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Bidooki SH, Navarro MA, Fernandes SCM, Osada J. Thioredoxin Domain Containing 5 (TXNDC5): Friend or Foe? Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3134-3163. [PMID: 38666927 PMCID: PMC11049379 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the thioredoxin domain containing 5 (TXNDC5), also known as endoplasmic reticulum protein 46 (ERp46), a member of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family with a dual role in multiple diseases. TXNDC5 is highly expressed in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, pancreatic β-cells, liver cells, and hypoxic tissues, such as cancer endothelial cells and atherosclerotic plaques. TXNDC5 plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and antioxidative stress. Its potential significance in cancer warrants further investigation, given the altered and highly adaptable metabolism of tumor cells. It has been reported that both high and low levels of TXNDC5 expression are associated with multiple diseases, such as arthritis, cancer, diabetes, brain diseases, and infections, as well as worse prognoses. TXNDC5 has been attributed to both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive features. It has been concluded that in cancer, TXNDC5 acts as a foe and responds to metabolic and cellular stress signals to promote the survival of tumor cells against apoptosis. Conversely, in normal cells, TXNDC5 acts as a friend to safeguard cells against oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Therefore, TXNDC5 could serve as a viable biomarker or even a potential pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hesamoddin Bidooki
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - María A. Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana C. M. Fernandes
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials (IPREM), Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 000 Pau, France;
- MANTA—Marine Materials Research Group, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, 64 600 Anglet, France
| | - Jesus Osada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (S.H.B.); (M.A.N.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Ruf M, Cunningham S, Wandersee A, Brox R, Achenbach S, Strobel J, Hackstein H, Schneider S. SERPINC1 c.1247dupC: a novel SERPINC1 gene mutation associated with familial thrombosis results in a secretion defect and quantitative antithrombin deficiency. Thromb J 2024; 22:19. [PMID: 38347553 PMCID: PMC10860291 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-024-00589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antithrombin (AT) is an important anticoagulant in hemostasis. We describe here the characterization of a novel AT mutation associated with clinically relevant thrombosis. A pair of sisters with confirmed type I AT protein deficiency was genetically analyzed on suspicion of an inherited SERPINC1 mutation. A frameshift mutation, c.1247dupC, was identified and the effect of this mutation was examined on the cellular and molecular level. METHODS Plasmids for the expression of wild-type (WT) and mutated SERPINC1 coding sequence (CDS) fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) or hemagglutinin (HA) tag were transfected into HEK293T cells. Subcellular localization and secretion of the respective fusion proteins were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Western blot. RESULTS The c.1247dupC mutation results in a frameshift in the CDS of the SERPINC1 gene and a subsequently altered amino acid sequence (p.Ser417LysfsTer48). This alteration affects the C-terminus of the AT antigen and results in impaired secretion as confirmed by GFP- and HA-tagged mutant AT analyzed in HEK293T cells. CONCLUSION The p.Ser417LysfsTer48 mutation leads to impaired secretion, thus resulting in a quantitative AT deficiency. This is in line with the type I AT deficiency observed in the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Ruf
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sarah Cunningham
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wandersee
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine Brox
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Achenbach
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Strobel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Raghu R, Kurlak LO, Lee ED, Mistry HD. The differential placental expression of ERp44 and pre-eclampsia; association with placental zinc, the ERAP1 and the renin-angiotensin-system. Placenta 2023; 134:9-14. [PMID: 36848863 PMCID: PMC10682376 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 44 (ERp44) is a zinc-metalloprotein, regulating Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) and Angiotensin II (Ang II). We explored placental ERp44 expression and components of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) in pre-eclampsia (PE), correlating these to ERAP1 expression and placental zinc concentrations. METHODS Placental tissue, taken at time of delivery in normotensive women or women with PE (n = 12/group), were analysed for ERp44, AT1R, AT2R and AT4R by qPCR. Protein ERp44 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and compared to previously measured ERAP1 expression. Placental zinc was measured by inductively-coupled-mass-spectrometry. RESULTS ERp44 gene/protein expression were increased in PE (P < 0.05). AT1R expression was increased (P = 0.02) but AT4R decreased (P = 0.01) in PE, compared to normotensive controls. A positive association between ERp44 and AT2R expression was observed in all groups. ERp44 was negatively correlated with ERAP1 protein expression in all samples. Placental zinc concentrations were lower in women with PE (P = 0.001) and negatively associated with ERp44 gene expression. DISCUSSION Increased placental ERp44 could further reduce ERAP1 release in PE, potentially preventing release of Ang IV and thus lowering levels of Ang IV which consequently diminishes the possibility of counterbalancing the activity of vasoconstrictive, Ang II. The lower placental zinc may contribute to dysfunction of the ERp44/ERAP1 complex, exacerbating the hypertension in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lesia O Kurlak
- Stroke Trials Unit (School of Medicine), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Eun D Lee
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA.
| | - Hiten D Mistry
- Division of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Palazzo FC, Sitia R, Tempio T. Selective Secretion of KDEL-Bearing Proteins: Mechanisms and Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:967875. [PMID: 35912099 PMCID: PMC9326092 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.967875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cells must continuously exchange messages with the right meaning, intensity, and duration. Most of these messages are delivered through cognate interactions between membrane and secretory proteins. Their conformational maturation is assisted by a vast array of chaperones and enzymes, ensuring the fidelity of intercellular communication. These folding assistants reside in the early secretory compartment (ESC), a functional unit that encompasses endoplasmic reticulum (ER), intermediate compartment and cis-Golgi. Most soluble ESC residents have C-terminal KDEL-like motifs that prevent their transport beyond the Golgi. However, some accumulate in the ER, while others in downstream stations, implying different recycling rates. Moreover, it is now clear that cells can actively secrete certain ESC residents but not others. This essay discusses the physiology of their differential intracellular distribution, and the mechanisms that may ensure selectivity of release.
