1
|
Ayres BS, Varela Junior AS, Corcini CD, Lopes EM, Nery LEM, Maciel FE. Effects of high temperature and LPS injections on the hemocytes of the crab Neohelice granulata. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 205:108144. [PMID: 38810835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Temperature fluctuations, particularly elevated temperatures, can significantly affect immune responses. These fluctuations can influence the immune system and alter its response to infection signals, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Therefore, this study was designed to investigate how high temperatures and LPS injections collectively influence the immune system of the crab Neohelice granulata. Two groups were exposed to 20 °C (control) or 33 °C for four days. Subsequently, half were injected with 10 μL of physiological crustacean (PS), while the rest received 10 μL of LPS [0.1 mg.kg-1]. After 30 min, the hemolymph samples were collected. Hemocytes were then isolated and assessed for various parameters using flow cytometry, including cell integrity, DNA fragmentation, total hemocyte count (THC), differential hemocyte count (DHC), reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and phagocytosis. Results showed lower cell viability at 20 °C, with more DNA damage in the same LPS-injected animals. There was no significant difference in THC, but DHC indicated a decrease in hyaline cells (HC) at 20 °C following LPS administration. In granular cells (GC), an increase was observed after both PS and LPS were injected at the same temperature. In semi-granular cells (SGC), there was a decrease at 20 °C with the injection of LPS, while at a temperature of 33 °C, the SGC there was a decrease only in SGC injected with LPS. Crabs injected with PS and LPS at 20 °C exhibited higher levels of ROS in GC and SGC, while at 33 °C, the increase was observed only in GC and SGC cells injected with LPS. A significant increase in LPO was observed only in SGC cells injected with PS and LPS at 20 °C and 33 °C. Phagocytosis decreased in animals at 20 °C with both injections and exposed to 33 °C only in those injected with LPS. These results suggest that elevated temperatures induce changes in immune system parameters and attenuate the immune responses triggered by LPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Soares Ayres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Sergio Varela Junior
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Carine Dahl Corcini
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas- UFPEL, Campus Universitário, S / N, Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Marques Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Maia Nery
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Everton Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, Km 8, Rio Grande, RS 96201-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mengal K, Kor G, Kouba A, Kozák P, Niksirat H. Hemocyte coagulation and phagocytic behavior in early stages of injury in crayfish (Arthropoda: Decapoda) affect their morphology. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:104618. [PMID: 36526080 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Crustacean hemocytes are important mediators of immune functions such as coagulation and phagocytosis. We employed an in situ approach to investigate the ultrastructural behavior of hemocytes during coagulation and phagocytosis in the early stages after injury caused by leg amputation, using transmission electron microscopy technique in marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis. Hemocytes underwent drastic morphological changes during coagulation. The morphology of the cytoplasmic granules changed from electron-dense to electron-lucent forms in an expanding manner. The transformed granules containing amorphous electron-lucent material were observed to merge and discharge their contents into extracellular space for coagulation. We also observed that the contents of the nucleus participate in the process of coagulation. In addition, leg amputation induced extensive muscle degeneration and necrotic tissues were avidly taken up by the phagocytic hemocytes containing distinct phagosomes. Interestingly, we observed for the first time how the digested contents of phagocytized necrotic tissues are incorporated into granules and other cellular components that change the cell morphology by increasing the granularity of the hemocytes. Nevertheless, the degranulation of hemocytes during coagulation can also reduce their granularity. Given that morphological traits are important criteria for hemocyte classification, these morphological changes that occur during coagulation and phagocytosis must be taken into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Mengal
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Golara Kor
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Kouba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kozák
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hamid Niksirat
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang F, Yang Z, Li J, Ma Y, Tu Y, Zeng X, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Huang S, Yi Q. The involvement of hypoxia inducible factor-1α on the proportion of three types of haemocytes in Chinese mitten crab under hypoxia stress. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104598. [PMID: 36511346 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia triggers diverse cell physiological processes, and the hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are a family of heterodimeric transcription factors that function as master regulators to respond to hypoxia in different cells. However, the knowledge about the hypoxic responses especially cell alteration mediated by HIFs under hypoxia stress is still limited in crustaceans. In the present study, a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) gene was identified (designed as EsHIF-1α). The relative mRNA expression level of EsHIF-1α was highest in hyalinocytes and lowest in granulocytes among three types of haemocytes in crabs. Hypoxia could significantly increase the EsHIF-1α protein expression level in haemocytes. Meanwhile, the proportion of hyalinocytes began to increase from 3 h post hypoxia treatment, and reached the highest level at 24 h. However, the opposite variation in proportion of granulocytes was observed under hypoxia stress. Further investigation showed that the inhibition of EsHIF-1α induced by KC7F2 (HIF-1α inhibitor) could lead to the significant decrease in the proportion of hyalinocytes under hypoxia stress, and also resulted in an increase of granulocytes proportion. While, after EsHIF-1α was activated by IOX4 (HIF-1α activator), the proportion of hyalinocytes was significantly up-regulated and the proportion of granulocytes was significantly down-regulated under post hypoxia treatment. These results collectively suggested that EsHIF-1α was involved in the regulation of proportion of three types of haemocytes induced by hypoxia stress, which provided vital insight into the understanding of the crosstalk between hypoxia and cell development in invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengchi Wang
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Zhichao Yang
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Yuhan Ma
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Yuhan Tu
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Xiaorui Zeng
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Qingyao Wang
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Yusheng Jiang
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China
| | - Shu Huang
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China.
