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Peng Q, Dong Y, Chen Y, Glidle A, Kong L, Yin H, Xu J, Yang K. Rapid profiling of fish cell nitrogen metabolism with single-cell Raman spectroscopy: Unveiling enzyme's role in ammonia detoxification. Talanta 2024; 277:126389. [PMID: 38852346 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia is a prevalent aquatic pollutant that disrupts cellular functions and energy metabolism in fish, posing significant environmental and health threats. This research investigates the critical role of arginase 2 (ARG2) in mitigating ammonia toxicity in fish cells and its implications in adapting to nitrogen metabolism under high ammonia exposure. Through a CRISPR-Cas9 engineered ARG2 knockdown (KD) in the Epithelioma Papulosum Cyprini (EPC) cell line, we first investigated the biochemical responses of ARG2 KD and wild-type (WT) EPC cells to ammonia stress (NH4Cl treatment), showing diminished urea production and decreased cell viability in ARG2 KD cells. Subsequently, single-cell Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed that ARG2 KD cells exhibited profound metabolic shifts, including changes in protein, nucleic acids, lipid and sugar levels, showing the adjusting role of ARG2 in the balance of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism. Furthermore, the upregulated responses of various amino acids, such as glutamine, arginine, alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, phenylalanine and valine, in WT cells after NH4Cl treatment diminished in ARG2 KD cells except for the decrease in aspartic acid, indicating a switching effect of ARG2 in nitrogen metabolism under ammonia stress. This study highlights ARG2's essential role in ammonia detoxification and emphasizes ARG2's protective function and its importance in metabolism, shedding light on the adaptive mechanisms fish cells deploy against high ammonia environments. These insights contribute to deep understanding of aquatic organisms' molecular responses to environmental ammonia pollution, offering potential strategies for their protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Peng
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Yingfu Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yecang Chen
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Andrew Glidle
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Lingjiang Kong
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabing Yin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Jiabao Xu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK.
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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Li X, Wang S, Zhang M, Li M. Enhancement of autophagy can alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by ammonia stress in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109582. [PMID: 38657880 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia in aquatic environments is toxic to fish, directly impacting their growth performance and development. Activation of autophagy can facilitate intracellular component renewal and enhance an organism's adaptability to adverse environments. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of autophagy on the yellow catfish under acute ammonia stress. In this study, the yellow catfish intraperitoneally injected with 0.9 % sodium chloride were placed with 0 (CON group) and 125 (HA group) mg/L T-AN (Total ammonia nitrogen) dechlorinated water. The yellow catfish intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg fish CQ (Chloroquine, HA + CQ group) and 1.5 mg/kg fish RAPA (rapamycin, HA + RAPA group) were placed in dechlorinated water containing 125 mg/L T-AN. The results showed that activation of autophagy by injecting with RAPA can alleviate oxidative stress (catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity significantly increased, H2O2 content significantly decreased), and inflammatory response (pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, MyD88, IL 1-β gene expression decreased significantly), apoptosis (baxa, Bcl2, Tgf-β, Smad2, Caspase3, Caspase 9 gene expression decreased significantly) induced by ammonia stress. In addition, activation of autophagy in yellow catfish can enhance ammonia detoxification by promoting the urea cycle and synthesis of glutamine (the mRNA level of CPS Ⅰ, ARG, OTC, ASS, ASL, and GS increased in the HA + RAPA group). The data above demonstrates that activating autophagy can alleviate oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and cell apoptosis induced by ammonia stress. Therefore, enhancing autophagy is proposed as a potential strategy to mitigate the detrimental impacts of ammonia stress on yellow catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shidong Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Muzi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Li X, Wang S, Zhang M, Li M. The SLC38A9-mTOR axis is involved in autophagy in the juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) under ammonia stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123211. [PMID: 38142034 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of acute ammonia stress on hepatic physiological alterations in yellow catfish by performing a comprehensive analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome. The present study showed that ammonia stress led to liver metabolic disruption, functional incapacitation, and oxidative damage. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed transcriptional and metabolic differences in the liver of yellow catfish under control and high ammonia stress conditions. After 96 h of acute exposure to ammonia, the mRNA levels of 596 liver genes were upregulated, whereas those of 603 genes were downregulated. Enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes identified multiple signalling pathways associated with autophagy, including the endocytosis, autophagy-animal, and mammalian target of rapamycin signalling pathways. A total of 186 upregulated and 117 downregulated metabolites, primarily associated with amino acid biosynthesis pathways, were identified. Multi-omics integration revealed the solute carrier family 38 member 9 (SLC38A9)-mammalian target of rapamycin axis as a signalling nexus for amino acid-mediated modulation of autophagy flux, and q-PCR was used to assess the expression of autophagy-related genes (LC3a and sqstm1), revealing an initial inhibition followed by the restoration of autophagic flux during ammonia stress. Subsequent utilisation of arginine as a specific SLC38A9 activator during ammonia stress demonstrated that augmented SLC38A9 expression hindered autophagy, exacerbated ammonia toxicity, and caused a physiological decline (total cholesterol, total triglyceride, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly increased), oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Autophagy activation may be an adaptive mechanism to resist ammonia stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shidong Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Muzi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Ou-Yang K, Zhang Q, Wang L, Yang H, He Y, Li D, Li L. New insights into endocrine reproductive toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa combined with ammonia exposure in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123021. [PMID: 37995953 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The ecological risk posed by MCs-producing M. aeruginosa and elevated ammonia to fish in actual aquatic environments remains uncertain. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted simulations to investigate the endocrine-reproductive toxicity of prolonged exposure (45 d) to Microcystis aeruginosa (2 × 10^6 cells/mL) and 30 mg/L total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in zebrafish under environmentally relevant conditions. Our results showed that exposure to M. aeruginosa significantly inhibited the body weight, increased gonadosomatic index (GSI), delayed oocyte development, and disrupted endocrine hormonal balance (reduced gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and increased estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T)). Mechanistically, it should be attributed to the over-expression of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis-related genes (cyp11a and cyp17) induced by M. aeruginosa. On the other hand, TAN exposure caused mild damage to zebrafish ovarian tissue and promoted an increase of T levels by inducing the upregulation of steroid hormone synthesis gene (3βhsd) expression in the ovary. It is worth noting that the dysregulation of E2/T ratio in zebrafish ovaries may be attributed to the inhibition of cyp19a1a by both M. aeruginosa and TAN. These results were further confirmed by changes in steroidogenic enzymes activities in the M. aeruginosa or TAN treated groups. Our findings indicated that exposure to M. aeruginosa and TAN had adverse impacts on the reproductive system of zebrafish. And the combined exposure of M. aeruginosa and TAN had more severe effects on the body weight, GSI, pathological changes, hormone levels and HPGL-axis related gene expression in female zebrafish. These results provide compelling evidence regarding the potential risks for reproductive health associated with M. aeruginosa and TAN in eutrophic water bodies experiencing M. aeruginosa blooms, and contribute to the development of effective strategies for monitoring and managing these toxins in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ou-Yang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Liangmou Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Ya He
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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Cao J, Mei J, Xie J. Combined effects of hypoxia and ammonia-N exposure on the immune response, oxidative stress, tissue injury and apoptosis of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:845-856. [PMID: 38032527 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the simultaneous exposure to hypoxia and ammonia-N on oxidative stress, immune response, and apoptosis of the hybrid grouper, 120 healthy groupers were selected for hypoxia and/or ammonia-N exposure experiment. The fish were divided into four experimental groups: hypoxia and ammonia-N group, hypoxia group, ammonia-N group, and control group. The results demonstrated that ammonia-N and hypoxia exposures induced the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities increased first and then decreased, and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated. Additionally, antioxidant genes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, HSP70, and HSP90), apoptosis genes (p53, bax, caspase 3, caspase 8, and caspase 9), and inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) were upregulated by hypoxia and ammonia-N exposure. Severe inflammatory features were noticed in fish under hypoxia and ammonia-N co-exposure and speculating that the p53-bax pathway may induce apoptosis in hybrid groupers. Furthermore, hybrid grouper exposed to hypoxia or ammonia-N revealed some abnormalities in liver histology, with combined exposure resulting in the most severe liver tissue lesions. In summary, the hypoxia and ammonia-N co-exposure induced oxidative stress, accelerating the cell damage and activated inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products High-Quality Utilization, Storage and Transportation (Co-Construction By Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products High-Quality Utilization, Storage and Transportation (Co-Construction By Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Yan Z, Wan J, Liu J, Yao B, Lu Y, Guo Z, Li Y. α-lipoic acid ameliorates hepatotoxicity induced by chronic ammonia toxicity in crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation and inhibiting ERS pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115533. [PMID: 37806127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