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Yang Y, Qiu X, Wang F. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) knockdown enhances the proliferative, invasive and angiogenic activities of trophoblast cells by suppressing ER resident protein 44 (ERp44) expression in preeclampsia. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9561-9574. [PMID: 34719307 PMCID: PMC8810010 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1997561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE), a pregnancy-specific syndrome, is the primary cause of maternal mortality. This work was designed to investigate the specific functions of PTPRO/ ERp44 in the biological behaviors of trophoblast cells and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. Constructed siRNA-PTPRO and ERp44 overexpression plasmids were transfected into HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 cells for further functional experiments. Subsequently, the proliferation and invasion of trophoblast cells were identified by performing CCK-8, flow cytometry and transwell assay. In addition, tube formation assay was employed to estimate the angiogenic ability of HUVECs incubated with the conditioned media (CM) of HTR-8/SVneo or JEG-3 cells. Importantly, the interaction between PTPRO and ERp44 was analyzed through Co-IP. In the current investigation, it was discovered that downregulation of PTPRO notably facilitated the proliferation and invasion of trophoblast cells and induced a stronger in vitro angiogenesis. Moreover, PTPRO interacted with ERp44 to regulate ERp44 expression. ERp44 overexpression suppressed the proliferative, invasive and angiogenic activities of trophoblast cells. As a result, functions of PTPRO knockdown in the biological behaviors of trophoblast cells were partially abrogated upon elevation of ERp44. To sum up, this current research systematically evidenced that PTPRO could regulate the biological behaviors of trophoblast cells by modulating ERp44. Findings may contribute to a novel therapeutic strategy for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, P.R. China
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Lin NX, He RZ, Xu Y, Yu XW. Oxidative stress tolerance contributes to heterologous protein production in Pichia pastoris. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:160. [PMID: 34284814 PMCID: PMC8290557 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02013-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pichia pastoris (syn. Komagataella phaffii) is an important yeast system for heterologous protein expression. A robust P. pastoris mutant with oxidative and thermal stress cross-tolerance was acquired in our previous study. The robust mutant can express a 2.5-fold higher level of lipase than its wild type (WT) under methanol induction conditions. RESULTS In this study, we found that the robust mutant not only can express a high level of lipase, but also can express a high level of other heterogeneous proteins (e.g., green fluorescence protein) under methanol induction conditions. Additionally, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the robust mutant were lower than that in the WT under methanol induction conditions. To figure out the difference of cellular response to methanol between the WT and the robust mutant, RNA-seq was detected and compared. The results of RNA-seq showed that the expression levels of genes related to antioxidant, MAPK pathway, ergosterol synthesis pathway, transcription factors, and the peroxisome pathway were upregulated in the robust mutant compared to the WT. The upregulation of these key pathways can improve the oxidative stress tolerance of strains and efficiently eliminate cellular ROS. Hence, we inferred that the high heterologous protein expression efficiency in the robust mutant may be due to its enhanced oxidative stress tolerance. Promisingly, we have indeed increased the expression level of lipase up to 1.6-fold by overexpressing antioxidant genes in P. pastoris. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the impact of methanol on the expression levels of genes in P. pastoris and emphasized the contribution of oxidative stress tolerance on heterologous protein expression in P. pastoris. Our results shed light on the understanding of protein expression mechanism in P. pastoris and provided an idea for the rational construction of robust yeast with high expression ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Xin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Zhen He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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Steinmetz TD, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Hearne A, Schuh W, Wittner J, Schulz SR, Winkler TH, Jäck HM, Mielenz D. TFG is required for autophagy flux and to prevent endoplasmic reticulum stress in CH12 B lymphoma cells. Autophagy 2020; 17:2238-2256. [PMID: 32910713 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1821546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells depend on quality control of newly synthesized antibodies in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via macroautophagy/autophagy and proteasomal degradation. The cytosolic adaptor protein TFG (Trk-fused gene) regulates ER-Golgi transport, the secretory pathway and proteasome activity in non-immune cells. We show here that TFG is upregulated during lipopolysaccharide- and CpG-induced differentiation of B1 and B2 B cells into plasmablasts, with the highest expression of TFG in mature plasma cells. CRISPR-CAS9-mediated gene disruption of tfg in the B lymphoma cell line CH12 revealed increased apoptosis, which was reverted by BCL2 but even more by ectopic TFG expression. Loss of TFG disrupted ER structure, leading to an expanded ER and increased expression of ER stress genes. When compared to wild-type CH12 cells, tfg KO CH12 cells were more sensitive toward ER stress induced by tunicamycin, monensin and proteasome inhibition or by expression of an ER-bound immunoglobulin (Ig) μ heavy (µH) chain. CH12 tfg KO B cells displayed more total LC3, lower LC3-II turnover and increased numbers and size of autophagosomes. Tandem-fluorescent-LC3 revealed less accumulation of GFP-LC3 in starved and chloroquine-treated CH12 tfg KO B cells. The GFP:RFP ratio of tandem-fluorescent-LC3 was higher in tunicamycin-treated CH12 tfg KO B cells, suggesting less autophagy flux during induced ER stress. Based on these data, we suggest that TFG controls autophagy flux in CH12 B cells and propose that TFG is a survival factor that alleviates ER stress through the support of autophagy flux in activated B cells and mature plasma cells.Abbreviations: Ab, antibody; Ag, antigen; ASC, antibody-secreting cells; ATG, autophagy-related; BCR, B cell receptor; COPII, coat protein complex II; CpG, non-methylated CpG oligonucleotide; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD, ER-associated degradation; FO, follicular; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HC, heavy chain; Ig, immunoglobulin; IRES, internal ribosomal entry site; LC, light chain; MZ, marginal zone; NFKB, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells; TLR, toll-like receptor; UPR, unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobit D Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Abigail Hearne
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Wittner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian R Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Chair of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Xie Z, Wu H, Zhao J. Multifunctional roles of zinc in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sies H, Jones DP. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:363-383. [PMID: 32231263 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2092] [Impact Index Per Article: 523.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