| | - Qilin Yi
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 11026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kemal R, Fauzi IA, Nuryati S, Wardani WW, Suprayudi MA. Evaluation of Selenoprotein Supplementation on Digestibility, Growth, and Health Performance of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:2008517. [PMID: 36860982 PMCID: PMC9973150 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2008517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Selenoprotein is a feed additive that can overcome oxidative stress in intensive Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture. This study evaluated the effects of selenoprotein supplementation at various doses on Pacific white shrimp's digestibility, growth, and health performance. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design consisting of four feed treatments, namely, control and treatments with selenoprotein supplementation of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g kg feed-1 with four replications. Shrimps (1.5 g) were reared for 70 days and challenged for 14 days by the bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus (107 CFU mL-1). Shrimps used in the digestibility performance evaluation (6.1 g) were reared until sufficient quantities of feces were collected for analysis. Shrimp supplemented with selenoprotein exhibited superior digestibility, growth, and health performance compared to the control (P < 0.05). The use of selenoprotein at a dose of 7.5 g kg of feed-1 (2.72 mg Se kg of feed-1) was considered the most effective for increasing productivity and preventing disease attacks in intensive shrimp culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Kemal
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Ichsan Achmad Fauzi
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Sri Nuryati
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Wira Wisnu Wardani
- PT Aquacell Indo Pasifik, Jl. Pedurenan 5, Gunung Sindur, Bogor 16340, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Agus Suprayudi
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deyashi M, Chakraborty SB. Acute exposure to a neem based biopesticide and mahua oil cake changes haemocyte parameters in freshwater crab, Varuna litterata (Decapoda, Crustacea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:505-517. [PMID: 36265743 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Present study aims to evaluate the immunotoxic effects of two biopesticides, Nimbecidine Plus (a neem biopesticide) and mahua oil cake (MOC) on the haemocyte populations of a freshwater crab, Varuna litterata after acute exposure. Four-day static renewal bioassay test was performed where sixteen healthy adult male crabs were exposed to 96-h LC50 values of Nimbecidine Plus (0.006284 ppt) and MOC aqueous extract (7.631 ppt) separately in the laboratory condition. Control groups were maintained throughout the experimental period without any biopesticide exposure. Various haemocyte parameters such as total count (THC), differential count (DHC), haemocyte density, cytomorphological anomalies and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured in the biopesticides-exposed and control crabs after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure. After treatment with Nimbecidine Plus and MOC, several cytomorphological deformities (cytoplasmic and nuclear membrane disintegration, chromatin condensation, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, nuclear vacuolation, altered cell shape, cellular coagulation, cytoplasmic discharge, vacuolation) were observed in hyalinocytes, small granule haemocytes and large granule haemocytes with modulation of their relative percentages at different exposure times. THC, DHC, haemocyte density and ROS levels were significantly altered (p < 0.05) in biopesticides-exposed crabs at different exposure periods. The toxicity of both biopesticides did not persist throughout the entire exposure time. Nimbecidine Plus exhibited nonlinear toxic impacts on different haemocyte parameters at initial, mid and higher exposure periods whereas MOC showed linear toxic effects mostly at initial exposure time. In comparison to MOC, Nimbecidine Plus showed higher immunotoxic effects in V. litterata. Outcome of this experiment might provide useful information to understand the immune responses of V. litterata against biopesticide toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mintu Deyashi
- Department of Zoology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Govt. College, New Town, Kolkata, India; Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Skafar DN, Shumeiko DV. Hemocytes of the Australian Red Claw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus): Morphology and Hemogram. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022060060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
7
|
Zhu K, Yang F, Li F. Molecular markers for hemocyte subpopulations in crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 132:104407. [PMID: 35364134 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Semigranular cells (SGCs) and granular cells (GCs) are two dominant groups of circulating hemocytes in crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. Molecular markers are required for the clear classification of the hemocytes and the research of their function and differentiation. In this study, we compared the protein content of GCs and SGCs by using two workflows: one-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by LC-MS/MS and in-solution digestion of cell lysate followed by LC-MS/MS. Cell type-specific proteins were identified, and their expression in SGCs and GCs was further investigated by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. Three molecular markers for GCs (peroxinectin, a mannose-binding protein, and prophenoloxidase-activating enzyme 2a) and three molecular markers for SGCs (a vitelline membrane outer layer protein I-like protein, a C-type lectin, and a peptidase) were identified. The application of some of the markers in Eriocheir sinensis was also analyzed. These molecular markers are useful tools for the research of crustaceans hemocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dolar A, Jemec Kokalj A, Drobne D. Time-Course of the Innate Immune Response of the Terrestrial Crustacean Porcellio scaber After Injection of a Single Dose of Lipopolysaccharide. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867077. [PMID: 35592321 PMCID: PMC9110979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates, including crustaceans, rely on cellular and humoral immune responses to protect against extrinsic and intrinsic factors that threaten their integrity. Recently, different immune parameters have been increasingly used as biomarkers of effects of pollutants and environmental change. Here, we describe the dynamics of the innate immune response of the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber to injection of a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an important molecular surface component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The aim was to provide a basis for interpretation of change in immune parameters as a result of different challenges, including microplastics and nanoplastics exposure. Changes in total and differential numbers of hemocytes, hemocyte viability, and humoral immune parameters (i.e., phenoloxidase-like activity, nitric oxide levels) were assessed at different times (3, 6, 12, 24, 48 h). An injection of 0.5 μg/μL LPS into the body of P. scaber resulted in a rapid decrease (3 h after LPS injection) in the total number of hemocytes and reduced viability of the hemocytes. This was accompanied by changed proportions of the different hemocyte types, as a decrease in the numbers of semigranulocytes and granulocytes, and a marked increase in the numbers of hyalinocytes. In addition, phenoloxidase-like activity and nitric oxide levels in the hemolymph were increased at 3 h and 6 h, respectively, after the LPS challenge. Forty-eight hours after LPS injection, the immune parameters in the hemolymph of P. scaber had returned to those before the LPS challenge. This suggests that the innate immune system successfully protected P. scaber from the deleterious effects of the LPS challenge. These data indicate the need to consider the dynamics of innate immune responses of P. scaber when effects of infections, pollutants, or environmental changes are studied. We also propose an approach to test the immunocompetence of organisms after different challenges in ecotoxicity studies, based on the dynamics of their immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Dolar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dolar A, Drobne D, Dolenec M, Marinšek M, Jemec Kokalj A. Time-dependent immune response in Porcellio scaber following exposure to microplastics and natural particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151816. [PMID: 34813818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are very common contaminants in the environment. Despite increasing efforts to assess the effects of microplastics on soil organisms, there remains a lack of knowledge on how organisms respond to diverse types of microplastics after different exposure durations. In the present study, we investigated the immune response of the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber exposed to the two most common microplastic particles in the environment: polyester fibres and tyre particles. We also tested two natural particles: wood dust and silica powder, with all treatments performed at 1.5% w/w. The response of P. scaber was evaluated at the level of the immune system, and also the biochemical, organism and population level, after different exposure durations (1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 days). These data reveal dynamic changes in the levels of some immune parameters shortly after exposure, with a gradual return to control values. The total number of haemocytes was significantly decreased after 4 days of exposure to tyre particles, while the proportion of different haemocyte types in the haemolymph was altered shortly after exposure to both polyester fibres and tyre particles. Moreover, 7 days of exposure to tyre particles resulted in increased superoxide dismutase activity in the haemolymph, while metabolic activity in whole woodlice (measured as electron transport system activity) was increased after exposure for 7, 14 and 21 days. In contrast, the natural particles did not elicit any significant changes in the measured parameters. Survival and feeding of P. scaber were not altered by exposure to the microplastics and natural particles in soil. Overall, this study defines a time-dependent transient immune response of P. scaber, which indicates that immune parameters represent sensitive biomarkers of exposure to microplastics. We discuss the importance of using natural particles in studies of microplastics exposure and their effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Dolar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Dolenec