High environment ammonia (HEA) poses a deadly threat to aquatic animals and indirectly impacts human healthy life, while nutritional regulation can alleviate chronic ammonia toxicity. α-lipoic acid exhibits antioxidative effects in both aqueous and lipid environments, mitigating cellular and tissue damage caused by oxidative stress by aiding in the neutralization of free radicals (reactive oxygen species). Hence, investigating its potential as an effective antioxidant and its protective mechanisms against chronic ammonia stress in crucian carp is highly valuable. Experimental fish (initial weight 20.47 ± 1.68 g) were fed diets supplemented with or without 0.1% α-lipoic acid followed by a chronic ammonia exposure (10 mg/L) for 42 days. The results revealed that chronic ammonia stress affected growth (weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and feed conversion rate), leading to oxidative stress (decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase; decreased total antioxidant capacity), increased lipid peroxidation (accumulation of malondialdehyde), immune suppression (decreased contents of nonspecific immune enzymes AKP and ACP, 50% hemolytic complement, and decrease of immunoglobulin M), impaired ammonia metabolism (reduced contents of Glu, GS, GSH, and Gln), imbalance of expression of induced antioxidant-related genes (downregulation of Cu/Zu SOD, CAT, Nrf2, and HO-1; upregulation of GST and Keap1), induction of pro-apoptotic molecules (transcription of BAX, Caspase3, and Caspase9), downregulation of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 expression, and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress (upregulation of IRE1, PERK, and ATF6 expression). The results suggested that the supplementation of α-lipoic acid could effectively induce humoral immunity, alleviate oxidative stress injury and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ultimately alleviate liver injury induced by ammonia poisoning (50-60% reduction). This provides theoretical basis for revealing the toxicity of long-term ammonia stress and provides new insights into the anti-ammonia toxicity mechanism of α-lipoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jiwu Wan
- Jilin Provincial Aquatic Technology Extension Center, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Baolan Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yuqian Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhengyao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Yuan D, Wang S, Li X, Zhang M, Li M. Effects of ammonia and roxithromycin exposure on skin mucus microbiota composition and immune response of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109048. [PMID: 37666312 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
As an inevitable factor in aquaculture, ammonia plays a critical role in macrolide antibiotic resistance, leading to accumulating of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in fish skin mucus. In this study, four experimental groups were implemented to test the effects of ammonia alone or in combination with roxithromycin for 28 days on skin mucus microbial composition and the immune response of yellow catfish: CON (control), AN (50.00 mg L-1 total ammonia nitrogen, TA-N), ROX (100 μg L-1 roxithromycin), and HR (50.00 mg L-1 TA-N, 100 μg L-1 ROX). This study demonstrated that ammonia or roxithromycin exposure resulted in increased plasma ammonia content and decreased total antioxidant capacity. Compared with AN group, the combined exposure of ammonia and roxithromycin inhibited the skin mucus immune response. Microbial composition analysis showed that combined exposure of ammonia and roxithromycin had no significant effect on skin mucus α-diversity as compared with CON group. The abundance of Cetobacterium, Rhizobiales_Incertae_Sedis_uncultured and Acinetobacter was increased significantly with the combined effect of ammonia and roxithromycin, these bacteria may be potentially antibiotic-resistant. As compared with CON group, the combined exposure of ammonia and roxithromycin did not affect skin goblet cell counts. This study suggests that combined exposure to ammonia and ROX increases the risk of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Yuan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shidong Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Muzi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Liu S, Luo L, Zuo F, Huang X, Zhong L, Liu S, Geng Y, Ou Y, Chen D, Cai W, Deng Y. Ammonia nitrogen stress damages the intestinal mucosal barrier of yellow catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and induces intestinal inflammation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1279051. [PMID: 37791345 PMCID: PMC10542119 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1279051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen from ammonia is one of the most common pollutants toxics to aquatic species in aquatic environment. The intestinal mucosa is one of the key mucosal defenses of aquatic species, and the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen in water environment will cause irreversible damage to intestinal function. In this study, histology, immunohistochemistry, ultrastructural pathology, enzyme activity analysis and qRT-PCR were performed to reveal the toxic effect of ammonia nitrogen stress on the intestine of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. According to histological findings, ammonia nitrogen stress caused structural damage to the intestine and reduced the number of mucous cells. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that the activity of bactericidal substances (Lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, and ACP) had decreased. The ultrastructure revealed sparse and shortened microvilli as well as badly degraded tight junctions. Immunohistochemistry for ZO-1 demonstrated an impaired intestinal mucosal barrier. Furthermore, qRT-PCR revealed that tight junction related genes (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1) were downregulated, while the pore-forming protein Claudin-2 was upregulated. Furthermore, as ammonia nitrogen concentration grew, so did the positive signal of Zap-70 (T/NK cell) and the expression of inflammation-related genes (TNF, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10). In light of the above findings, we conclude that ammonia nitrogen stress damages intestinal mucosal barrier of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and induces intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyue Liu
- Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengyuan Zuo
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Lab of Marine Pollution, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangping Ou
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenlong Cai
- State Key Lab of Marine Pollution, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- Fisheries Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Borumand-Fumany B, Vaissi S, Javanbakht H, Haghighi ZMS. Marsh frog response to urea fertilizer during the embryonic, larval, and metamorphosis stages: a new perspective into urea toxicity on amphibians. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:92581-92593. [PMID: 37493908 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian populations are declining worldwide. These declines are caused by a variety of factors, one of which is the use of fertilizers in agriculture. This is especially true for tadpoles, which may develop in fertilizer-polluted agricultural water bodies. Nevertheless, there is little data on the toxicological consequences of fertilizers on amphibians. The goal of this study was to determine the acute and chronic toxicity of urea fertilizer on marsh frogs' (Pelophylax sp.) embryonic, larval, and metamorphic stages. For this purpose, in a static-renewal test, individuals were exposed to twelve nominal concentrations (0 to 15000 mg/L) of urea for 122 days to determine hatching success, survival, growth, development, and metamorphic traits, as well as histological consequences. Based on the results, at concentrations greater than 500 mg/L, no hatching occurred. Survivorship was unaffected for the first 72 hours, but it reached 0% on day 26 at concentrations greater than 150 mg/L. Survival and development rates decreased significantly in 100 and 150 mg/L treatments after a longer duration (day 86). Growth was reduced as well, but it was only significant at 150 mg/L. Metamorphosis time and percentage were significantly impacted, but not metamorphosis size. Increased urea fertilizer concentrations had significant histopathological consequences for the skin, gills, liver, kidneys, and striated muscles. Our results suggest that urea fertilizer, at concentrations commonly found in agroecosystems, may pose a serious threat to temperate anuran species inhabiting these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somaye Vaissi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Hossein Javanbakht
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Ramírez JFP, Amanajás RD, Val AL. Ammonia Increases the Stress of the Amazonian Giant Arapaima gigas in a Climate Change Scenario. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1977. [PMID: 37370487 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is toxic to fish, and when associated with global warming, it can cause losses in aquaculture. In this study, we investigated the physiological and zootechnical responses of Arapaima gigas to the current scenarios and to RCP8.5, a scenario predicted by the IPCC for the year 2100 which is associated with high concentrations of environmental ammonia (HEA). Forty-eight chipped juvenile A. gigas were distributed in two experimental rooms (current scenario and RCP8.5) in aquariums with and without the addition of ammonia (0.0 mM and 2.44 mM) for a period of 30 days. The HEA, the RCP8.5 scenario, and the association of these factors affects the zootechnical performance, the ionic regulation pattern, and the levels of ammonia, glucose, triglycerides, sodium, and potassium in pirarucu plasma. The branchial activity of H+-ATPase was reduced and AChE activity increased, indicating that the species uses available biological resources to prevent ammonia intoxication. Thus, measures such as monitoring water quality in regard to production, densities, and the feed supplied need to be more rigorous and frequent in daily management in order to avoid the accumulation of ammonia in water, which, in itself, proved harmful and more stressful to the animals subjected to a climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fernando Paz Ramírez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aquicultura, Universidade Nilton Lins, Avenida Professor Nilton Lins, 3259, Parques das Laranjeiras, Manaus CEP 69058-030, Brazil
