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Lyso-DGTS Lipid Derivatives Enhance PON1 Activities and Prevent Oxidation of LDL: A Structure–Activity Relationship Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102058. [PMID: 36290781 PMCID: PMC9598486 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) plays a role in regulating reverse cholesterol transport and has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, vasodilative, and antithrombotic activities. Scientists are currently focused on the modulation of PON1 expression using different pharmacological, nutritional, and lifestyle approaches. We previously isolated a novel active compound from Nannochloropsis microalgae—lyso-diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine (lyso-DGTS)—which increased PON1 activity, HDL-cholesterol efflux, and endothelial nitric oxide release. Here, to explore this important lipid moiety’s effect on PON1 activities, we examined the effect of synthesized lipid derivatives and endogenous analogs of lyso-DGTS on PON1 lactonase and arylesterase activities and LDL oxidation using structure–activity relationship (SAR) methods. Six lipids significantly elevated recombinant PON1 (rePON1) lactonase activity in a dose-dependent manner, and four lipids significantly increased rePON1 arylesterase activity. Using tryptophan fluorescence-quenching assay and a molecular docking method, lipid–PON1 interactions were characterized. An inverse correlation was obtained between the lactonase activity of PON1 and the docking energy of the lipid–PON1 complex. Furthermore, five of the lipids increased the LDL oxidation lag time and inhibited its propagation. Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of lyso-DGTS or lyso-DGTS derivatives through increased PON1 activity and prevention of LDL oxidation.
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Otocka-Kmiecik A. Effect of Carotenoids on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Gene Expression. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142842. [PMID: 35889799 PMCID: PMC9318174 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme attached to HDL with an anti-atherogenic potential. It protects LDL and HDL from lipid peroxidation. The enzyme is sensitive to various modulating factors, such as genetic polymorphisms as well as pharmacological, dietary (including carotenoids), and lifestyle interventions. Carotenoids are nutritional pigments with antioxidant activity. The aim of this review was to gather evidence on their effect on the modulation of PON1 activity and gene expression. Carotenoids administered as naturally occurring nutritional mixtures may present a synergistic beneficial effect on PON1 status. The effect of carotenoids on the enzyme depends on age, ethnicity, gender, diet, and PON1 genetic variation. Carotenoids, especially astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene, increase PON1 activity. This effect may be explained by their ability to quench singlet oxygen and scavenge free radicals. β-carotene and lycopene were additionally shown to upregulate PON1 gene expression. The putative mechanisms of such regulation involve PON1 CpG-rich region methylation, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKKII) pathway induction, and upregulation via steroid regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2). More detailed and extensive research on the mechanisms of PON1 modulation by carotenoids may lead to the development of new targeted therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Otocka-Kmiecik
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St., 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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S-Nitrosylation of Paraxonase 1 (PON1) Elevates Its Hydrolytic and Antioxidant Activities. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030414. [PMID: 35327606 PMCID: PMC8946601 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent binding between nitric oxide (NO) and a protein’s free thiol group (SH) is termed protein S-nitrosylation. Protein S-nitrosylation is involved in cellular regulation mechanisms that underlie a wide range of critical functions, such as apoptosis, alteration of enzyme activities, and transcription-factor stability. Impaired protein S-nitrosylation is associated with a growing list of pathophysiological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, and sickle cell disease. The enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) binds to high-density lipoprotein to provide many of its antiatherogenic properties. The enzyme has a strong antioxidant capacity, which protects fats, lipids, and lipoproteins from oxidation, in addition to breaking down oxidized fats. We investigated the effect of S-S transnitrosylation on PON1 activities. Incubation of recombinant PON1 (rePON1) with nitrosylated human serum albumin (HSA-NO) resulted in S-nitrosylation of about 70% of the rePON1, as measured by Q-TOF LC/MS. S-nitrosylation significantly increased rePON1 hydrolytic activities. It also increased rePON1’s ability to inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation induced by Cu2+. Finally, it increased the enzyme’s penetration into macrophage cells by 31%. Our findings suggest that S-nitrosylation of rePON1 improves its biological functions which may positively affect atherosclerosis disease progression.
