1
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Shao Y, Li L, Zhao J, Ren G, Liu Q, Lu T, Xu L. Characterization of the activity of 2'-C- methylcytidine against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus replication. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109116. [PMID: 37758098 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is the pathogen of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), which can cause high mortality in salmonids, harm the healthy development of salmon-trout aquaculture, and lead to huge economic losses. However, in China, there is currently neither a commercially available vaccine to prevent IPNV infection nor antiviral drugs to treat IPNV infection. The genome of IPNV consists of two segments of dsRNA named A and B. Segment B encodes the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) VP1 which is essential for viral RNA replication and is therefore considered an important target for the development of antiviral drugs. In this study, we investigate whether 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC), a nucleoside analog which target viral polymerases, has an inhibitory effect on IPNV both in vitro and in vivo. The results show that 2CMC inhibits IPNV infection by inhibiting viral RNA replication rather than viral internalization or attachment. In vivo experiment results showed that 2CMC could inhibit viral RNA replication and reduce viral load in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In our study, we have revealed that 2CMC has a potent inhibitory effect against IPNV infection. Our data suggest that 2CMC is an attractive anti-IPNV drug candidate which will be highly valuable for the development of potential therapeutics for IPNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Linfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Guangming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Liming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Control, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China.
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2
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Vargas RA, Soto-Aguilera S, Parra M, Herrera S, Santibañez A, Kossack C, Saavedra CP, Mora O, Pineda M, Gonzalez O, Gonzalez A, Maisey K, Torres-Maravilla E, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Suárez-Villota EY, Tello M. Analysis of microbiota-host communication mediated by butyrate in Atlantic Salmon. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2558-2578. [PMID: 37122632 PMCID: PMC10130356 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrate is a microbiota-produced metabolite, sensed by host short-chain fatty acid receptors FFAR2 (Gpr43), FFAR3 (Gpr41), HCAR2 (Gpr109A), and Histone deacetylase (HDAC) that promotes microbiota-host crosstalk. Butyrate influences energy uptake, developmental and immune response in mammals. This microbial metabolite is produced by around 79 anaerobic genera present in the mammalian gut, yet little is known about the role of butyrate in the host-microbiota interaction in salmonid fish. To further our knowledge of this interaction, we analyzed the intestinal microbiota and genome of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), searching for butyrate-producing genera and host butyrate receptors. We identified Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria as the main butyrate-producing bacteria in the salmon gut microbiota. In the Atlantic salmon genome, we identified an expansion of genes orthologous to FFAR2 and HCAR2 receptors, and class I and IIa HDACs that are sensitive to butyrate. In addition, we determined the expression levels of orthologous of HCAR2 in the gut, spleen, and head-kidney, and FFAR2 in RTgutGC cells. The effect of butyrate on the Atlantic salmon immune response was evaluated by analyzing the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines response in vitro in SHK-1 cells by RT-qPCR. Butyrate decreased the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-β cytokines. Butyrate also reduced the expression of interferon-alpha, Mx, and PKR, and decreased the viral load at a higher concentration (4 mM) in cells treated with this molecule before the infection with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) by mechanisms independent of FFAR2, FFAR3 and HCAR2 expression that probably inhibit HDAC. Moreover, butyrate modified phosphorylation of cytoplasmic proteins in RTgutGC cells. Our data allow us to infer that Atlantic salmon have the ability to sense butyrate produced by their gut microbiota via different specific targets, through which butyrate modulates the immune response of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the antiviral response.
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3
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Wong-Benito V, Barraza F, Trujillo-Imarai A, Ruiz-Higgs D, Montero R, Sandino AM, Wang T, Maisey K, Secombes CJ, Imarai M. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) recombinant viral protein 1 (VP1) and VP2-Flagellin fusion protein elicit distinct expression profiles of cytokines involved in type 1, type 2, and regulatory T cell response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:785-795. [PMID: 36323384 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the cytokine immune response against two proteins of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the virion-associated RNA polymerase VP1 and VP2-Flagellin (VP2-Flg) fusion protein. Since VP1 is not a structural protein, we hypothesize it can induce cellular immunity, an essential mechanism of the antiviral response. At the same time, the fusion construction VP2-Flg could be highly immunogenic due to the presence of the flagellin used as an adjuvant. Fish were immunized with the corresponding antigen in Montanide™, and the gene expression of a set of marker genes of Th1, Th2, and the immune regulatory response was quantified in the head kidney of immunized and control fish. Results indicate that VP1 induced upregulation of ifn-γ, il-12p40c, il-4/13a, il-4/13b2, il-10a, and tgf-β1 in immunized fish. Expression of il-2a did not change in treated fish at the times tested. The antigen-dependent response was analysed by in vitro restimulation of head kidney leukocytes. In this assay, the group of cytokines upregulated after VP1-restimulation was consistent with those upregulated in the head kidney in vivo. Interestingly, VP1 induced il-2a expression after in vitro restimulation. The analysis of sorted lymphocytes showed that the increase of cytokines occurred in CD4-1+ T cells suggesting that Th differentiation happens in response to VP1. This is also consistent with the expression of t-bet and gata3, the master regulators for Th1/Th2 differentiation in the kidneys of immunized animals. A different cytokine expression profile was found after VP2-Flg administration, i.e., upregulation occurs for ifn-γ, il-4/13a, il-10a, and tgf-β1, while down-regulation was observed in il-4/13b2 and il-2a. The cytokine response was due to flagellin; only the il-2a effect was dependent upon VP2 in the fusion protein. To the best of our knowledge this study reports for the first-time characteristics of the adaptive immune response induced in response to IPNV VP1 and the fusion protein VP2-Flg in fish. VP1 induces cytokines able to trigger the humoral and cell-mediated immune response in rainbow trout. The analysis of the fish response against VP2-Flg revealed the immunogenic properties of Aeromonas salmonicida flagellin, which can be further tested for adjuvanticity. The novel immunogenic effects of VP1 in rainbow trout open new opportunities for further IPNV vaccine development using this viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Wong-Benito
- Laboratorio de Inmunología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Felipe Barraza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Agustín Trujillo-Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Daniela Ruiz-Higgs
