016; 26:142-154. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Li D, Zhang L, Zhou J, Chen H. Cigarette smoke extract exposure induces EGFR-TKI resistance in EGFR-mutated NSCLC via mediating Src activation and EMT. Lung Cancer 2015; 93:35-42. [PMID: 26898612 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aims to explore the molecular basis for the poor response of epithelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) in EGFR mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with smoking history. Novel agent overcoming EGFR-TKI resistance had also been investigated. METHODS The impact of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on gefitinib sensitive PC-9 cells was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot, CCK-8 assays, immunofluorescence staining, matrigel invasion assays and wound healing assays. RESULTS Western blot and qRT-PCR presented that CSE stimulated the up-regulation of Vimentin and down-regulation of E-cadherin in PC-9 cells in concentration-and time-dependent manners through modulating Src phosphorylation. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was capable of decreasing Src phosphorylation, abrogating changes of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers instigated by CSE. Immunofluorescence staining found that PC-9 cells displayed features of mesenchymal cells after CSE exposure, while PP2 and NAC could recover these changes. CCK-8 assays showed that CSE could increase the IC50 of PC-9 cells, while PP2 and NAC could abort the elevation of IC50 caused by CSE. Matrigel invasion assays and wound healing assays showed that CSE could increase the invasion and migration ability of PC-9 cells, which could be suppressed by NAC and PP2. CONCLUSION CSE exposure induced EGFR-TKI resistance via mediating Src activation and EMT in NSCLC. NAC may alleviate smoking induced EGFR-TKI resistance through inhibiting Src activation and EMT reversal. NAC may be a promising adjuvant to reinforce the effect of EGFR-TKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junhao Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Sarill M, Zago M, Sheridan JA, Nair P, Matthews J, Gomez A, Roussel L, Rousseau S, Hamid Q, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor suppresses cigarette-smoke-induced oxidative stress in association with dioxin response element (DRE)-independent regulation of sulfiredoxin 1. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:342-57. [PMID: 26408075 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ubiquitously expressed receptor/transcription factor that mediates toxicological responses of environmental contaminants such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Emerging evidence indicates that the AhR suppresses apoptosis and proliferation independent of exogenous ligands, including suppression of apoptosis by cigarette smoke, a key risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). As cigarette smoke is a potent inducer of oxidative stress, a feature that may contribute to the development of COPD, we hypothesized that the AhR prevents smoke-induced apoptosis by regulating oxidative stress. Utilizing primary lung fibroblasts derived from AhR(+/+) and AhR(-/-) mice as well as A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells deficient in AhR expression (A549-AhR(ko)), we first show that AhR(-/-) fibroblasts and A549-AhR(ko) epithelial cells have a significant increase in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced oxidative stress compared to wild type. CSE induced a significant increase in the mRNA expression of key antioxidant genes, including Nqo1 and Srxn1, predominantly in AhR(+/+) fibroblasts, with significantly less induction in AhR(-/-) cells. The induction of Srxn1, but not Nqo1, was independent of dioxin-response element (DRE) binding as AhR(DBD/DBD) lung fibroblasts, which express an AhR incapable of binding the DRE, increased Srxn1 to a degree similar to wild-type cells in response to CSE. There was no difference in Nrf2 expression or activation based on AhR expression. Lung fibroblasts derived from COPD subjects have significantly less AhR protein expression compared with both never-smokers (Normal) and smokers (At Risk). Consequently, COPD-derived fibroblasts were less robust in their induction of both Nqo1 and Srxn1 mRNA after exposure to CSE, which also failed to activate the AhR in the COPD fibroblasts. Taken together, these results support a new role for the AhR in regulating antioxidant defense in lung structural cells, such that low AhR expression may facilitate the development or progression of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Sarill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine
| | - Michela Zago
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Centre for Translational Biology (CTB), Block E, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | | | | | - Jason Matthews
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alvin Gomez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lucie Roussel
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Centre for Translational Biology (CTB), Block E, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Simon Rousseau
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Centre for Translational Biology (CTB), Block E, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Centre for Translational Biology (CTB), Block E, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - David H Eidelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Centre for Translational Biology (CTB), Block E, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Centre for Translational Biology (CTB), Block E, 1001 Decarie Blvd., Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Zhang H, Forman HJ. 4-Hydroxynonenal activates Src through a non-canonical pathway that involves EGFR/PTP1B. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:701-7. [PMID: 26453921 PMCID: PMC4684732 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Src, a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase involved in many biological processes, can be activated through both redox-dependent and independent mechanisms. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is a lipid peroxidation product that is increased in pathophysiological conditions associated with Src activation. This study examined how HNE activates human c-Src. In the canonical pathway Src activation is initiated by dephosphorylation of pTyr530 followed by conformational change that causes Src auto-phosphorylation at Tyr419 and its activation. HNE increased Src activation in both dose- and time-dependent manner, while it also increased Src phosphorylation at Tyr530 (pTyr530 Src), suggesting that HNE activated Src via a non-canonical mechanism. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitor (539741), at concentrations that increased basal pTyr530 Src, also increased basal Src activity and significantly reduced HNE-mediated Src activation. The EGFR inhibitor, AG1478, and EGFR silencing, abrogated HNE-mediated EGFR activation and inhibited basal and HNE-induced Src activity. In addition, AG1478 also eliminated the increase of basal Src activation by a PTP1B inhibitor. Taken together these data suggest that HNE can activate Src partly through a non-canonical pathway involving activation of EGFR and inhibition of PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiao Zhang
- Andrus Gerontology Center, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern, California
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Andrus Gerontology Center, Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern, California.