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Repetitions of Strenuous Exercise Consistently Increase Paraoxonase 1 Concentration and Activity in Plasma of Average-Trained Men. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:2775025. [PMID: 34917230 PMCID: PMC8670925 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2775025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Oxidative stress, induced by physical activity, may stimulate the expression, release, and activity of certain antioxidant enzymes. We investigated the effect of three repeated bouts of strenuous exercise on paraoxonase 1 concentration (PON1c) and paraoxonase activity (PON). Methods Eleven average-trained healthy men (age 34.0 ± 5.2 years) performed three strenuous exercise tests on a treadmill separated by 72 hours periods of resting. PON1c, PON, ferric-reducing activity of plasma (FRAP), lipid profile, C-reactive protein concentration (CRP), and lactate concentration were determined in plasma. Results Each exercise bout resulted in similar PON1c, PON, FRAP, and high-density lipoprotein concentration (HDL-C) increments, while PON/HDL-C ratio remained stable in all repetitions. Percentage increments at the bout of each exercise were higher for PON1c (by 64.82% at the first, by 92.9% at the second, and by 77.02% at the third exercise) than for PON (by 6.49% at the first, 10.06% at the second, and by 12.32% at the third exercise). Association was found between preexercise PON and PON1c (r = 0.56, p = 0.029), pre- (r = 0.87, p = 0.00003) and postexercise HDL-C (r = 0.6, p = 0.0002), preexercise PON and cardiovascular fitness level of participants measured as VO2max (r = 0.39, p = 0.026), and postexercise PON and lactate concentration (r = 0.44, p = 0.01). Conclusions PON1c and PON increase during strenuous exercise, yet the effect of exercise on PON1 concentration is more pronounced. PON1 does not show tolerance to physical activity. The enzyme may provide short-term protection from oxidative stress in each exercise bout. PON may depend on exercise load. Cardiovascular fitness levels may be associated with PON1 activity.
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Raz BD, Dimitry C, Andrea SS. The uptake mechanism and intracellular fate of Paraoxonase-1 in endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 153:26-33. [PMID: 32244050 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated lactonase that plays a significant role in the anti-atherosclerotic activity of HDL. However, several studies have shown that PON1 localizes in cells, where it operates independently of HDL. Previously, we showed that PON1 localizes in endothelial cells (ECs), and impairs vasodilation mediated by the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) 5,6-δ-DHTL. However, the internalization pathway of PON1 into ECs, and the intracellular fate of PON1 are unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the uptake mechanism, intracellular trafficking and the function of PON1 in ECs. We conducted a series of inhibition experiments of fluorescently labeled recombinant PON1 (rePON1) in ECs, followed by FACS analyses. We found that rePON1 binds the EC membrane via specific binding sites located in lipid-rafts/caveolae microdomains that are shared with HDL, and internalized through dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Qualitative assessments of the intracellular trafficking of rePON1, using confocal z-stack images, showed colocalization of the labeled rePON1 with early and late endosome/lysosome markers. Accordingly, a "pulse-chase" incubation of rePON1, followed by lactonase activity measurement in EC lysate, revealed that rePON1 retains its lactonase activity after binding to the cells. However, this activity decreases over time. Finally, induction of endothelial dysfunction with high glucose, angiotensin II, or palmitic acid increased rePON1 uptake by ECs. In conclusion, these results indicate that free PON1 interacts with ECs via binding sites located in lipid-rafts/caveolae, where it is enzymatically active and regulates endothelial functions. However, once internalized, PON1 is degraded. Additionally, alteration in endothelial function affects PON1 uptake by ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-David Raz
- Laboratory of Vascular Signaling Research, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | | | - Szuchman-Sapir Andrea
- Laboratory of Vascular Signaling Research, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel.