- Laboratorio de Inmunología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ruth Montero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Laboratorio de Virología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Comparativa. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología. Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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4
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Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-López FE, Sandino AM, Imarai M. Sleeping With the Enemy? The Current Knowledge of Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV) Immune Response Elicited to Counteract Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:768621. [PMID: 35464421 PMCID: PMC9019227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.768621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a virus in the genus Orthoreovirus of the Reoviridae family, first described in 2010 associated with Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Three phases of PRV infection have been described, the early entry and dissemination, the acute dissemination phase, and the persistence phase. Depending on the PRV genotype and the host, infection can last for life. Mechanisms of immune response to PRV infection have been just beginning to be studied and the knowledge in this matter is here revised. PRV induces a classical antiviral immune response in experimental infection of salmonid erythrocytes, including transcriptional upregulation of ifn-α, rig-i, mx, and pkr. In addition, transcript upregulation of tcra, tcrb, cd2, il-2, cd4-1, ifn-γ, il-12, and il-18 has been observed in Atlantic salmon infected with PRV, indicating that PRV elicited a Th1 type response probably as a host defense strategy. The high expression levels of cd8a, cd8b, and granzyme-A in PRV-infected fish suggest a positive modulatory effect on the CTL-mediated immune response. This is consistent with PRV-dependent upregulation of the genes involved in antigen presentation, including MHC class I, transporters, and proteasome components. We also review the potential immune mechanisms associated with the persistence phenotype of PRV-infected fish and its consequence for the development of a secondary infection. In this scenario, the application of a vaccination strategy is an urgent and challenging task due to the emergence of this viral infection that threatens salmon farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Bao Y, Shen Y, Li X, Wu Z, Jiao L, Li J, Zhou Q, Jin M. A New Insight Into the Underlying Adaptive Strategies of Euryhaline Marine Fish to Low Salinity Environment Through Cholesterol Nutrition to Regulate Physiological Responses. Front Nutr 2022; 9:855369. [PMID: 35571938 PMCID: PMC9097951 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.855369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is an important environmental factor that can affect the metabolism of aquatic organisms, while cholesterol can influence cellular membrane fluidity which are vital in adaption to salinity changes. Hence, a 4-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of water salinity (normal 23 psu and low 5 psu) and three dietary cholesterol levels (CH0.16, 0.16%, CH1.0, 1.0% and CH1.6, 1.6%) on osmoregulation, cholesterol metabolism, fatty acid composition, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis, oxidative stress (OS), and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) of the euryhaline fish black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). The results indicated that in low salinity, fish fed with the CH1.0 diet improved ion reabsorption and osmoregulation by increased Na+ concentration in serum as well as expression levels of osmoregulation-related gene expression levels in gills. Both dietary cholesterol level and water salinity significantly affected most cholesterol metabolic parameters in the serum and tissues, and the results showed that low salinity promoted cholesterol synthesis but inhibited cholesterol catabolism. Besides, in low salinity, hepatic expression levels of LC-PUFA biosynthesis genes were upregulated by fed dietary cholesterol supplementation with contents of LC-PUFAs, including EPA and DHA being increased. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased in low-salinity environment, whereas MDA content was decreased in fish fed with dietary CH1.0 by activating related antioxidant enzyme activity and gene expression levels. A similar pattern was recorded for ERS, which stimulated the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (nf-κb), triggering inflammation. Nevertheless, fish reared in low salinity and fed with dietary CH1.0 had markedly alleviated ERS and downregulated gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Overall, these findings demonstrate that cholesterol, as an important nutrient, plays vital roles in the process of adaptation to low salinity of A. schlegelii, and provides a new insight into underlying adaptive strategies of euryhaline marine fish reared in low salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Bao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuedong Shen
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhaoxun Wu
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lefei Jiao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qicun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Min Jin
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Cárdenas M, Michelson S, Pérez DR, Montoya M, Toledo J, Vásquez-Martínez Y, Cortez-San Martin M. Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Infectivity Is Determined by Multiple Segments with an Important Contribution from Segment 5. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030631. [PMID: 35337038 PMCID: PMC8954079 DOI: 10.3390/v14030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is the etiological agent of infectious salmon anemia. It belongs to the genus isavirus, one of the genera of the Orthomyxoviridae family, as does Influenzavirus A. The ISAV genome comprises eight negative-sense single-stranded RNA segments that code for at least 10 proteins. Although some ISAV strains can reach 100% mortality rates, the factors that determine isavirus infectivity remain unknown. However, some studies suggest that segments 5 and 6 are responsible for the different degrees of virulence and infectivity among ISAV subtypes, unlike the influenza A virus, where most segments are involved in the virus infectivity. In this work, synthetic reassortant viruses for the eight segments of ISAV were generated by reverse genetics, combining a highly virulent virus, ISAV 752_09 (HPR7b), and an avirulent strain, SK779/06 (HPR0). We characterized the rescued viruses and their capacity to replicate and infect different cell lines, produce plaques in ASK cells, and their ability to induce and modulate the cellular immune response in vitro. Our results show that the majority of ISAV segments are involved in at least one of the analyzed characteristics, segment 5 being one of the most important, allowing HPR0 viruses, among other things, to produce plaques and replicate in CHSE-214 cells. We determined that segments 5 and 6 participate in different stages of the viral cycle, and their compatibility is critical for viral infection. Additionally, we demonstrated that segment 2 can modulate the cellular immune response. Our results indicate a high degree of genetic compatibility between the genomic segments of HPR7b and HPR0, representing a latent risk of reassortant that would give rise to a new virus with an unknown phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Cárdenas
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GE 30602, USA;
| | - Sofía Michelson
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
| | - Daniel R. Pérez
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GE 30602, USA;
