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Hanayama M, Mori K, Ishimoto T, Kato Y, Kawai J. Effects of an ergothioneine-rich Pleurotus sp. on skin moisturizing functions and facial conditions: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1396783. [PMID: 38887673 PMCID: PMC11182000 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1396783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background L-ergothioneine (EGT), an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory amino acid, is abundant in various mushroom fruiting bodies. Meanwhile, the effects of EGT-containing mushrooms on human skin are unknown. This study investigated the effects of oral ingestion of a novel EGT-rich strain of Pleurotus species (hiratake) on skin conditions in humans. Methods We conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial to evaluate skin moisturizing functions and facial conditions in 80 healthy women who were randomly assigned to either a group that was supplemented with hiratake tablets containing 25 mg of EGT/day or a placebo group. Skin moisture content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and facial scores (VISIA scores) were measured at baseline, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of supplementation. Results At 8 weeks, the skin moisture content was significantly higher on the temple in the hiratake group than in the placebo group. The hiratake group also exhibited a significant increase in skin moisture content on the arm at 8 and 12 weeks compared with baseline. At 12 weeks, wrinkle and texture scores were significantly better in the hiratake group than in the placebo group, and plasma EGT concentrations in the hiratake group were 4.7-fold higher than baseline (from 3.4 to 15.9 μM). Furthermore, EGT concentrations in plasma were significantly correlated with improvements in skin moisture content and TEWL on the arm, implying that these skin moisturizing benefits could be partly attributed to EGT. A stratified analysis of participants with a low baseline plasma EGT concentration (< 3.3 μM) revealed that skin moisture content on the temple was significantly higher at 8 and 12 weeks, and skin moisture content on the arm at 12 weeks tended to be higher (p = 0.074), in the hiratake group than in the placebo group. These findings suggested that oral ingestion of EGT-rich hiratake can improve skin moisturizing functions. Conclusion EGT-rich hiratake may help maintain skin conditions in healthy women, and EGT may play a role in these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Hanayama
- Mushroom Research Laboratory, Hokuto Corporation, Nagano, Japan
| | - Koichiro Mori
- Mushroom Research Laboratory, Hokuto Corporation, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Junya Kawai
- Mushroom Research Laboratory, Hokuto Corporation, Nagano, Japan
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2
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Nalivaiko EY, Seebeck FP. A Rhodanese-Like Enzyme that Catalyzes Desulfination of Ergothioneine Sulfinic Acid. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400131. [PMID: 38597743 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Many actinobacterial species contain structural genes for iron-dependent enzymes that consume ergothioneine by way of O2-dependent dioxygenation. The resulting product ergothioneine sulfinic acid is stable under physiological conditions unless cleavage to sulfur dioxide and trimethyl histidine is catalyzed by a dedicated desulfinase. This report documents that two types of ergothioneine sulfinic desulfinases have evolved by convergent evolution. One type is related to metal-dependent decarboxylases while the other belongs to the superfamily of rhodanese-like enzymes. Pairs of ergothioneine dioxygenases (ETDO) and ergothioneine sulfinic acid desulfinase (ETSD) occur in thousands of sequenced actinobacteria, suggesting that oxidative ergothioneine degradation is a common activity in this phylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Y Nalivaiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
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3
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Xiong K, Guo H, Xue S, Liu M, Dai Y, Lin X, Zhang S. Production optimization of food functional factor ergothioneine in wild-type red yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DL-X01. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4050-4057. [PMID: 38353320 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ergothioneine (EGT) is a high-value food functional factor that cannot be synthesized by humans and other vertebrates, and the low yield limits its application. RESULTS In this study, the optimal fermentation temperature, fermentation time, initial pH, inoculum age, and inoculation ratio on EGT biosynthesis of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DL-X01 were optimized. In addition, the effects of three key precursor substances - histidine, methionine, and cysteine - on fungal EGT synthesis were verified. The optimal conditions were further obtained by response surface optimization. The EGT yield of R. mucilaginosa DL-X01 under optimal fermentation conditions reached 64.48 ± 2.30 mg L-1 at shake flask fermentation level. Finally, the yield was increased to 339.08 ± 3.31 mg L-1 (intracellular) by fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest EGT yield ever reported in non-recombinant strains. The fermentation strategy described in this study will promote the efficient biosynthesis of EGT in red yeast and its sustainable production in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Xiong
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Guo
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Siyu Xue
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiwei Dai
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinping Lin
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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4
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Halliwell B, Cheah I. Are age-related neurodegenerative diseases caused by a lack of the diet-derived compound ergothioneine? Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 217:60-67. [PMID: 38492784 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
We propose that the diet-derived compound ergothioneine (ET) is an important nutrient in the human body, especially for maintenance of normal brain function, and that low body ET levels predispose humans to significantly increased risks of neurodegenerative (cognitive impairment, dementia, Parkinson's disease) and possibly other age-related diseases (including frailty, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease). Hence, restoring ET levels in the body could assist in mitigating these risks, which are rapidly increasing due to ageing populations globally. Prevention of neurodegeneration is especially important, since by the time dementia is usually diagnosed damage to the brain is extensive and likely irreversible. ET and vitamin E from the diet may act in parallel or even synergistically to protect different parts of the brain; both may be "neuroprotective vitamins". The present article reviews the substantial scientific basis supporting these proposals about the role of ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01A, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore.
| | - Irwin Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01A, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore.