| | - Renan Diego Amanajás
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus CEP 69067-375, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Água Doce e Pesca Interior, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Luis Val
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus CEP 69067-375, Brazil
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11
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Guo M, Yan Q, Dong Y, Ding Z, Mei J, Xie J. Apoptotic Changes, Oxidative Stress and Immunomodulatory Effects in the Liver of Japanese Seabass ( Lateolabrax japonicus) Induced by Ammonia-Nitrogen Stress during Keep-Live Transport. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:769. [PMID: 37372054 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of NH3-N on antioxidant responses, histoarchitecture, and immunity of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) during keep-live transport. The findings suggest that NH3-N stress transport alters the transcription of P53, Caspase 9, Bcl2, Caspase 3 and Bax genes, demonstrating that NH3-N stress can trigger the apoptotic pathway of P53-Bax-Bcl2 and Caspase and induce apoptosis. NH3-N stress transport also evoked transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3), nuclear factor kappa β (NF-κB), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β)) and increased complement C3, C4, lysozyme (LZM) and immunoglobulin (IgM) levels, activating the innate immunological system during keep-live transport. In addition, NH3-N stress transport altered changes in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-related enzymes, and heat shock proteins 70 and 90 in the liver, indicating that the antioxidant system and Hsp protected the cells from NH3-N-induced oxidative stress. When excess ROS were not removed, they caused the body to respond with immunological and inflammatory responses, as well as apoptosis and tissue damage. This helps towards understanding the effect of NH3-N levels on sea bass during keep-live transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qi Yan
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yixuan Dong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
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12
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Zhong L, Liu S, Zuo F, Geng Y, Ouyang P, Chen D, Yang S, Zheng W, Xiong Y, Cai W, Huang X. The IL17 signaling pathway: A potential signaling pathway mediating gill hyperplasia and inflammation under ammonia nitrogen stress was identified by multi-omics analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161581. [PMID: 36638999 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia nitrogen is extremely toxic to aquatic animals, and is also the most common pollutant in the aquatic environment. In order to investigate the effect of high concentration of ambient ammonia nitrogen on fish gills, two groups, including a high ammonia group (T group: TAN = 2.5 mg/L, 10 % 96 h LC50) and a control group (Z group: total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) = 0 mg/L) were set up in this study. The effects of chronic ammonia stress on the gills of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco were investigated by histopathological, enzymatic, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses after 28 d of stress at different ammonia nitrogen concentrations. Histopathological observations revealed significant inflammatory cell infiltration, necrotic and abscission at the base of the gill filaments, and massive proliferation of cells at the base of the gill lamellae. Ammonia nitrogen stress led to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and decreased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities in gills, indicating significant oxidative stress in gills. And further transcriptomic analysis revealed that 807 differential expression genes (DEGs) were generated in the gills, of which 587 DEGs were up-regulated and 220 DEGs were down-regulated. In addition, proteomics analysis identified 1073 differential expression proteins (DEPs) in gills, including 983 up- and 90 down-regulated DEPs. Pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs and DEPs revealed that multiple inflammation-related signaling pathways were activated in the gill, including the significantly enriched IL17 signaling pathway. This suggests that IL17 signaling pathway might have a significant impact during signaling transduction. Further analysis of network regulation by mapping DEGs and DEPs to KEGG pathway revealed that IL17 signaling pathway mediated inflammation and cell proliferation in gills under ammonia stress. The results of this study provided new insights into the response of fish gills to ammonia nitrogen stress, and the IL17 signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for reducing ammonia nitrogen gill toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhong
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - FengYuan Zuo
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyong Yang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Center for Conservation and Utilization of Rare and Endemic Fishes in Sichuan, Chengdu 611247, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinlin Xiong
- Center for Conservation and Utilization of Rare and Endemic Fishes in Sichuan, Chengdu 611247, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenlong Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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13
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Kumar N, Singh DK, Chandan NK, Thorat ST, Patole PB, Gite A, Reddy KS. Nano‑zinc enhances gene regulation of non‑specific immunity and antioxidative status to mitigate multiple stresses in fish. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5015. [PMID: 36977939 PMCID: PMC10050481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of ammonia surged with arsenic pollution and high temperature (34 °C). As climate change enhances the pollution in water bodies, however, the aquatic animals are drastically affected and extinct from nature. The present investigation aims to mitigate arsenic and ammonia toxicity and high-temperature stress (As + NH3 + T) using zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Zn-NPs were synthesized using fisheries waste to developing Zn-NPs diets. The four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated and prepared. The diets containing Zn-NPs at 0 (control), 2, 4 and 6 mg kg-1 diets were included. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) were noticeably improved using Zn-NPs diets in fish reared under with or without stressors. Interestingly, lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced, whereas vitamin C and acetylcholine esterase were enhanced with supplementation of Zn-NPs diets. Immune-related attributes such as total protein, globulin, albumin, myeloperoxidase (MPO), A:G ratio, and NBT were also improved with Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg-1 diet. The immune-related genes such as immunoglobulin (Ig), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), and interleukin (IL1b) were strengthening in the fish using Zn-NPs diets. Indeed, the gene regulations of growth hormone (GH), growth hormone regulator (GHR1), myostatin (MYST) and somatostatin (SMT) were significantly improved with Zn-NPs diets. Blood glucose, cortisol and HSP 70 gene expressions were significantly upregulated by stressors, whereas the dietary Zn-NPs downregulated the gene expression. Blood profiling (RBC, WBC and Hb) was reduced considerably with stressors (As + NH3 + T), whereas Zn-NPs enhanced the RBC, WBC, and Hb count in fish reread in control or stress conditions. DNA damage-inducible protein gene and DNA damage were significantly reduced using Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg-1 diet. Moreover, the Zn-NPs also enhanced the arsenic detoxification in different fish tissues. The present investigation revealed that Zn-NPs diets mitigate ammonia and arsenic toxicity, and high-temperature stress in P. hypophthalmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India.
| | - Dilip Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Kolkata Center, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | | | - Supriya Tukaram Thorat
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Pooja Bapurao Patole
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Archana Gite
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Kotha Sammi Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune, 413115, India
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14
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Zou Y, Chen W, Xia B, Xiang Y, Shen Z, Han Y, Xue S. Ammonia Toxicity in the Bighead Carp ( Aristichthys nobilis): Hematology, Antioxidation, Immunity, Inflammation and Stress. TOXICS 2023; 11:243. [PMID: 36977008 PMCID: PMC10058388 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is one of the main environmental pollutants that affect the survival and growth of fish. The toxic effects on blood biochemistry, oxidative stress, immunity, and stress response of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) under ammonia exposure were studied. Bighead carp were exposed to total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations of 0 mg/L, 3.955 mg/L, 7.91 mg/L, 11.865 mg/L, and 15.82 mg/L for 96 h. The results showed that ammonia exposure significantly reduced hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell, white blood cell count, and platelet count and significantly increased the plasma calcium level of carp. Serum total protein, albumin, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase changed significantly after ammonia exposure. Ammonia exposure can induce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes (Mn-SOD, CAT, and GPx) increases at the initial stage of ammonia exposure, while MDA accumulates and antioxidant enzyme activity decreases after ammonia stress. Ammonia poisoning changes the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines; promotes the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β; and inhibits IL-10. Furthermore, ammonia exposure led to increases in stress indexes such as cortisol, blood glucose, adrenaline, and T3, and increases in heat shock protein 70 and heat shock protein 90 content and gene expression. Ammonia exposure caused oxidative stress, immunosuppression, inflammation, and a stress reaction in bighead carp.
