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Zhang ZX, Shang YX, Zhang MY, Zhang JJ, Geng Y, Xia JW, Zhang XG. Phylogenomics, taxonomy and morphological characters of the Microdochiaceae (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes). MycoKeys 2024; 106:303-325. [PMID: 38993357 PMCID: PMC11237568 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.106.127355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Species of the family Microdochiaceae (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes) have been reported from worldwide, and collected from different plant hosts. The proposed new genus and two new species, viz., Macroidriella gen. nov., M.bambusae sp. nov. and Microdochiumaustrale sp. nov., are based on multi-locus phylogenies from a combined dataset of ITS rDNA, LSU, RPB2 and TUB2 with morphological characteristics. Microdochiumsinense has been collected from diseased leaves of Phragmitesaustralis and this is the first report of the fungus on this host plant. Simultaneously, we annotated 10,372 to 11,863 genes, identified 4,909 single-copy orthologous genes, and conducted phylogenomic analysis based on genomic data. A gene family analysis was performed and it will expand the understanding of the evolutionary history and biodiversity of the Microdochiaceae. The detailed descriptions and illustrations of species are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xue Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, ChinaShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Yu-Xin Shang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, ChinaShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, ChinaShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Jin-Jia Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, ChinaShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Yun Geng
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, ChinaShandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinanChina
| | - Ji-Wen Xia
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, ChinaShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
| | - Xiu-Guo Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, ChinaShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina
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Zhang J, Zhang Z, Li D, Xia J, Li Z. Three New Species of Microdochium ( Microdochiaceae, Xylariales) on Bambusaceae sp. and Saprophytic Leaves from Hainan and Yunnan, China. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1176. [PMID: 38132777 PMCID: PMC10744526 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Microdochium (Microdochiaceae, Xylariales) have been reported from the whole world and separated from multiple plant hosts. The primary aim of the present study is to describe and illustrate three new species isolated from the leaf spot of Bambusaceae sp. and saprophytic leaves in Hainan and Yunnan provinces, China. The proposed three species, viz., Microdochium bambusae, M. nannuoshanense and M. phyllosaprophyticum, are based on multi-locus phylogenies from a combined dataset of ITS rDNA, LSU, RPB2 and TUB2 in conjunction with morphological characteristics. Descriptions and illustrations of three new species in the genus are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhuang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (D.L.); (J.X.)
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Byregowda R, Prasad SR, Oelmüller R, Nataraja KN, Prasanna Kumar MK. Is Endophytic Colonization of Host Plants a Method of Alleviating Drought Stress? Conceptualizing the Hidden World of Endophytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169194. [PMID: 36012460 PMCID: PMC9408852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of changing climatic conditions, plants are frequently exposed to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses at various stages of their development, all of which negatively affect their growth, development, and productivity. Drought is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses for most cultivated crops, particularly in arid and semiarid environments. Conventional breeding and biotechnological approaches are used to generate drought-tolerant crop plants. However, these techniques are costly and time-consuming. Plant-colonizing microbes, notably, endophytic fungi, have received increasing attention in recent years since they can boost plant growth and yield and can strengthen plant responses to abiotic stress. In this review, we describe these microorganisms and their relationship with host plants, summarize the current knowledge on how they “reprogram” the plants to promote their growth, productivity, and drought tolerance, and explain why they are promising agents in modern agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopashree Byregowda
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Karaba N. Nataraja
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - M. K. Prasanna Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
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Three New Species of Microdochium (Sordariomycetes, Amphisphaeriales) on Miscanthus sinensis and Phragmites australis from Hainan, China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060577. [PMID: 35736060 PMCID: PMC9224723 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Species in Microdochium, potential agents of biocontrol, have often been reported as plant pathogens, occasionally as endophytes and fungicolous fungi. Combining multiple molecular markers (ITS rDNA, LSU rDNA, TUB2 and RPB2) with morphological characteristics, this study proposes three new species in the genus Microdochium represented by seven strains from the plant hosts Miscanthus sinensis and Phragmites australis in Hainan Island, China. These three species, Microdochium miscanthi sp. Nov., M. sinense sp. Nov. and M. hainanense sp. Nov., are described with MycoBank number, etymology, typification, morphological features and illustrations, as well as placement on molecular phylogenetic trees. Their affinity with morphologically allied and molecularly closely related species are also analyzed. For facilitating identification, an updated key to the species of Microdochium is provided herein.