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Marinšek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu Z, Wei Y, Huang H, Guo S, Ye H. Immunomodulatory role of short neuropeptide F in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104260. [PMID: 34536467 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Short neuropeptide F (sNPF) is bioactive peptide secreted by neurons of invertebrates. It is one of the important pleiotropic neural molecules that is associated with a variety of physiological processes in invertebrates. However, little is known about the role of sNPF in the immune response. This study aimed to determine the distribution, localization, functional characteristics and signaling mechanisms of the sNPF gene and sNPF receptor (sNPF-R) gene in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Results of this study showed that Sp-sNPF and Sp-sNPF-R were widely expressed in neural tissue and other tissues including hemocytes. Further, in situ hybridization analysis revealed that Sp-sNPF and Sp-sNPF-R have specific localization in cerebral ganglion and hemocytes. It was also found that immune stimuli significantly induced Sp-sNPF expression in cerebral ganglion. The hemocyte-derived Sp-sNPF and Sp-sNPF-R were also efficiently activated upon immune stimulation. In vitro sNPF peptide administration enhanced phagocytic ability of hemocytes. However, this activity could be blocked through knockdown of sNPF-R-dsRNA or using adenylate cyclase inhibitors SQ 22536. The results of this study also demonstrated that the contents of signaling molecule adenylyl cyclase (AC), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) in hemocytes can be up-regulated after incubation with sNPF peptide. In addition, the results of in vivo experiments showed that sNPF increased concentration of nitric oxide (NO) and enhanced phagocytic potential in S. paramamosain. The sNPF also significantly induced the expression of immune-related molecules at the gene level in S. paramamosain. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that sNPF mediates hemocyte phagocytosis via sNPF-R receptor-coupled AC-cAMP-PKA pathway and influences the innate immune processes in S. paramamosain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanning Xu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yujie Wei
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huiyang Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Songlin Guo
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Haihui Ye
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang X, Shi A, Song Y, Niu C, Yu X, Shi X, Pang Y, Ma X, Cheng Y. The effects of ammonia-N stress on immune parameters, antioxidant capacity, digestive function, and intestinal microflora of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, and the protective effect of dietary supplement of melatonin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 250:109127. [PMID: 34252579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia nitrogen pollution seriously affects the economic benefits of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) farming. In this study, we first evaluated the protective effects of melatonin (MT) on immune parameters, antioxidant capacity, and digestive enzymes of E. sinensis under acute ammonia nitrogen stress. The results showed that ammonia-N stress significantly decreased the antibacterial ability of crabs, nevertheless MT could significantly improve it under ammonia-N stress (P < 0.05). Ammonia-N group hemolymph antioxidant capacity indicators (T-AOC, T-SOD, GSH-Px) were significantly decreased than control (p < 0.05), while the MT ammonia-N group hemolymph T-SOD activity significantly increased than ammonia-N group (p < 0.05). For hepatopancreas, ammonia-N group GSH-PX activity significantly decreased than control group, but MT ammonia-N group was significant increased than ammonia-N (p < 0.05). Ammonia-N stress has significantly increased the content of MDA in hemolymph and hepatopancreas (p < 0.05), but MT ammonia-N treatment significantly decreased than ammonia-N group (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, ammonia-N significantly reduced the activities of Trypsin in the intestine and hepatopancreas (p < 0.05), while MT ammonia-N group can significantly improve the intestinal trypsin activity than ammonia-N (p < 0.05). The intestinal microbiota of E. sinensis results showed that ammonia-N stress significantly decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (p < 0.05). Ammonia-N stress significantly decreased the Dysgonomonas and Rubellimicrobium, and the Citrobacter significantly increased. In summary, melatonin has a protective effect on E. sinensis under ammonia-N stress. Acute ammonia-N stress may lead to the decrease of probiotics and the increase of pathogenic bacteria, which may be closely related to the impairment of digestive function and immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aoya Shi
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yameng Song
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Niu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingliang Shi
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Pang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueli Ma
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Recent insights into hematopoiesis in crustaceans. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
13
|
Ballarin L, Karahan A, Salvetti A, Rossi L, Manni L, Rinkevich B, Rosner A, Voskoboynik A, Rosental B, Canesi L, Anselmi C, Pinsino A, Tohumcu BE, Jemec Kokalj A, Dolar A, Novak S, Sugni M, Corsi I, Drobne D. Stem Cells and Innate Immunity in Aquatic Invertebrates: Bridging Two Seemingly Disparate Disciplines for New Discoveries in Biology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688106. [PMID: 34276677 PMCID: PMC8278520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scopes related to the interplay between stem cells and the immune system are broad and range from the basic understanding of organism's physiology and ecology to translational studies, further contributing to (eco)toxicology, biotechnology, and medicine as well as regulatory and ethical aspects. Stem cells originate immune cells through hematopoiesis, and the interplay between the two cell types is required in processes like regeneration. In addition, stem and immune cell anomalies directly affect the organism's functions, its ability to cope with environmental changes and, indirectly, its role in ecosystem services. However, stem cells and immune cells continue to be considered parts of two branches of biological research with few interconnections between them. This review aims to bridge these two seemingly disparate disciplines towards much more integrative and transformative approaches with examples deriving mainly from aquatic invertebrates. We discuss the current understanding of cross-disciplinary collaborative and emerging issues, raising novel hypotheses and comments. We also discuss the problems and perspectives of the two disciplines and how to integrate their conceptual frameworks to address basic equations in biology in a new, innovative way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arzu Karahan
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Department of Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Department of Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Anselmi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Begüm Ece Tohumcu
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li F, Zheng Z, Li H, Fu R, Xu L, Yang F. Crayfish hemocytes develop along the granular cell lineage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13099. [PMID: 34162929 PMCID: PMC8222279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the central role of hemocytes in crustacean immunity, the process of hemocyte differentiation and maturation remains unclear. In some decapods, it has been proposed that the two main types of hemocytes, granular cells (GCs) and semigranular cells (SGCs), differentiate along separate lineages. However, our current findings challenge this model. By tracking newly produced hemocytes and transplanted cells, we demonstrate that almost all the circulating hemocytes of crayfish belong to the GC lineage. SGCs and GCs may represent hemocytes of different developmental stages rather than two types of fully differentiated cells. Hemocyte precursors produced by progenitor cells differentiate in the hematopoietic tissue (HPT) for 3 ~ 4 days. Immature hemocytes are released from HPT in the form of SGCs and take 1 ~ 3 months to mature in the circulation. GCs represent the terminal stage of development. They can survive for as long as 2 months. The changes in the expression pattern of marker genes during GC differentiation support our conclusions. Further analysis of hemocyte phagocytosis indicates the existence of functionally different subpopulations. These findings may reshape our understanding of crustacean hematopoiesis and may lead to reconsideration of the roles and relationship of circulating hemocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Zaichao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Rongrong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184# Daxue Road, Xiamen, 361005, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bouallegui Y. A Comprehensive Review on Crustaceans' Immune System With a Focus on Freshwater Crayfish in Relation to Crayfish Plague Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667787. [PMID: 34054837 PMCID: PMC8155518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater crayfish immunity has received great attention due to the need for urgent conservation. This concern has increased the understanding of the cellular and humoral defense systems, although the regulatory mechanisms involved in these processes need updating. There are, however, aspects of the immune response that require clarification and integration. The particular issues addressed in this review include an overall description of the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of the pandemic plague disease, which affects freshwater crayfish, and an overview of crustaceans' immunity with a focus on freshwater crayfish. It includes a classification system of hemocyte sub-types, the molecular factors involved in hematopoiesis and the differential role of the hemocyte subpopulations in cell-mediated responses, including hemocyte infiltration, inflammation, encapsulation and the link with the extracellular trap cell death pathway (ETosis). In addition, other topics discussed include the identity and functions of hyaline cells, the generation of neoplasia, and the emerging topic of the role of sessile hemocytes in peripheral immunity. Finally, attention is paid to the molecular execution of the immune response, from recognition by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the role of the signaling network in propagating and maintaining the immune signals, to the effector elements such as the putative function of the Down syndrome adhesion molecules (Dscam) in innate immune memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younes Bouallegui
- LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environmental Biomonitoring, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lu J, Shi Y, Yao T, Bai C, Jiang J, Ye L. Gender Differences in Hemocyte Immune Parameters of Hong Kong Oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis During Immune Stress. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659469. [PMID: 33868307 PMCID: PMC8044396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in individual immune responses to external stimuli have been elucidated in many invertebrates. However, it is unclear if gender differences do exist in the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis, one of the most valuable marine species cultivated along the coast of South China. To clarify this, we stimulated post-spawning adult C. hongkongensis with Vibrio harveyi and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Gender-based differences in some essential functional parameters of hemocytes were studied via flow cytometry. Obvious gender-, subpopulation-, and immune-specific alterations were found in the hemocyte immune parameters of C. hongkongensis. Three hemocyte subpopulations were identified: granulocytes, semi-granulocytes, and agranulocytes. Granulocytes, the chief phagocytes and major producers of esterase, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, were the main immunocompetent hemocytes. Immune parameter alterations were notable in the accumulation of granulocyte esterase activities, lysosomal masses, nitric oxide levels, and granulocyte numbers in male oysters. These results suggest that post-spawning-phase male oysters possess a more powerful immune response than females. Gender and subpopulation differences in bivalve immune parameters should be considered in the future analysis of immune parameters when studying the impact of pathogenic or environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingzhe Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingtong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dolar A, Kostanjšek R, Mayall C, Drobne D, Kokalj AJ. Modulations of immune parameters caused by bacterial and viral infections in the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber: Implications for potential markers in environmental research. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 113:103789. [PMID: 32735963 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda) is an established invertebrate model in environmental research. Preceding research using isopods did not widely use immune markers. In order to advance their use in research, knowledge of the reference values in control animals as well as variations during infections is of importance. This study presents, for the first time, the morphology, and ultrastructure of the three main haemocyte types of Porcellio scaber as semigranulocytes (SGCs), granulocytes (GCs), and hyalinocytes (HCs), with the latter having two subtypes, using various light and electron microscopy approaches. The modulation of selected immune cellular and humoral parameters of P. scaber in symptomatic phases of Rhabdochlamydia porcellionis and Iridovirus IIV-31 infections is presented. A clear difference in the immune responses of bacterial and viral infections was shown. Remarkable changes in total haemocyte count (THC) values and the proportions of three different haemocyte types were found in animals with a viral infection, which were not as significant in bacterially infected animals. Modified NO levels and SOD activity were more pronounced in cases of bacterial infection. Knowledge of the morphological and ultrastructural features of distinct haemocyte types, understanding the baseline values of immune parameters in control animals without evident symptoms of infection, and the influence that infections can have on these parameters can serve as a basis for the further use of P. scaber immune markers in environmental research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Dolar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Rok Kostanjšek
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Craig Mayall
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun M, Li S, Zhang X, Xiang J, Li F. Isolation and transcriptome analysis of three subpopulations of shrimp hemocytes reveals the underlying mechanism of their immune functions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103689. [PMID: 32224106 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes in shrimp play important roles in innate immune responses against pathogens. Although three types of hemocytes including hyalinocytes, semi-granulocytes and granulocytes were identified based on their morphological characters in penaeid shrimp, knowledge about the molecular basis of their functions in the immunity is still very limited. In the present study, three subpopulations of hemocytes were firstly separated by Percoll gradient centrifugation, and their transcriptomes were analyzed. The data showed that significantly differential gene expression patterns existed in different types of hemocytes. The genes encoding phagocytic receptors, lectins and actin cytoskeleton involved in phagocytosis were highly expressed in hyalinocytes, while genes involved in the humoral immunity signaling pathways were highly expressed in semi-granulocytes, and genes encoding prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating enzyme and serine proteases involved in proPO system activation were highly expressed in granulocytes. Further flow cytometry analysis indicated that hyalinocytes were the main hemocytes subpopulation responsible for ingesting foreign fluorescent beads, and this ingestion process mainly depends on the endocytic way of macropinocytosis. These data provide valuable information for understanding the molecular basis of distinct shrimp hemocytes subpopulations of shrimp in cellular and humoral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu S, Zheng SC, Li YL, Li J, Liu HP. Hemocyte-Mediated Phagocytosis in Crustaceans. Front Immunol 2020; 11:268. [PMID: 32194551 PMCID: PMC7062681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is an ancient, highly conserved process in all multicellular organisms, through which the host can protect itself against invading microorganisms and environmental particles, as well as remove self-apoptotic cells/cell debris to maintain tissue homeostasis. In crustacean, phagocytosis by hemocyte has also been well-recognized as a crucial defense mechanism for the host against infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis, in particular focusing on the related receptors for recognition and internalization of pathogens as well as the downstream signal pathways and intracellular regulators involved in the process of hemocyte phagocytosis. We attempted to gain a deeper understanding of the phagocytic mechanism of different hemocytes and their contribution to the host defense immunity in crustaceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shu-Cheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Lian Li
- Department of Life Science and Engineering, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Science and Medicine, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, United States
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hong Y, Yin H, Huang Y, Huang Q, Yang X. Immune response to abamectin-induced oxidative stress in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109889. [PMID: 31704331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is known that abamectin (ABM) inflicts oxidative damage on aquatic animals; however, knowledge about the immune response under pesticide-induced oxidative stress is incomplete. In the present study, several cellular and humoral immune parameters, including total haemocyte counts (THC), lysosomal membrane stability (LMS), activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and lysozyme (LZM) were investigated to reveal the effects of ABM exposure on the immune defence mechanisms of the important freshwater crab, Erocheir sinensis. According to the results, a significant increase of THC was found in low concentration groups (0.03 and 0.06 mg/L), while dramatic decreases occurred in high concentration groups (0.12 and 0.24 mg/L) after 96 h of exposure. We also detected significant increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in haemocytes at 0.12 and 0.24 mg/L, and there was a dose- and time-dependent decrease of lysosomal membrane stability. These results suggest that the excessive generation of ROS induced by ABM may be leading the massive collapse of lysosomal membrane, which in turn may be causing the sharp drop of haemocyte counts in E. sinensis. The increase of hydrolytic enzymes ACP and AKP at low concentrations and the decrease at high concentrations also indicate an immune response associated with haemocytes status under stress. However, activities of LZM decreased significantly. After injection of Aeromonas hydrophil, mortalities increased under exposure to ABM and were positively related to ABM concentration. These results confirm that ABM exposure has the ability to impair immune defence and result in the host's susceptibility to pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Application of Ecology and Environmental Protection in Plateau Wetland of Sichuan, Xichang University, Xichang, 415000, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Hongmei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Application of Ecology and Environmental Protection in Plateau Wetland of Sichuan, Xichang University, Xichang, 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Application of Ecology and Environmental Protection in Plateau Wetland of Sichuan, Xichang University, Xichang, 