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Liu M, Zhou C, Zheng J. Cigarette smoking impairs the response of EGFR-TKIs therapy in lung adenocarcinoma patients by promoting EGFR signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:2026-2035. [PMID: 26692946 PMCID: PMC4656779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking represents for the highest risk-factor for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and a growing body of evidence suggested that smoking was associated with a high recurrence and poor therapeutic response of NSCLC as well. On the other hand, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib, has been proved to be an efficient and safe strategy for treating NSCLC. Although accumulating clinical data suggested that smoking history might influence the therapeutic effects of EGFR-TKIs even in NSCLC patients harboring sensitive EGFR mutation, the exact effects of cigarette smoking on the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs treatment in NSCLC patients remain exclusive. In this study, we firstly identified the adverse effect of smoking exposure on the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs treatment against lung adenocarcinoma in mutation-positive patients by retrospective analysis of clinical data. The hypo-responsiveness of smoking patients on the therapy was accompanied with persistent activation of EGFR-downstream signal molecules ERK1/2 and AKT, which could not be inhibited by gefitinib and thus lead to the failure of EGFR-TKIs treatment. Based on our in vitro data, it was also found that long-term cigarette smoking extract (CSE) exposure induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which might also contribute to acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Taken together, our findings suggested that cigarette smoking negatively regulated the clinical outcome of EGFR-TKIs therapy in lung adenocarcinoma patients, which was correlated with the activation of EGFR signaling and the induction of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chenzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong KongHong Kong SAR 000000, China
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Liang Z, Wu R, Xie W, Geng H, Zhao L, Xie C, Wu J, Geng S, Li X, Zhu M, Zhu W, Zhu J, Huang C, Ma X, Zhong C, Han H. Curcumin Suppresses MAPK Pathways to Reverse Tobacco Smoke-induced Gastric Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Mice. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1665-71. [PMID: 26074474 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (TS) has been shown to cause gastric cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial pathophysiological process in cancer development. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways play central roles in tumorigenesis including EMT process. Curcumin is a promising chemopreventive agent for several types of cancers. In the present study, we investigated the effects of TS on MAPK pathway activation and EMT alterations in the stomach of mice, and the preventive effect of curcumin was further examined. Results showed that exposure of mice to TS for 12 weeks resulted in activation of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and ERK5 MAPK pathways as well as activator protein 1 (AP-1) proteins in stomach. TS reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of the epithelial markers E-cadherin and ZO-1, while the mRNA and protein expression levels of the mesenchymal markers vimentin and N-cadherin were increased. Treatment of curcumin effectively abrogated TS-triggered gastric activation of ERK1/2 and JNK MAPK pathways, AP-1 proteins, and EMT alterations. These results suggest for the first time the protective effects of curcumin in long-term TS exposure-induced gastric MAPK activation and EMT, thus providing new insights into the pathogenesis and chemoprevention of TS-associated gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hao Geng
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jieshu Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shanshan Geng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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Liang Z, Xie W, Wu R, Geng H, Zhao L, Xie C, Li X, Huang C, Zhu J, Zhu M, Zhu W, Wu J, Geng S, Zhong C. ERK5 negatively regulates tobacco smoke-induced pulmonary epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2015; 6:19605-18. [PMID: 25965818 PMCID: PMC4637308 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the primary cause of lung cancer, tobacco smoke (TS) promotes the initiation and progression of lung tumorigenesis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process involved in cell malignant transformation. The role of ERK5, the lesser studied member of MAPKs family, in regulating TS-triggered pulmonary EMT has not been investigated. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells and BALB/c mice were used as in vitro and in vivo TS exposure models. Exposure of normal human bronchial epithelial cells to TS for 7 days induced morphological change, enhanced migratory and invasive capacities, reduced epithelial marker expression and increased mesenchymal marker expression. Importantly, we demonstrated for the first time that ERK5 negatively regulated TS-mediated lung epithelial EMT, as evidenced by the findings that TS suppressed ERK5 activation, and that TS-triggered EMT was mimicked with ERK5 inhibition and reversed by ERK5 overexpression. The negative regulation of ERK5 on pulmonary EMT was further confirmed in mice exposed to TS for 12 weeks. Taken together, our data suggest that ERK5 negatively regulates TS-mediated pulmonary EMT. These findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of TS-associated lung tumorigenesis and may open up new avenues in the search for potential target of lung cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Liang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Geng