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5
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Chen L, Zhang L, Ye X, Deng Z, Zhao C. Ergothioneine and its congeners: anti-ageing mechanisms and pharmacophore biosynthesis. Protein Cell 2024; 15:191-206. [PMID: 37561026 PMCID: PMC10903977 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine, Ovothiol, and Selenoneine are sulfur/selenium-containing histidine-derived natural products widely distributed across different organisms. They exhibit significant antioxidant properties, making them as potential lead compounds for promoting health. Increasing evidence suggests that Ergothioneine is positively correlated with healthy ageing and longevity. The mechanisms underlying Ergothioneine's regulation of the ageing process at cellular and molecular levels are beginning to be understood. In this review, we provide an in-depth and extensive coverage of the anti-ageing studies on Ergothioneine and discuss its possible intracellular targeting pathways. In addition, we highlight the recent efforts in elucidating the biosynthetic details for Ergothioneine, Ovothiol, and Selenoneine, with a particular focus on the study of their pharmacophore-forming enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xujun Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Changming Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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6
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Nalivaiko EY, Vasseur CM, Seebeck FP. Enzyme-Catalyzed Oxidative Degradation of Ergothioneine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318445. [PMID: 38095354 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a sulfur-containing metabolite that is produced by bacteria and fungi, and is absorbed by plants and animals as a micronutrient. Ergothioneine reacts with harmful oxidants, including singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, and may therefore protect cells against oxidative stress. Herein we describe two enzymes from actinobacteria that cooperate in the specific oxidative degradation of ergothioneine. The first enzyme is an iron-dependent thiol dioxygenase that produces ergothioneine sulfinic acid. A crystal structure of ergothioneine dioxygenase from Thermocatellispora tengchongensis reveals many similarities with cysteine dioxygenases, suggesting that the two enzymes share a common mechanism. The second enzyme is a metal-dependent ergothioneine sulfinic acid desulfinase that produces Nα-trimethylhistidine and SO2 . The discovery that certain actinobacteria contain the enzymatic machinery for O2 -dependent biosynthesis and O2 -dependent degradation of ergothioneine indicates that these organisms may actively manage their ergothioneine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Y Nalivaiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille M Vasseur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 22, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Sato S, Saika A, Ushimaru K, Koshiyama T, Higashiyama Y, Fukuoka T, Morita T. Biosynthetic ability of diverse basidiomycetous yeast strains to produce the natural antioxidant ergothioneine. AMB Express 2024; 14:20. [PMID: 38337099 PMCID: PMC10858013 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sixteen strains of basidiomycetous yeasts were evaluated for their capability to produce ergothioneine (EGT), an amino acid derivative with strong antioxidant activity. The cells were cultured in either two synthetic media or yeast mold (YM) medium for 72 h, after which cytosolic constituents were extracted from the cells with hot water. After analyzing the extracts via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we found that all strains produced varying amounts of EGT. The EGT-producing strains, including Ustilago siamensis, Anthracocystis floculossa, Tridiomyces crassus, Ustilago shanxiensis, and Moesziomyces antarcticus, were subjected to flask cultivation in YM medium. U. siamensis CBS9960 produced the highest amount of EGT at 49.5 ± 7.0 mg/L after 120 h, followed by T. crassus at 30.9 ± 1.8 mg/L. U. siamensis was also cultured in a jar fermenter and produced slightly higher amounts of EGT than under flask cultivation. The effects of culture conditions, particularly the addition of precursor amino acids, on EGT production by the selected strains were also evaluated. U. siamensis showed a 1.5-fold increase in EGT production with the addition of histidine, while U. shanxiensis experienced a 1.8-fold increase in EGT production with the addition of methionine. These results suggest that basidiomycetous yeasts could serve an abundant source for natural EGT producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Azusa Saika
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ushimaru
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Koshiyama
- Research and Development Division, Kureha Corporation, 16, Ochiai, Nishiki-Machi, Iwaki, Fukushima, 974-8686, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Higashiyama
- Research and Development Division, Kureha Corporation, 16, Ochiai, Nishiki-Machi, Iwaki, Fukushima, 974-8686, Japan
| | - Tokuma Fukuoka
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Tomotake Morita
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-2, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
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8
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Xiong K, Guo H, Xue S, Dai Y, Dong L, Ji C, Zhang S. Cost-effective production of ergothioneine using Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DL-X01 from molasses and fish bone meal enzymatic hydrolysate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130101. [PMID: 38013036 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is a high-value natural antioxidant that cannot be synthesized by the human body. This study showed that Rhodotorula mucilaginosa DL-X01 can use untreated molasses and fish bone meal enzymatic hydrolysate as the substrates to synthesize EGT. By optimizing the growth conditions, the EGT yield reached 29.39 mg/L when molasses and fish bone meal (FBM) were added at 60 g/L and 400 g/L respectively. Finally, the EGT yield was increased to 216.25 mg/L by fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. Compared with the fermentation by yeast extract peptone dextrose medium, the feedstock cost of EGT production was reduced by 330.91 % by using molasses and FBM as substrates. These results showed that R. mucilaginosa DL-X01 can produce high-value EGT using two cheap processing by-products, molasses and FBM, which is of great significance for environmental protection and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Xiong
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Hui Guo
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Siyu Xue
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yiwei Dai
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Liang Dong
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Chaofan Ji
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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9