'Reactive oxygen species' (ROS) is an umbrella term for an array of derivatives of molecular oxygen that occur as a normal attribute of aerobic life. Elevated formation of the different ROS leads to molecular damage, denoted as 'oxidative distress'. Here we focus on ROS at physiological levels and their central role in redox signalling via different post-translational modifications, denoted as 'oxidative eustress'. Two species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the superoxide anion radical (O2·-), are key redox signalling agents generated under the control of growth factors and cytokines by more than 40 enzymes, prominently including NADPH oxidases and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. At the low physiological levels in the nanomolar range, H2O2 is the major agent signalling through specific protein targets, which engage in metabolic regulation and stress responses to support cellular adaptation to a changing environment and stress. In addition, several other reactive species are involved in redox signalling, for instance nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide and oxidized lipids. Recent methodological advances permit the assessment of molecular interactions of specific ROS molecules with specific targets in redox signalling pathways. Accordingly, major advances have occurred in understanding the role of these oxidants in physiology and disease, including the nervous, cardiovascular and immune systems, skeletal muscle and metabolic regulation as well as ageing and cancer. In the past, unspecific elimination of ROS by use of low molecular mass antioxidant compounds was not successful in counteracting disease initiation and progression in clinical trials. However, controlling specific ROS-mediated signalling pathways by selective targeting offers a perspective for a future of more refined redox medicine. This includes enzymatic defence systems such as those controlled by the stress-response transcription factors NRF2 and nuclear factor-κB, the role of trace elements such as selenium, the use of redox drugs and the modulation of environmental factors collectively known as the exposome (for example, nutrition, lifestyle and irradiation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Sies
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Tsachaki M, Strauss P, Dunkel A, Navrátilová H, Mladenovic N, Odermatt A. Impact of 17β-HSD12, the 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase of long-chain fatty acid synthesis, on breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1153-1175. [PMID: 31302749 PMCID: PMC7109200 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells involves upregulation of fatty acid (FA) synthesis to support high bioenergetic demands and membrane synthesis. This has been shown for cytosolic synthesis of FAs with up to 16 carbon atoms. Synthesis of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), including ω-6 and ω-3 polyunsaturated FAs, takes place at the endoplasmic reticulum. Despite increasing evidence for an important role of LCFAs in cancer, the impact of their synthesis in cancer cell growth has scarcely been studied. Here, we demonstrated that silencing of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12 (17β-HSD12), essentially catalyzing the 3-ketoacyl-CoA reduction step in LCFA production, modulates proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells in a cell line-dependent manner. Increased proliferation and migration after 17β-HSD12 knockdown were partly mediated by metabolism of arachidonic acid towards COX2 and CYP1B1-derived eicosanoids. Decreased proliferation was rescued by increased glucose concentration and was preceded by reduced ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation and spare respiratory capacity. In addition, 17β-HSD12 silencing was accompanied by alterations in unfolded protein response, including a decrease in CHOP expression and increase in eIF2α activation and the folding chaperone ERp44. Our study highlights the significance of LCFA biosynthesis for tumor cell physiology and unveils unknown aspects of breast cancer cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsachaki
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pirmin Strauss
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Dunkel
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hana Navrátilová
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Natasa Mladenovic
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Weber B, Maier A, Buchner J. Peptides in proteins. J Pept Sci 2019; 26:e3235. [PMID: 31867828 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During evolution C-terminal peptide extensions were added to proteins on the gene level. These convey additional functions such as interaction with partner proteins or oligomerisation. IgM antibodies and molecular chaperones are two prominent examples discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Weber
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Maier
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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12
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Keiser KJ, Barlowe C. Molecular dissection of the Erv41-Erv46 retrograde receptor reveals a conserved cysteine-rich region in Erv46 required for retrieval activity. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 31:209-220. [PMID: 31825724 PMCID: PMC7001479 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Erv41-Erv46 complex is a conserved retrograde cargo receptor that retrieves ER resident proteins from Golgi compartments in a pH-dependent manner. Here we functionally dissect the Erv46 subunit and define an approximately 60 residue cysteine-rich region that is unique to the Erv46 family of proteins. This cysteine-rich region contains two vicinal cysteine pairs in CXXC and CCXXC configurations that are each required for retrieval activity in cells. Mutation of the individual cysteine residues produced stable Erv46 proteins that were partially reduced and form mixed-disulfide species on nonreducing gels. Conserved hydrophobic amino acids within the cysteine-rich region of Erv46 were also required for retrieval function in cells. In vitro binding experiments showed that this hydrophobic patch is required for direct cargo binding. Surprisingly, the Erv46 cysteine mutants continued to bind cargo in cell-free assays and produced an increased level of Erv46-cargo complexes in cell extracts suggesting that disulfide linkages in the cysteine-rich region perform a role in releasing bound cargo. On the basis of these findings, we propose that both pH and redox environments regulate cargo binding to a hydrophobic site within the cysteine-rich region of Erv46.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristofer J Keiser
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Charles Barlowe
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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13
