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Boukouvala E, Krey G. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors of Ray-Finned Fish: Unique Structures, Elusive Functions. Biomolecules 2024; 14:634. [PMID: 38927038 PMCID: PMC11201486 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Actinopterygian and specifically the Teleostean peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) present an impressive variability and complexity in their structures, both at the gene and protein levels. These structural differences may also reflect functional divergence from their mammalian homologs, or even between fish species. This review, taking advantage of the data generated from the whole-genome sequencing of several fish species, highlights the differences in the primary structure of the receptors, while discussing results from the literature pertaining to the functions of fish PPARs and their activation by natural and synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evridiki Boukouvala
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA (ELGO-DIMITRA), 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Grigorios Krey
- Fisheries Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA (ELGO-DIMITRA), 64007 Nea Peramos, Kavala, Greece
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2
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Lundin JI, Chittaro PM, Schultz IR, Arkoosh MR, Baker MC, Baldwin DH, Collier TK, French BL, Kern JW, Labenia JS, Linbo TL, Merten AA, Schuster CM, Veggerby KB, Ylitalo GM, Scholz NL, Dietrich JP. Dietary Exposure to Environmentally Relevant Levels of Chemical Contaminants Reduces Growth and Survival in Juvenile Chinook Salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:132-142. [PMID: 38154032 PMCID: PMC10785754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution can degrade aquatic ecosystems. Chinook salmon in contaminated habitats are vulnerable to health impacts from toxic exposures. Few studies have been conducted on adverse health outcomes associated with current levels and mixtures of contaminants. Fewer still address effects specific to the juvenile life-stage of salmonids. The present study evaluated contaminant-related effects from dietary exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations and mixture profiles in juvenile Chinook salmon from industrialized waterways in the U.S. Pacific Northwest using two end points: growth assessment and disease susceptibility. The dose and chemical proportions were reconstituted based on environmental sampling and analysis using the stomach contents of juvenile Chinook salmon recently collected from contaminated, industrialized waterways. Groups of fish were fed a mixture with fixed proportions of 10 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 3 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at five concentrations for 35 days. These contaminant compounds were selected because of elevated concentrations and the widespread presence in sediments throughout industrialized waterways. Fork length and otolith microstructural growth indicators were significantly reduced in fish fed environmentally relevant concentrations of these contaminants. In addition, contaminant-exposed Chinook salmon were more susceptible to disease during controlled challenges with the pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. Our results indicate that dietary exposure to contaminants impairs growth and immune function in juvenile Chinook salmon, thereby highlighting that current environmental exposure to chemicals of potential management concern threatens the viability of exposed salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. Lundin
- National
Research Council Research Associateship Program, under contract to
the Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries
Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Paul M. Chittaro
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Irvin R. Schultz
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Mary R. Arkoosh
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Mary C. Baker
- Assessment
and Restoration Division, Office of Response and Restoration, National
Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, Washington 98115-0070, United States
| | - David H. Baldwin
- Endangered
Species Act Interagency Cooperation Division, Office of Protected
Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, Washington 98115-0070, United States
| | - Tracy K. Collier
- College
of the Environment, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, Washington 98225-9079, United States
| | - Barbara L. French
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - John W. Kern
- Kern
Statistical
Services, Inc., 13680
Bete Grise RD, Mohawk, Michigan 49950, United States
| | - Jana S. Labenia
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Linbo
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Amy A. Merten
- Assessment
and Restoration Division, Office of Response and Restoration, National
Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, Washington 98115-0070, United States
| | - Cameron M. Schuster
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Karl B. Veggerby
- Ocean
Associates,
Inc., under contract to the Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National
Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Gina M. Ylitalo