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Bains Y, Caccavello R, Kotani K, Gugliucci A. Paraoxonase 1, HDL Subclasses and Post Surgery Acute Inflammation: A Pilot Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060192. [PMID: 31234489 PMCID: PMC6617233 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDL) structure and function studies are needed to better understand the heterogeneous nature of the HDL particle, and its interaction with associated proteins such as apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1), paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and the environment. Our study assesses the effects of acute inflammation on PON1 and HDL subclasses in post-surgical colorectal cancer patients. PON1 was measured kinetically through its arylesterase and lactonase activity and HDL sub-classes were measured using Quantimetrix Lipoprint® System. White blood cells (WBC) counts, c-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) levels were also analyzed using standard techniques. Our findings show that baseline PON1 activity is lower in colorectal cancer patients and significant reductions are observed in the acute inflammatory state post-surgery. PON1 changes are also inversely related to inflammatory markers such as SAA and CRP. In addition, our preliminary findings show that small and intermediate HDL decreases post-op Day 1. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the effects of chronic and acute inflammation on PON1. Specifically, PON1 arylesterase and lactonase activity is lower in states of chronic inflammation and further decreased in the acute inflammatory state. Additionally, in our limited sample size, while changes in PON1 and HDL subclasses may be variable in the acute inflammatory period, small HDL decreased with a loss of PON1 activity in the subacute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Bains
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Lab, Research Department, Touro California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA.
| | - Russell Caccavello
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Lab, Research Department, Touro California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA.
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Lab, Research Department, Touro California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA.
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-City, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Lab, Research Department, Touro California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA.
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Gilad D, Atiya S, Mozes-Autmazgin Z, Ben-Shushan RS, Ben-David R, Amram E, Tamir S, Chuyun D, Szuchman-Sapir A. Paraoxonase 1 in endothelial cells impairs vasodilation induced by arachidonic acid lactone metabolite. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:386-393. [PMID: 30572120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated lactonase, which is known for its antiatherogenic properties. Previous studies in PON1 knockout (PON1KO) mice revealed that PON1KO mice have low blood pressure, which is inversely correlated with the renal levels of the cytochrome P450 -derived arachidonic acid metabolite 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6-EET). Our previous studies revealed that 5,6-EET is unstable, transforming to the δ-lactone isomer 5,6-δ-DHTL, an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) that mediates vasodilation, and it is a potential substrate for PON1. AIM To elucidate the role of PON1 in the modulation of vascular resistance via the regulation of the lactone-containing metabolite 5,6-δ-DHTL. RESULTS In mouse resistance arteries, PON1 was found to be present and active in the endothelial layer. Vascular reactivity experiments revealed that 5,6-δ-DHTL dose-dependently dilates PON1KO mouse mesenteric arteries significantly more than wild type (w.t.) resistance arteries. Pre-incubation with HDL or rePON1 reduced 5,6-δ-DHTL-dependent vasodilation. FACS analyses and confocal microscopy experiments revealed that fluorescence-tagged rePON1 penetrates into human endothelial cells' (ECs') in both dose- and time- dependent manner, accumulate in the perinuclear compartment, and retains its lactonase activity in the cells. The presence of rePON1, but not the presence of PON1 loss-of-lactonase-activity mutant, reduced the Ca2+ influx in the ECs mediated by 5,6-δ-DHTL. CONCLUSION PON1 lactonase activity in the endothelium affects vascular dilation by regulating Ca2+ influx mediated by the lactone-containing EDHF 5,6-δ-DHTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gilad
- Laboratory of Vascular Signaling Research, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Shahar Atiya
- Laboratory of Vascular Signaling Research, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Ziv Mozes-Autmazgin
- Laboratory of Vascular Signaling Research, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Laboratory of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Rotem Shelly Ben-Shushan
- Laboratory of Vascular Signaling Research, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Raz Ben-David
- Laboratory of Vascular Signaling Research, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Eytan Amram
- Laboratory of Vascular Signaling Research, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Snait Tamir
- Laboratory of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | | | - Andrea Szuchman-Sapir
- Laboratory of Vascular Signaling Research, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Ltd., Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel.