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15
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Mes W, Kersten P, Maas RM, Eding EH, Jetten MSM, Siepel H, Lücker S, Gorissen M, Van Kessel MAHJ. Effects of demand-feeding and dietary protein level on nitrogen metabolism and symbiont dinitrogen gas production of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio, L.). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1111404. [PMID: 36824463 PMCID: PMC9941540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia accumulation is a major challenge in intensive aquaculture, where fish are fed protein-rich diets in large rations, resulting in increased ammonia production when amino acids are metabolized as energy source. Ammonia is primarily excreted via the gills, which have been found to harbor nitrogen-cycle bacteria that convert ammonia into dinitrogen gas (N2) and therefore present a potential in situ detoxifying mechanism. Here, we determined the impact of feeding strategies (demand-feeding and batch-feeding) with two dietary protein levels on growth, nitrogen excretion, and nitrogen metabolism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.) in a 3-week feeding experiment. Demand-fed fish exhibited significantly higher growth rates, though with lower feed efficiency. When corrected for feed intake, nitrogen excretion was not impacted by feeding strategy or dietary protein, but demand-fed fish had significantly more nitrogen unaccounted for in the nitrogen balance and less retained nitrogen. N2 production of individual fish was measured in all experimental groups, and production rates were in the same order of magnitude as the amount of nitrogen unaccounted for, thus potentially explaining the missing nitrogen in the balance. N2 production by carp was also observed when groups of fish were kept in metabolic chambers. Demand feeding furthermore caused a significant increase in hepatic glutamate dehydrogenase activities, indicating elevated ammonia production. However, branchial ammonia transporter expression levels in these animals were stable or decreased. Together, our results suggest that feeding strategy impacts fish growth and nitrogen metabolism, and that conversion of ammonia to N2 by nitrogen cycle bacteria in the gills may explain the unaccounted nitrogen in the balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Mes
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Ecological Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Ecological Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Kersten
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Ecological Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roel M Maas
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ep H Eding
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mike S M Jetten
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Ecological Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Henk Siepel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Ecological Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Lücker
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Ecological Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marnix Gorissen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Ecological Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maartje A H J Van Kessel
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Ecological Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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16
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Feng D, Yang Z, Li M. Dietary N-carbamylglutamate supplementation improves ammonia tolerance of juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1191468. [PMID: 37168229 PMCID: PMC10164998 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1191468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Ammonia has been of concern for its high toxicity to animals. N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) can reduce blood ammonia levels in mammals, but studies on ammonia tolerance in fish are insufficient. Methods: Juvenile yellow catfish were fed two levels of NCG (0.00% and 0.05%) for 84 days under three ammonia levels (0.00, 0.08, and 0.16 mg/L NH3). Results and Discussion: The results showed that survival rate (SUR), final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), and serum total protein (TP), triglycerides (TG), glucose (Glu), ornithine (Orn), citrulline (Cit) contents, and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), arginase (ARG), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activities decreased with the increase of ammonia levels, on the contrary, feed conversion ratio (FCR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and serum ammonia, urea, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutamine (Gln), arginine (Arg) contents, and liver malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL) 1, IL 8 contents, and mRNA expressions of cu/zn sod, cat, gpx, gr, tnf ɑ, il 1, and il 8 were significantly increased. Dietary 0.05% NCG supplementation had higher SUR, FBW, WG, feed intake (FI), whole-body protein, and serum TP, total cholesterol (TC), Glu, citrulline (Cit) contents, and liver SOD, GPx, argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activities compared to 0.00% NCG group, but had lower serum ammonia, urea, ALT, AST, Gln, Arg contents, and liver MDA, TNF, IL 1, IL 8 contents, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity. At the end of bacterial challenge, cumulative mortality (CM) increased with ammonia levels increased, but serum antibody titer (AT), lysozyme (LYZ) activity, 50% hemolytic complement, immunoglobulin (Ig) contents, respiratory burst (RB), phagocytic indices decreased with ammonia levels increased. CM in 0.05% NCG group was lower than that in 0.00% NCG group, but serum AT, LYZ activity, Ig content, RB in 0.05% NCG group were significantly higher. The correlation analysis found that iNOS was positively correlated with ASS activity. This study indicates that dietary NCG supplementation can improve the ammonia tolerance of yellow catfish, and ASS may also be the target of NCG to activate the urea cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Feng
- School of Fisheries, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Zhiguo Yang
- School of Fisheries, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Li,
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Dai W, Zhang P, Yang F, Wang M, Yang H, Li Z, Wang M, Liu R, Huang Y, Wu S, He G, Zhou J, Wei C. Effects of composite materials and revegetation on soil nutrients, chemical and microbial properties in rare earth tailings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157854. [PMID: 35940274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mining of ionic rare earth elements in Ganzhou left large area of barren tailings with severe vegetation destruction in pressing needs of remediation. However, the remediating effects of soil additives combined with revegetation on the preservation of nutrients in the tailings and microbial communities were rarely studied. For this purpose, pilot experiments were implemented in a field, with the control group (CK) only cultivating plants without adding materials, and three treatments including peanut straw biochar composite (T1), phosphorus‑magnesium composite (T2) and modified zeolite composite (T3) along with the cultivation of Medicago sativa L., Paspalum vaginatum Sw. and Lolium perenne L. Soil pH and organic matter in CK significantly decreased from 4.90 to 4.17 and from 6.62 g/kg to 3.87 g/kg after six months, respectively (p ≤ 0.05), while all the treatments could effectively buffer soil acidification (over 5.74) and delay the loss of soil organic matter. Soil cation exchange capacity was still below the detection limit in all the groups except T2. The results of rainfall runoff monitoring indicated that compared with CK, only T2 could significantly reduce the runoff loss of soil NO3- and SO42- by 45.61 %-75.78 % and 64.03 %-76.12 %, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Compared with CK, the bacterial diversity in T2 and T3 significantly increased 21.18 % and 28.15 %, respectively (p ≤ 0.05), while T1 didn't change the bacterial or fungal diversity (p > 0.05). Co-occurrence network analysis showed that compared with CK, the whole microbial communities interacted more closely in the three treatments. Functional prediction of the microbial communities revealed all the treatments were dominated by carbon transforming bacteria and saprotrophic fungi except T2. This study demonstrated that the composite materials combined with revegetation couldn't retain soil nitrogen compounds and sulfate in rare earth tailings in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huixian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Renlu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Red Soil Hilly Region of Jiangxi Province, Jinggangshan University, Jian 343009, China
| | - Yuanying Huang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Natural Resources for Eco-geochemistry, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Song Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Genhe He
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Red Soil Hilly Region of Jiangxi Province, Jinggangshan University, Jian 343009, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chaoyang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Kumar N, Kumar S, Singh AK, Gite A, Patole PB, Thorat ST. Exploring mitigating role of zinc nanoparticles on arsenic, ammonia and temperature stress using molecular signature in fish. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 74:127076. [PMID: 36126543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pollution and climate change in aquatic ecosystems are major problems threatening the aquatic organisms for existence in the recent timeline, which promotes the extinction of the fish species. However, the present study dealt with zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) in mitigating arsenic, ammonia and high temperature stresses in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. MATERIALS AND METHODS To studying different gene expressions, an experiment was conducted to mitigate the multiple stressors using dietary Zn-NPs at 0, 2, 4, and 6 mg kg-1 diets. In the present investigation, the gene expressions studies were performed for growth hormone regulator 1 (GHR1), growth hormone regulator β (GHRβ), growth hormone (GR) in liver and gill tissue as well as myostatin (MYST) and somatostatin (SMT) in the muscle tissue. The anti-oxidative genes CAT, SOD and GPx in liver and gill tissues were also analysed. Expression studies for stress responsive heat shock protein gene (HSP70), DNA damage inducible protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), immune related genes such as interleukin (IL), tumour necrosis factor (TNFα), toll like receptor (TLR) and immunoglobulin were performed. At the end of the experiment the fish were infected with Aeromonas hydrophila to evaluate the immunomodulatory role of Zn-NPs. RESULTS In the present investigation, the growth hormone regulator 1 (GHR1), growth hormone regulator β (GHRβ), growth hormone (GR) in liver and gill as well as myostatin (MYST) and somatostatin (SMT) in muscle were noticeably altered, whereas, Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg-1 diet improved gene expressions. The anti-oxidant gene viz. CAT, SOD and GPx in liver and gill tissues were upregulated by stressors such as As, NH3, NH3+T. As+T and As+NH3+T. Therefore, anti-oxidant genes were noticeably improved with dietary Zn-NPs diet. The stress protein gene (HSP70), DNA damage inducible protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was significantly upregulated, whereas, Zn-NPs diet was applied to the corrected gene regulation. Similarly, immune related genes such as interleukin (IL), tumour necrosis factor (TNFα), toll like receptor (TLR) and immunoglobulin were highly affected by stressors. Dietary Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg-1 diet was improved all the immune related gene expression and mitigate arsenic, ammonia and high temperature stress in fish. CONCLUSION The present investigation revealed that Zn-NPs at 4.0 mg kg-1 diet has enormous potential to modulates arsenic, ammonia and high temperature stress, and protect against pathogenic infections in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India.