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jieshu Wu
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Geng
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Toxicology and Nutritional Science, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Chung S, Vu S, Filosto S, Goldkorn T. Src regulates cigarette smoke-induced ceramide generation via neutral sphingomyelinase 2 in the airway epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:738-48. [PMID: 25347576 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0122oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) 2 is the sole sphingomyelinase activated during cigarette smoke (CS)-induced oxidative stress of human airway epithelial cells, leading to ceramide generation and subsequent apoptosis of affected cells. Since then, we reported that nSMase2 is a phosphoprotein, the degree of enzymatic activity and stability of which are dictated by its degree of phosphorylation. Simultaneously, the non-receptor tyrosine kinase and proto-oncogene Src has increasingly become a target of interest in both smoking-related lung injury, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Within this context, we tested and now present Src as a regulator of ceramide generation via modulation of nSMase2 phosphorylation and activity during CS-induced oxidative stress. Specifically, we provide evidence that Src activity is necessary for both CS-induced ceramide accumulation in vivo (129/Sv mice) and in vitro (human airway epithelial cells) and for nSMase2 activity during CS-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, because nSMase2 is exclusively phosphorylated on serines, we show that this occurs through Src-dependent activation of the serine/threonine kinase p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase during oxidative stress. Finally, we provide evidence that Src and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activities are critical for regulating nSMase2 phosphorylation. This study provides insights into a molecular target involved in smoking-related lung injury, represented here as nSMase2, and its modulation by the oncogene Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Vaid M, Katiyar SK. Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit cigarette smoke condensate-induced lung cancer cell migration through inhibition of NADPH oxidase and reduction in the binding of p22(phox) and p47(phox) proteins. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54 Suppl 1:E61-71. [PMID: 24798688 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. It is therefore important to develop effective strategies that target molecular abnormalities induced by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). Cigarette smoking increases oxidative stress particularly via activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a key source of superoxide anion production. Here, we report that grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) exert an inhibitory effect on the CSC-induced migration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells (A549, H460, and H1299). Using an in vitro invasion assay, we found that treatment of NSCLC cells with CSC increased NSCLC cell migration by enhancing NOX mediated-oxidative stress. Treatment of NSCLC cells with GSPs inhibited the CSC-induced cell migration through reduction in oxidative stress levels and a reduction in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. To identify the molecular targets of GSPs, we examined the effects of GSPs on CSC-induced alterations in the levels of key NOX components, namely p22(phox) and p47(phox) proteins, using A549 cells. We also determined the effect of GSPs on CSC-induced interaction/binding between these proteins, which is a key event in NOX activation. We found that treatment of A549 cells with GSPs not only inhibited the CSC-induced increase in the expression levels of p22(phox) and p47(phox) , but also reduced the binding of p22(phox) to p47(phox) proteins. This new insight into the anti-lung cancer cell migration activity of GSPs could serve as a basis for development of improved chemopreventive or therapeutic strategies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Vaid
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Santosh K Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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45
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Liang Z, Xie W, Wu R, Geng H, Zhao L, Xie C, Li X, Zhu M, Zhu W, Zhu J, Huang C, Ma X, Wu J, Geng S, Zhong C, Han H. Inhibition of tobacco smoke-induced bladder MAPK activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mice by curcumin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:4503-4513. [PMID: 26191140 PMCID: PMC4503012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (TS) has been shown to cause bladder cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial pathophysiological process in cancer development. MAPK pathways play central roles in tumorigenesis including EMT process. Curcumin is a promising chemopreventive agent for several types of cancers. In the present study we investigated the effects of TS on MAPK pathway activation and EMT alterations in the bladder of mice, and the preventive effect of curcumin was further examined. Results showed that exposure of mice to TS for 12 weeks resulted in activation of ERK1/2, JNK, p38 and ERK5 MAPK pathways as