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Nathaniel L. Scholz
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Joseph P. Dietrich
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
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Emam M, Caballero-Solares A, Xue X, Umasuthan N, Milligan B, Taylor RG, Balder R, Rise ML. Gill and Liver Transcript Expression Changes Associated With Gill Damage in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Front Immunol 2022; 13:806484. [PMID: 35418993 PMCID: PMC8996064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.806484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gill damage represents a significant challenge in the teleost fish aquaculture industry globally, due to the gill’s involvement in several vital functions and direct contact with the surrounding environment. To examine the local and systemic effects accompanying gill damage (which is likely to negatively affect gill function) of Atlantic salmon, we performed a field sampling to collect gill and liver tissue after several environmental insults (e.g., harmful algal blooms). Before sampling, gills were visually inspected and gill damage was scored; gill scores were assigned from pristine [gill score 0 (GS0)] to severely damaged gills (GS3). Using a 44K salmonid microarray platform, we aimed to compare the transcriptomes of pristine and moderately damaged (i.e., GS2) gill tissue. Rank Products analysis (5% percentage of false-positives) identified 254 and 34 upregulated and downregulated probes, respectively, in GS2 compared with GS0. Differentially expressed probes represented genes associated with functions including gill remodeling, wound healing, and stress and immune responses. We performed gill and liver qPCR for all four gill damage scores using microarray-identified and other damage-associated biomarker genes. Transcripts related to wound healing (e.g., neb and klhl41b) were significantly upregulated in GS2 compared with GS0 in the gills. Also, transcripts associated with immune and stress-relevant pathways were dysregulated (e.g., downregulation of snaclec 1-like and upregulation of igkv3) in GS2 compared with GS0 gills. The livers of salmon with moderate gill damage (i.e., GS2) showed significant upregulation of transcripts related to wound healing (i.e., chtop), apoptosis (e.g., bnip3l), blood coagulation (e.g., f2 and serpind1b), transcription regulation (i.e., pparg), and stress-responses (e.g., cyp3a27) compared with livers of GS0 fish. We performed principal component analysis (PCA) using transcript levels for gill and liver separately. The gill PCA showed that PC1 significantly separated GS2 from all other gill scores. The genes contributing most to this separation were pgam2, des, neb, tnnt2, and myom1. The liver PCA showed that PC1 significantly separated GS2 from GS0; levels of hsp70, cyp3a27, pparg, chtop, and serpind1b were the highest contributors to this separation. Also, hepatic acute phase biomarkers (e.g., serpind1b and f2) were positively correlated to each other and to gill damage. Gill damage-responsive biomarker genes and associated qPCR assays arising from this study will be valuable in future research aimed at developing therapeutic diets to improve farmed salmon welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Emam
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | | | - Richard G Taylor
- Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Elk River, MN, United States
| | - Rachel Balder
- Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Elk River, MN, United States
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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The Preservation of PPARγ Genome Duplicates in Some Teleost Lineages: Insights into Lipid Metabolism and Xenobiotic Exploitation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010107. [PMID: 35052447 PMCID: PMC8774674 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor paralogues (PPARα, -β and -γ) are currently recognized in vertebrate genomes. PPARγ is known to modulate nutrition, adipogenesis and immunity in vertebrates. Natural ligands of PPARγ have been proposed; however, the receptor also binds synthetic ligands such as endocrine disruptors. Two paralogues of PPARα and PPARβ have been documented in teleost species, a consequence of the 3R WGD. Recently, two PPARγ paralogue genes were also identified in Astyanax mexicanus. We aimed to determine whether the presence of two PPARγ paralogues is prevalent in other teleost genomes, through genomic and phylogenetic analysis. Our results showed that besides Characiformes, two PPARγ paralogous genes were also identified in other teleost taxa, coinciding with the teleost-specific, whole-genome duplication and with the retention of both genes prior to the separation of the Clupeocephala. To functionally characterize these genes, we used the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) as a model. PPARγA and PPARγB display a different tissue distribution, despite the similarity of their functional profiles: they are unresponsive to tested fatty acids and other human PPARγ ligands yet yield a transcriptional response in the presence of tributyltin (TBT). This observation puts forward the relevance of comparative analysis to decipher alternative binding architectures and broadens the disruptive potential of man-made chemicals for aquatic species.