| | - Satish Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India
| | - Archana Gite
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India
| | - Pooja Bapurao Patole
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Pune 413115, India
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Zhang M, Fan Y, Jiang H, Shao J, Li M. Establishment of hyperammonemia mode in yellow catfish and the mitigation of exogenous L-ornithine-L-aspartate. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104487. [PMID: 35803415 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia stress can lead to fish ammonia poisoning. The l-ornithine-l-aspartate (LoLa) has potential value in treating fish hyperammonemia. This study tried to establish a hyperammonemia mode of yellow catfish, which was used to evaluate the effect of LoLa on hyperammonemia. Fish were injected with ammonium acetate and sodium chloride for 3 d to establish model, respectively. Then ammonium acetate group was divided into two groups: one group was further injected with ammonium acetate, another group was injected with LoLa. Sodium chloride group was also divided into two groups: one group was further injected with sodium chloride, another group was injected with LoLa. The experiment continued for 96 h. The results showed that ammonia poisoning could induce serum ammonia content elevated, liver damage (serum aminotransferase activity elevated and liver malondialdehyde accumulation), and up-regulation of cytokine (IL 1, IL 8 and TNFɑ), apoptosis (P53, Bax, Cytochrome c, Caspase 3 and Caspase 9) and autophagy (Dynein, Beclin 1, AKT and PTEN) genes transcription, but LoLa could mitigate the adverse effect of ammonia poisoning. Our results suggesting that LoLa can detoxify ammonia into glutamine and stores it in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yuwen Fan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Jian Shao
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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20
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Zhang M, Song P, Jiang H, Li M. The argininosuccinate synthetase can differentially regulate nitric oxide synthase in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:991-1000. [PMID: 35868475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fish are at high risk of exposure to ammonia in aquaculture systems. When ammonia stress occurs, fish are more prone to disease outbreaks, but the mechanism is not very clear. The argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) plays an important role in the regulation of urea synthesis and nitric oxide synthesis. We speculated that there must be some relationship between ASS expression and disease outbreak. In this study, ASS was cloned from the yellow catfish. The full-length cDNAs of ASS was 1558 bp, with open reading frames of 1236 bp. The mRNA expression of ASS gene was the highest in liver, kidney and brain. This study consists of two parts: 1) For ammonia challenge in vivo, yellow catfish (15.00 ± 1.50 g) were divided into control group, low ammonia group (1/10 96 h LC50), and high ammonia group (1/2 96 h LC50). The experiment continued for 192 h. The results showed that ammonia stress elevated serum ammonia content, and inhibited urea synthesis enzymes activities but up-regulated the expression levels of related genes except ARG, and induced arginine accumulation and nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and iNOS) different expression, and decreased resistance to Aeromonas hydrophage; 2) For ammonia challenge in vitro, the primary culture of liver cell was divided into four groups: control group, BPP group (Bj-BPP-10c was added as ASS activator), Amm group (96 h LC50), and Amm + BPP group. The experiment continued for 96 h. The results showed that the Bj-BPP-10c can inhibit nNOS activity and improve cell survival rate, and enhance iNOS activity and immune response (lysozyme, complement, respiratory burst, and phagocytic index) by activate ASS when ammonia stress occurred. Our results indicated that targeted regulation of ASS can improve iNOS activity, and enhance the immune response of yellow catfish under ammonia stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Penwei Song
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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21
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Shukry M, Abd-Elaziz RA. Clinico-pathological findings and expression of inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis, and oxidative stress-related genes draw mechanistic insights in Nile tilapia reared under ammonia-N exposure and Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:1-12. [PMID: 35667539 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fish diseases have a "stress-related" nature, whereas fish exposure to stressors will increase their susceptibility to infections. It was also noted that fish exposure to biotic and abiotic stressors would exaggerate the disease signs, elicit high mortalities, and cause severe economic losses. Motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) is a major bacterial disease affecting a variety of finfish species throughout the globe and is caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. Herein, we have evaluated the impacts of ammonia-N stress and/or Nile tilapia challenge with pathogenic A. hydrophila on the clinical picture of MAS disease. Clinical signs, postmortem lesions, histoarchitectural changes, and gene transcription analysis were studied. Fish experimentally infected with A. hydrophila were exophthalmic and showed darkened skin. Moreover, opercular hyperemia, petechial hemorrhages, and gill congestion alongside dermal ulcerations were noticed in ammonia-exposed fish. On the other side, fish exposed to both stressors exhibited exophthalmia, corneal opacity, severe dropsy, and hemorrhagic dermal ulcerations. At the tissue levels, the histopathological lesions were exaggerated in the fish group exposed to ammonia stress and challenged with A. hydrophila than fish group exposed to each one alone. At the molecular levels, the mRNA expression analysis reveals significant upregulation of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta, CXC chemokine, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the kidney tissues of Nile tilapia exposed to ammonia and/or challenged with A. hydrophila. In a similar trend, the mRNA expression values of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), oxidative stress related genes (SOD and CAT) and apoptosis-related genes (caspase 3, BAX, and cytochrome P450) were also increased in the hepatic tissues of fish exposed to singular or dual stressors. Interestingly, the highest expression levels of the above-mentioned genes were found in the fish group exposed to both stressors. Taken together, these findings indicate the occurrence of severe inflammatory and apoptotic changes in fish exposed to ammonia and infected with A. hydrophila more than each one alone. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in the expression values of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in stressed fish, suggesting the occurrence of oxidative stress. This study will be helpful to draw mechanistic insights into the exposure of fish to ammonia stress and infection with A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, 22758, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Abd-Elaziz
- Fish Diseases Department, Alexandria Provincial Lab, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
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22
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Li X, Wang S, Zhang M, Yu Y, Li M. Glutamine synthetase (GS) deficiency can affect ammonia tolerance of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104-112. [PMID: 35613668 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a crucial role in the regulation of glutamine synthesis in fish which is a very effective ammonia detoxification strategy. In this study, the full-length GS was cloned from the liver of yellow catfish. The full-length cDNA sequence of GS was 1928 bp in length and encoded 371 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of GS showed high homology (99%) with that of channel catfish. The highest mRNA expression of GS was found in the brain of yellow catfish. Acute ammonia stress (96 h LC50) significantly increased ammonia levels in plasma, liver, and brain, and GS gene expression was significantly up-regulated in the liver and brain. RNA interference inhibited the GS mRNA expression level in primary cultured hepatocytes after acute ammonia stress and reduced hepatocyte survival rate. It is suggested that GS plays a key role in ammonia detoxification in yellow catfish by regulating glutamine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shidong Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Muzi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yangping Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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23