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Adams BM, Ke H, Gierasch LM, Gershenson A, Hebert DN. Proper secretion of the serpin antithrombin relies strictly on thiol-dependent quality control. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18992-19011. [PMID: 31662433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein quality control machinery of the endoplasmic reticulum (ERQC) ensures that client proteins are properly folded. ERQC substrates may be recognized as nonnative by the presence of exposed hydrophobic surfaces, free thiols, or processed N-glycans. How these features dictate which ERQC pathways engage a given substrate is poorly understood. Here, using metabolic labeling, immunoprecipitations, various biochemical assays, and the human serpin antithrombin III (ATIII) as a model, we explored the role of ERQC systems in mammalian cells. Although ATIII has N-glycans and a hydrophobic core, we found that its quality control depended solely on free thiol content. Mutagenesis of all six Cys residues in ATIII to Ala resulted in its efficient secretion even though the product was not natively folded. ATIII variants with free thiols were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum but not degraded. These results provide insight into the hierarchy of ERQC systems and reveal a fundamental vulnerability of ERQC in a case of reliance on the thiol-dependent quality control pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Haiping Ke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Lila M Gierasch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003.,Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Anne Gershenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Daniel N Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 .,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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14
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Yim SH, Everley RA, Schildberg FA, Lee SG, Orsi A, Barbati ZR, Karatepe K, Fomenko DE, Tsuji PA, Luo HR, Gygi SP, Sitia R, Sharpe AH, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. Role of Selenof as a Gatekeeper of Secreted Disulfide-Rich Glycoproteins. Cell Rep 2019; 23:1387-1398. [PMID: 29719252 PMCID: PMC9183203 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenof (15-kDa selenoprotein; Sep15) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident thioredoxin-like oxidoreductase that occurs in a complex with UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase. We found that Selenof deficiency in mice leads to elevated levels of non-functional circulating plasma immunoglobulins and increased secretion of IgM during in vitro splenic B cell differentiation. However, Selenof knockout animals show neither enhanced bacterial killing capacity nor antigen-induced systemic IgM activity, suggesting that excess immunoglobulins are not functional. In addition, ER-to-Golgi transport of a target glycoprotein was delayed in Selenof knockout embryonic fibroblasts, and proteomic analyses revealed that Selenof deficiency is primarily associated with antigen presentation and ER-to-Golgi transport. Together, the data suggest that Selenof functions as a gatekeeper of immunoglobulins and, likely, other client proteins that exit the ER, thereby supporting redox quality control of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Yim
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert A Everley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sang-Goo Lee
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Zachary R Barbati
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kutay Karatepe
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dmitry E Fomenko
- Redox Biology Center and Computational Science Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Petra A Tsuji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dolph L Hatfield
- Molecular Biology of Selenium Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Anelli T, Panina-Bordignon P. How to Avoid a No-Deal ER Exit. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091051. [PMID: 31500301 PMCID: PMC6769657 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficiency and fidelity of protein secretion are achieved thanks to the presence of different steps, located sequentially in time and space along the secretory compartment, controlling protein folding and maturation. After entering into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), secretory proteins attain their native structure thanks to specific chaperones and enzymes. Only correctly folded molecules are allowed by quality control (QC) mechanisms to leave the ER and proceed to downstream compartments. Proteins that cannot fold properly are instead retained in the ER to be finally destined to proteasomal degradation. Exiting from the ER requires, in most cases, the use of coated vesicles, departing at the ER exit sites, which will fuse with the Golgi compartment, thus releasing their cargoes. Protein accumulation in the ER can be caused by a too stringent QC or by ineffective transport: these situations could be deleterious for the organism, due to the loss of the secreted protein, and to the cell itself, because of abnormal increase of protein concentration in the ER. In both cases, diseases can arise. In this review, we will describe the pathophysiology of protein folding and transport between the ER and the Golgi compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Anelli
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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16
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Abstract
The site of protein folding and maturation for the majority of proteins that are secreted, localized to the plasma membrane or targeted to endomembrane compartments is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It is essential that proteins targeted to the ER are properly folded in order to carry out their function, as well as maintain protein homeostasis, as accumulation of misfolded proteins could lead to the formation of cytotoxic aggregates. Because protein folding is an error-prone process, the ER contains protein quality control networks that act to optimize proper folding and trafficking of client proteins. If a protein is unable to reach its native state, it is targeted for ER retention and subsequent degradation. The protein quality control networks of the ER that oversee this evaluation or interrogation process that decides the fate of maturing nascent chains is comprised of three general types of families: the classical chaperones, the carbohydrate-dependent system, and the thiol-dependent system. The cooperative action of these families promotes protein quality control and protein homeostasis in the ER. This review will describe the families of the ER protein quality control network and discuss the functions of individual members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Michela E Oster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Daniel N Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Road, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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17
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Zinc regulates ERp44-dependent protein quality control in the early secretory pathway. Nat Commun 2019; 10:603. [PMID: 30723194 PMCID: PMC6363758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc ions (Zn2+) are imported into the early secretory pathway by Golgi-resident transporters, but their handling and functions are not fully understood. Here, we show that Zn2+ binds with high affinity to the pH-sensitive chaperone ERp44, modulating its localization and ability to retrieve clients like Ero1α and ERAP1 to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Silencing the Zn2+ transporters that uptake Zn2+ into the Golgi led to ERp44 dysfunction and increased secretion of Ero1α and ERAP1. High-resolution crystal structures of Zn2+-bound ERp44 reveal that Zn2+ binds to a conserved histidine-cluster. The consequent large displacements of the regulatory C-terminal tail expose the substrate-binding surface and RDEL motif, ensuring client capture and retrieval. ERp44 also forms Zn2+-bridged homodimers, which dissociate upon client binding. Histidine mutations in the Zn2+-binding sites compromise ERp44 activity and localization. Our findings reveal a role of Zn2+ as a key regulator of protein quality control at the ER-Golgi interface. Zinc ions (Zn2+) are imported by Golgi-resident transporters but the function of zinc in the early secretory pathway has remained unknown. Here the authors find that Zn2+ regulates protein quality control in the early secretory pathway by demonstrating that the pH-sensitive chaperone ERp44 binds Zn2+ and solving the Zn2+-bound ERp44 structure.