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Application of Ecology and Environmental Protection in Plateau Wetland of Sichuan, Xichang University, Xichang, 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New District, Shanghai, 201306, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qin F, Shen T, Yang H, Qian J, Zou D, Li J, Liu H, Zhang Y, Song X. Dietary nano cerium oxide promotes growth, relieves ammonia nitrogen stress, and improves immunity in crab (Eriocheir sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:367-376. [PMID: 31200070 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in ammonia nitrogen toxicity. In this study, the beneficial effects of dietary nano cerium oxide (nano CeO2) as a potent antioxidant were examined in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Crabs were fed a diet supplemented with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, or 12.8 mg/kg nano CeO2 for 60 d. The optimum supplementation level of nano CeO2 that significantly increased weight gain rate and decreased feed coefficient was 0.8 mg/kg. This level also offered immune protection when crabs were kept under ammonia nitrogen stress and/or exposed to pathogen infection (Aeromonas hydrophila). Supplementation with 0.8 mg/kg of CeO2 (i) relieved pathological damage to the hepatopancreas; (ii) increased hemocyte counts, including total number of hemocytes, granulocytes, and hyalinocytes; (iii) decreased malondialdehyde content and increased antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the hemolymph; (iv) increased the activities of lysozyme, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase in the hemolymph; and (v) increased gene and protein expression of cathepsin L in the hepatopancreas. Mortality increased when crabs were injected with bacteria under ammonia nitrogen stress, but dietary supplementation with 0.8 mg/kg nano CeO2 decreased the mortality rate. Thus, the results of this study suggested that dietary supplementation with nano CeO2 in crabs promoted growth and up-regulated immunity to bacterial infection under ammonia nitrogen stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenju Qin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Huixing Yang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Junchao Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Dan Zou
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Jinlin Li
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yunyi Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xuehong Song
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu F, Xie Z, Yan M, Li Q, Song J, Hu M, Wang Y. Classification and characterization of hemocytes from two Asian horseshoe crab species Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7095. [PMID: 31068640 PMCID: PMC6506590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In present study, transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry were utilized to investigate the classification, characterization and immune functions of hemocytes from horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. Three types of hemocytes were distinguished respectively: the granular cell, the semi-granular cell and the hyaline cell by transmission electron microscopy, while three hemocyte subpopulations (Gate 1 cell, Gate 2 cell, Gate 3 cell) were classified by flow cytometry. Hyaline cell was the major cell type with the highest nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and granular cell and semi-granular cell showed lower ratios. Immune parameters of hemocytes in horseshoe crabs were investigated by flow cytometry. Different hemocyte subpopulations respond for diverse functions. Lysosomal contents and hemocyte mortality in Gate 3 cell subpopulation were higher than that in other subpopulations, while reactive oxygen species, phagocytosis and non-specific esterase, in Gate 1 cell subpopulation, were higher than those in other subpopulations. The hemocyte types between the two species had no significant differences in staining or morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Wu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Xie
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyan Yan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongzhen Li
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Song
- Tianjin Era Biology Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China. .,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China. .,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China. .,Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dong M, Song X, Wang M, Wang W, Zhang P, Liu Y, Li M, Wang L, Song L. CgAATase with specific expression pattern can be used as a potential surface marker for oyster granulocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:96-104. [PMID: 30633961 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Granulocytes are known as the main immunocompetent hemocytes that play important roles in the immune defense of oyster Crassostrea gigas. In the present study, an alcohol acyltransferase (designed as CgAATase) with specific expression pattern was identified from oyster C. gigas, and it could be employed as a potential marker for the isolation of oyster granulocytes. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgAATase was of 1431 bp, encoding a peptide of 476 amino acids with a typically conserved AATase domain. The mRNA transcripts of CgAATase were highest expressed in hemocytes, lower expressed in hepatopancreas, mantle, gonad, gill, ganglion, adductor muscle, and labial palp. The mRNA expression level of CgAATase in hemocytes was significantly up-regulated at 3-12 h and reached the highest level (27.40-fold compared to control group, p < 0.05) at 6 h after Vibrio splendidus stimulation. The total hemocytes were sorted as granulocytes, semi-granulocytes and agranulocytes by Percoll® density gradient centrifugation. CgAATase transcripts were dominantly observed in granulocytes, which was 8.26-fold (p < 0.05) and 2.80-fold (p < 0.05) of that in agranulocytes and semi-granulocytes, respectively. The monoclonal antibody against CgAATase was produced and employed for the isolation of granulocytes with the immunomagnetic bead. CgAATase protein was mainly detected on the cytomembrane of granulocytes. About 85.7 ± 4.60% of the granulocytes were positive for CgAATase and they could be successfully separated by flow cytometry with immunomagnetic bead coated with anti-CgAATase monoclonal antibody, and 97.7 ± 1.01% of the rest hemocytes (agranulocytes and semi-granulocytes) were negative for CgAATase. The isolated primary granulocytes could maintain cell activity for more than one week in vitro culture that exhibited numerous filopodia. These results collectively suggested that CgAATase was a potential marker of oyster granulocytes, and the granulocytes could be effectively isolated from total circulating hemocytes by immunomagnetic bead coated with the anti-CgAATase monoclonal antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Min Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Meijia Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang X, Shen Z, Wang C, Li E, Qin JG, Chen L. Dietary supplementation of selenium yeast enhances the antioxidant capacity and immune response of juvenile Eriocheir Sinensis under nitrite stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:22-31. [PMID: 30605768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study elucidates the response to nitrite stress and the effect of dietary selenium supplements on the growth, antioxidant activity, immunity and transcriptome of juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. In the control group, the crabs were fed the diet without selenium supplementation and there was no nitrite addition to the water. In the test group, the crabs were fed diets with three levels of selenium 0 (N1), 0.5 (N2) and 1.0 (N3) mg/kg in the water containing 2 mg/L NO2N as a stress factor for eight weeks. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved by adding dietary selenium. There was no significant difference in specific growth rate and weight gain between N1 and the control groups, or among different selenium levels in the test group. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly lower, but malondialdehyde (MDA) was higher in the N1 group than those in the serum and hepatopancreas of the control group. The activities of SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and acid phosphatase increased at the medium level of selenium but decreased as the level of dietary selenium increased to 1.0 mg/kg. The serum lysozyme (LZM) activity increased but the MDA content in both serum and hepatopancreas decreased with the increase of selenium levels. The total clean reads of the crabs in the control group, N1 and N3 groups reached 390.7M and were assembled into 106 471 transcripts. Compared with the control group, 1196 gene were significantly expressed (588-up and 608-down) in the N1 group under nitrite stress. Between the N1 and N3 groups, the expression of 1537 genes (751-up and 786-down) were significantly different. KEGG pathway analysis reveals that 11 and 19 pathways were significantly different between N1 and control and between N3 and N1 groups, respectively. Transcriptome results demonstrate that nutrient metabolism is much more active in crabs fed additional selenium under nitrite stress. This study indicates that dietary selenium can improve both antioxidant capacity and immune response and alter the protein and carbohydrate metabolism of E. sinensis under nitrite stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhenhua Shen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Erchao Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Jian G Qin