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Atrahimovich D, Samson AO, Khattib A, Vaya J, Khatib S. Punicalagin Decreases Serum Glucose Levels and Increases PON1 Activity and HDL Anti-Inflammatory Values in Balb/c Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2673076. [PMID: 30151068 PMCID: PMC6091419 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2673076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are consumed daily in the human diet and are associated with reduced risk of a number of chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Traditionally, the health benefits of polyphenols have been attributed to their antioxidant activity, but many studies might be hampered by oral administration and insignificant bioavailability. Rather than exerting a direct antioxidant effect, the mechanisms by which polyphenols express their beneficial effect seem to involve their interaction with proteins. The present study is aimed at broadening and confirming our recently published in vitro results showing that polyphenols may reduce atherosclerosis risk via interaction with proteins and lipoproteins related to atherosclerosis. The biological functions of punicalagin and quercetin in relation to glucose and lipid levels, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, and inflammation were examined in vivo. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, and during the last 4 weeks, they received subcutaneous treatments via implanted minipumps, which released physiological concentrations of punicalagin, quercetin, or atorvastatin (as a positive control) daily into the serum. The HFD reduced serum PON1 activity, whereas punicalagin administration restored PON1 activity to the level of mice fed a normal diet. In addition, punicalagin significantly reduced glucose levels in HFD mice and improved HDL anti-inflammatory properties. In conclusion, beyond antioxidant activity, the mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their beneficial properties appear to involve their interaction with serum proteins that mediate HDL function and lipid-glucose state in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Atrahimovich
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, 12208 Upper Galilee, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502 Safed, Israel
| | - Abraham O. Samson
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, 1311502 Safed, Israel
| | - Ali Khattib
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, 12208 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Jacob Vaya
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, 12208 Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Soliman Khatib
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, 12208 Upper Galilee, Israel
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Dahli L, Atrahimovich D, Vaya J, Khatib S. Lyso-DGTS lipid isolated from microalgae enhances PON1 activities in vitro and in vivo, increases PON1 penetration into macrophages and decreases cellular lipid accumulation. Biofactors 2018; 44:299-310. [PMID: 29659105 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in preventing atherosclerosis. The antioxidant effect of HDL is mostly associated with paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity. Increasing PON1 activity using nutrients might improve HDL function and quality and thus, decrease atherosclerotic risk. We previously isolated and identified a novel active compound, lyso-DGTS (C20:5,0) from Nannochloropsis sp. ethanol extract. In the present study, its effect on PON1 activities was examined and the mechanism by which the compound affects PON1 activity was explored. Lyso-DGTS elevated recombinant PON1 (rePON1) lactonase and esterase activities in a dose- and time-responsive manner, and further stabilized and preserved rePON1 lactonase activity. Incubation of lyso-DGTS with human serum for 4 h at 37 °C also increased PON1 lactonase activity in a dose-responsive manner. Using tryptophan-fluorescence-quenching assay, lyso-DGTS was found to interact with rePON1 spontaneously with negative free energy (ΔG = -22.87 kJ mol-1 at 25 °C). Thermodynamic parameters and molecular modeling calculations showed that the main interaction of lyso-DGTS with the enzyme is through a hydrogen bond with supporting van der Waals interactions. Furthermore, lyso-DGTS significantly increased rePON1 influx into macrophages and prevented lipid accumulation in macrophages stimulated with oxidized low-density lipid dose-dependently. In vivo supplementation of lyso-DGTS to the circulation of mice fed a high-fat diet via osmotic mini-pumps implanted subcutaneously significantly increased serum PON1 lactonase activity and decreased serum glucose concentrations to the level of mice fed a normal diet. Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of lyso-DGTS on increasing PON1 activity and thus, improving HDL quality and atherosclerotic risk factors. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(3):299-310, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loureen Dahli
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel
| | - Dana Atrahimovich
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
| | - Jacob Vaya
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel
| | - Soliman Khatib
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel
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Ikhlef S, Berrougui H, Kamtchueng Simo O, Khalil A. Paraoxonase 1-treated oxLDL promotes cholesterol efflux from macrophages by stimulating the PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 pathway. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1614-29. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Souade Ikhlef
- Research Centre on Aging; CSSS-IUGS; Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Research Centre on Aging; CSSS-IUGS; Sherbrooke Canada
- Department of Biology; University Sultan My Slimane; Beni Mellal Morocco
| | | | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Centre on Aging; CSSS-IUGS; Sherbrooke Canada
- Department of Medicine; Geriatrics Service; Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences; University of Sherbrooke; Canada
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Aqueous or lipid components of atherosclerotic lesion increase macrophage oxidation and lipid accumulation. Life Sci 2016; 154:1-14. [PMID: 27114099 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Understanding the interactions among atherosclerotic plaque components and arterial macrophages, is essential for elucidating the mechanisms involved in the development of atherosclerosis. We assessed the effects of lesion extracts on macrophages. METHODS Mouse peritoneal macrophages from atherosclerotic normoglycemic or hyperglycemic apoE(-/-) mice were incubated with aortic aqueous or with aortic lipidic extracts (mAAE or mALE) derived from these mice. In parallel, J774A.1 cultured macrophages were incubated with increasing concentrations of extracts prepared from human carotid lesions: polar lesion aqueous extract (hLAE), nonpolar lesion lipid extract (hLLE), or with their combination. In all the above systems we performed analyses of macrophage oxidative status, cholesterol, and triglyceride metabolism. RESULTS Aqueous or lipid extracts from either mice aorta or from human carotid lesions significantly increased macrophage oxidative stress as determined by reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis. In parallel, a compensatory increase in the cellular antioxidant paraoxonase2 (PON2) activity and in macrophage glutathione content were observed following incubation with all extracts. Macrophage triglyceride mass and triglyceride biosynthesis rate were both significantly increased following treatment with the lipid extracts, secondary to upregulation of DGAT1. All extracts decreased cholesterol biosynthesis rate, through downregulation of HMGCR, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. The combination of the human lesion extracts had the most significant effects. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that atherosclerotic plaque constituents enhance macrophage cellular oxidative stress, and accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides, as shown in both in vivo and in vitro model systems.
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12
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Chernyavskiy I, Veeranki S, Sen U, Tyagi SC. Atherogenesis: hyperhomocysteinemia interactions with LDL, macrophage function, paraoxonase 1, and exercise. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1363:138-54. [PMID: 26849408 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite great strides in understanding the atherogenesis process, the mechanisms are not entirely known. In addition to diet, cigarette smoking, genetic predisposition, and hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), an accumulation of the noncoding sulfur-containing amino acid homocysteine (Hcy), is a significant contributor to atherogenesis. Although exercise decreases HHcy and increases longevity, the complete mechanism is unclear. In light of recent evidence, in this review, we focus on the effects of HHcy on macrophage function, differentiation, and polarization. Though there is need for further evidence, it is most likely that HHcy-mediated alterations in macrophage function are important contributors to atherogenesis, and HHcy-countering strategies, such as nutrition and exercise, should be included in the combinatorial regimens for effective prevention and regression of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, we also included a discussion on the effects of exercise on the HHcy-mediated atherogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Chernyavskiy
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sudhakar Veeranki
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Cohen E, Aviram M, Khatib S, Volkova N, Vaya J. Human carotid atherosclerotic plaque protein(s) change HDL protein(s) composition and impair HDL anti-oxidant activity. Biofactors 2016; 42:115-28. [PMID: 26662883 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) anti-atherogenic functions are closely associated with cardiovascular disease risk factor, and are dictated by its composition, which is often affected by environmental factors. The present study investigates the effects of the human carotid plaque constituents on HDL composition and biological functions. To this end, human carotid plaques were homogenized and incubated with HDL. Results showed that after incubation, most of the apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) protein was released from the HDL, and HDL diameter increased by an average of approximately 2 nm. In parallel, HDL antioxidant activity was impaired. In response to homogenate treatment HDL could not prevent the accelerated oxidation of LDL caused by the homogenate. Boiling of the homogenate prior to its incubation with HDL abolished its effects on HDL composition changes. Moreover, tryptophan fluorescence quenching assay revealed an interaction between plaque component(s) and HDL, an interaction that was reduced by 50% upon using pre-boiled homogenate. These results led to hypothesize that plaque protein(s) interacted with HDL-associated Apo A1 and altered the HDL composition. Immuno-precipitation of Apo A1 that was released from the HDL after its incubation with the homogenate revealed a co-precipitation of three isomers of actin. However, beta-actin alone did not significantly affect the HDL composition, and yet the active protein within the plaque was elusive. In conclusion then, protein(s) in the homogenate interact with HDL protein(s), leading to release of Apo A1 from the HDL particle, a process that was associated with an increase in HDL diameter and with impaired HDL anti-oxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Cohen