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18
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Sannino S, Guerriero CJ, Sabnis AJ, Stolz DB, Wallace CT, Wipf P, Watkins SC, Bivona TG, Brodsky JL. Compensatory increases of select proteostasis networks after Hsp70 inhibition in cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.217760. [PMID: 30131440 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells thrive when challenged with proteotoxic stress by inducing components of the protein folding, proteasome, autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Consequently, specific molecular chaperones have been validated as targets for anti-cancer therapies. For example, inhibition of Hsp70 family proteins (hereafter Hsp70) in rhabdomyosarcoma triggers UPR induction and apoptosis. To define how these cancer cells respond to compromised proteostasis, we compared rhabdomyosarcoma cells that were sensitive (RMS13) or resistant (RMS13-R) to the Hsp70 inhibitor MAL3-101. We discovered that endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy were activated in RMS13-R cells, suggesting that resistant cells overcome Hsp70 ablation by increasing misfolded protein degradation. Indeed, RMS13-R cells degraded ERAD substrates more rapidly than RMS cells and induced the autophagy pathway. Surprisingly, inhibition of the proteasome or ERAD had no effect on RMS13-R cell survival, but silencing of select autophagy components or treatment with autophagy inhibitors restored MAL3-101 sensitivity and led to apoptosis. These data indicate a route through which cancer cells overcome a chaperone-based therapy, define how cells can adapt to Hsp70 inhibition, and demonstrate the value of combined chaperone and autophagy-based therapies.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sannino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Amit J Sabnis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Callen T Wallace
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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19
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Abstract
The protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family is a group of multifunctional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enzymes that mediate the formation of disulfide bonds, catalyze the cysteine-based redox reactions and assist the quality control of client proteins. Recent structural and functional studies have demonstrated that PDI members not only play an essential role in the proteostasis in the ER but also exert diverse effects in numerous human disorders including cancer and neurodege-nerative diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that PDI is actively involved in the proliferation, survival, and metastasis of several types of cancer cells. Although the molecular mechanism by which PDI contributes to tumorigenesis and metastasis remains to be understood, PDI is now emerging as a new therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In fact, several attempts have been made to develop PDI inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we discuss the properties and diverse functions of human PDI proteins and focus on recent findings regarding their roles in the state of diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoug Lee
- Department of Bio and Environmental Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Do Hee Lee
- Department of Bio and Environmental Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
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20
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Fregno I, Molinari M. Endoplasmic reticulum turnover: ER-phagy and other flavors in selective and non-selective ER clearance. F1000Res 2018; 7:454. [PMID: 29744037 PMCID: PMC5904726 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13968.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a highly dynamic organelle in eukaryotic cells. It is deputed to lipid and protein biosynthesis, calcium storage, and the detoxification of various exogenous and endogenous harmful compounds. ER activity and size must be adapted rapidly to environmental and developmental conditions or biosynthetic demand. This is achieved on induction of thoroughly studied transcriptional/translational programs defined as "unfolded protein responses" that increase the ER volume and the expression of ER-resident proteins regulating the numerous ER functions. Less understood are the lysosomal catabolic processes that maintain ER size at steady state, that prevent excessive ER expansion during ER stresses, or that ensure return to physiologic ER size during recovery from ER stresses. These catabolic processes may also be activated to remove ER subdomains where proteasome-resistant misfolded proteins or damaged lipids have been segregated. Insights into these catabolic mechanisms have only recently emerged with the identification of so-called ER-phagy receptors, which label specific ER subdomains for selective lysosomal delivery for clearance. Here, in eight chapters and one addendum, we comment on recent advances in ER turnover pathways induced by ER stress, nutrient deprivation, misfolded proteins, and live bacteria. We highlight the role of yeast (Atg39 and Atg40) and mammalian (FAM134B, SEC62, RTN3, and CCPG1) ER-phagy receptors and of autophagy genes in selective and non-selective catabolic processes that regulate cellular proteostasis by controlling ER size, turnover, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Fregno
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Via G. Buffi, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via V. Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Via G. Buffi, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via V. Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, EPFL Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Redox crosstalk at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane contact sites (MCS) uses toxic waste to deliver messages. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:331. [PMID: 29491367 PMCID: PMC5832433 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular redox reactions housed within mitochondria, peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). The contribution of each organelle to the total cellular ROS production is considerable, but varies between cell types and also over time. Redox-regulatory enzymes are thought to assemble at a “redox triangle” formed by mitochondria, peroxisomes and the ER, assembling “redoxosomes” that sense ROS accumulations and redox imbalances. The redoxosome enzymes use ROS, potentially toxic by-products made by some redoxosome members themselves, to transmit inter-compartmental signals via chemical modifications of downstream proteins and lipids. Interestingly, important components of the redoxosome are ER chaperones and oxidoreductases, identifying ER oxidative protein folding as a key ROS producer and controller of the tri-organellar membrane contact sites (MCS) formed at the redox triangle. At these MCS, ROS accumulations could directly facilitate inter-organellar signal transmission, using ROS transporters. In addition, ROS influence the flux of Ca2+ ions, since many Ca2+ handling proteins, including inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), SERCA pumps or regulators of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) are redox-sensitive. Fine-tuning of these redox and ion signaling pathways might be difficult in older organisms, suggesting a dysfunctional redox triangle may accompany the aging process.