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Liqiao Chen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang C, Zhang Q, Pang Y, Song X, Zhou N, Wang J, He L, Lv J, Song Y, Cheng Y, Yang X. The protective effects of melatonin on oxidative damage and the immune system of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) exposed to deltamethrin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1426-1434. [PMID: 30759581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin (Del), an important broad-spectrum insecticide, is widely used in agricultural activities. However, Del is an effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer that induces oxidative stress damage in cells or tissues. Del is significantly more toxic to aquatic organisms, especially crustaceans, than to mammals and birds. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of melatonin (MT) on the toxicity-induced damage of Del after 6 h in Eriocheir sinensis. The results showed that Del exposure significantly induced oxidative damage in the hepatopancreas and mitochondria, with malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels being significantly increased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity being significantly decreased. Moreover, Del exposure significantly induced functional damage of the hepatopancreas and mitochondria, with a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities in the hepatopancreas and the ratio of albumin/globulin (ALB/GLB) in serum, which indicated the permeability and integrity of the membranes were damaged and had caused cell damage. In addition, ATP content, Na+-K+-ATPase activity and cytochrome C (Cyt‑C) content in mitochondria decreased significantly, which indicated that Del exposure destroyed the normal respiratory chain of mitochondria. We also evaluated the hematological parameters. Although there were no significant differences in total hemocyte count (THC) levels, hemocyte apoptosis was significantly induced by Del exposure, and the hemocyte phagocytic activity and the hemocyanin levels decreased significantly with Del exposure. However, MT pretreatment not only prevented oxidative damage and functional damage caused by Del exposure to the hepatopancreas and mitochondria, but it also restored the hemocyte apoptotic rate and phagocytic activity to normal levels. In short, Del exposure caused significant oxidative and functional damage to the hepatopancreas, mitochondria and hemocytes of E. sinensis, whereas the use of MT almost completely eliminated the damage caused by Del exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Pang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhe Song
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long He
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahuan Lv
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yameng Song
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Oviedo-Diego MA, Mattoni CI, Peretti AV. Specificity of the female's local cellular immune response in genital plug producing scorpion species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208682. [PMID: 30742645 PMCID: PMC6370188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune defense is a key feature in the life history of organisms, expensive to maintain, highly regulated by individuals and exposed to physiological and evolutionary trade-offs. In chelicerates, relatively scarce are the studies that relate postcopulatory mechanisms and immune response parameters. This work makes an approximation to the female’s immunological consequences produced after the placement of a foreign body in the genitalia of three scorpions species, two species that normally receive genital plugs during mating (Urophonius brachycentrus and U. achalensis) and one that does not (Zabius fuscus). Here we performed the first morphological description of the natural plugs of the two Urophonius species. We described complex three zoned structure anchored to the female genital atrium and based on this information we placed implants in the genitalia (for eliciting the local immune response) of virgin females of the three species and measured the immune encapsulation response to this foreign body. We found a greater and heterogeneous response in different zones of the implants in the plug producing species. To corroborate the specificity of this immune response, we compared the local genital reaction with the triggered response at a systemic level by inserting implants into the female body cavity of U. brachycentrus and Zabius fuscus. We found that the systemic response did not differ between species and that only in the plug producing species the local response in the genitalia was higher than the systemic one. We also compared the total hemocyte load before and after the genital implantation to see if this parameter was compromised by the immunological challenge. We confirmed that in Urophonius species the presence of a strange body in the genitalia caused a decrease in the hemocyte load. Besides, we find correlations between the body weight and the immunological parameters, as well as between different immunological parameters with each other. Complementarily, we characterized the hemocytes of the three scorpion species for the first time. This comparative study can help to provide a wider framework of the immunological characteristics of the species, their differences and their relationship with the particular postcopulatory mechanism such as the genital plugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela A. Oviedo-Diego
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Córdoba Capital, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva y Evolución, Córdoba Capital, Cordoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Camilo I. Mattoni
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Córdoba Capital, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva y Evolución, Córdoba Capital, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Alfredo V. Peretti
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Córdoba Capital, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (IDEA), Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva y Evolución, Córdoba Capital, Cordoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bai Y, Shen Y, Xu XY, Bai Y, Fang Y, Zhang M, Miao Y, Zhang X, Li JL. Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible 45-beta activates pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis in the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:176-181. [PMID: 29932964 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible 45-beta (Gadd45B) is essential for mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activities, and involved in regulating growth, apoptosis, and DNA demethylation. In the present study, the cDNA of gcGadd45Ba and gcGadd45Bb in grass carp was identified. And the expression levels show that they were widely distributed in the tested tissues and showed significant immune responses both in vitro and in vivo after challenge with bacteria and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Overexpression of Gadd45B significantly induced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α) and enhanced the phagocytosis activation of grass carp blood cells. These results indicate that Gadd45B plays an important role in innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiheng Miao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueshu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-le Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hemocytes transcriptome profile of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
29
|
Li F, Chang X, Xu L, Yang F. Different roles of crayfish hemocytes in the uptake of foreign particles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:112-119. [PMID: 29578050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crustacean hemocytes are known to remove invading pathogens by phagocytosis. In this study, we investigated how the semigranular cells (SGCs) and granular cells (GCs) of crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus participated in this process. By injecting the animals with excessive amounts of fluorescent microspheres (FMs), we showed that only a small portion of the circulating hemocytes were phagocytic cells, and they took up FMs in a size-dependent manner. The 0.2 μm FMs were internalized almost entirely by SGCs, while GCs and SGCs both contributed to the uptake of 2 μm FMs. Further analysis of the hemocytes from the animals injected with a mixture of FMs suggested that there were a subpopulation of SGCs specifically ingesting 0.2 μm FMs. The size-dependent manner was also applied to biological particles. Escherichia coli was internalized by both SGCs and GCs, whereas white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was mostly ingested by SGCs. However, the bacterial cells were rapidly taken and cleared from the circulation by the hemocytes, while the WSSV virions were gradually internalized and remained in the cells for a relatively longer period of time. These findings provide basic information of the phagocytic hemocytes of crayfish and how they respond to different foreign particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration; Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
| | - Xuefeng Chang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration; Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Limei Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration; Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration; Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang XZ, Zhang C, Huang GY, Xu MJ, Cheng YX, Yang ZG, Zhang Q, Wang YY. Cellular and biochemical parameters following autotomy and ablation-mediated cheliped loss in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:33-43. [PMID: 29146453 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the pond culture of juvenile Eriocheir sinensis, various factors have frequently led to a high rate of autotomy and limb impairments. This study evaluated the differential effects of cheliped loss with autotomy and ablation on the short-term cellular and biochemical parameters of juvenile E. sinensis. In this study, compared with the crabs before treatment, the total hemocyte counts (THC), granulocyte counts (GC), hemocyte agglutination, phosphatase activity and glucose metabolism levels were significantly increased, while hyalinocyte counts (HC) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were significantly decreased within 3 h. However, the THC levels, hemocyte agglutination and hemocyte proliferation were significantly higher in the ablation group within 3 h compared to the autotomy group. Moreover, the changes of glucose metabolism and immune-related enzymes activities in ablation groups were later than autotomy groups. The bacterial challenge showed that the mortality rate of the ablation group was significantly higher than that of the autotomy group. Therefore, the observations in this study indicate that compared with the passive trauma response of ablation, autotomy is a congenital, efficient, and active trauma response mechanism, which is of great significance to the survival and growth of E. sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhen Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Cong Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Gen-Yong Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Min-Jie Xu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yong-Xu Cheng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yi-Yue Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li Y, Jia Z, Yi Q, Song X, Liu Y, Jia Y, Wang L, Song L. A novel GATA-like zinc finger transcription factor involving in hematopoiesis of Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:363-371. [PMID: 29325712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