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Ruotsalainen AL, Kauppinen M, Wäli PR, Saikkonen K, Helander M, Tuomi J. Dark septate endophytes: mutualism from by-products? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:247-254. [PMID: 34756535 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are abundantly colonized by dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi in virtually all ecosystems. DSE fungi are functionally heterogeneous and their relationships with plants range from antagonistic to mutualistic. Here, we consider the role of by-product benefits in DSE and other root-fungal symbioses. We compared host investments against symbiont-derived benefits for the host plant and categorized these benefits as by-products or benefits requiring reciprocal investment from the host. By-product benefits may provide the variability required for the evolution of invested mutualisms between the host and symbiont. We suggest that DSE could be considered as 'a by-product mutualist transitional phase' in the evolution of cooperative mycorrhizal symbionts from saprotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Ruotsalainen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, POB 3000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Miia Kauppinen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Piippa R Wäli
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, POB 3000, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Ounasjoentie 6, FI-96200 Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Tuomi
- Meritie 43, FI-29900 Merikarvia, Finland
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Wang Y, He X, Yu F. Non-host plants: Are they mycorrhizal networks players? PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:127-134. [PMID: 35505991 PMCID: PMC9043302 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) that connect individual plants of the same or different species together play important roles in nutrient and signal transportation, and plant community organization. However, about 10% of land plants are non-mycorrhizal species with roots that do not form any well-recognized types of mycorrhizas; and each mycorrhizal fungus can only colonize a limited number of plant species, resulting in numerous non-host plants that could not establish typical mycorrhizal symbiosis with a specific mycorrhizal fungus. If and how non-mycorrhizal or non-host plants are able to involve in CMNs remains unclear. Here we summarize studies focusing on mycorrhizal-mediated host and non-host plant interaction. Evidence has showed that some host-supported both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) hyphae can access to non-host plant roots without forming typical mycorrhizal structures, while such non-typical mycorrhizal colonization often inhibits the growth but enhances the induced system resistance of non-host plants. Meanwhile, the host growth is also differentially affected, depending on plant and fungi species. Molecular analyses suggested that the AMF colonization to non-hosts is different from pathogenic and endophytic fungi colonization, and the hyphae in non-host roots may be alive and have some unknown functions. Thus we propose that non-host plants are also important CMNs players. Using non-mycorrhizal model species Arabidopsis, tripartite culture system and new technologies such as nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry and multi-omics, to study nutrient and signal transportation between host and non-host plants via CMNs may provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying benefits of intercropping and agro-forestry systems, as well as plant community establishment and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Wang
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Xinhua He
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Fuqiang Yu
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Galindo-Solís JM, Fernández FJ. Endophytic Fungal Terpenoids: Natural Role and Bioactivities. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020339. [PMID: 35208794 PMCID: PMC8875210 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are a highly diverse group of fungi that intermittently colonize all plants without causing symptoms of the disease. They sense and respond to physiological and environmental changes of their host plant and microbiome. The inter-organism interactions are largely driven by chemical networks mediated by specialized metabolites. The balance of these complex interactions leads to healthy and strong host plants. Endophytic strains have particular machinery to produce a plethora of secondary metabolites with a variety of bioactivities and unknown functions in an ecological niche. Terpenoids play a key role in endophytism and represent an important source of bioactive molecules for human health and agriculture. In this review, we describe the role of endophytic fungi in plant health, fungal terpenoids in multiple interactions, and bioactive fungal terpenoids recently reported from endophytes, mainly from plants used in traditional medicine, as well as from algae and mangroves. Additionally, we highlight endophytic fungi as producers of important chemotherapeutic terpenoids, initially discovered in plants. Despite advances in understanding endophytism, we still have much to learn in this field. The study of the role, the evolution of interactions of endophytic fungi and their terpenoids provide an opportunity for better applications in human health and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Galindo-Solís
- Posgrado en Biotecnología, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City CP 09340, Mexico;
| | - Francisco J. Fernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Mexico City CP 09340, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(55)-5804-6453
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8