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Mayayo-Vallverdú C, López de Heredia M, Prat E, González L, Espino Guarch M, Vilches C, Muñoz L, Asensi MA, Serra C, Llebaria A, Casado M, Artuch R, Garrabou G, Garcia-Roves PM, Pallardó FV, Nunes V. The antioxidant l-Ergothioneine prevents cystine lithiasis in the Slc7a9 -/- mouse model of cystinuria. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102801. [PMID: 37418888 PMCID: PMC10359938 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The high recurrence rate of cystine lithiasis observed in cystinuria patients highlights the need for new therapeutic options to address this chronic disease. There is growing evidence of an antioxidant defect in cystinuria, which has led to test antioxidant molecules as new therapeutic approaches. In this study, the antioxidant l-Ergothioneine was evaluated, at two different doses, as a preventive and long-term treatment for cystinuria in the Slc7a9-/- mouse model. l-Ergothioneine treatments decreased the rate of stone formation by more than 60% and delayed its onset in those mice that still developed calculi. Although there were no differences in metabolic parameters or urinary cystine concentration between control and treated mice, cystine solubility was increased by 50% in the urines of treated mice. We also demonstrate that l-Ergothioneine needs to be internalized by its transporter OCTN1 (Slc22a4) to be effective, as when administrated to the double mutant Slc7a9-/-Slc22a4-/- mouse model, no effect on the lithiasis phenotype was observed. In kidneys, we detected a decrease in GSH levels and an impairment of maximal mitochondrial respiratory capacity in cystinuric mice that l-Ergothioneine treatment was able to restore. Thus, l-Ergothioneine administration prevented cystine lithiasis in the Slc7a9-/- mouse model by increasing urinary cystine solubility and recovered renal GSH metabolism and mitochondrial function. These results support the need for clinical trials to test l-Ergothioneine as a new treatment for cystinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mayayo-Vallverdú
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Genetics Section, Physiological Sciences Department, Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miguel López de Heredia
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Prat
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Genetics Section, Physiological Sciences Department, Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura González
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meritxell Espino Guarch
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Immunology Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Clara Vilches
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Institut de Ciències Fotòniques (ICFO), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Muñoz
- SIMChem, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Asensi
- Departamento de Fisiología. Universidad de Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Serra
- SIMChem, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- SIMChem, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Casado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Biochemistry Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Rafael Artuch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Biochemistry Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Gloria Garrabou
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Internal Medicine Department-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo M Garcia-Roves
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nutrition, Metabolism and Gene therapy Group Diabetes and Metabolism Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) -CB06/07/0069 - CB06/07/0061 - CB06/07/0073 - CB06/07/1002 - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología. Universidad de Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Virginia Nunes
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Gene, Disease and Therapy Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Genetics Section, Physiological Sciences Department, Health Sciences and Medicine Faculty, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Hondal RJ. Selenium vitaminology: The connection between selenium, vitamin C, vitamin E, and ergothioneine. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102328. [PMID: 37236134 PMCID: PMC10524500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Selenium is connected to three small molecule antioxidant compounds, ascorbate, α-tocopherol, and ergothioneine. Ascorbate and α-tocopherol are true vitamins, while ergothioneine is a "vitamin-like" compound. Here we review how selenium is connected to all three. Selenium and vitamin E work together as a team to prevent lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E quenches lipid hydroperoxyl radicals and the resulting lipid hydroperoxide is then converted to the lipid alcohol by selenocysteine-containing glutathione peroxidase. Ascorbate reduces the resulting α-tocopheroxyl radical in this reaction back to α-tocopherol with concomitant production of the ascorbyl radical. The ascorbyl radical can be reduced back to ascorbate by selenocysteine-containing thioredoxin reductase. Ergothioneine and ascorbate are both water soluble, small molecule reductants that can reduce free radicals and redox-active metals. Thioredoxin reductase can reduce oxidized forms of ergothioneine. While the biological significance of this is not yet realized, this discovery underscores the centrality of selenium to all three antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hondal
- Department of Biochemistry, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given Laboratory, Room B413, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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11
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Hartmann L, Seebeck FP, Schmalz HG, Gründemann D. Isotope-labeled ergothioneine clarifies the mechanism of reaction with singlet oxygen. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 198:12-26. [PMID: 36736443 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently we have uncovered a non-enzymatic multi-step cycle for the regeneration of ergothioneine (ET), after reaction with noxious singlet oxygen (1O2), by glutathione (GSH). When living cells were loaded with ET labeled with deuterium and N-15 atoms (D5-ET) and exposed to light in the presence of a photosensitizer, no loss of deuterium at position 5 of the imidazole ring was observed, in contradiction to our previous mechanistic proposal. Therefore, it was necessary to reexamine the in vitro products of ET and 1O2 by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Pure 1O2 was generated by thermolysis at 37 °C of the endoperoxide DHPNO2. The use of D5-ET enabled us to revise and extend the reaction scheme. On the main pathway, 1O2 attacks the imidazole ring, and the hydroperoxide intermediates are reduced rapidly by ET or GSH via different mechanisms. The intramolecular water elimination from the 5-hydroperoxide described previously is slower and not a part of the cycle. On another side path, 1O2 attacks the sulfur of ET to form a sulfine (S-oxide). The reduction of the sulfine also allows for the complete regeneration of ET. Experiments with methanol instead of water as solvent revealed that, in the absence of GSH, ET was attacked 6 times more frequently at the ring than at the sulfur. In the presence of 1 mM GSH or higher, both side paths were abandoned. ET efficiently captures 1O2 with its ring and can then be regenerated to a large extent by GSH, without enzyme involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hartmann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Günther Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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12