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Braden LM, Whyte SK, Brown ABJ, Iderstine CV, Letendre C, Groman D, Lewis J, Purcell SL, Hori T, Fast MD. Vaccine-Induced Protection Against Furunculosis Involves Pre-emptive Priming of Humoral Immunity in Arctic Charr. Front Immunol 2019; 10:120. [PMID: 30778356 PMCID: PMC6369366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With respect to salmonid aquaculture, one of the most important bacterial pathogens due to high mortality and antibiotic usage is the causative agent of typical furunculosis, Aeromonas salmonicida spp. salmonicida (Asal). In Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, the host response during infections with Asal is well-documented, with furunculosis outbreaks resulting in significant mortality in commercial settings. However, less is known about the host-pathogen interactions in the emerging aquaculture species, Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus. Furthermore, there is no data on the efficacy or response of this species after vaccination with commonly administered vaccines against furunculosis. To this end, we examined the immunological response of S. alpinus during infection with Asal, with or without administration of vaccines (Forte Micro®, Forte Micro® + Renogen®, Elanco Animal Health). Artic charr (vaccinated or unvaccinated) were i.p.-injected with a virulent strain of Asal (106 CFUs/mL) and tissues were collected pre-infection/post-vaccination, 8, and 29 days post-infection. Unvaccinated Arctic charr were susceptible to Asal with 72% mortalities observed after 31 days. However, there was 72–82% protection in fish vaccinated with either the single or dual-vaccine, respectively. Protection in vaccinated fish was concordant with significantly higher serum IgM concentrations, and following RNA sequencing and transcriptome assembly, differential expression analysis revealed several patterns and pathways associated with the improved survival of vaccinated fish. Most striking was the dramatically higher basal expression of complement/coagulation factors, acute phase-proteins, and iron hemostasis proteins in pre-challenged, vaccinated fish. Remarkably, following Asal infection, this response was abrogated and instead the transcriptome was characterized by a lack of immune-stimulation compared to that of unvaccinated fish. Furthermore, where pathways of actin assembly and FcγR-mediated phagocytosis were significantly differentially regulated in unvaccinated fish, vaccinated fish showed either the opposite regulation (ForteMicro®), or no impact at all (ForteMicro®Renogen®). The present data indicates that vaccine-induced protection against Asal relies on the pre-activation and immediate control of humoral immune parameters that is coincident with reduced activation of apoptotic (e.g., NF-κB) and actin-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Braden
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Shona K Whyte
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Alyson B J Brown
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Carter Van Iderstine
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Corinne Letendre
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Groman
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Jeff Lewis
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Sara L Purcell
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Tiago Hori
- Centre for Aquaculture Technologies Canada, Souris, PE, Canada
| | - Mark D Fast
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Yang M, Wang Q, Wang S, Wang Y, Zeng Q, Qin Q. Transcriptomics analysis reveals candidate genes and pathways for susceptibility or resistance to Singapore grouper iridovirus in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:70-79. [PMID: 30195709 PMCID: PMC7102672 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the transcriptional response of grouper to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) stimulation was characterized using RNA sequencing. Transcriptome sequencing of three test groups in the grouper was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The three test groups were a control group, which was injected with PBS buffer; a high-susceptible (HS) group, which died shortly after the SGIV injection; and a high-resistance (HR) group, which survived the SGIV injection. In total, 38,253 unigenes were generated. When the HS group was compared with the control group, 885 unigenes were upregulated and 487 unigenes were downregulated. When the HR and control groups were compared, 1114 unigenes were upregulated and 420 were downregulated, and when the HR and HS groups were compared, 1010 unigenes were upregulated and 375 were downregulated. In the KEGG analysis, two immune-related pathways, the p53 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathways, were detected with highly significant enrichment. In addition, 7465 microsatellites and 22,1569 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified from our transcriptome data. The results suggested several pathways that are associated with traits of disease susceptibility or disease resistance, and provided extensive information about novel gene sequences, gene expression profiles, and genetic markers. This may contribute to vaccine research and a breeding program against SGIV infection in grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qinglu Zeng