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Jahn L, Storm-Johannsen L, Seidler D, Noack J, Gao W, Schafhauser T, Wohlleben W, van Berkel WJH, Jacques P, Kar T, Piechulla B, Ludwig-Müller J. The Endophytic Fungus Cyanodermella asteris Influences Growth of the Nonnatural Host Plant Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:49-63. [PMID: 34615362 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-21-0072-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyanodermella asteris is a fungal endophyte from Aster tataricus, a perennial plant from the northern part of Asia. Here, we demonstrated an interaction of C. asteris with Arabidopsis thaliana, Chinese cabbage, rapeseed, tomato, maize, or sunflower resulting in different phenotypes such as shorter main roots, massive lateral root growth, higher leaf and root biomass, and increased anthocyanin levels. In a variety of cocultivation assays, it was shown that these altered phenotypes are caused by fungal CO2, volatile organic compounds, and soluble compounds, notably astins. Astins A, C, and G induced plant growth when they were individually included in the medium. In return, A. thaliana stimulates the fungal astin C production during cocultivation. Taken together, our results indicate a bilateral interaction between the fungus and the plant. A stress response in plants is induced by fungal metabolites while plant stress hormones induced astin C production of the fungus. Interestingly, our results not only show unidirectional influence of the fungus on the plant but also vice versa. The plant is able to influence growth and secondary metabolite production in the endophyte, even when both organisms do not live in close contact, suggesting the involvement of volatile compounds.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Jahn
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Storm-Johannsen
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Diana Seidler
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jasmin Noack
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wei Gao
- Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Schafhauser
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Jacques
- MiPI, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Joint Research Unit BioEcoAgro, UMRt 1158, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Tambi Kar
- Lipofabrik, Cité Scientifique, Bât. Polytech-Lille, Avenue Langevin 59 655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Birgit Piechulla
- Institute for Biological Science, Biochemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Li M, Hou L, Liu J, Yang J, Zuo Y, Zhao L, He X. Growth-promoting effects of dark septate endophytes on the non-mycorrhizal plant Isatis indigotica under different water conditions. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Verma SK, Sahu PK, Kumar K, Pal G, Gond SK, Kharwar RN, White JF. Endophyte roles in nutrient acquisition, root system architecture development and oxidative stress tolerance. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2161-2177. [PMID: 33893707 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants associate with communities of microbes (bacteria and fungi) that play critical roles in plant development, nutrient acquisition and oxidative stress tolerance. The major share of plant microbiota is endophytes which inhabit plant tissues and help them in various capacities. In this article, we have reviewed what is presently known with regard to how endophytic microbes interact with plants to modulate root development, branching, root hair formation and their implications in overall plant development. Endophytic microbes link the interactions of plants, rhizospheric microbes and soil to promote nutrient solubilization and further vectoring these nutrients to the plant roots making the soil-plant-microbe continuum. Further, plant roots internalize microbes and oxidatively extract nutrients from microbes in the rhizophagy cycle. The oxidative interactions between endophytes and plants result in the acquisition of nutrients by plants and are also instrumental in oxidative stress tolerance of plants. It is evident that plants actively cultivate microbes internally, on surfaces and in soils to acquire nutrients, modulate development and improve health. Understanding this continuum could be of greater significance in connecting endophytes with the hidden half of the plant that can also be harnessed in applied terms to enhance nutrient acquisition through the development of favourable root system architecture for sustainable production under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Verma
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - P K Sahu
- National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganism, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G Pal
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S K Gond
- Botany Section, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - R N Kharwar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - J F White
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in growth media affect the relationship between root endophytic fungi and host plant. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2411-2418. [PMID: 33661315 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi (EPF) colonize plant roots and enhance their growth. The relationship between host plant and EPF can be affected by several factors, such as growth media, host species, and fungal species. The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of nutrient concentration in growth media on the relationship between host plant and root EPF. Brassica campestris was grown in 1/100 Murashige and Skoog (MS), 1/10 MS, 1/100 MS and 1/10 nitrogen (high N), and 1/100 MS and 1/10 phosphorus (high P) media. B. campestris was inoculated with four root EPFs isolated from forest soils in Indonesia and harvested 28 days after transplant. Shoot dry weight (SDW) and colonization in roots were measured. All the isolates colonized roots of B. campestris. Two isolates increased the SDW of B. campestris grown on 1/100 MS media. The shoot growth response of B. campestris to EPF colonization on 1/100 MS was higher than that on 1/100 high N and 1/100 high P MS media. These results suggest that concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in growth media determine the relationship between B. campestris and root EPF.