| | - Margarita Montoya
- Cell Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago, Santiago 9170022, Chile;
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
- Programa Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas Aplicadas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Marcelo Cortez-San Martin
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Naya-Català F, do Vale Pereira G, Piazzon MC, Fernandes AM, Calduch-Giner JA, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Conceição LEC, Pérez-Sánchez J. Cross-Talk Between Intestinal Microbiota and Host Gene Expression in Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata) Juveniles: Insights in Fish Feeds for Increased Circularity and Resource Utilization. Front Physiol 2021; 12:748265. [PMID: 34675821 PMCID: PMC8523787 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.748265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
New types of fish feed based on processed animal proteins (PAPs), insect meal, yeast, and microbial biomasses have been used with success in gilthead sea bream. However, some drawback effects on feed conversion and inflammatory systemic markers were reported in different degrees with PAP- and non-PAP-based feed formulations. Here, we focused on the effects of control and two experimental diets on gut mucosal-adherent microbiota, and how it correlated with host transcriptomics at the local (intestine) and systemic (liver and head kidney) levels. The use of tissue-specific PCR-arrays of 93 genes in total rendered 13, 12, and 9 differentially expressed (DE) genes in the intestine, liver, and head kidney, respectively. Illumina sequencing of gut microbiota yielded a mean of 125,350 reads per sample, assigned to 1,281 operational taxonomic unit (OTUs). Bacterial richness and alpha diversity were lower in fish fed with the PAP diet, and discriminant analysis displayed 135 OTUs driving the separation between groups with 43 taxa correlating with 27 DE genes. The highest expression of intestinal pcna and alpi was achieved in PAP fish with intermediate values in non-PAP, being the pro-inflammatory action of alpi associated with the presence of Psychrobacter piscatorii. The intestinal muc13 gene was down-regulated in non-PAP fish, with this gene being negatively correlated with anaerobic (Chloroflexi and Anoxybacillus) and metal-reducing (Pelosinus and Psychrosinus) bacteria. Other inflammatory markers (igm, il8, tnfα) were up-regulated in PAP fish, positively correlating the intestinal igm gene with the inflammasome activator Escherichia/Shigella, whereas the systemic expression of il8 and tnfα was negatively correlated with the Bacilli class in PAP fish and positively correlated with Paracoccus yeei in non-PAP fish. Overall changes in the expression pattern of il10, galectins (lgals1, lgals8), and toll-like receptors (tlr2, tlr5, tlr9) reinforced the anti-inflammatory profile of fish fed with the non-PAP diet, with these gene markers being associated with a wide range of OTUs. A gut microbiota-liver axis was also established, linking the microbial generation of short chain fatty acids with the fueling of scd1- and elovl6-mediated lipogenesis. In summary, by correlating the microbiome with host gene expression, we offer new insights in the evaluation of fish diets promoting gut and metabolism homeostasis, and ultimately, the health of farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Naya-Català
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | | | - M Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Ana Margarida Fernandes
- SPAROS Lda, Area Empresarial de Marim, Olhăo, Portugal.,Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Josep Alvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
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8
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Muñoz C, González-Lorca J, Parra M, Soto S, Valdes N, Sandino AM, Vargas R, González A, Tello M. Lactococcus lactis Expressing Type I Interferon From Atlantic Salmon Enhances the Innate Antiviral Immune Response In Vivo and In Vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696781. [PMID: 34475871 PMCID: PMC8406758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In salmon farming, viruses are responsible for outbreaks that produce significant economic losses for which there is a lack of control tools other than vaccines. Type I interferon has been successfully used for treating some chronic viral infections in humans. However, its application in salmonids depends on the proper design of a vehicle that allows its massive administration, ideally orally. In mammals, administration of recombinant probiotics capable of expressing cytokines has shown local and systemic therapeutic effects. In this work, we evaluate the use of Lactococcus lactis as a type I Interferon expression system in Atlantic salmon, and we analyze its ability to stimulate the antiviral immune response against IPNV, in vivo and in vitro. The interferon expressed in L. lactis, even though it was located mainly in the bacterial cytoplasm, was functional, stimulating Mx and PKR expression in CHSE-214 cells, and reducing the IPNV viral load in SHK-1 cells. In vivo, the oral administration of this L. lactis producer of Interferon I increases Mx and PKR expression, mainly in the spleen, and to a lesser extent, in the head kidney. The oral administration of this strain also reduces the IPNV viral load in Atlantic salmon specimens challenged with this pathogen. Our results show that oral administration of L. lactis producing Interferon I induces systemic effects in Atlantic salmon, allowing to stimulate the antiviral immune response. This probiotic could have effects against a wide variety of viruses that infect Atlantic salmon and also be effective in other salmonids due to the high identity among their type I interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josue González-Lorca
- Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mick Parra
- Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarita Soto
- Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Valdes
- Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,ActivaQ S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alex González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y Extremófilos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Mario Tello
- Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,IctioBiotic SpA, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Santibañez A, Paine D, Parra M, Muñoz C, Valdes N, Zapata C, Vargas R, Gonzalez A, Tello M. Oral Administration of Lactococcus lactis Producing Interferon Type II, Enhances the Immune Response Against Bacterial Pathogens in Rainbow Trout. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696803. [PMID: 34248997 PMCID: PMC8268009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are a powerful vehicle for releasing of cytokines and immunostimulant peptides at the gastrointestinal level after oral administration. However, its therapeutic application against pathogens that affect rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon has been little explored. Type II interferon in Atlantic salmon activates the antiviral response, protecting against viral infection, but its role against bacterial infection has not been tested in vivo. In this work, through the design of a recombinant lactic acid bacterium capable of producing Interferon gamma from Atlantic salmon, we explore its role against bacterial infection and the ability to stimulate systemic immune response after oral administration of the recombinant probiotic. Recombinant interferon was active in vitro, mainly stimulating IL-6 expression in SHK-1 cells. In vivo, oral administration of the recombinant probiotic produced an increase in IL-6, IFNγ and IL-12 in the spleen and kidney, in addition to stimulating the activity of lysozyme in serum. The challenge trials indicated that the administration of the IFNγ-producing probiotic doubled the survival in fish infected with F. psychrophilum. In conclusion, our results showed that the oral administration of lactic acid bacteria producing IFNγ managed to stimulate the immune response at a systemic level, conferring protection against pathogens, showing a biotechnological potential for its application in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Santibañez