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Determination of L-Ergothioneine in Cosmetics Based on Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:4372295. [PMID: 36204714 PMCID: PMC9532160 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4372295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method was developed for the identification and determination of L-ergothioneine in cosmetics based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The pretreatment method, chromatographic column, chromatographic conditions, and mass spectrometric conditions of cosmetic samples were optimized. Methanol was chosen as the extraction solvent, 85% acetonitrile with 0.1% FA was selected as the mobile phase, and the Waters CORTECS UPLC hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column was chosen for the separation. The sample was extracted with methanol and filtered, then separated by HILIC and detected by triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. The quantitation was done under the matrix calibration curve using the external standard method. The results showed good linear relationships in the range of 5–200 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.999 in cosmetic samples. The limit of detection was in the range of 25–50 μg/kg and the limit of quantitation was in the range of 50–100 μg/kg. The recoveries of the method spiked ranged from 85.3% to 96.2% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was in the range of 0.84%–2.08% (n = 6). The method is simple, quick, and accurate for the determination of L-ergothioneine in cosmetics, and has great practical value.
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13
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Abstract
Significance: Ergothioneine (ET) is an unusual sulfur-containing amino acid derived from histidine, acquired predominantly from food. Its depletion is associated with deleterious consequences in response to stress stimuli in cell culture models, prompting us to classify it as a vitamin in 2010, which was later supported by in vivo studies. ET is obtained from a variety of foods and is taken up by a selective transporter. ET possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that confer cytoprotection. ET crosses the blood-brain barrier and has been reported to have beneficial effects in the brain. In this study, we discuss the cytoprotective and neuroprotective properties of ET, which may be harnessed for combating neurodegeneration and decline during aging. Recent Advances: The designation of ET as a stress vitamin is gaining momentum, opening a new field of investigation involving small molecules that are essential for optimal physiological functioning and maintenance of health span. Critical Issues: Although ET was discovered more than a century ago, its physiological functions are still being elucidated, especially in the brain. As ET is present in most foods, toxicity associated with its deprivation has been difficult to assess. Future Directions: Using genetically engineered cells and mice, it may now be possible to elucidate roles of ET. This coupled with advances in genomics and metabolomics may lead to identification of ET function. As ET is a stable antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties, whose levels decline during aging, supplementing ET in the diet or consuming an ET-rich diet may prove beneficial. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1306-1317.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu D Paul
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Fu TT, Shen L. Ergothioneine as a Natural Antioxidant Against Oxidative Stress-Related Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:850813. [PMID: 35370675 PMCID: PMC8971627 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.850813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Ergothioneine (EGT) is a natural antioxidant derived from microorganisms, especially in edible mushrooms. EGT is found to be highly accumulated in tissues that are susceptible to oxidative damage, and it has attracted extensive attention due to its powerful antioxidant activity and the tight relationships of this natural product with various oxidative stress-related diseases. Herein, we 1) introduce the biological source and in vivo distribution of EGT; 2) review the currently available evidence concerning the relationships of EGT with diabetes, ischemia-reperfusion injury-related diseases like cardiovascular diseases and liver diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and other diseases pathogenically associated with oxidative stress; 3) summarize the potential action mechanisms of EGT against these diseases; 4) discuss the advantages of EGT over other antioxidants; and 5) also propose several future research perspectives for EGT. These may help to promote the future application of this attractive natural antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Fu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Liang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Shen,
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Effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of ergothioneine, an endogenous organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 substrate, in rats. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022; 52:341-351. [PMID: 35291466 PMCID: PMC8911105 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00563-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on the expression levels of organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 (OCTN1) as well as the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of ergothioneine, an OCTN1 substrate, in rats. Methods Rats pretreated with 1,25(OH)2D3 (2.56 nmol/kg/day) for four days were administered ergothioneine (2 mg/kg) intravenously. The expression levels of rat OCTN1 (rOCTN1) in organs were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Ergothioneine levels in plasma, urine, and organs (with and without intravenous injection of exogenous ergothioneine) were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results 1,25(OH)2D3 pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease in rOCTN1 mRNA expression levels in the kidney and brain, a significant increase in basal plasma levels of ergothioneine (from 48 h), and a significant decrease in the tissue-plasma partition coefficient (Kp) in all tissues (except the heart and lungs) and the basal urine levels of ergothioneine. After intravenous administration, the pharmacokinetic profiles of ergothioneine were consistent with the basal levels of endogenous ergothioneine, with an increase in AUC∞ by 85%, a significant decrease in total clearance by 49%, and a decrease in Vss by 32% in 1,25(OH)2D3-treated rats. The Kp value and urinary recovery of ergothioneine also decreased in the 1,25(OH)2D3-treated group. Conclusion This study showed the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the expression and function of rOCTN1 by investigating the interaction between 1,25(OH)2D3 and ergothioneine. Dose adjustment and possible changes in bioavailability should be considered before the co-administration of vitamin D or its active forms and OCTN1 substrates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40005-022-00563-1.