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Cloning and expression characterization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) with their agonists, dietary lipids, and ambient salinity in rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 206:54-64. [PMID: 28095314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus is the first marine teleost reported to have the ability of biosynthesizing C20-22 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) from C18 precursors, and thus provides a model for studying the regulatory mechanisms of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in teleosts. To investigate the possible roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), critical transcription factors involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, in the regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in rabbitfish, the PPAR genes were cloned and their expression characterization with PPAR agonists, dietary lipid resource, and ambient salinity were examined. Three cDNA sequences respectively encoding 477, 516 and 519 amino acids of PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ isoforms were obtained. PPARα exhibited a wide tissue expression with its highest levels in the heart and brain; PPARβ was predominantly expressed in the gills, while PPARγ was highly expressed in the intestine and gills. In rabbitfish primary hepatocytes, both the PPAR agonists 2-bromopalmitate (2-Bro) and fenofibrate (FF) increased the expression of PPARγ, SREBP1c and Elovl5, whereas FF depressed the expression of Δ6/Δ5 Fad. Moreover, a higher hepatic PPARβ expression was observed in fish fed diets with vegetable oils (VO) than that with fish oil (FO), in the former the expression of PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ were increased at the low ambient salinity (10ppt), where an increasing expression of Δ5/Δ6 Fad, Δ4 Fad and Elovl5 genes was previously reported. These results suggest that PPARs might be involved in the upregulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis with dietary VO and low ambient salinity in rabbitfish.
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Wafer R, Tandon P, Minchin JEN. The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma ( PPARG) in Adipogenesis: Applying Knowledge from the Fish Aquaculture Industry to Biomedical Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:102. [PMID: 28588550 PMCID: PMC5438977 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropical freshwater zebrafish has recently emerged as a valuable model organism for the study of adipose tissue biology and obesity-related disease. The strengths of the zebrafish model system are its wealth of genetic mutants, transgenic tools, and amenability to high-resolution imaging of cell dynamics within live animals. However, zebrafish adipose research is at a nascent stage and many gaps exist in our understanding of zebrafish adipose physiology and metabolism. By contrast, adipose research within other, closely related, teleost species has a rich and extensive history, owing to the economic importance of these fish as a food source. Here, we compare and contrast knowledge on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG)-mediated adipogenesis derived from both biomedical and aquaculture literatures. We first concentrate on the biomedical literature to (i) briefly review PPARG-mediated adipogenesis in mammals, before (ii) reviewing Pparg-mediated adipogenesis in zebrafish. Finally, we (iii) mine the aquaculture literature to compare and contrast Pparg-mediated adipogenesis in aquaculturally relevant teleosts. Our goal is to highlight evolutionary similarities and differences in adipose biology that will inform our understanding of the role of adipose tissue in obesity and related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wafer
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Panna Tandon
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James E. N. Minchin
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- *Correspondence: James E. N. Minchin,
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Lopes C, Madureira TV, Ferreira N, Pinheiro I, Castro LFC, Rocha E. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in brown trout: Interference of estrogenic and androgenic inputs in primary hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 46:328-336. [PMID: 27541269 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a pivotal regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism in vertebrates. Here, we isolated and characterized for the first time the PPARγ gene from brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario). Hormones have been reported to interfere with the regulatory function of PPARγ in various organisms, albeit with little focus on fish. Thus, primary hepatocytes isolated from juveniles of brown trout were exposed to 1, 10 and 50μM of ethinylestradiol (EE2) or testosterone (T). A significant (3 fold) decrease was obtained in response to 50μM of EE2 and to 10 and 50μM of T (13 and 14 folds), while a 3 fold increase was observed at 1μM of EE2. Therefore, trout PPARγ seems a target for natural/synthetic compounds with estrogenic or androgenic properties and so, we advocate considering PPARγ as another alert sensor gene when assessing the effects of sex-steroid endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lopes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Vieira Madureira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Nádia Ferreira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivone Pinheiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), U.Porto - University of Porto, Department of Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Shen Y, Ma K, Liu F, Yue GH. Characterization of two novel gadd45a genes in hybrid tilapia and their responses to the infection of Streptococcus agalactiae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:276-81. [PMID: 27103004 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are one of the major