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, , P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 12210, Israel
- Lipid Research Laboratory Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Michael Aviram
- Lipid Research Laboratory Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Soliman Khatib
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, , P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 12210, Israel
| | - Nina Volkova
- Lipid Research Laboratory Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Jacob Vaya
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, , P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel
- Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, 12210, Israel
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14
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Moren X, Lhomme M, Bulla A, Sanchez JC, Kontush A, James RW. Proteomic and lipidomic analyses of paraoxonase defined high density lipoprotein particles: Association of paraoxonase with the anti-coagulant, protein S. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 10:230-8. [PMID: 26358807 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201500062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Characterizing high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and their relevance to HDL function is a major research objective. One aim is to identify functionally distinct particles. To try to limit both functional and compositional heterogeneity the present study focused on paraoxonase-1 (PON1) as a target for isolation of a minor HDL subfraction. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunoaffinity techniques were applied to isolate PON1-containing HDL (P-HDL) and total HDL (T-HDL), which were subsequently characterized and compared. RESULTS Analyses of the lipidomes showed significant differences between the fractions in the relative concentrations of individual lipid subspecies, notably reduced levels of unsaturated lysophosphatidylcholine (p < 0.05) in P-HDL (reflected in a significantly reduced total lysophosphatidylcholine polyunsaturated fatty acid content, p < 0.004). Significant differences were also observed for the proteomes. P-HDL was highly enriched in the anti-coagulant, vitamin K activated protein S (prot S) (p < 0.0001), and alpha2 macroglobulin (p < 0.01), compared to T-HDL. Conversely, procoagulant proteins kininogen 1 and histidine-rich glycoprotein were largely excluded from P-HDL. Immunoabsorption of PON1 from plasma significantly reduced prot S anti-coagulant activity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The P-HDL lipidome and proteome showed significant differences from T-HDL. Enrichment in anti-coagulation proteins indicates complementary functionalities within P-HDL particles and underlines their anti-atherosclerotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Moren
- Clinical Diabetes Unit, Department of Medical Specialities, Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Lhomme
- INSERM, UMR-ICAN, 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Bulla
- Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Translational Biomarker Group (TBG), Department of Human Protein Sciences, University Medical Centre, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anatol Kontush
- INSERM, UMR-ICAN, 1166, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, Pitié - Salpétrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Richard W James
- Clinical Diabetes Unit, Department of Medical Specialities, Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Gugliucci A, Caccavello R, Nassar H, Abu Ahmad W, Sinnreich R, Kark JD. Low protective PON1 lactonase activity in an Arab population with high rates of coronary heart disease and diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 445:41-7. [PMID: 25801214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies showing that high density lipoproteins (HDL) can effect plaque regression indicate that recent trial failures do not exclude an atheroprotective role of HDL. Instead, they highlight differences between HDL function and measured HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). PON1 is one key functional activity of HDL. Urban Palestinians have lower HDL-C and a higher incidence and mortality of coronary heart disease than those of Israelis. We hypothesized that the cardioprotective PON1 lactonase and arylesterase activities and PON1 functional genotype may differ between Palestinians and Israelis. METHODS We measured PON1 activities in a cross-sectional population-based study of Palestinian (n=960) and Israeli (n=694) residents in Jerusalem, 1654 participants in all. RESULTS Palestinians had high prevalences of obesity and diabetes and low mean concentrations of HDL-cholesterol (0.97 mmol/l in men and 1.19 mmol/l in women). Lactonase and arylesterase activities were lower by 10.8% (p=1.2∗10(-14)) and 2.7% (p<0.0005), respectively, in Palestinians as compared to Israelis. The functional genotype distribution, demonstrated by plotting paraoxonase vs lactonase activities, showed a modest between-group difference (p=0.024), with 12.1% RR in Palestinian Arabs vs 8.4% in Israeli Jews, but no overall difference in allele frequencies. Lactonase correlated inversely with age (Spearman's rho=-.156), weakly with BMI (-.059), positively with HDL-C (.173) and non-HDL-C (.103), but was not associated with triglycerides or fasting glucose. Palestinians showed consistently lower lactonase activity in logistic regression models adjusted for multiple covariates and for functional genotype (odds ratios of 1.81 and 1.98, respectively, for the lower fifth vs the upper 4 fifths of lactonase activity p<0.0001). CONCLUSION We showed a lower physiologically-significant lactonase PON1 activity in an Arab population, a finding consistent with the high cardiovascular and diabetes risk of Palestinians.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Department of Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States.