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Oxidized Forms of Ergothioneine Are Substrates for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020185. [PMID: 35204068 PMCID: PMC8868364 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is a sulfur-containing amino acid analog that is biosynthesized in fungi and bacteria, accumulated in plants, and ingested by humans where it is concentrated in tissues under oxidative stress. While the physiological function of EGT is not yet fully understood, EGT is a potent antioxidant in vitro. Here we report that oxidized forms of EGT, EGT-disulfide (ESSE) and 5-oxo-EGT, can be reduced by the selenoenzyme mammalian thioredoxin reductase (Sec-TrxR). ESSE and 5-oxo-EGT are formed upon reaction with biologically relevant reactive oxygen species. We found that glutathione reductase (GR) can reduce ESSE, but only with the aid of glutathione (GSH). The reduction of ESSE by TrxR was found to be selenium dependent, with non-selenium-containing TrxR enzymes having little or no ability to reduce ESSE. In comparing the reduction of ESSE by Sec-TrxR in the presence of thioredoxin to that of GR/GSH, we find that the glutathione system is 10-fold more efficient, but Sec-TrxR has the advantage of being able to reduce both ESSE and 5-oxo-EGT directly. This represents the first discovered direct enzymatic recycling system for oxidized forms of EGT. Based on our in vitro results, the thioredoxin system may be important for EGT redox biology and requires further in vivo investigation.
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Gründemann D, Hartmann L, Flögel S. The Ergothioneine Transporter (ETT): Substrates and Locations, an Inventory. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:1252-1269. [PMID: 34958679 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In all vertebrates including mammals, the ergothioneine transporter ETT (obsolete name OCTN1; human gene symbol SLC22A4) is a powerful and highly specific transporter for the uptake of ergothioneine (ET). ETT is not expressed ubiquitously and only cells with high ETT cell-surface levels can accumulate ET to high concentration. Without ETT, there is no uptake because the plasma membrane is essentially impermeable to this hydrophilic zwitterion. Here, we review the substrate specificity and localization of ETT, which is prominently expressed in neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and developing erythrocytes. Most sites of strong expression are conserved across species, but there are also major differences. In particular, we critically analyze the evidence for the expression of ETT in the brain as well as recent data suggesting that the transporter SLC22A15 may transport also ET. We conclude that, to date, ETT remains the only well-defined biomarker for intracellular ET activity. In humans, the ability to take up, distribute, and retain ET depends principally on this transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lea Hartmann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Flögel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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18
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Yadan JC. Matching chemical properties to molecular biological activities opens a new perspective on L-ergothioneine. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:1299-1312. [PMID: 34928499 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
L-ergothioneine is a low-molecular weight natural product, the chemical structure of which comprises oxygen-, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing functional groups. This gives L-ergothioneine specific physicochemical properties and allows to better understanding its chemical reactivity, which is primarily due to the 2-thio-imidazole group. Here, I review how different modes of chemical reactivity account for the reported molecular biological activities of L-ergothioneine. By matching the physicochemical properties to the biological properties of L-ergothioneine, a new perspective of the function and the mode of action of this enigmatic molecule emerges into the limelight.