challenges in tilapia aquaculture. Identification of DNA markers associated with disease resistance may facilitate the acceleration of the selection for disease resistance. Gadd45a (growth arrest and DNA damage 45 A), a stress-inducible gene in humans and mice, has not been studied in fish. We characterized the two prologues of Gadd45a genes in hybrid tilapia. Gadd45a1 and Gadd45a2 shared an identical gene structure and showed an amino acid sequence identity of 73.8%. Their expressions were detected in all 10 tissues examined, with the kidney and gill having high transcriptional expressions. The expression levels of Gadd45a1 were significantly lower than those of Gadd45a2 in all examined tissues. After a challenge with a bacterial pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae, the expressions of the two genes were up-regulated significantly in the spleen, kidney, liver and intestine. These findings suggest that the two Gadd45a genes play an important role in the resistance to S. agalactiae in tilapia. We identified 10 SNPs in the two genes. The SNP markers in the two Gadd45a genes could be used to examine whether they are associated with resistance to S. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubang Shen
- Molecular Population Genetics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Keyi Ma
- Molecular Population Genetics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Feng Liu
- Molecular Population Genetics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Molecular Population Genetics Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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Shen Y, Fu GH, Liu F, Yue GH. Characterization of the duodenase-1 gene and its associations with resistance to Streptococuus agalactiae in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:717-724. [PMID: 26052009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia is a group of cultured teleost fishes whose production is threatened by some diseases. Identification of DNA markers associated with disease resistance in candidate genes may facilitate to accelerate the selection of disease resistance. The gene encoding a duodenase, which can trigger immune response, has not been studied in fish. We characterized the cDNA of duodenase-1 gene of hybrid tilapia. Its ORF is 759 bp, encoding a serine protease of 252 amino acids. This gene consisted of five exons and four introns. Its expression was detected in all 10 tissues examined, and it was highly expressed in the intestine and kidney. After a challenge with the bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus agalactiae, its expression was up-regulated significantly in the intestine, liver and spleen. We identified seven SNPs in the gene and found that four of them were significantly associated with the resistance to S. agalactiae (P < 0.05). The CGTCC haplotype, CAGTC/CGGTC and CGTCC/CGTCC diplotype were significantly associated with the resistance to S. agalactiae (P = 0.00, 0.04 and < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, one SNP was associated significantly with growth traits (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the duodenase-1 gene plays an important role in the resistance to S. agalactiae in tilapia. The SNP markers in the duodenase-1 gene associated with resistance to the bacterial pathogen, may facilitate the selection of tilapia resistant to the bacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubang Shen
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gui Hong Fu
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Feng Liu
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Molecular Population Genetics & Breeding Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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Zheng JL, Zhuo MQ, Luo Z, Pan YX, Song YF, Huang C, Zhu QL, Hu W, Chen QL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco: molecular characterization, mRNA expression and transcriptional regulation by insulin in vivo and in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 212:51-62. [PMID: 25637673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is ligand-inducible transcription factor and has important roles in lipid metabolism, cell proliferation and inflammation. In the present study, yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco PPARγ cDNA was isolated from liver by RT-PCR and RACE, and its molecular characterization and transcriptional regulation by insulin in vivo and in vitro were determined. The generation of PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 was due to alternative promoter of PPARγ gene. PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 mRNA covered 2426 bp and 2537 bp, respectively, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1584 bp encoding 527 amino acid residues. Yellow catfish PPARγ gene was organized in a manner similar to that of their mammalian homologs, implying a modular organization of the protein's domains. A comparison between the yellow catfish PPARγ amino acid sequence and the correspondent sequences of several other species revealed the identity of 55-76.2%. Two PPARγ transcripts (PPARγ1 and PPARγ2) mRNAs were expressed in a wide range of tissues, but the abundance of each PPARγ mRNA showed the tissue- and developmental stage-dependent expression patterns. Intraperitoneal injection of insulin in vivo significantly stimulated the mRNA expression of total PPARγ and PPARγ1, but not PPARγ2 in the liver of yellow catfish. In contrast, incubation of hepatocytes with insulin in vitro increased the mRNA levels of PPARγ1, PPARγ2 and total PPARγ. To our knowledge, for the first time, the present study provides evidence that PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 are differentially expressed with and among tissues during different developmental stages and also regulated by insulin both in vivo and in vitro, which serves to increase our understanding on PPARγ physiological function in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mei-Qin Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ya-Xiong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu-Feng Song