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22
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Abstract
The efficient production, folding, and secretion of proteins is critical for cancer cell survival. However, cancer cells thrive under stress conditions that damage proteins, so many cancer cells overexpress molecular chaperones that facilitate protein folding and target misfolded proteins for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome or autophagy pathway. Stress response pathway induction is also important for cancer cell survival. Indeed, validated targets for anti-cancer treatments include molecular chaperones, components of the unfolded protein response, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and autophagy. We will focus on links between breast cancer and these processes, as well as the development of drug resistance, relapse, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, A320 Langley Hall, 4249 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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23
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Hampe L, Xu C, Harris PWR, Chen J, Liu M, Middleditch M, Radjainia M, Wang Y, Mitra AK. Synthetic peptides designed to modulate adiponectin assembly improve obesity-related metabolic disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4478-4492. [PMID: 28945274 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adiponectin, an adipokine possessing profound insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties, is a potent biotherapeutic agent . The trimeric adiponectin subunit assembles into hexameric and functionally important higher molecular weight (HMW) forms, controlled by the endoplasmic reticulum protein 44 (ERp44). Obesity-induced ER stress decreases the HMW form in serum, contributing to the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. In this study, a panel of synthetic peptides, designed to target ERp44-adiponectin interactions, were tested for their effects on circulating levels of HMW adiponectin. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Peptides derived from the ERp44 binding region of adiponectin and immunoglobulin IgM were synthesized with or without a cell-penetrating sequence. Cultures of 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with the peptides for assessing the assembly and secretion of HMW adiponectin. Mice given standard chow or a high-fat diet were treated acutely or chronically, with the peptides to investigate the therapeutic effects on insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. RESULTS The designed peptides interfered with ERp44-adiponectin interactions and modulated adiponectin assembly and release from adipocytes. In particular, IgM-derived peptides facilitated the release of endogenous adiponectin (especially the HMW form) from adipose tissue, enhanced its circulating level and the ratio of HMW-to-total-adiponectin in obese mice. Long-term treatment of mice fed with high-fat diet by IgM-derived peptides reduced the circulating lipid levels and improved insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Targeting ERp44-adiponectin interactions with short peptides represents an effective strategy to treat of obesity-related metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Hampe
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Martin Middleditch
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alok K Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Abstract
Thiol groups can undergo numerous modifications, making cysteine a unique molecular switch. Cysteine plays structural and regulatory roles as part of proteins or glutathione, contributing to maintain redox homeostasis and regulate signaling within and amongst cells. Not surprisingly therefore, cysteines are associated with many hereditary and acquired diseases. Mutations in the primary protein sequence (gain or loss of a cysteine) are most frequent in membrane and secretory proteins, correlating with the key roles of disulfide bonds. On the contrary, in the cytosol and nucleus, aberrant post-translational oxidative modifications of thiol groups, reflecting redox changes in the surrounding environment, are a more frequent cause of dysregulation of protein function. This essay highlights the regulatory functions performed by protein cysteine residues and provides a framework for understanding how mutation and/or (in)activation of this key amino acid can cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Fra
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of BresciaBrescia, Italy
| | - Edgar D Yoboue
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilan, Italy.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilan, Italy.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilan, Italy
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25
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Structural basis of pH-dependent client binding by ERp44, a key regulator of protein secretion at the ER-Golgi interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3224-E3232. [PMID: 28373561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621426114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ERp44 retrieves some endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident enzymes and immature oligomers of secretory proteins from the Golgi. Association of ERp44 with its clients is regulated by pH-dependent mechanisms, but the molecular details are not fully understood. Here we report high-resolution crystal structures of human ERp44 at neutral and weakly acidic pH. These structures reveal key regions in the C-terminal tail (C tail) missing in the original crystal structure, including a regulatory histidine-rich region and a subsequent extended loop. The former region forms a short α-helix (α16), generating a histidine-clustered site (His cluster). At low pH, the three Trx-like domains of ERp44 ("a," "b," and "b'") undergo significant rearrangements, likely induced by protonation of His157 located at the interface between the a and b domains. The α16-helix is partially unwound and the extended loop is disordered in weakly acidic conditions, probably due to electrostatic repulsion between the protonated histidines in the His cluster. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that helix unwinding enhances the flexibility of the C tail, disrupting its normal hydrogen-bonding pattern. The observed pH-dependent conformational changes significantly enlarge the positively charged regions around the client-binding site of ERp44 at low pH. Mutational analyses showed that ERp44 forms mixed disulfides with specific cysteines residing on negatively charged loop regions of Ero1α. We propose that the protonation states of the essential histidines regulate the ERp44-client interaction by altering the C-tail dynamics and surface electrostatic potential of ERp44.