GATA transcription factor is a family of DNA-binding proteins that can recognize and bind to sequence of (A/T) GATA (A/G). In the present study, a GATA-like protein (named as EsGLP) was characterized from Eriocheir sinensis, including an 834 bp full length open reading frame of EsGLP, encoding a polypeptide of 277 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of EsGLP contained one conserved GATA-type zinc finger of the form Cys-X2-Cys-X17-Cys-X2-Cys, with four cysteine sites. The EsGLP mRNA transcripts were mainly detected in the hematopoietic tissue, hepatopancreas and gonad. The recombinant EsGLP protein was prepared for the antibody production. The EsGLP protein was mainly distributed in the edge of lobules in the HPT and the cytoplasm of hemocytes. The mRNA transcripts of EsGLP in hemocytes were significantly decreased at 24 h (0.39-fold and 0.27-fold, p < .05) and 48 h (0.35-fold and 0.16-fold, p < .05) after LPS and Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation, respectively. However, one peak of EsGLP mRNA transcripts were recorded at 24 h (8.71-fold, p < .05) in HPT after A. hydrophila stimulation. The expression level of EsGLP mRNA in HPT was significantly up-regulated at 2 h, 2.5 h and 9 h (41.74-fold, 45.38-fold and 26.07-fold, p < .05) after exsanguination stimulation. When EsGLP gene expression was inhibited by the injection of double-stranded RNA, both the total hemocytes counts and the rate of EdU-positive hemocytes were significantly decreased (0.32-fold and 0.56-fold compared to that in control group, p < .05). All these results suggested that EsGLP was an important regulatory factor in E. sinensis which involved in the hemocytes generation and the immune response against invading pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yunke Jia
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhou YL, Gu WB, Tu DD, Zhu QH, Zhou ZK, Chen YY, Shu MA. Hemocytes of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain: Cytometric, morphological characterization and involvement in immune responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:459-469. [PMID: 29108971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes play essential roles in the innate immune system of crustaceans. Characterization of hemocytes from estuary mud crab Scylla paramamosain was performed by flow cytometry and morphological studies such as cytochemical staining and electron microscopy. The hemocyte subsets were further separated using a modified Percoll density gradient centrifugation method. Based on the morphological characteristics of the cells, three distinct categories of hemocytes were identified: granulocytes with abundant large granularity representing 5.27 ± 0.42%, semigranulocytes with small or less granularity representing 76.03 ± 3.34%, and hyalinocytes (18.70 ± 3.92%) which were almost no granularity. The total hemocyte cell count and the percentage of hemocyte subsets varied after pathogen infection, including Vibrio alginolyticus and the viral double-stranded RNA analog Poly (I:C). The phagocytic process is of fundamental importance for crustaceans' cellular immune response as well as development and survival. The results of the in vitro phagocytosis assays analyzed by flow cytometry demonstrated that granulocytes and semigranulocytes had significantly higher phagocytic ability than hyalinocytes. A primary culture system, L-15 medium supplemented with 5-10% fetal bovine serum, was developed to further investigate the immune function of hemocytes. Furthermore, adenovirus can be utilized to effectively transfer GFP gene into hemocytes. Overall, three hemocyte sub-populations of S. paramamosain were successfully discriminated, moreover, their response to pathogen infections, phagocytic activity and adenovirus mediated transfection were also investigated for the first time. This study may contribute to a better understanding of the innate immune system of estuary crabs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lian Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Gu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan-Dan Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi-Hui Zhu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhong-Kai Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu-Yin Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hong Y, Yang X, Yan G, Huang Y, Zuo F, Shen Y, Ding Y, Cheng Y. Effects of glyphosate on immune responses and haemocyte DNA damage of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:19-27. [PMID: 28962885 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As a broad-spectrum organophosphorus herbicide, glyphosate is widely utilized around the world. The toxic effects of glyphosate on Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, were assessed using immunotoxicity and genotoxicity biomarkers in this study. The results showed that 24 h and 96 h LC50 values of glyphosate for E. sinensis were estimated as 461.54 and 97.89 mg/L, respectively, and the safe concentration was 4.4 mg/L. According to the results above, glyphosate was applied at concentrations of 0, 4.4, 9.8, 44 and 98 mg/L, for 96 h in the exposure experiment. Total haemocyte count (THC) and percentage of granulocytes decreased significantly following 6 h exposure to each concentration of glyphosate and tended to gradually stabilize after 12 h except in 4.4 mg/L, which rapidly recovered to a normal level in 12 h. Phagocytic activity in all treatments decreased dramatically at 6 h and maintained stability until the 96-h mark. Comet tail has been observed early at 24 h in each treatment, and the comet ratio and percentage of DNA (% DNA) in the tail increased as the exposure experiment progressed. Immune-related enzyme activity varied during the experiment. Acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities in 44 and 98 mg/L treatments decreased significantly after 48 h exposure, while AKP activities in all concentrations increased markedly at the beginning of exposure. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities increased significantly after 6 h exposure to 44 and 98 mg/L of glyphosates but decreased at 24 h. In addition, the β-glucuronidase (β-GD) activities in the 9.8, 44 and 98 mg/L groups, increased after 6-h exposure and were significantly higher than those in the control at 96 h. These results indicated that glyphosate has evident toxic effect on E. sinensis by immune inhibition that is possibly due to the haemocyte DNA damage and a sharp decline in haemocyte numbers, which subsequently induced changes in activities of immune-related enzymes and haemocyte phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang NewDistrict, Shanghai 201306, China; Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang NewDistrict, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Guangwen Yan
- Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fang Zuo
- Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yixue Shen
- Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Xichang College, Xichang 415000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang NewDistrict, Shanghai 201306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jia Z, Wang L, Jiang S, Sun M, Wang M, Yi Q, Song L. Functional characterization of hemocytes from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis by flow cytometry. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:15-25. [PMID: 28826623 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes comprise a diversity of cell types with functional and structural heterogeneity, and they play key roles in the host defense of invertebrates. In the present study, the hemocytes from Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis were directly separated into two groups by flow cytometry. The hemocytes in P1 group were full of round and abundant granules with deeply staining cytoplasm, while P2 hemocytes were more diverse with a wide range of sizes and less granularity. Both P1 and P2 hemocytes exhibited phagocytic ability, but the phagocytic rate of P1 hemocytes increased which was significantly higher than that of P2 hemocytes after LPS stimulations. The levels of ROS production and intracellular Calcium as well as lysosome content were higher in P1 hemocytes than that in P2 hemocytes under both normal and immune-activated situations. The genes involved in phagocytosis, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were mainly expressed in P1 hemocytes, while the genes involved in proPO activation system were highly expressed in P2 hemocytes. These results collectively suggested that P1 hemocytes were the main immunocompetent hemocytes in Chinese mitten crab and P2 hemocytes mainly participated in proPO activation system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mingzhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hemocytes and hemocytic responses in the mole crab Emerita emeritus (Linnaeus 1767). J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 148:129-137. [PMID: 28668255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mole crab, Emerita emeritus, collected from the sandy shores of a Chennai beach, was investigated for cellular immune responses based on the morphology and defensive reactions of the circulating haemocytes. Three haemocyte morphotypes were identified using light and electron microscopy, and separated in a discontinuous percoll gradient. A phagocytosis study using human B erythrocyte as a target cell under phase-contrast optics showed that granular and semi-granular haemocytes were phagocytic, and this response was enhanced by using serum (opsonin)-coated human B erythrocyte in unfractionated and fractionated haemocytes. Observation of TEM image of phagocytosis revealed that the initial recognition and binding of the target cell was restricted to granular and semigranular haemocytes, which were lacking with hyaline cells. However, the encapsulation of DEAE Sepharose CL 6B beads, either untreated or coated with serum (opsonin), was restricted to hyaline cells. This suggests the occurrence of two cell lines in haemocytes, based on the differences observed in the response of haemocytes to bind target cells for phagocytosis or encapsulation. The present study also differentiated the activation of PO in the plasma, serum, and haemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS).