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Cheng Z, Shu Y, Li X, Li Y, Zhou S, Liu H. Evaluation of potential cardiotoxicity of ammonia: l-selenomethionine inhibits ammonia-induced cardiac autophagy by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113304. [PMID: 35158256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a major harmful gas in the environment of livestock and poultry. Studies have shown that excessive ammonia inhalation has adverse effects in pig heart. However, the mechanism of ammonia-induced cardiac toxicity in pigs has not been reported. L-selenomethionine is a kind of organic selenium (Se) which is easily absorbed by the body. Therefore, in this study, twenty-four 125-day-old pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups: C (control) group, A (ammonia) group, Se group (Se content: 0.5 mg kg-1), and A (ammonia) + Se group. The mechanism of ammonia-induced cardiotoxicity and the alleviating effect of L-selenomethionine were examined. The results in the A group showed as follows: a large number of myocardial fiber edema and cytoplasmic bleakness were observed in the heart; a large number of mitochondrial autophagy were observed; ATP content, ATPase activities and hematological parameters decreased significantly; Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers (GRP78, IRE1α, ATF4, ATF6, and CHOP) were significantly induced in the mRNA and protein levels; PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was activated; and autophagy key genes and proteins (Beclin-1, LC3, ATG3, and ATG5) were significantly up-regulated. The results of comparison between the A + Se group and the A group were as follows: the degree of edema of cardiac muscle fiber in the A + Se group was somewhat relieved; the level of mitochondrial autophagy decreased; ATP content and ATPase activities increased significantly; the mRNA and protein levels of ERS markers were significantly down-regulated; the expression level of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was decreased; and the mRNA and protein levels of key autophagy genes were decreased. However, the changes of these indexes in the A + Se group were still significantly different from those in the C group. Our results indicated that L-selenomethionine supplementation inhibited ammonia-induced cardiac autophagy by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which confirmed that L-selenomethionine could alleviate the cardiac injury caused by excessive ammonia inhalation to a certain extent. This study aims to enrich the toxicological mechanism of ammonia and provide valuable reference for future intervention of ammonia toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufu Shu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Sitong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Honggui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Swine Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Evaluation of Ammonia Nitrogen Exposure in Immune Defenses Present on Spleen and Head-Kidney of Wuchang Bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063129. [PMID: 35328551 PMCID: PMC8953400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is one of the most important environmental factors in aquatic ecosystems. However, there are limited studies on the effects of chronic or long-term ammonia stress and its potential molecular mechanism in fish. This study aimed to investigate the immune response and molecular mechanisms in the spleen and head-kidney of fish following chronic ammonia exposure. Megalobrama amblycephala (9.98 ± 0.48 g) were exposed to different concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (0-30 mg/L) for 30 days. Ammonia exposure caused significant increases in cortisol levels and decreases in lysozyme and complement 3/4 concentrations in the serum, indicating inhibitory effects of ammonia stress on innate immune responses. Ammonia exposure also induced concentration-dependent increases in ammonia concentrations in tissue, pathological damage and indexes of spleen and head-kidney. Additionally, the contents of immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) as well as mRNA levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs)/Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-independent signaling molecules in the spleen and head-kidney were significantly downregulated after ammonia exposure. Our findings suggested that chronic ammonia exposure caused the suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses through downregulating TLR/MyD88-independent signaling. Adverse influences of chronic ammonia stress were more severe in the spleen than in the head-kidney.
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25
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Zhang M, Wang S, Sun L, Gan L, Lin Y, Shao J, Jiang H, Li M. Ammonia induces changes in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I and its regulation of glutamine synthesis and urea cycle in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:242-251. [PMID: 34856372 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fishes can adapt to certain levels of environmental ammonia in water, but the strategies utilized to defend against ammonia toxicity are not exactly the same. The carbamyl phosphate synthase I (CPS I) plays an important role in the regulation of glutamine synthesis and urea cycle, which are the most common strategies for ammonia detoxification. In this study, CPS I was cloned from the yellow catfish. The full-length cDNAs of the CPS I was 5 034 bp, with open reading frames of 4 461 bp. Primary amino acid sequence alignment of CPS I revealed conserved similarity between the functional domains of the yellow catfish CPS I protein with CPS I proteins of other animals. The mRNA expression of CPS I was significantly up-regulated in liver and kidney tissues after acute ammonia stress. The CPS I RNA interference (RNAi) down-regulated the mRNA expressions of CPS I and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), but up-regulated glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) expressions in primary culture of liver cell after acute ammonia stress. Similarly, the activity of enzymes related to urea cycle decreased significantly, while the activity of enzymes related to glutamine synthesis increased significantly. The results of RNAi in vitro suggested that when the urea cycle is disturbed, the glutamine synthesis will be activated to cope with ammonia toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shidong Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Liying Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lei Gan
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yanhong Lin
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jian Shao
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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26
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Wang S, Li X, Zhang M, Jiang H, Wang R, Qian Y, Li M. Ammonia stress disrupts intestinal microbial community and amino acid metabolism of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112932. [PMID: 34700169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia has adverse effects on aquatic animals, which is also widely distributed in natural aquatic environments and intensive aquaculture systems. The intestine is a primary defensive line for aquatic animals, the accumulation of ammonia in the aquatic environment can cause irreversible damage to intestinal function. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute ammonia stress on the reaction characteristics of digestive function, amino acid metabolism, and the variation in the intestinal microbiota of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Thus, the yellow catfish was placed in water with the addition of ammonia at 0 (control), 14.6, and 146 mg/L total ammonia nitrogen for 96-h. The present study observed that ammonia accumulated in the intestine and muscle (ammonia contents in the intestine and muscle increased) and induced the activities of protein digestive enzymes dysfunction (pepsin increased while trypsin decreased). Ammonia stress changed various amino acids composition (proline, arginine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, alanine, glutamic acid, tyrosine, and aspartic acid contents were increased in muscle) and increased the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in muscle. Furthermore, through 16 S rRNA gene analysis, ammonia stress-induced reduction in diversity, richness, and evenness and structure of microbiota alteration in the intestine. At the phylum level, the abundance of Fusobacteria increased while Firmicutes and Actinobacteria decreased significantly. At the genus level, the abundance of beneficial microbiota Cetobacterium significantly increased after ammonia stress. In conclusion, activation of amino acid synthesis in muscle may be involved in ammonia detoxification after severe ammonia stress. The accumulation of ammonia can disrupt the intestinal digestive function and intestinal microbiota community. The Cetobacterium may be a new potential positive factor in the resistance of ammonia toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Muzi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yunxia Qian
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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27
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Xu Z, Cao J, Qin X, Qiu W, Mei J, Xie J. Toxic Effects on Bioaccumulation, Hematological Parameters, Oxidative Stress, Immune Responses and Tissue Structure in Fish Exposed to Ammonia Nitrogen: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113304. [PMID: 34828036 PMCID: PMC8614401 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ammonia nitrogen is a common environmental limiting factor in aquaculture, which can accumulate rapidly in water and reach toxic concentrations. In most aquatic environments, fish are vulnerable to the toxic effects of high levels of ammonia nitrogen exposure. It has been found that the toxic effects of ammonia nitrogen on fish are multi-mechanistic. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the various toxic effects of ammonia nitrogen on fish, including oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, tissue damage and immune response. Abstract Ammonia nitrogen is the major oxygen-consuming pollutant in aquatic environments. Exposure to ammonia nitrogen in the aquatic environment can lead to bioaccumulation in fish, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration is the main determinant of accumulation. In most aquatic environments, fish are at the top of the food chain and are most vulnerable to the toxic effects of high levels of ammonia nitrogen exposure. In fish exposed to toxicants, ammonia-induced toxicity is mainly caused by bioaccumulation in certain tissues. Ammonia nitrogen absorbed in the fish enters the circulatory system and affects hematological properties. Ammonia nitrogen also breaks balance in antioxidant capacity and causes oxidative damage. In addition, ammonia nitrogen affects the immune response and causes neurotoxicity because of the physical and chemical toxicity. Thence, the purpose of this review was to investigate various toxic effects of ammonia nitrogen, including oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jie Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaoming Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Weiqiang Qiu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-21-61900349 (J.M.); +86-21-61900351 (J.X.)