| | - R Caccavello
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Department of Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States
| | - H Nassar
- Dept of Cardiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel; St Joseph Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - W Abu Ahmad
- Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - R Sinnreich
- Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J D Kark
- Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Cohen E, Aviram M, Khatib S, Rosenblat M, Vaya J. Human carotid atherosclerotic lesion protein components decrease cholesterol biosynthesis rate in macrophages through 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase regulation. Biofactors 2015; 41:28-34. [PMID: 25639207 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the formation of cholesterol-loaded macrophages, which are turned into foam cells, the hallmark of early atherogenesis. As part of ongoing research on the interactions among human carotid lesion components and blood elements, the effect of plaque homogenate on macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis rate was examined. Human carotid plaques were ground, extracted with phosphate-buffered saline (homogenate), and then added to the macrophage medium. This extract decreased macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis rate up to 50% in a dose-dependent manner. Cholesterol or lipoproteins were separated from the homogenate and added to the MQ medium. Unlike the homogenate, neither free cholesterol nor the lipoproteins were able to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis rate under the above experimental concentration, suggesting that the homogenate-induced cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition in our experimental system was not owing to the feedback inhibition of cholesterol. Furthermore, the homogenate remaining after lipoprotein removal (lipoprotein-deficient homogenate) also decreased cholesterol biosynthesis rate, whereas boiled homogenate or phospholipids extracted from the homogenate decreased macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis rate only partially. Finally, cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition was achieved only upon using the precursor [(3)H]acetate, but not [(14)C]mevalonate, suggesting that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCoA Reductase), the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, is involved in the above antiatherogenic effect of the homogenate, whereas the treatment with homogenate decreased HMGCoA Reductase mRNA. Proteins and phospholipids from human carotid lesion homogenate decrease cholesterol biosynthesis rate in macrophages secondary to HMGCoA Reductase feedback regulation. Such an effect may delay foam cell formation and atherosclerosis progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/chemistry
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Cell Line
- Chemical Fractionation
- Cholesterol/biosynthesis
- Complex Mixtures/analysis
- Complex Mixtures/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases/genetics
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, LDL/isolation & purification
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/chemistry
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/enzymology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Cohen
- Department of Oxidative Stress and Human Diseases, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Tel Hai College, Israel; The Lipid Research Laboratory, the Technion Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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17
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Gugliucci A, Menini T. Paraoxonase 1 and HDL maturation. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 439:5-13. [PMID: 25261854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the kinetics and function of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is becoming an important issue in atherosclerosis. Low PON1 activity has been consistently linked with an increased risk of major cardiovascular events in the setting of secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Recent studies have shown that there is a specific interaction of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-apoAI-PON1 on HDL surface that seems to be germane to atherogenesis. MPO specifically inhibits PON1 and PON1 mitigates MPO effects. Surprisingly, very little is known about the routes by which PON1 gets integrated into HDL or its fate during HDL remodeling in the intravascular space. We have developed a method that assesses PON1 activity in the individual HDL subclasses with the aid of which we have shown that PON1 is present across the HDL particle range and preferentially in HDL3, confirming data from ultracentrifugation (UC) studies. Upon HDL maturation ex vivo PON1 is activated and it shows a flux to both smaller and larger HDL particles as well as to VLDL and sdLDL. At the same time apoE, AI and AII are shifted across particle sizes. PON1 activation and flux across HDL particles are blocked by CETP and LCAT inhibitors. In a group of particles with such a complex biology as HDL, knowledge of the interaction between apo-lipoproteins, lipids and enzymes is key for an increased understanding of the yet multiple unknown features of its function. Solving the HDL paradox will necessitate the development of techniques to explore HDL function that are practical and well adapted to clinical studies and eventually become useful in patient monitoring. The confluence of proteomic, functional studies, HDL subclasses, PON1 assays and zymogram will yield data to draw a more elaborate and comprehensive picture of the function of HDL. It must be noted that all these studies are static and conducted in the fasting state. The crucial phase will be achieved when human kinetic studies (both in the fasting and post-prandial states) on HDL-PON1, apoA-I and lipid fate in the circulation are carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA.
| | - Teresita Menini
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
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