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qing-Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi-Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovative Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
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Lo JH, Lin CM, Chen MJ, Chen TT. Altered gene expression patterns of innate and adaptive immunity pathways in transgenic rainbow trout harboring Cecropin P1 transgene. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:887. [PMID: 25306446 PMCID: PMC4201688 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have recently developed several homozygous families of transgenic rainbow trout harbouring cecropin P1 transgene. These fish exhibit resistance characteristic to infection by Aeromonas salmonicida and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). In our earlier studies we have reported that treatment of a rainbow trout macrophage cell line (RTS11) with a linear cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptide (e.g., cecropin B) resulted in elevated levels of expression of two pro-inflammatory relevant genes (e.g., IL-1β and COX-2). Therefore, we hypothesized that in addition to the direct antimicrobial activity of cecropin P1 in the disease resistant transgenic rainbow trout, this antimicrobial peptide may also affect the expression of immune relevant genes in the host. To confirm this hypothesis, we launched a study to determine the global gene expression profiles in three immune competent organs of cecropin P1 transgenic rainbow trout by using a 44k salmonid microarray. Results From the microarray data, a total of 2480 genes in the spleen, 3022 in the kidney, and 2102 in the liver were determined as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the cecropin P1 transgenic rainbow trout when compared to the non-transgenics. There were 478 DEGs in common among three tissues. Enrichment analyses conducted by two different bioinformatics tools revealed a tissue specific profile of functional pathway perturbation. Many of them were directly related to innate immune system such as phagocytosis, lysosomal processing, complement activation, antigen processing/presentation, and leukocyte migration. Perturbation of other biological functions that might contribute indirectly to host immunity was also observed. Conclusions The gene product of cecropin P1 transgene produced in the disease resistant transgenic rainbow trout not only can kill the pathogens directly but also exert multifaceted immunomodulatory properties to boost host immunity. The identified genes involved in different pathways related to immune function are valuable indicators associated with enhanced host immunity. These genes may serve as markers for selective breeding of rainbow trout or other aquaculture important fish species bearing traits of disease resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-887) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas T Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Millán A, Gómez-Tato A, Pardo BG, Fernández C, Bouza C, Vera M, Alvarez-Dios JA, Cabaleiro S, Lamas J, Lemos ML, Martínez P. Gene expression profiles of the spleen, liver, and head kidney in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) along the infection process with Aeromonas salmonicida using an immune-enriched oligo-microarray. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:1099-1114. [PMID: 21503602 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the expression profiles of turbot in the spleen, liver, and head kidney across five temporal points of the Aeromonas salmonicida infection process using an 8 × 15 K Agilent oligo-microarray. The microarray included 2,176 different fivefold replicated gene probes designed from a turbot 3' sequenced EST database. We were able to identify 471 differentially expressed (DE) genes (17.3% of the whole microarray), 223 in the spleen, 246 in the liver, and 125 in the head kidney, in at least one of the five temporal points sampled for each organ. Most of these genes could be annotated (83.0%) and functionally categorized using Gene Ontology terms (69.1%) after the additional sequencing of DE genes from the 5' end. Many DE genes were related to innate and acquired immune functions in accordance to previous studies with this pathogen in other fish species. A high proportion of DE genes were organ specific (77.1%), but their associated GO functions were rather similar in the three organs. The most striking difference in functional distribution was observed between the up- and down-regulated gene groups. Up-regulated genes were mostly associated to key immune functions while down-regulated ones mainly involved metabolism- and transport-related genes. Genetic response appeared clustered in groups of genes with similar expression profiles along the temporal series. The spleen showed the most clustering while the liver and head kidney displayed a higher diversification. The information obtained will aid to understand the turbot immune response and will specifically be valuable to develop strategies of defense to A. salmonicida to achieve more resistant broodstocks for turbot industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Millán
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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