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19
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Gemki M, Taspinar Ö, Adler A, Griesbeck AG, Gründemann D, Schmalz HG. Scalable Synthesis of N, N′-Di(2,3-dihydroxy-propyl)-1,4-naphthalenedipropanamide and Its 1,4-Endoperoxide as a Singlet Oxygen-Releasing Molecule. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gemki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ömer Taspinar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Adler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel G. Griesbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
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20
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Tao Y, Xiao S, Cai J, Wang J, Li L. Effects of ergothioneine-enriched mushroom extract on oxidative stability, volatile compounds and sensory quality of emulsified sausage. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1695-1704. [PMID: 33705628 PMCID: PMC8495348 DOI: 10.5713/ab.20.0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to assess the effect of ergothioneine (ESH)-enriched mushroom extract on oxidative stability, volatile compounds, and sensory quality of emulsified sausage. METHODS The ESH content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity of Flammulina velutipes (F. velutipes) extract was determined through radical-scavenging activity of 1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and hydroxyl radicals. Four different groups of emulsified sausage were manufactured: control, no antioxidants; BHA, 0.01% butylated hydroxyanisole; EEME, 0.8% ESH-enriched mushroom (F. velutipes) extract; AE, 0.012% authentic ESH, after storage for 14 days (at 4°C), the quality of sausage including oxidative stability (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyls content), volatile compounds and sensory quality were studied. RESULTS It was demonstrated that adding ESH-enriched F. velutipes extract to sausage could effectively prevent lipid and protein oxidation, and its efficacy was equivalent with 0.01% BHA. During meat processing, the ESH mainly contributed to the antioxidative activity of F. velutipes extract. The flavor and sensory attributes of emulsified sausage were improved through adding ESH-enriched F. velutipes extract. CONCLUSION Accordingly, the extract of F. velutipes contained high-level of ESH and could be a good antioxidant candidate for processed meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design & Nutrition Regulation, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
- College of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design & Nutrition Regulation, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
- College of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jiaming Cai
- College of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jihui Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design & Nutrition Regulation, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
- College of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Lin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Health Food Design & Nutrition Regulation, School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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Ando C, Morimitsu Y. A proposed antioxidation mechanism of ergothioneine based on the chemically derived oxidation product hercynine and further decomposition products. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1175-1182. [PMID: 33686392 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERGO), a thiohistidine betaine, exists in various fungi, plants, and animals. Humans take in ERGO from their diet. ERGO is a strong biological antioxidant, but there are only a limited number of reports about its redox mechanism. The purpose of this study was to clarify the oxidation mechanism of ERGO. Reactions of ERGO with chemical oxidants were performed. The oxidation products of ERGO were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The major product of oxidation of ERGO by hydrogen peroxide in physiological conditions was identified as hercynine (histidine betaine). One molecule of ERGO was able to reduce 2 molecules of hydrogen peroxide. Hercynine was found to react with the more potent oxidant hypochlorite. One unstable decomposition product was detected by LC-MS. As a result, a mechanism of oxidation of ERGO, and hence its physiological antioxidant activity, was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Ando
- Department of Food and Nutrition Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Morimitsu
- Department of Food and Nutrition Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Ergothioneine, recent developments. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101868. [PMID: 33558182 PMCID: PMC8113028 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a recent surge of interest in the unique low molecular weight dietary thiol/thione, ergothioneine. This compound can accumulate at high levels in the body from diet and may play important physiological roles in human health and development, and possibly in prevention and treatment of disease. Blood levels of ergothioneine decline with age and onset of various diseases. Here we highlight recent advances in our knowledge of ergothioneine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore; Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore; Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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Bruno G, Wenske S, Lackmann JW, Lalk M, von Woedtke T, Wende K. On the Liquid Chemistry of the Reactive Nitrogen Species Peroxynitrite and Nitrogen Dioxide Generated by Physical Plasmas. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1687. [PMID: 33339444 PMCID: PMC7766045 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold physical plasmas modulate cellular redox signaling processes, leading to the evolution of a number of clinical applications in recent years. They are a source of small reactive species, including reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Wound healing is a major application and, as its physiology involves RNS signaling, a correlation between clinical effectiveness and the activity of plasma-derived RNS seems evident. To investigate the type and reactivity of plasma-derived RNS in aqueous systems, a model with tyrosine as a tracer was utilized. By high-resolution mass spectrometry, 26 different tyrosine derivatives including the physiologic nitrotyrosine were identified. The product pattern was distinctive in terms of plasma parameters, especially gas phase composition. By scavenger experiments and isotopic labelling, gaseous nitric dioxide radicals and liquid phase peroxynitrite ions were determined as dominant RNS. The presence of water molecules in the active plasma favored the generation of peroxynitrite. A pilot study, identifying RNS driven post-translational modifications of proteins in healing human wounds after the treatment with cold plasma (kINPen), demonstrated the presence of in vitro determined chemical pathways. The plasma-driven nitration and nitrosylation of tyrosine allows the conclusion that covalent modification of biomolecules by RNS contributes to the clinically observed impact of cold plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Bruno
- Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (G.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Sebastian Wenske
- Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (G.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Jan-Wilm Lackmann
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Michael Lalk
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Thomas von Woedtke
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Kristian Wende
- Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (G.B.); (S.W.)