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Paine
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Mick Parra
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Valdes
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Zapata
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alex Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y Extremófilos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Mario Tello
- Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Metagenómica Bacteriana, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile.,IctioBiotic SpA, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Vargas D, Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-Cerpa S, Oyarzún-Arrau A, Acuña-Castillo C, Imarai M, Reyes-López FE, Sandino AM. The Analysis of Live-Attenuated Piscirickettsia salmonis Vaccine Reveals the Short-Term Upregulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Genes in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar): An In Situ Open-Sea Cages Study. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040703. [PMID: 33805284 PMCID: PMC8066903 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiological agent of the Salmon Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS), is one the most serious health problems for the Chilean salmon industry. Typical antimicrobial strategies used against P. salmonis include antibiotics and vaccines, but these applications have largely failed. A few years ago, the first attenuated-live vaccine against SRS (ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS vaccine) was released to the market. However, there is no data about the agents involved in the activation of the immune response induced under field conditions. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the expression profile of a set of gene markers related to innate and adaptive immunity in the context of a cellular response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared under productive farm conditions and immunized with a live-attenuated vaccine against P. salmonis. We analyzed the expression at zero, 5-, 15- and 45-days post-vaccination (dpv). Our results reveal that the administration of the attenuated live SRS LiVac vaccine induces a short-term upregulation of the cellular-mediated immune response at 5 dpv modulated by the upregulation of ifnα, ifnγ, and the cd4 and cd8α T cell surface markers. In addition, we also registered the upregulation of il-10 and tgfβ. Altogether, the results suggest that a balanced activation of the immune response took place only at early times post-vaccination (5 dpv). The scope of this short-term upregulation of the cellular-mediated immune response against a natural outbreak in fish subjected to productive farm conditions deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Vargas
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., 7500652 Santiago, Chile; (D.V.); (A.O.-A.); (M.I.)
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170002 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170002 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, 8580745 Santiago, Chile;
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, 8580745 Santiago, Chile
| | - Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., 7500652 Santiago, Chile; (D.V.); (A.O.-A.); (M.I.)
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170002 Santiago, Chile;
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170002 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., 7500652 Santiago, Chile; (D.V.); (A.O.-A.); (M.I.)
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170002 Santiago, Chile;
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170002 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., 7500652 Santiago, Chile; (D.V.); (A.O.-A.); (M.I.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, 7500975 Providencia, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.E.R.-L.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., 7500652 Santiago, Chile; (D.V.); (A.O.-A.); (M.I.)
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170002 Santiago, Chile;
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170002 Santiago, Chile;
- Correspondence: (F.E.R.-L.); (A.M.S.)
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11
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Semple SL, Dixon B. Salmonid Antibacterial Immunity: An Aquaculture Perspective. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E331. [PMID: 33050557 PMCID: PMC7599743 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture industry is continuously threatened by infectious diseases, including those of bacterial origin. Regardless of the disease burden, aquaculture is already the main method for producing fish protein, having displaced capture fisheries. One attractive sector within this industry is the culture of salmonids, which are (a) uniquely under pressure due to overfishing and (b) the most valuable finfish per unit of weight. There are still knowledge gaps in the understanding of fish immunity, leading to vaccines that are not as effective as in terrestrial species, thus a common method to combat bacterial disease outbreaks is the use of antibiotics. Though effective, this method increases both the prevalence and risk of generating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To facilitate vaccine design and/or alternative treatment efforts, a deeper understanding of the teleost immune system is essential. This review highlights the current state of teleost antibacterial immunity in the context of salmonid aquaculture. Additionally, the success of current techniques/methods used to combat bacterial diseases in salmonid aquaculture will be addressed. Filling the immunology knowledge gaps highlighted here will assist in reducing aquaculture losses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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12
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Microbiota Modulates the Immunomodulatory Effects of Filifolinone on Atlantic Salmon. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091320. [PMID: 32872599 PMCID: PMC7564783 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Filifolinone is an aromatic geranyl derivative, a natural compound isolated from Heliotropum sclerocarpum, which has immunomodulatory effects on Atlantic salmon, upregulating cytokines involved in Th1-type responses through a mechanism that remains unknown. In this work, we determined whether the immunomodulatory effects of filifolinone depend on the host microbiotic composition. We evaluated the effect of filifolinone on immune genes and intestinal microbiotic composition of normal fish and fish previously treated with bacitracin/neomycin. Filifolinone induced the early expression of IFN-α1 and TGF-β, followed by the induction of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ. A pre-treatment with antibiotics modified this effect, mainly changing the expression of IL-1β and IFN-γ. The evaluation of microbial diversity shows that filifolinone modifies the composition of intestinal microbiota, increasing the abundance of immunostimulating organisms like yeast and firmicutes. We identified 69 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) associated with filifolinone-induced IFN-γ. Our results indicate that filifolinone stimulates the immune system in two ways, one dependent on fish microbiota and the other not. To our knowledge, this is the first report of microbiota-dependent immunostimulation in Salmonids.