well as AP-1 proteins in bladder. TS reduced mRNA and protein expression levels of epithelial markers E-cadherin and ZO-1, while mRNA and protein expression levels of the mesenchymal markers vimentin and N-cadherin were increased. Curcumin treatment effectively attenuated TS-triggered activation of ERK1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK pathways, AP-1 proteins and EMT alterations in bladder tissue. These results suggest the protective effects of curcumin in TS-induced MAPK activation and EMT, thus providing new insights into the chemoprevention of TS-associated bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Institute of Food Safety and Assessment, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionNanjing 211166, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Hao Geng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical UniversityHefei 230032, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Jieshu Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Shanshan Geng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
- The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 211166, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaGuangzhou 510060, China
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Wang H, Liao Z, Wan C, Wen F, Chen L. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: a key mechanism for cigarette smoke-associated pulmonary fibrosis in COPD? Eur J Intern Med 2015; 26:143. [PMID: 25577309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zenglin Liao
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chun Wan
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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47
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Zhang H, Davies KJA, Forman HJ. TGFβ1 rapidly activates Src through a non-canonical redox signaling mechanism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 568:1-7. [PMID: 25585026 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) is involved in multiple cellular processes through Src activation. In the canonical pathway, Src activation is initiated by pTyr530 dephosphorylation followed by a conformational change allowing Tyr419 auto-phosphorylation. A non-canonical pathway in which oxidation of cysteine allows bypassing of pTyr530 dephosphorylation has been reported. Here, we examined how TGF-β activates Src in H358 cells, a small cell lung carcinoma cell line. TGF-β increased Src Tyr419 phosphorylation, but surprisingly, Tyr530 phosphorylation was increased rather than decreased. Vanadate, a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, stimulated Src activation itself, but rather than inhibiting Src activation by TGF-β, activation by vanadate was additive with TGF-β showing that pTyr530 dephosphorylation was not required. Thus, the involvement of the non-canonical oxidative activation was suspected. TGF-β increased extracellular H2O2 transiently while GSH-ester and catalase abrogated Src activation by TGF-β. Apocynin, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, inhibited TGF-β-stimulated H2O2 production. Furthermore, mutation of cysteines to alanine, 248C/A, 277C/A, or 501C/A abrogated, while 490C/A significantly reduced, TGF-β-mediated Src activation. Taken together, the results indicate that TGF-β-mediated Src activation operates largely through a redox dependent mechanism, resulting from enhanced H2O2 production through an NADPH oxidase and that cysteines 248, 277, 490, and 501 are critical for this activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiao Zhang
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, United States
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, United States; Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, United States
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, United States; School of Natural Science, The University of California, Merced, United States.
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Role of the urokinase-fibrinolytic system in epithelial-mesenchymal transition during lung injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:55-68. [PMID: 25447049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar type II epithelial (ATII) cell injury precedes development of pulmonary fibrosis. Mice lacking urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) are highly susceptible, whereas those deficient in plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) are resistant to lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been considered, at least in part, as a source of myofibroblast formation during fibrogenesis. However, the contribution of altered expression of major components of the uPA system on ATII cell EMT during lung injury is not well understood. To investigate whether changes in uPA and PAI-1 by ATII cells contribute to EMT, ATII cells from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and mice with bleomycin-, transforming growth factor β-, or passive cigarette smoke-induced lung injury were analyzed for uPA, PAI-1, and EMT markers. We found reduced expression of E-cadherin and zona occludens-1, whereas collagen-I and α-smooth muscle actin were increased in ATII cells isolated from injured lungs. These changes were associated with a parallel increase in PAI-1 and reduced uPA expression. Further, inhibition of Src kinase activity using caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide suppressed bleomycin-, transforming growth factor β-, or passive cigarette smoke-induced EMT and restored uPA expression while suppressing PAI-1. These studies show that induction of PAI-1 and inhibition of uPA during fibrosing lung injury lead to EMT in ATII cells.