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24
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Borodina I, Kenny LC, McCarthy CM, Paramasivan K, Pretorius E, Roberts TJ, van der Hoek SA, Kell DB. The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:190-217. [PMID: 32051057 PMCID: PMC7653990 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in mushroom fruiting bodies) and actinobacteria, but is not synthesised by plants and animals who acquire it via the soil and their diet, respectively. Animals have evolved a highly selective transporter for it, known as solute carrier family 22, member 4 (SLC22A4) in humans, signifying its importance, and ERG may even have the status of a vitamin. ERG accumulates differentially in various tissues, according to their expression of SLC22A4, favouring those such as erythrocytes that may be subject to oxidative stress. Mushroom or ERG consumption seems to provide significant prevention against oxidative stress in a large variety of systems. ERG seems to have strong cytoprotective status, and its concentration is lowered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been passed as safe by regulatory agencies, and may have value as a nutraceutical and antioxidant more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Borodina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL8 7SS, UK
| | - Cathal M. McCarthy
- Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kalaivani Paramasivan
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
| | - Steven A. van der Hoek
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZB, UK
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25
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Dietary amino acid ergothioneine protects HT22 hippocampal neurons against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity via antioxidative mechanism. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Cheah IK, Halliwell B. Could Ergothioneine Aid in the Treatment of Coronavirus Patients? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E595. [PMID: 32646061 PMCID: PMC7402156 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic that has, at present, infected more than 11 million people globally. Some COVID-19 patients develop a severe and critical illness, spurred on by excessive inflammation that can lead to respiratory or multiorgan failure. Numerous studies have established the unique array of cytoprotective properties of the dietary amino acid ergothioneine. Based on studies in a range of in vitro and in vivo models, ergothioneine has exhibited the ability to modulate inflammation, scavenge free radicals, protect against acute respiratory distress syndrome, prevent endothelial dysfunction, protect against ischemia and reperfusion injury, protect against neuronal damage, counteract iron dysregulation, hinder lung and liver fibrosis, and mitigate damage to the lungs, kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and testis, amongst many others. When compiled, this evidence suggests that ergothioneine has a potential application in the treatment of the underlying pathology of COVID-19. We propose that ergothioneine could be used as a therapeutic to reduce the severity and mortality of COVID-19, especially in the elderly and those with underlying health conditions. This review presents evidence to support that proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin K. Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore;
- Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore;
- Life Science Institute, Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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27
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Goncharenko KV, Flückiger S, Liao C, Lim D, Stampfli AR, Seebeck FP. Selenocysteine as a Substrate, an Inhibitor and a Mechanistic Probe for Bacterial and Fungal Iron-Dependent Sulfoxide Synthases. Chemistry 2020; 26:1328-1334. [PMID: 31545545 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoxide synthases are non-heme iron enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis of thiohistidines, such as ergothioneine and ovothiol A. The sulfoxide synthase EgtB from Chloracidobacterium thermophilum (CthEgtB) catalyzes oxidative coupling between the side chains of N-α-trimethyl histidine (TMH) and cysteine (Cys) in a reaction that entails complete reduction of molecular oxygen, carbon-sulfur (C-S) and sulfur-oxygen (S-O) bond formation as well as carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bond cleavage. In this report, we show that CthEgtB and other bacterial sulfoxide synthases cannot efficiently accept selenocysteine (SeCys) as a substrate in place of cysteine. In contrast, the sulfoxide synthase from the filamentous fungus Chaetomium thermophilum (CthEgt1) catalyzes C-S and C-Se bond formation at almost equal efficiency. We discuss evidence suggesting that this functional difference between bacterial and fungal sulfoxide synthases emerges from different modes of oxygen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V Goncharenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Flückiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cangsong Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja R Stampfli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Horie Y, Goto A, Imamura R, Itoh M, Ikegawa S, Ogawa S, Higashi T. Quantification of ergothioneine in Aspergillus oryzae-fermented rice bran by a newly-developed LC/ESI-MS/MS method. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Chaves NA, Alegria TGP, Dantas LS, Netto LES, Miyamoto S, Bonini Domingos CR, da Silva DGH. Impaired antioxidant capacity causes a disruption of metabolic homeostasis in sickle erythrocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:34-46. [PMID: 31163255 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined particularly relevant redox pathways such as glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), metHb reductase and nucleotide metabolism, in order to better address how sickle cells deal with redox metabolism disruption. We also investigated the generation of specific oxidative lesions, and the levels of an unexplored antioxidant that could act as a candidate biomarker for oxidative status in sickle cell anemia (SCA). We adopted rigorous exclusion criteria to obtain the studied groups, which were composed by 10 subjects without hemoglobinopathies and 10 SCA patients. We confirmed that sickle cells overwhelm the antioxidant defense system, leading to an impaired antioxidant capacity that significantly contributed to the increase in cholesterol oxidation (ChAld) and hemolysis. Among the antioxidants evaluated, ergothioneine levels decreased in SCA (two-fold). We found strong correlations of ergothioneine levels with other erythrocyte metabolism markers, suggesting its use as an antioxidant therapy alternative for SCA treatment. Moreover, we found higher activities of MetHb reductase, AChE, G6PDH, HXK, and LDH, as well as levels of NADPH, ATP and hypoxanthine in sickle cells. On this basis, we conclude that impaired antioxidant capacity leaves to a loss of glycolysis and PPP shifting mechanism control and further homeostasis rupture, contributing to a decreased lifespan of sickle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Geronimo Pires Alegria
- USP - University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Biosciences, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Souza Dantas