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13
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Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-Cerpa S, Rivas-Pardo JA, Maisey K, Yáñez JM, Valenzuela H, Cea PA, Castro-Fernandez V, Tort L, Sandino AM, Imarai M, Reyes-López FE. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) Mining and Their Effect on the Tridimensional Protein Structure Prediction in a Set of Immunity-Related Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Front Genet 2020; 10:1406. [PMID: 32174954 PMCID: PMC7056891 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are single genetic code variations considered one of the most common forms of nucleotide modifications. Such SNPs can be located in genes associated to immune response and, therefore, they may have direct implications over the phenotype of susceptibility to infections affecting the productive sector. In this study, a set of immune-related genes (cc motif chemokine 19 precursor [ccl19], integrin β2 (itβ2, also named cd18), glutathione transferase omega-1 [gsto-1], heat shock 70 KDa protein [hsp70], major histocompatibility complex class I [mhc-I]) were analyzed to identify SNPs by data mining. These genes were chosen based on their previously reported expression on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)-infected Atlantic salmon phenotype. The available EST sequences for these genes were obtained from the Unigene database. Twenty-eight SNPs were found in the genes evaluated and identified most of them as transition base changes. The effect of the SNPs located on the 5’-untranslated region (UTR) or 3’-UTR upon transcription factor binding sites and alternative splicing regulatory motifs was assessed and ranked with a low-medium predicted FASTSNP score risk. Synonymous SNPs were found on itβ2 (c.2275G > A), gsto-1 (c.558G > A), and hsp70 (c.1950C > T) with low FASTSNP predicted score risk. The difference in the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) value between the variant codons and the wild-type codon (ΔRSCU) showed one negative (hsp70 c.1950C > T) and two positive ΔRSCU values (itβ2 c.2275G > A; gsto-1 c.558G > A), suggesting that these synonymous SNPs (sSNPs) may be associated to differences in the local rate of elongation. Nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) in the gsto-1 translatable gene region were ranked, using SIFT and POLYPHEN web-tools, with the second highest (c.205A > G; c484T > C) and the highest (c.499T > C; c.769A > C) predicted score risk possible. Using homology modeling to predict the effect of these nonsynonymous SNPs, the most relevant nucleotide changes for gsto-1 were observed for the nsSNPs c.205A > G, c484T > C, and c.769A > C. Molecular dynamics was assessed to analyze if these GSTO-1 variants have significant differences in their conformational dynamics, suggesting these SNPs could have allosteric effects modulating its catalysis. Altogether, these results suggest that candidate SNPs identified may play a crucial potential role in the immune response of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Andrés Rivas-Pardo
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José M Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector Valenzuela
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A Cea
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Malik MS, Bjørgen H, Dhamotharan K, Wessel Ø, Koppang EO, Di Cicco E, Hansen EF, Dahle MK, Rimstad E. Erythroid Progenitor Cells in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) May Be Persistently and Productively Infected with Piscine Orthoreovirus (PRV). Viruses 2019; 11:E824. [PMID: 31491892 PMCID: PMC6784031 DOI: 10.3390/v11090824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV-1) can cause heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The virus targets erythrocytes in the acute peak phase, followed by cardiomyocytes, before the infection subsides into persistence. The persistent phase is characterized by high level of viral RNA, but low level of viral protein. The origin and nature of persistent PRV-1 are not clear. Here, we analyzed for viral persistence and activity in various tissues and cell types in experimentally infected Atlantic salmon. Plasma contained PRV-1 genomic dsRNA throughout an 18-week long infection trial, indicating that viral particles are continuously produced and released. The highest level of PRV-1 RNA in the persistent phase was found in kidney. The level of PRV-1 ssRNA transcripts in kidney was significantly higher than that of blood cells in the persistent phase. In-situ hybridization assays confirmed that PRV-1 RNA was present in erythroid progenitor cells, erythrocytes, macrophages, melano-macrophages and in some additional un-characterized cells in kidney. These results show that PRV-1 establishes a productive, persistent infection in Atlantic salmon and that erythrocyte progenitor cells are PRV target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Malik
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Håvard Bjørgen
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kannimuthu Dhamotharan
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Øystein Wessel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Emiliano Di Cicco
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada.