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-21-61900349 (J.M.); +86-21-61900351 (J.X.)
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28
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Lin W, Lu J, Yao H, Lu Z, He Y, Mu C, Wang C, Shi C, Ye Y. Elevated pCO 2 alters the interaction patterns and functional potentials of rearing seawater microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117615. [PMID: 34171732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mean oceanic CO2 values have already risen and are expected to rise further on a global scale. Elevated pCO2 (eCO2) changes the bacterial community in seawater. However, the ecological association of seawater microbiota and related geochemical functions are largely unknown. We provide the first evidence that eCO2 alters the interaction patterns and functional potentials of microbiota in rearing seawater of the swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus. Network analysis showed that eCO2 induced a simpler and more modular bacterial network in rearing seawater, with increased negative associations and distinct keystone taxa. Using the quantitative microbial element cycling method, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling genes exhibited the highest increase after one week of eCO2 stress and were significantly associated with keystone taxa. However, the functional potential of seawater bacteria was decoupled from their taxonomic composition and strongly coupled with eCO2 levels. The changed functional potential of seawater bacteria contributed to seawater N and P chemistry, which was highlighted by markedly decreased NH3, NH4+-N, and PO43--P levels and increased NO2--N and NO3--N levels. This study suggests that eCO2 alters the interaction patterns and functional potentials of seawater microbiota, which lead to the changes of seawater chemical parameters. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the effects of eCO2 on marine animals from the microbial ecological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Huaiying Yao
- Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhibin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China
| | - Yimin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
| | - Yangfang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China.
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He K, Luo X, Wen M, Wang C, Qin C, Shao J, Gan L, Dong R, Jiang H. Effect of acute ammonia toxicity on inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in head kidney macrophage of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and the alleviation of curcumin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 248:109098. [PMID: 34139380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia is one of the most major pollutant and stress factors of aquaculture systems, and has seriously endangered fish health. However, few studies have been performed on mechanisms of the detrimental impact of ammonia stress and mitigation in fish. A study was carried out to investigate the response of genes involved in inflammation, antioxidation, polarization and apoptosis in head kidney macrophages to acute ammonia toxicity, and the alleviation effect of curcumin. The cells were divided into six groups, as follows: The control group composed of untreated macrophages (CON), the experimental groups, consisting of macrophages treated with 0.23 mg L-1 ammonia (AM), 45 μmol L-1 curcumin (CUR), 0.23 mg L-1 ammonia and 5 μmol L-1 curcumin (5A), 0.23 mg L-1 ammonia and 25 μmol L-1 curcumin (25A), 0.23 mg L-1 ammonia and 45 μmol L-1 curcumin (45A). The cells were pretreated with different concentrations of curcumin for 1 h and then incubated with ammonia for 24 h. The results showed that ammonia poisoning could increase ROS levels, up-regulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α) and inflammatory mediators (NF-κB p65 and COX-2), decrease cell viability, down-regulate the expression of M2 marker (Arg-1) and anti-apoptosis (Bcl-2), but curcumin could alleviate the adverse effect of ammonia toxicity. Overall, these results have important implications for understanding of the mechanism of ammonia toxicity and the mitigating effect of curcumin in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei He
- Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xueping Luo
- Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Ming Wen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Changan Wang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
| | - Chuanjie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of theYangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China.
| | - Jian Shao
- Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Lei Gan
- Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Ranran Dong
- Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Liu MJ, Guo HY, Liu B, Zhu KC, Guo L, Liu BS, Zhang N, Yang JW, Jiang SG, Zhang DC. Gill oxidative damage caused by acute ammonia stress was reduced through the HIF-1α/NF-κb signaling pathway in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112504. [PMID: 34265533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the intoxication mechanism of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) exposed to high ammonia levels and the effects on the immune and antioxidant mechanisms of gills. Juvenile golden pompano was exposed to ammonia (total ammonia: 26.9 mg/L) to induce 96 h of ammonia stress, and a 96 h recovery experiment was performed after poisoning. Then, we evaluated hematological parameters, the histological structure and the expression of related genes. In this experiment, continuous exposure to high levels of ammonia led to a significant increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (P < 0.05), and the levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of antioxidant genes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) increased (P < 0.05). These results indicate that ammonia activates the active osmotic regulatory mechanism of fish gills and participates in defense and immune responses. However, with prolonged exposure to ammonia, the balance of the defense system is disrupted, leading to oxidative damage and inflammation of the gill tissue. This research not only helps elucidate the intoxication mechanism of golden pompano by ammonia at the molecular level but also provides a theoretical basis for further research on detoxification mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jian Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, 300384 Tianjin, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang Guo
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing-Wen Yang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-Gui Jiang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya 572018, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, Hainan Province, China
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou 510300, Guangdong Province, China; Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya 572018, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, Hainan Province, China.