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26
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Roles of N-glycans in the polymerization-dependent aggregation of mutant Ig-μ chains in the early secretory pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41815. [PMID: 28157181 PMCID: PMC5291101 DOI: 10.1038/srep41815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymeric structure of secretory IgM allows efficient antigen binding and complement fixation. The available structural models place the N-glycans bound to asparagines 402 and 563 of Ig-μ chains within a densely packed core of native IgM. These glycans are found in the high mannose state also in secreted IgM, suggesting that polymerization hinders them to Golgi processing enzymes. Their absence alters polymerization. Here we investigate their role following the fate of aggregation-prone mutant μ chains lacking the Cμ1 domain (μ∆). Our data reveal that μ∆ lacking 563 glycans (μ∆5) form larger intracellular aggregates than μ∆ and are not secreted. Like μ∆, they sequester ERGIC-53, a lectin previously shown to promote polymerization. In contrast, μ∆ lacking 402 glycans (μ∆4) remain detergent soluble and accumulate in the ER, as does a double mutant devoid of both (μ∆4–5). These results suggest that the two C-terminal Ig-μ glycans shape the polymerization-dependent aggregation by engaging lectins and acting as spacers in the alignment of individual IgM subunits in native polymers.
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Crystal Structure of the ERp44-Peroxiredoxin 4 Complex Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Thiol-Mediated Protein Retention. Structure 2016; 24:1755-1765. [PMID: 27642162 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ERp44 controls the localization and transport of diverse proteins in the early secretory pathway. The mechanisms that allow client recognition and the source of the oxidative power for forming intermolecular disulfides are as yet unknown. Here we present the structure of ERp44 bound to a client, peroxiredoxin 4. Our data reveal that ERp44 binds the oxidized form of peroxiredoxin 4 via thiol-disulfide interchange reactions. The structure explains the redox-dependent recognition and characterizes the essential non-covalent interactions at the interface. The ERp44-Prx4 covalent complexes can be reduced by glutathione and protein disulfide isomerase family members in the ER, allowing the two components to recycle. This work provides insights into the mechanisms of thiol-mediated protein retention and indicates the key roles of ERp44 in this biochemical cycle to optimize oxidative folding and redox homeostasis.