| | - Elisabeth F Hansen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Maria K Dahle
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
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15
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Rodríguez FH, Flores-Mara R, Yoshida GM, Barría A, Jedlicki AM, Lhorente JP, Reyes-López F, Yáñez JM. Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Resistance to Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus Identifies Candidate Genes Involved in Viral Replication and Immune Response in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:2897-2904. [PMID: 31324747 PMCID: PMC6723134 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a viral disease with considerable negative impact on the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture industry. The aim of the present work was to detect genomic regions that explain resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in rainbow trout. A total of 2,278 fish from 58 full-sib families were challenged with IPNV and 768 individuals were genotyped (488 resistant and 280 susceptible), using a 57K SNP panel Axiom, Affymetrix. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using the phenotypes time to death (TD) and binary survival (BS), along with the genotypes of the challenged fish using a Bayesian model (Bayes C). Heritabilities for resistance to IPNV estimated using genomic information, were 0.53 and 0.82 for TD and BS, respectively. The Bayesian GWAS detected a SNP located on chromosome 5 explaining 19% of the genetic variance for TD. The proximity of Sentrin-specific protease 5 (SENP5) to this SNP makes it a candidate gene for resistance against IPNV. In case of BS, a SNP located on chromosome 23 was detected explaining 9% of the genetic variance. However, the moderate-low proportion of variance explained by the detected marker leads to the conclusion that the incorporation of all genomic information, through genomic selection, would be the most appropriate approach to accelerate genetic progress for the improvement of resistance against IPNV in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco H Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, 8820808, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Av. Floral 1153, Puno, Perú
| | - Raúl Flores-Mara
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, 8820808, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Andina Néstor Cáceres Velásquez, Juliaca, Puno, Perú
| | - Grazyella M Yoshida
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, 8820808, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
- Benchmark Genetics Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Agustín Barría
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, 8820808, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana M Jedlicki
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, 8820808, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain, and
| | - José M Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, 8820808, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
- Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción 4070386, Chile
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16
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Tran HB, Chen SC, Chaung HC, Cheng TC. Molecular cloning of IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, IFN-ɤ and modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) after Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida infection. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 230:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Guo CJ, He J, He JG. The immune evasion strategies of fish viruses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:772-784. [PMID: 30543936 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection of a host rapidly triggers intracellular signaling events that induce interferon production and a cellular antiviral state. Viral diseases are important concerns in fish aquaculture. The major mechanisms of the fish antiviral immune response are suggested to be similar to those of mammals, although the specific details of the process require further studies. Throughout the process of pathogen-host coevolution, fish viruses have developed a battery of distinct strategies to overcome the biochemical and immunological defenses of the host. Such strategies include signaling interference, effector modulation, and manipulation of host apoptosis. This review provide an overview of the different mechanisms that fish viruses use to evade host immune responses. The basic mechanisms of immune evasion of fish virus are discussed, and some examples are provided to illustrate particular points.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - J He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - J G He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering / State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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18
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Tu X, Qi X, Huang A, Ling F, Wang G. Cytokine gene expression profiles in goldfish (Carassius auratus) during Gyrodactylus kobayashii infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:116-124. [PMID: 30448448 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monogeneans of the genus Gyrodactylus are well-known pathogens causing huge mortalities in wild and cultured fish. Cytokine expression is one of most important host defense mechanisms against parasite infections. In this study, the expression pattern of the key pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12 and iNOS) and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-10, TGFβ and IL-4) of Gyrodactylus kobayashii infected goldfish (Carassius auratus) were determined by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Our results showed that G. kobayashii infection caused increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α and iNOS in all detected tissues throughout the infection period. Among these genes, iNOS has the highest transcript level accompanied with increased nitric oxide (NO) concentration in the serum of all infected goldfish. The mRNA level of IL-1β in the liver, spleen and head kidney was significantly up-regulated during the early stage of infection (days 2-8). While high expression level of IL-8 and IL-12 was observed during the elimination phase of infection (days 10-14). As for anti-inflammatory cytokines, the expression profiles of IL-10 were distinct from those of TGF-β and IL-4. Specifically, the mRNA level of IL-10 did not increase in the spleen and head kidney during the early stage of infection, while increased expression of TGF-β and IL-4 were likewise seen. Besides, all infected fish had significantly higher complement C3 but lower IgM levels than the non-infected fish. The results provide insights into the interaction between gyrodactylids and the fish host, and indicate that systemic cytokine responses are critical for controlling parasite infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tu
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaozhou Qi
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Aiguo Huang
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fei Ling
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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19
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Reyes-López FE, Aerts J, Vallejos-Vidal E, Ampe B, Dierckens K, Tort L, Bossier P. Modulation of Innate Immune-Related Genes and Glucocorticoid Synthesis in Gnotobiotic Full-Sibling European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) Larvae Challenged With Vibrio anguillarum. Front Immunol 2018; 9:914. [PMID: 29867929 PMCID: PMC5953322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several efforts have been made to describe the immunoendocrine interaction in fish, there are no studies to date focusing on the characterization of the immune response and glucocorticoid synthesis using the host-pathogen interaction on larval stage as an early developmental stage model of study. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the glucocorticoid synthesis and the modulation of stress- and innate immune-related genes in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae challenged with Vibrio anguillarum. For this purpose, we challenged by bath full-sibling gnotobiotic sea bass larvae with 107 CFU mL-1 of V. anguillarum strain HI 610 on day 5 post-hatching (dph). The mortality was monitored up to the end of the experiment [120 hours post-challenge (hpc)]. While no variations were registered in non-challenged larvae maintained under gnotobiotic conditions (93.20% survival at 120 hpc), in the challenged group a constant and sustained mortality was observed from 36 hpc onward, dropping to 18.31% survival at 120 hpc. Glucocorticoid quantification and expression analysis of stress- and innate immunity-related genes were carried out in single larvae. The increase of cortisol, cortisone and 20β-dihydrocortisone was observed at 120 hpc, although did not influence upon the modulation of stress-related genes (glucocorticoid receptor 1 [gr1], gr2, and heat shock protein 70 [hsp70]). On the other hand, the expression of lysozyme, transferrin, and il-10 differentially increased at 120 hpc together with a marked upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (il-1β and il-8) and hepcidin, suggesting a late activation of defense mechanisms against V. anguillarum. Importantly, this response coincided with the lowest survival observed in challenged groups. Therefore, the increase in markers associated with glucocorticoid synthesis together with the upregulation of genes associated with the anti-inflammatory response suggests that in larvae infected with V. anguillarum a pro-inflammatory response at systemic level takes place, which then leads to the participation of other physiological mechanisms at systemic level to counteract the effect and the consequences of such response. However, this late systemic response could be related to the previous high mortality observed in sea bass larvae challenged with V. anguillarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Johan Aerts
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ostend, Belgium.,Stress Physiology Research Group, Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bart Ampe
- Biostatistics and Data Modeling, Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium
| | - Kristof Dierckens
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center (ARC), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center (ARC), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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20
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Tso CH, Lu MW. Transcriptome profiling analysis of grouper during nervous necrosis virus persistent infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 76:224-232. [PMID: 29510256 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection has been considered a serious disease in farmed grouper. Particularly, the persistent infection model conducts the grouper into a carrier state that continues to spread the virus through spawning. This particular model makes disease control more difficult in the aquaculture industry. In the present study, we used RNA-Seq, a high-throughput method based on next-generation sequencing, to profile the expression of genes during the period of NNV persistent infection. We evaluated the transcriptomic changes in the brain tissue of grouper. The inactivated-NNV vaccine was used as a comparison group. Based on the differentially expressed genes, highly immune cell active signaling and surface receptor expression were triggered during persistent infection. The interferon-induced response was also highly expressed in the infected brain tissue. However, critical negative regulatory factors of T-cells, such as PD-L1 and LAG3, were up-regulated. The present transcriptome study revealed a comprehensive view of the state of NNV persistent infection and provided insights into the state of impaired NNV clearance in the grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsi Tso
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan.