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Hughes AR, Moore AFP, Gehring C. Plant response to fungal root endophytes varies by host genotype in the foundation species Spartina alterniflora. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1645-1653. [PMID: 33252780 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Root-associated fungi provide a wide range of functions for their host plants, including nutrient provisioning, pathogen protection, and stress alleviation. In so doing, they can markedly influence host-plant structural and physiological traits, although the degree to which these effects vary within particular plant host species is not well understood. METHODS We conducted a 7-month common-garden inoculation experiment to test the potential effects of a marine fungus (Lulwoana sp.) on the phenotypic traits of different genotypes of the host, the salt marsh plant species Spartina alterniflora. Lulwoana belongs to the dark septate endophytes (DSE), a polyphyletic group of fungi that are commonly found colonizing healthy plant roots, though their ecological role remains unclear. RESULTS We documented significant impacts of Lulwoana on S. alterniflora morphology, biomass, and biomass allocation. For most traits in our study, these impacts varied significantly in direction and/or magnitude across S. alterniflora genotypes. Effects that were consistent across genotype were generally negative. Plant response was not predicted by the percentage of roots colonized, consistent with findings that dark septate endophytes do not necessarily influence plant growth responses through direct contact with roots. CONCLUSIONS The observed changes in stem height, biomass, and biomass allocation have important effects on plant competitive ability, growth, and fitness, suggesting that plant-fungal interactions have community and ecosystem level effects in salt marshes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Randall Hughes
- Northeastern University Marine Science Center, 430 Nahant Rd., Nahant, MA, 01908, USA
| | - Althea F P Moore
- Northeastern University Marine Science Center, 430 Nahant Rd., Nahant, MA, 01908, USA
| | - Catherine Gehring
- Northern Arizona University Department of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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Dark Septate Endophytic Fungi Associated with Sugarcane Plants Cultivated in São Paulo, Brazil. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12090351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) constitute a polyphyletic group within the Ascomycota, with global distribution and a wide range of host plant species. The present study evaluated the diversity of DSE in sugarcane roots of the varieties RB867515, RB966928, and RB92579, and four varieties of not commercialized energy cane. A total of 16 DSE strains were isolated, mostly from the varieties RB966928 and RB867515, with six and five isolates, respectively. Just one of the four energy cane varieties had fungi with DSE appearance. The analyses of the DNA sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the large subunit (LSU), in association with the micromorphology of the isolates, allowed the differentiation of the 16 isolates in at least five species, within the families Periconiaceae, Pleosporaceae, Lentitheciaceae, Vibrisseaceae, and Apiosporaceae and the orders Pleosporales, Helotiales, and Xylariales. The order Pleosporales represented 80% of the isolates, and the species Periconia macrospinosa, with six isolates, accounted for the highest isolation frequency. The results confirm the natural occurrence of the DSE symbiosis in sugarcane varieties and the generalist character of these fungi as some of the detected species have already been reported associated with other host plants, ecosystems, and regions of the world.