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Yadetie F, Bjørneklett S, Garberg HK, Oveland E, Berven F, Goksøyr A, Karlsen OA. Quantitative analyses of the hepatic proteome of methylmercury-exposed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) suggest oxidative stress-mediated effects on cellular energy metabolism. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:554. [PMID: 27496535 PMCID: PMC4974784 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylmecury (MeHg) is a widely distributed environmental pollutant with considerable risk to both human health and wildlife. To gain better insight into the underlying mechanisms of MeHg-mediated toxicity, we have used label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to analyze the liver proteome of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed in vivo to MeHg (0, 0.5, 2 mg/kg body weight) for 2 weeks. RESULTS Out of a toltal of 1143 proteins quantified, 125 proteins were differentially regulated between MeHg-treated samples and controls. Using various bioinformatics tools, we performed gene ontology, pathway and network enrichment analysis, which indicated that proteins and pathways mainly related to energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, cytoskeleton remodeling, and protein synthesis were regulated in the hepatic proteome after MeHg exposure. Comparison with previous gene expression data strengthened these results, and further supported that MeHg predominantly affects many energy metabolism pathways, presumably through its strong induction of oxidative stress. Some enzymes known to have functionally important oxidation-sensitive cysteine residues in other animals are among the differentially regulated proteins, suggesting their modulations by MeHg-induced oxidative stress. Integrated analysis of the proteomics dataset combined with previous gene expression dataset showed a more pronounced effect of MeHg on amino acid, glucose and fatty acid metabolic pathways, and suggested possible interactions of the cellular energy metabolism and antioxidant defense pathways. CONCLUSIONS MeHg disrupts mainly redox homeostasis and energy generating metabolic pathways in cod liver. The energy pathways appear to be modulated through MeHg-induced oxidative stress, possibly mediated by oxidation sensitive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu Yadetie
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Bjørneklett
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hilde Kristin Garberg
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomics Unit (PROBE) at the University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eystein Oveland
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomics Unit (PROBE) at the University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode Berven
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomics Unit (PROBE) at the University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Abstract
Transport of newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex is highly selective. As a general rule, such transport is limited to soluble and membrane-associated secretory proteins that have reached properly folded and assembled conformations. To secure the efficiency, fidelity, and control of this crucial transport step, cells use a combination of mechanisms. The mechanisms are based on selective retention of proteins in the ER to prevent uptake into transport vesicles, on selective capture of proteins in COPII carrier vesicles, on inclusion of proteins in these vesicles by default as part of fluid and membrane bulk flow, and on selective retrieval of proteins from post-ER compartments by retrograde vesicle transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Barlowe
- Biochemistry Department, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755;
| | - Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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Protein disulfide isomerases in the endoplasmic reticulum promote anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 157:241-252. [PMID: 27161215 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer cells are exposed to stress of detachment from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cultured breast cancer cells that survive this stress and are capable of anchorage-independent proliferation form mammospheres. The purpose of this study was to explore a link between mammosphere growth, ECM gene expression, and the protein quality control system in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We compared the mRNA and protein levels of ER folding factors in SUM159PT and MCF10DCIS.com breast cancer cells grown as mammospheres versus adherent conditions. Publicly available gene expression data for mammospheres formed by primary breast cancer cells and for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were analyzed to assess the status of ECM/ER folding factor genes in clinically relevant samples. Knock-down of selected protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family members was performed to examine their roles in SUM159PT mammosphere growth. We found that cells grown as mammospheres had elevated expression of ECM genes and ER folding quality control genes. CTC gene expression data for an index patient indicated that upregulation of ECM and ER folding factor genes occurred at the time of acquired therapy resistance and disease progression. Knock-down of PDI, ERp44, or ERp57, three members of the PDI family with elevated protein levels in mammospheres, in SUM159PT cells partially inhibited the mammosphere growth. Thus, breast cancer cell survival and growth under detachment conditions require enhanced assistance of the ER protein folding machinery. Targeting ER folding factors, in particular members of the PDI family, may improve the therapeutic outcomes in metastatic breast cancer.
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Abstract
Professional secretory cells produce and release abundant proteins. Particularly in case of mutations and/or insufficient chaperoning, these can aggregate and become toxic within or amongst cells. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are no exception. In the extracellular space, certain Ig-L chains form fibrils causing systemic amyloidosis. On the other hand, Ig variants lacking the first constant domain condense in dilated cisternae of the early secretory compartment, called Russell Bodies (RB), frequently observed in plasma cell dyscrasias, autoimmune diseases and chronic infections. RB biogenesis can be recapitulated in lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells by expressing mutant Ig-μ, providing powerful models to investigate the pathophysiology of endoplasmic reticulum storage disorders. Here we analyze the aggregation propensity and the biochemical features of the intra- and extra-cellular Ig deposits in human cells, revealing β-aggregated features for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Mossuto
- Unit of Protein Transport and Secretion, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Diletta Ami
- 1] Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca [2] Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Tiziana Anelli
- 1] Unit of Protein Transport and Secretion, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy [2] Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fagioli
- Unit of Protein Transport and Secretion, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Doglia
- 1] Department of Physics, University of Milano-Bicocca [2] Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- 1] Unit of Protein Transport and Secretion, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy [2] Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Hampe L, Radjainia M, Xu C, Harris PWR, Bashiri G, Goldstone DC, Brimble MA, Wang Y, Mitra AK. Regulation and Quality Control of Adiponectin Assembly by Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone ERp44. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18111-18123. [PMID: 26060250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.663088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, a collagenous hormone secreted abundantly from adipocytes, possesses potent antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. Mediated by the conserved Cys(39) located in the variable region of the N terminus, the trimeric (low molecular weight (LMW)) adiponectin subunit assembles into different higher order complexes, e.g. hexamers (middle molecular weight (MMW)) and 12-18-mers (high molecular weight (HMW)), the latter being mostly responsible for the insulin-sensitizing activity of adiponectin. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone ERp44 retains adiponectin in the early secretory compartment and tightly controls the oxidative state of Cys(39) and the oligomerization of adiponectin. Using cellular and in vitro assays, we show that ERp44 specifically recognizes the LMW and MMW forms but not the HMW form. Our binding assays with short peptide mimetics of adiponectin suggest that ERp44 intercepts and converts the pool of fully oxidized LMW and MMW adiponectin, but not the HMW form, into reduced trimeric precursors. These ERp44-bound precursors in the cis-Golgi may be transported back to the ER and released to enhance the population of adiponectin intermediates with appropriate oxidative state for HMW assembly, thereby underpinning the process of ERp44 quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Hampe
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, 999007 Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ghader Bashiri
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - David C Goldstone
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, 999007 Hong Kong, China
| | - Alok K Mitra
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Editorial. Production and utilization of H2O2 in protein folding. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:297-8. [PMID: 25999290 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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