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21
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Reyes-Cerpa S, Vallejos-Vidal E, Gonzalez-Bown MJ, Morales-Reyes J, Pérez-Stuardo D, Vargas D, Imarai M, Cifuentes V, Spencer E, Sandino AM, Reyes-López FE. Effect of yeast (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) and plant (Saint John's wort, lemon balm, and rosemary) extract based functional diets on antioxidant and immune status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) subjected to crowding stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:250-259. [PMID: 29305990 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmon farming may face stress due to the intensive culture conditions with negative impacts on overall performance. In this aspect, functional feed improves not only the basic nutritional requirements but also the health status and fish growth. However, to date no studies have been carried out to evaluate the effect of functional diets in salmon subjected to crowding stress. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of yeast extract (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous; diet A) and the combination of plant extracts (common Saint John's wort, lemon balm, and rosemary; diet B) on the antioxidant and immune status of Atlantic salmon grown under normal cultured conditions and then subjected to crowding stress. Fish were fed with functional diets during 30 days (12 kg/m3) and then subjected to crowding stress (20 kg/m3) for 10 days. The lipid peroxidation in gut showed that both diets induced a marked decrease on oxidative damage when fish were subjected to crowding stress. The protein carbonylation in muscle displayed at day 30 a marked decrease in both functional diets that was more marked on the stress condition. The expression of immune markers (IFNγ, CD4, IL-10, TGF-β, IgMmb, IgMsec, T-Bet, and GATA-3) indicated the upregulation of those associated to humoral-like response (CD4, IL-10, GATA-3) when fish were subjected to crowding stress. These results were confirmed with the expression of secreted IgM. Altogether, these functional diets improved the antioxidant status and increased the expression of genes related to Th2-like response suggesting a protective role on fish subjected to crowding stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences (Building C), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María José Gonzalez-Bown
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Morales-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Pérez-Stuardo
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Chile
| | - Deborah Vargas
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eugenio Spencer
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile; ActivaQ S.A. General del Canto 460, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences (Building C), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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22
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Nombela I, Carrion A, Puente-Marin S, Chico V, Mercado L, Perez L, Coll J, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus triggers antiviral immune response in rainbow trout red blood cells, despite not being infective. F1000Res 2017; 6:1968. [PMID: 29333244 PMCID: PMC5747336 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12994.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Some fish viruses, such as piscine orthoreovirus and infectious salmon anemia virus, target red blood cells (RBCs), replicate inside them and induce an immune response. However, the roles of RBCs in the context of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) infection have not been studied yet. Methods: Ex vivo rainbow trout RBCs were obtained from peripheral blood, Ficoll purified and exposed to IPNV in order to analyze infectivity and immune response using RT-qPCR, immune fluorescence imaging, flow cytometry and western-blotting techniques. Results: IPNV could not infect RBCs; however, IPNV increased the expression of the INF1-related genes
ifn-1,
pkr and
mx genes. Moreover, conditioned media from IPNV-exposed RBCs conferred protection against IPNV infection in CHSE-214 fish cell line. Conclusions: Despite not being infected, rainbow trout RBCs could respond to IPNV with increased expression of antiviral genes. Fish RBCs could be considered as mediators of the antiviral response and therefore targets of new strategies against fish viral infections. Further research is ongoing to completely understand the molecular mechanism that triggers this antiviral response in rainbow trout RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nombela
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Aurora Carrion
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Sara Puente-Marin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Verónica Chico
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Luis Mercado
- Institute of Biology, Catholic Pontifical University of Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Carballo C, Castro D, Borrego JJ, Manchado M. Gene expression profiles associated with lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in experimentally infected Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:129-139. [PMID: 28476672 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the pathogenesis of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) and the immune gene expression patterns associated with this viral infection were determined in the flatfish Senegalese sole. The results indicate that LCDV spreads rapidly from the peritoneal cavity through the bloodstream to reach target organs such as kidney, gut, liver, and skin/fin. The viral load was highest in kidney and reduced progressively thorough the experiment in spite of the viral major capsid protein gene was transcribed. The LCDV injection activated a similar set of differentially expressed transcripts in kidney and intestine although with some differences in the intensity and time-course response. This set included antiviral-related transcripts (including the mx and interferon-related factors irf1, irf2, irf3, irf7, irf8, irf9, irf10), cytokines (il1b, il6, il8, il12 and tnfa) and their receptors (il1r, il8r, il10r, il15ra, il17r), chemokines (CXC-type, CC-type and IL-8), prostaglandins (cox-2), g-type lysozymes, hepcidin, complement fractions (c2, c4-1 and c4-2) and the antigen differentiation factors cd4, cd8a, and cd8b. The expression profile observed indicated that the host triggered a systemic defensive response including inflammation able to cope with the viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Dolores Castro
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus Universitario Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Campus Universitario Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
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24