- USP - University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- USP - University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Biosciences, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- USP - University of Sao Paulo, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Oumari M, Goldfuss B, Stoffels C, Schmalz HG, Gründemann D. Regeneration of ergothioneine after reaction with singlet oxygen. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:498-504. [PMID: 30721726 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ergothioneine (ET), an imidazole-2-thione derivative of histidine betaine, is generally considered an antioxidant. Important antioxidants are typically regenerated from their oxidized products, to prevent the interceptors from being lost after a single chemical reaction with a reactive oxygen species. However, no mechanism for the complete regeneration of ET has yet been uncovered. Here we define a non-enzymatic multi-step cycle for the regeneration of ET after reaction with singlet oxygen (1O2). All reaction steps were verified by density functional theory computations. Four molecules of GSH are used per turn to detoxify 1O2 to water. Pure 1O2 was generated by thermolysis at 37 °C of the endoperoxide DHPNO2. Addition of 1 mM ET to 10 mM DHPNO2 and 10 mM GSH increased the production of oxidized GSH (GSSG), measured by LC-MS/MS, by a factor of 26 (water) and 28 (D2O), respectively. In the same assay, the ring of ET alone was able to drive the cycle at equal speed; thus, the zwitterionic amino acid backbone was not involved. Our data suggest that ET reacts at least 4-fold faster with 1O2 than ascorbic acid. ET must now be viewed as tightly linked with the GSH/GSSG redox couple. The necessary thiol foundation is present in all mammalian and vertebrate cells, and also in all species that generate ET, such as cyanobacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi. Regeneration provides a decisive advantage for ET over other reactive, but non-recoverable, compounds. Our findings substantiate the importance of ET for the eradication of noxious 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhmd Oumari
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher Stoffels
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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31
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Halliwell B, Cheah IK, Tang RMY. Ergothioneine - a diet-derived antioxidant with therapeutic potential. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3357-3366. [PMID: 29851075 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is a thiol/thione molecule synthesised only by some fungi and bacteria. Nonetheless, it is avidly taken up from the diet by humans and other animals through a transporter, OCTN1, and accumulates to high levels in certain tissues. Ergothioneine is not rapidly metabolised, or excreted in urine and is present in many, if not all, human tissues and body fluids. Ergothioneine has powerful antioxidant and cytoprotective properties in vitro and there is evidence that the body may concentrate it at sites of tissue injury by raising OCTN1 levels. Decreased blood and/or plasma levels of ergothioneine have been observed in some diseases, suggesting that a deficiency could be relevant to the disease onset or progression. This brief Review explores the possible roles of ergothioneine in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Irwin K Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Richard M Y Tang
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Misson L, Burn R, Vit A, Hildesheim J, Beliaeva MA, Blankenfeldt W, Seebeck FP. Inhibition and Regulation of the Ergothioneine Biosynthetic Methyltransferase EgtD. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1333-1342. [PMID: 29658702 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ergothioneine is an emerging factor in cellular redox homeostasis in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Reports that ergothioneine biosynthesis may be important for the pathogenicity of bacteria and fungi raise the question as to how this pathway is regulated and whether the corresponding enzymes may be therapeutic targets. The first step in ergothioneine biosynthesis is catalyzed by the methyltransferase EgtD that converts histidine into N-α-trimethylhistidine. This report examines the kinetic, thermodynamic and structural basis for substrate, product, and inhibitor binding by EgtD from Mycobacterium smegmatis. This study reveals an unprecedented substrate binding mechanism and a fine-tuned affinity landscape as determinants for product specificity and product inhibition. Both properties are evolved features that optimize the function of EgtD in the context of cellular ergothioneine production. On the basis of these findings, we developed a series of simple histidine derivatives that inhibit methyltransferase activity at low micromolar concentrations. Crystal structures of inhibited complexes validate this structure- and mechanism-based design strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Misson
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Burn
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Allegra Vit
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Hildesheim
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mariia A. Beliaeva
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Tschirka J, Kreisor M, Betz J, Gründemann D. Substrate Selectivity Check of the Ergothioneine Transporter. Drug Metab Dispos 2018. [PMID: 29530864 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The candidate vitamin ergothioneine (ET) is a unique antioxidant. Expression of the ET transporter (ETT) (gene symbol SLC22A4) in distinct cells is thought to signal intracellular ET activity, since we have previously shown that the ETT is highly selective for ET. Unfortunately, some continue to hold the ETT as a relevant drug transporter, using the misleading functional name OCTN1, novel organic cation transporter. The present study was provoked by two recent reports in which new ETT substrates were declared. Astonishingly, the transport efficiencies (TEs) of ETT for saracatinib and some nucleoside drugs were as high as the TE for ET. Here we examined, based on regulated expression of ETT from human and rat in 293 cells and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification, the transport of several drugs. With the nucleosides cytarabine, gemcitabine, 2'-deoxycytidine, and 2'-deoxyadenosine, and the drugs saracatinib, ipratropium, metformin, and oxaliplatin, the uptake into cells expressing ETT was not increased over control cells. ETT-mediated uptake of gabapentin was detectable, but the TE was approximately 100-fold lower than the TE for ergothioneine (50-200 µl/min per milligram of protein). In conclusion, the ETT remains highly specific for its physiologic substrate ergothioneine. Our results contradict several reports on additional substrates. The ETT does not provide multiple substrate specificities, and it is not a transporter of cationic drugs. Only compounds that are related to ET in substructure-for example, gabapentin, carnitine, and TEA-can be transported, but with very low efficiency. Thus, ETT persists as a specific molecular indicator of ET activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tschirka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Madlen Kreisor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janina Betz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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