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Li H, Zhang M, Jiang H, Fan Y, Li X, Wang R, Qian Y, Li M. Arginase plays an important role in ammonia detoxification of yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:171-178. [PMID: 34146674 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage study was carried out to test the mechanism of arginase in ammonia detoxification of yellow catfish. At stage 1, fish was injected lethal half concentration ammonium acetate and 0.9% sodium chloride respectively every 12 h in six replicates for 72 h. The result found that no significant different in serum ammonia contents of fish in ammonium acetate group at hours 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72. At stage 2, ammonium acetate group was split in two, one continued to injected with ammonium acetate (NH3 group) and the other with ammonium acetate and valine (an inhibitor of arginase; Val group); Sodium chloride group also was split in two, one continued to injected with sodium chloride (NaCl group) and the other with sodium chloride and valine (NaCl + Val group). The experiment continued for 12 h. Serum ammonia and liver arginine contents of fish in Val group were higher than those of fish in NH3 group; Compared with NaCl group, arginase activity and ARG 1 expression in liver of fish in Val group were lower; Fish in NaCl and NaCl + Val groups had the lowest serum superoxide dismutase activities, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1 and 8 contents, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-8 expressions than fish in NH3 and Val groups, and had the higher lysozyme activities, complement 3 and 4 contents. This study indicates that ammonia poisoning would lead to oxidative damage, immunosuppression and inflammation in yellow catfish; Arginase may be an important target of ammonia toxicity in yellow catfish; Exogenous arginine supplementation might alleviate the symptoms of ammonia poisoning in yellow catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolong Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Muzi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yuwen Fan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yunxia Qian
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Adamek M, Teitge F, Baumann I, Jung-Schroers V, El Rahman SA, Paley R, Piackova V, Gela D, Kocour M, Rakers S, Bergmann SM, Ganter M, Steinhagen D. Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus. Virulence 2021; 12:1855-1883. [PMID: 34269137 PMCID: PMC8288041 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gills of fish are involved in respiration, excretion and osmoregulation. Due to numerous interactions between these processes, branchial diseases have serious implications on fish health. Here, "koi sleepy disease" (KSD), caused by carp edema virus (CEV) infection was used to study physiological, immunological and metabolic consequences of a gill disease in fish. A metabolome analysis shows that the moderately hypoxic-tolerant carp can compensate the respiratory compromise related to this infection by various adaptations in their metabolism. Instead, the disease is accompanied by a massive disturbance of the osmotic balance with hyponatremia as low as 71.65 mmol L-1, and an accumulation of ammonia in circulatory blood causing a hyperammonemia as high as 1123.24 µmol L-1. At water conditions with increased ambient salt, the hydro-mineral balance and the ammonia excretion were restored. Importantly, both hyponatremia and hyperammonemia in KSD-affected carp can be linked to an immunosuppression leading to a four-fold drop in the number of white blood cells, and significant downregulation of cd4, tcr a2 and igm expression in gills, which can be evaded by increasing the ion concentration in water. This shows that the complex host-pathogen interactions within the gills can have immunosuppressive consequences, which have not previously been addressed in fish. Furthermore, it makes the CEV infection of carp a powerful model for studying interdependent pathological and immunological effects of a branchial disease in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilka Baumann
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sahar Abd El Rahman
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura Egypt
| | - Richard Paley
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Veronica Piackova
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - David Gela
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kocour
- South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Rakers
- Working Group Aquatic Cell Technology and Aquaculture, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Başalan Över S, Guven C, Taskin E, Çakmak A, Piner Benli P, Sevgiler Y. Effects of Different Ammonia Levels on Tribenuron Methyl Toxicity in Daphnia magna. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:46-57. [PMID: 33864096 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the toxicity of the herbicide tribenuron methyl (TBM) as an anthropogenic agent and ammonia as an abiotic factor on Daphnia magna at environmentally relevant concentrations. These stressors may coexist in surface waters in agricultural regions. To achieve this objective, D. magna were exposed to TBM at a nominal concentration of 0.81 μg/L in association with a low ammonia (LA) concentration of 0.65 mg/L and a high ammonia (HA) concentration of 1.61 mg/L in acute toxicity tests of 96-h duration and chronic toxicity tests of 21-day duration. The D. magna also were exposed to TBM, HA, and LA singly. The D. magna were analysed for various biomarkers of sublethal toxicity. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activities, and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total protein were determined spectrophotometrically. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was analysed by microscopy with fluorescence staining. Cytochrome c and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were analysed by Western blotting. Morphometric properties were examined microscopically. This is the first study in which AMPK, an indicator of intracellular energy, was measured in D. magna. GST and ChE enzyme activities and TBARS and total protein levels did not change during acute exposures (i.e., 96 h) in all treatments. GPx activity increased in D. magna from the HA + TBM treatment compared with single-exposure groups. The level of cytochrome c protein was elevated in D. magna from the LA and LA + TBM treatments. AMPK protein levels increased in all treatments with daphnids, except in the LA group. MMP was depolarised in D. magna from all treatments, whereas the most notable change was observed in HA + TBM mixture group in chronic exposures. The results show that GST and ChE may not be sensitive biomarkers for evaluating the sublethal toxic effects to D. magna exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of ammonia and TBM. Acute and chronic exposure to ammonia and TBM probably caused an energetic crisis in D. magna. Therefore, AMPK and MMP are promising biomarkers for these toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Başalan Över
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Adıyaman University, 02040, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Celal Guven
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, 51240, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Eylem Taskin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, 51240, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Arif Çakmak
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Adıyaman University, 02040, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Petek Piner Benli
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Sevgiler
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Adıyaman University, 02040, Adıyaman, Turkey.
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da Silva PR, Mounteer AH, Dos Anjos Benjamin L, de Almeida ER, Vitorino FB, Arcanjo GS, Rodrigues Dos Santos Petersen V. Evaluation of toxicity and estrogenicity in UASB - Treated municipal sewage. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128778. [PMID: 33143893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to assess the capacity of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, one of the most commonly used systems in Brazilian sewage treatment plants, to remove municipal sewage toxicity using different Danio rerio life stages (embryo, embryo-larval, larval, adult), and estrogenicity using in vitro (yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in vivo (vitellogenin induction in D. rerio) assays. Sensitivity of chronic fish assays were compared to the chronic Ceriodaphnia dubia assay. UASB-treated sewage met Brazilian legal limits for BOD and COD removals, but did not remove toxicity, and treated sewage remained extremely toxic to D. rerio larvae and C. dubia, and highly toxic to D. rerio embryos. The 4-day embryo assay had the same sensitivity as the adult acute toxicity assay, and could safely replace it, avoiding the need to sacrifice adult fish. No significant differences were identified in vitellogenin induction among organisms exposed to sewage or control. However, the in vitro test showed that anaerobic treatment increased sample estrogenicity from 27 to 40 ng equivalents of 17-β estradiol per liter, a result corroborated by the greater induction of vitellogenin in male fish exposed to 5% (2.73 μg/g) and 20% (2.12 μg/g) treated sewage compared to the same concentrations of raw sewage (0.174 μg/g at 5% and 0.188 μg/g at 20%). Thus, UASB reactor should be followed by post-treatment to reduce risks of sewage discharge to receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Romana da Silva
- Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ann H Mounteer
- Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Laércio Dos Anjos Benjamin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Edinael Rodrigues de Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Barros Vitorino
- Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Gemima Santos Arcanjo
- Civil Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Zhang M, Li M, Li X, Qian Y, Wang R, Hong M. The protective effects of selenium on chronic ammonia toxicity in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:137-145. [PMID: 33011437 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is toxic to most fish, and its negative effects can be eliminated by nutritional manipulation. In this study, triplicate groups of yellow catfish (0.58 ± 0.03 g) were fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.30 and 0.60 mg selenium (Se) kg-1 diet for 56 days under three ammonia contents (0.00, 5.70 and 11.40 mg L-1 total ammonia nitrogen). The results showed that ammonia toxicity could affects growth (weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, Se contents in muscle and whole body declined) and survival, leads to oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities declined and malondialdehyde accumulation), immunosuppression (lysozyme activity, 50% hemolytic complement, immunoglobulin M, respiratory burst and phagocytic index declined) and cytokines release (TNF, IL 1 and IL 8 elevated), induces up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, CAT and GPx), cytokines (TNFα, IL 1 and IL 8) and pro-apoptotic genes (p53, Bax, Cytochrome c, Caspase 3 and Caspase 9) transcription, and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 transcription. The dietary Se supplementation could mitigate the adverse effect of ammonia poisoning on fish growth, oxidative damage, immunosuppression and apoptotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Xue Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yunxia Qian
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Meiling Hong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China.
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36
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Zhang M, Yin X, Li M, Wang R, Qian Y, Hong M. Effect of nitrite exposure on haematological status, oxidative stress, immune response and apoptosis in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 238:108867. [PMID: 32791252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite can cause fishes poisoning. This study evaluated the effects of nitrite exposure on haematological status, ion concentration, antioxidant enzyme activity, immune response, cytokine release and apoptosis in yellow catfish. In this study, yellow catfish were exposed to three levels of nitrite (0, 3.00 and 30.00 mg L-1) for 96 h. The results showed that nitrite poisoning could lead to blood deterioration (red blood cell and hemoglobin reduced; white blood cell and methemoglobin elevated), ion imbalance (Na+ and Cl- declined; K+ elevated), oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities declined; malondialdehyde accumulation), immunosuppression (lysozyme activity, 50% hemolytic complement, immunoglobulin M, respiratory burst and phagocytic index declined) and cytokines release (TNF, IL 1 and IL 8 elevated). In addition, nitrite poisoning could induce up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, CAT and GPx), cytokines (TNF, IL 1 and IL 8) and apoptosis (P53, Bax, Cytochrome c, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, ERK and JNK) genes transcription. This study suggesting that the nitrite exposure triggers blood deterioration, disrupts the ionic homeostasis, induces oxidative stress, immunosuppression, inflammation and apoptosis in yellow catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiaolong Yin
- Zhoushan Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Rixin Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yunxia Qian
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Meiling Hong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China.
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