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Piazzon MC, Galindo-Villegas J, Pereiro P, Estensoro I, Calduch-Giner JA, Gómez-Casado E, Novoa B, Mulero V, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Pérez-Sánchez J. Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish. Front Immunol 2016; 7:637. [PMID: 28082977 PMCID: PMC5186763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes can be found in teleost fish, IgM, IgD, and the teleost-specific IgT. IgM is considered to have a systemic activity, and IgT is attributed a mucosal role, similar to mammalian IgA. In this study, the complete sequence of gilthead sea bream IgM and IgT in their membrane (m) and soluble (s) forms are described for the first time in a perciform fish. Their constitutive gene expression is analyzed in different tissues, and their regulation upon viral, bacterial, parasitic, mucosal vaccination and dietary challenges are studied. GCB IgM and IgT have the prototypical structure when compared to other fish Igs. The constitutive expression of sIgM was the highest overall in all tissues, whereas mIgT expression was highest in mucosal tissues, such as gills and intestine. IgM and IgT were differentially regulated upon infection. IgT was highly upregulated locally upon infection with the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei or systemically after Nodavirus infection. Long-term intestinal parasitic infections increased the serum titer of both isotypes. Mucosal vaccination against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida finely regulated the Ig response inducing a systemic increase of IgM titers in serum and a local IgT response in skin mucus when animals were exposed to the pathogen by bath challenge. Interestingly, plant-based diets inhibit IgT upregulation upon intestinal parasitic challenge, which was related to a worse disease outcome. All these results corroborate the mucosal role of IgT and emphasize the importance of a finely tuned regulation of Ig isotypes upon infection, which could be of special interest in vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Piazzon
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Jorge Galindo-Villegas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC) , Vigo , Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Josep A Calduch-Giner
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Eduardo Gómez-Casado
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC) , Vigo , Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC) , Castellón , Spain
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25
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Rodríguez FE, Valenzuela B, Farías A, Sandino AM, Imarai M. β-1,3/1,6-Glucan-supplemented diets antagonize immune inhibitory effects of hypoxia and enhance the immune response to a model vaccine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:36-45. [PMID: 27742589 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The diets of farmed salmon are usually supplemented with immunostimulants to improve health status. Because β-glucan is one of the most common immunostimulants used in diets, here we examined the effect of two β-1,3/1,6-glucan-supplemented diets on the expression of immune response genes of Atlantic salmon. The relative abundances of IFN-α1, Mx, IFN-γ, IL-12, TGF-β1, IL-10, and CD4 transcripts were evaluated in head kidney by qRT-PCR. We assessed the effects of the diets under normoxia and acute hypoxia, as salmon are especially sensitive to changes in the concentration of dissolved oxygen, which can also affect immunity. These effects were also tested on vaccinated fish, as we expected that β-1,3/1,6-glucan-supplemented diets would enhance the adaptive immune response to the vaccine. We found that administration of the Bg diet (containing β-1,3/1,6-glucan) under normoxia had no effects on the expression of the analyzed genes in the kidney of the diet-fed fish, but under hypoxia/re-oxygenation (90 min of acute hypoxia), the βg diet affected the expression of the antiviral genes, IFN-α1 and Mx, preventing their decrease caused by hypoxia. The Bax diet, which in addition to β-1,3/1,6-glucan, contained astaxanthin, increased IL-12 and IFN-γ in kidneys. With fish exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation, the diet prevented the decrease of IFN-α1 and Mx levels observed after hypoxia. When fish were vaccinated, only the levels of IL-12 and CD4 transcripts increased, but interestingly if fish were also fed the Bax diet, the vaccination induced a significant increase in all the analyzed transcripts. Finally, when vaccinated fish were exposed to hypoxia, the effect of the Bax diet was greatly reduced for all genes tested and moreover, inducible effects completely disappeared for IL-12, IFN-α, and Mx. Altogether, these results showed that the tested β-1,3/1,6-glucan diets increased the levels of transcripts of key genes involved in innate and adaptive immune response of salmon, potentiating the response to a model vaccine and also antagonizing the effects of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Beatriz Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Farías
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, P.O. Box 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile.
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26
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Reyes-López FE, Romeo JS, Vallejos-Vidal E, Reyes-Cerpa S, Sandino AM, Tort L, Mackenzie S, Imarai M. Differential immune gene expression profiles in susceptible and resistant full-sibling families of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) challenged with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:210-221. [PMID: 26123889 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify at the expression level the immune-related genes associated with IPN-susceptible and resistant phenotypes in Atlantic salmon full-sibling families. We have analyzed thirty full-sibling families infected by immersion with IPNV and then classified as resistant or susceptible using a multivariate survival analysis based on a gamma-Cox frailty model and the Kaplan-Meier mortality curves. In four families within each group head kidneys were pooled for real-time PCR and one-color salmon-specific oligonucleotide microarray (21K) analysis at day 1 and 5 post-infection. Transcripts involved in innate response (IL-6, IFN-α), antigen presentation (HSP-70, HSP-90, MHC-I), TH1 response (IL-12, IFN-γ, CRFB6), immunosuppression (IL-10, TGF-β1) and leukocyte activation and migration (CCL-19, CD18) showed a differential expression pattern between both phenotypes, except in IL-6. In susceptible families, except for IFN-γ, the expressions dropped to basal values at day 5 post-infection. In resistant families, unlike susceptible families, levels remained high or increased (except for IL-6) at day 5. Transcriptomic analysis showed that both families have a clear differential expression pattern, resulting in a marked down-regulation in immune related genes involved in innate response, complement system, antigen recognition and activation of immune response in IPN-resistant. Down-regulation of genes, mainly related to tissue differentiation and protein degradation metabolism, was also observed in resistant families. We have identified an immune-related gene patterns associated with susceptibility and resistance to IPNV infection of Atlantic salmon. This suggests that a limited immune response is associated with resistant fish phenotype to IPNV challenge while a highly inflammatory but short response is associated with susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe E Reyes-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jose S Romeo
- Departamento de Matemática y Ciencia de la Computación, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile; Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana M Sandino
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Simon Mackenzie
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA Stirling, UK
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago, Chile.
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