Collapse
|
36
|
Xing J, Chang Y, Tang X, Sheng X, Zhan W. Separation of haemocyte subpopulations in shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis by immunomagnetic bead using monoclonal antibody against granulocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:114-118. [PMID: 27847341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In our previous work, two monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against granulocytes of shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) had been produced, in this paper, haemocyte subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) using the Mabs. Then immunomagnetic bead (IMB) method was applied for separation hyalinocytes and granulocytes using the Mabs. The separated hyalinocytes and granulocytes were analyzed by FCM, indirect immunofluorescence assay, Giemsa staining and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The results showed the proportion of hyalinocytes in haemolymph of F. chinensis was 15.14 ± 1.22%, and that of granulocytes was 75.43 ± 2.31%. After two times separation by IMB, the purity rate of hyalinocytes and granulocytes was 96.27 ± 1.06% and 98.13 ± 0.86%, respectively. The hyalinocytes possessed 0.60-0.85 in nucleus/cytoplasm (N/C) ratio and had few granule in cytoplasm, whereas the separated granulocytes with N/C ratio of 0.12-0.36 and high electronic density of double membrane granules. The results reported the separation of haemocyte subpopulations using Mabs in shrimp for the first time, and the hyalinocytes and granulocytes isolated by IMB could be used for their differential protein analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLM, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yanhong Chang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLM, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLM, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLM, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLM, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Jimo, Qingdao, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cheng SF, Wu XC, Zhang M. Production a monoclonal antibody specific to granulocytes of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) and its cross reactivity with other crustaceans. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 178:79-87. [PMID: 27496746 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3F4 specific to granulocytes of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, was obtained by immunizing mice with whole haemocytes. mAb 3F4 showed strong immunofluorescent reaction with granulocytes, but no reaction with hyalinocytes. The positive cell percentage of granulocytes was 86.3% detected by Flow cytometry (FCM). A special antigen with molecular weight of about 26kDa was further recognized by mAb 3F4 in haemocytes of P. trituberculatus. mAb 3F4 also showed strong cross-reactivity with haemocytes of Eriocheir sinensis and Petalomera japonica, but no reaction with other crustaceans tested. In E. sinensis, the positive cell percentage was 73.4% for granulocytes and 59.8% for hyalinocytes; while in P. japonica, the positive cell percentage was 81.2% for granulocytes and 7.1% for hyalinocytes. There was also a special antigen with molecular weight of about 31kDa identified by mAb 3F4 in haemocytes of E.sinensis, but no corresponding protein band in P. japonica haemocytes. These results demonstrated that mAb 3F4 can be used as a marker for granulocytes of crabs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Feng Cheng
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Xiao-Chun Wu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xu HS, Lyu SJ, Xu JH, Lu BJ, Zhao J, Li S, Li YQ, Chen YY. Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the hemocyte apoptosis of Eriocheir sinensis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 16:971-9. [PMID: 26642180 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the possible toxicity mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from Gram-negative bacteria in Eriocheir sinensis hemocytes. Apoptotic hemocytes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by the LPS were monitored by the combination of flow cytometry and microscope observation. It was shown that LPS induced serious damage on the DNA and morphological changes in hemocytes, including cell shrinkage, fracture of nucleus membrane, margination, condensation and fragmentation of chromatin, and formation of apoptotic bodies indicating obvious hemocyte apoptosis. As compared with the control group, the apoptotic cell ratio increased to 30.61% and 39.01% after 1-h exposure and 57.72% and 75.01% after 2-h exposure to 1 and 10 μg/ml LPS, respectively (P<0.05). Significant outburst of ROS production was observed in LPS-treated hemocytes with approximately 176.6% of relative dichlorofluorescein mean fluorescence at 1-h exposure, followed by a drastic decline (P<0.05). These results indicated that LPS would induce oxidative stress on hemocytes from E. sinensis and cause ROS burst, DNA damage, and subsequently apoptosis. The process of ROS-mediated apoptosis might be one of the potential toxicity mechanisms of LPS on crustacean hemocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-sheng Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sun-jian Lyu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie-hao Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin-jie Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Song Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi-qun Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu-yin Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xu H, Lyu S, Li Y, Xu J, Lu B, Zhao J. Identification, characterization and expression analysis of ERK2 in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis after challenge with LPS and Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 52:325-333. [PMID: 27018024 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Farming of Eriocheir sinensis was seriously threaten by the infection of opportunistic pathogens, especially the gram-negative bacterium. In this paper, we analyzed the sequence of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 2 (ERK2) of E. sinensis (EsERK2) and its expression levels after challenge with LPS and Aeromonas hydrophila in both in vivo and in vitro examination. The full-length cDNA sequence of EsERK2 was 2455 bp in size with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1095 bp, encoding the protein of 365 amino acids. It owned a predicted molecular mass of 42.4 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 5.93. EsERK2 was distributed in all examined tissues including haemocyte, gonad, hepatopancreas, gill, muscle heart, stomach and intestine, but its expression level was significantly higher in hepatopancreas than it in other examined tissues. The expression level of EsERK2 increased significantly after LPS challenge at 2 h (P < 0.05), and then gradually increased and reached highest at 16 h. However, its expression level decreased significantly after A. hydrophila challenge at 4 h, and then gradually decreased till 24 h (P < 0.05), and returned to its initial value at 36 h. According to the immunofluorescence assay and western blotting assay, EsERK2 was found to be distributed mainly in cytoplasm of haemocyte, and its expression level showed a prominent boost in primary cultured haemocytes after challenge with LPS and A. hydrophila in vitro. These results indicated that the expression of EsERK2 was sensitive to the exterior stimulants and its encoding protein might be associated with the signaling transduction in response to exterior pathogens in E. sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Sunjian Lyu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang Province, China; Animal Health Research Institute, Tongwei Co., Ltd., Hi-Tech Incubation Garden, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiehao Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Binjie Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lv S, Lu B, Xu J, Xu H, Zhao J, Li S, Li Y, Chen Y. Immune response of peroxinectin of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis to exterior stimulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:56-64. [PMID: 25743380 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Peroxinectin possesses the features of both peroxidase activity and adhesive property and plays important roles in innate immune system of crustaceans. In this study, the sequence of peroxinectin of Eriocheir sinensis (EsPX) was analyzed and its expression in response to exterior stimulation was detected in both in vivo and in vitro examination. We showed that the full-length cDNA sequence was composed of 2701 bp and owned a molecular mass of 85.2 kDa and a theoretical pI (isoelectric point) of 6.91. Real-time PCR revealed that the EsPX was mainly distributed in the muscle, hemocytes and stomach. Furthermore, the EsPX was verified to be located in hyalinocytes, semigranulocytes and granulocytes, and was distributed throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus, especial in cytoplasm. After injected with beads, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Aeromonas hydrophila, the EsPX mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated and peaked up at 4, 2 and 16 h respectively (P <0.05). In the in vitro experiment, the stimulation of LPS and beads also induced a prominent boost of EsPX protein in primary cultured hemocytes. The expression of EsPX was peaked up at 4 and 8 h for LPS and beads challenged groups respectively, followed by remarkable release of the incremental EsPX into the extracellular matrix. These findings suggested that the expression of EsPX was susceptible to exterior stimulation, and that the highly expressional EsPX would be released into extracellular matrix by the exterior stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunjian Lv
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Binjie Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Jiehao Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Haisheng Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Song Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Yuyin Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|