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Eurlings IMJ, Reynaert NL, van den Beucken T, Gosker HR, de Theije CC, Verhamme FM, Bracke KR, Wouters EFM, Dentener MA. Cigarette smoke extract induces a phenotypic shift in epithelial cells; involvement of HIF1α in mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107757. [PMID: 25329389 PMCID: PMC4199572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In COPD, matrix remodeling contributes to airflow limitation. Recent evidence suggests that next to fibroblasts, the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition can contribute to matrix remodeling. CSE has been shown to induce EMT in lung epithelial cells, but the signaling mechanisms involved are largely unknown and subject of this study. EMT was assessed in A549 and BEAS2B cells stimulated with CSE by qPCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence for epithelial and mesenchymal markers, as were collagen production, cell adhesion and barrier integrity as functional endpoints. Involvement of TGF-β and HIF1α signaling pathways were investigated. In addition, mouse models were used to examine the effects of CS on hypoxia signaling and of hypoxia per se on mesenchymal expression. CSE induced EMT characteristics in A549 and BEAS2B cells, evidenced by decreased expression of epithelial markers and a concomitant increase in mesenchymal marker expression after CSE exposure. Furthermore cells that underwent EMT showed increased production of collagen, decreased adhesion and disrupted barrier integrity. The induction of EMT was found to be independent of TGF-β signaling. On the contrary, CS was able to induce hypoxic signaling in A549 and BEAS2B cells as well as in mice lung tissue. Importantly, HIF1α knock-down prevented induction of mesenchymal markers, increased collagen production and decreased adhesion after CSE exposure, data that are in line with the observed induction of mesenchymal marker expression by hypoxia in vitro and in vivo. Together these data provide evidence that both bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells undergo a functional phenotypic shift in response to CSE exposure which can contribute to increased collagen deposition in COPD lungs. Moreover, HIF1α signaling appears to play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M. J. Eurlings
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Niki L. Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Twan van den Beucken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harry R. Gosker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - C. C. de Theije
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Fien M. Verhamme
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ken R. Bracke
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emiel F. M. Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke A. Dentener
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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50
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Shen HJ, Sun YH, Zhang SJ, Jiang JX, Dong XW, Jia YL, Shen J, Guan Y, Zhang LH, Li FF, Lin XX, Wu XM, Xie QM, Yan XF. Cigarette smoke-induced alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition is mediated by Rac1 activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1840:1838-49. [PMID: 24508121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the major pathophysiological process in lung fibrosis observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Smoking is a risk factor for developing EMT, yet the mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Rac1 in cigarette smoke (CS) induced EMT. METHODS EMT was induced in mice and pulmonary epithelial cells by exposure of CS and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) respectively. RESULTS Treatment of pulmonary epithelial cells with CSE elevated Rac1 expression associated with increased TGF-β1 release. Blocking TGF-β pathway restrained CSE-induced changes in EMT-related markers. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of Rac1 decreased the CSE exposure induced TGF-β1 release and ameliorated CSE-induced EMT. In CS-exposed mice, pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 reduced TGF-β1 release and prevented aberrations in expression of EMT markers, suggesting that Rac1 is a critical signaling molecule for induction of CS-stimulated EMT. Furthermore, Rac1 inhibition or knockdown abrogated CSE-induced Smad2 and Akt (PKB, protein kinase B) activation in pulmonary epithelial cells. Inhibition of Smad2, PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) or Akt suppressed CSE-induced changes in epithelial and mesenchymal marker expression. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Altogether, these data suggest that CS initiates EMT through Rac1/Smad2 and Rac1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Our data provide new insights into the fundamental basis of EMT and suggest a possible new course of therapy for COPD and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-juan Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan-hong Sun
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shui-juan Zhang
- Pharmacy College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jun-xia Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China; Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-wei Dong
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-liang Jia
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Guan
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin-hui Zhang
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fen-fen Li
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi-xi Lin
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi-mei Wu
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiang-min Xie
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory of State Food and Drug Administration of China, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Laboratory Animal Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiao-feng Yan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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