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15
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Sun X, Wang N, Li P, Jiang Z, Liu X, Wang M, Su Z, Zhang C, Lin F, Liang Y. Endophytic fungus Falciphora oryzae promotes lateral root growth by producing indole derivatives after sensing plant signals. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:358-373. [PMID: 31675439 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Falciphora oryzae was initially isolated from wild rice (Oryza granulata) and colonizes many crop species and promotes plant growth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying F. oryzae-mediated growth promotion are still unknown. We found that F. oryzae was able to colonize Arabidopsis thaliana. The most dramatic change after F. oryzae inoculation was observed in the root architecture, as evidenced by increased lateral root growth but reduced primary root length, similar to the effect of auxin, a significant plant growth hormone. The expression of genes responsible for auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signalling was regulated in Arabidopsis roots after F. oryzae cocultivation. Indole derivatives were detected at significantly higher levels in liquid media after cocultivation compared with separate cultivation of Arabidopsis and F. oryzae. Consistently, the expression of indole biosynthetic genes was highly upregulated in F. oryzae upon treatment with Arabidopsis exudates. Global analysis of Arabidopsis gene expression at the early stage after F. oryzae cocultivation suggested that signals were exchanged to initiate Arabidopsis-F. oryzae interactions. All these results suggest that signalling molecules from Arabidopsis roots are perceived by F. oryzae and induce the biosynthesis of indole derivatives in F. oryzae, consequently stimulating Arabidopsis lateral root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhiyan Jiang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengcen Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhenzhu Su
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chulong Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Hiruma K, Kobae Y, Toju H. Beneficial associations between Brassicaceae plants and fungal endophytes under nutrient-limiting conditions: evolutionary origins and host-symbiont molecular mechanisms. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:145-154. [PMID: 29738938 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae plants have lost symbiotic interactions with mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi, but, nonmycorrhizal Brassicaceae associate with diverse taxonomic groups of mutualistic root-endophytic fungi. Distantly related fungal endophytes of Brassicaceae plants transfer phosphorus to the hosts and promote plant growth, thereby suggesting that the beneficial function was independently acquired via convergent evolution. These beneficial interactions appear tightly regulated by the tryptophan-derived secondary metabolite pathway, which specifically developed in Brassicaceae. Importantly, phosphate availability and types of colonizing microbes appear to influence the metabolite pathway. Thus, endophytes of Brassicaceae may have evolved to adapt to the Brassicaceae-specific traits. Future comparative functional analyses among well-defined endophytic fungi and their relatives with distinct life strategies and host plants will help understand the mechanisms that establish and maintain beneficial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hiruma
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Kobae
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan; Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) , 1 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Toju
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
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17
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Nelson JM, Hauser DA, Hinson R, Shaw AJ. A novel experimental system using the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and its fungal endophytes reveals diverse and context-dependent effects. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1217-1232. [PMID: 29411387 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fungal symbioses are ubiquitous in plants, but their effects have mostly been studied in seed plants. This study aimed to assess the diversity of fungal endophyte effects in a bryophyte and identify factors contributing to the variability of outcomes in these interactions. Fungal endophyte cultures and axenic liverwort clones were isolated from wild populations of the liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha. These collections were combined in a gnotobiotic system to test the effects of fungal isolates on the growth rates of hosts under laboratory conditions. Under the experimental conditions, fungi isolated from M. polymorpha ranged from aggressively pathogenic to strongly growth-promoting, but the majority of isolates caused no detectable change in host growth. Growth promotion by selected fungi depended on nutrient concentrations and was inhibited by coinoculation with multiple fungi. The M. polymorpha endophyte system expands the resources for this model liverwort. The experiments presented here demonstrate a wealth of diversity in fungal interactions even in a host reported to lack standard mycorrhizal symbiosis. In addition, they show that some known pathogens of vascular plants live in M. polymorpha and can confer benefits to this nonvascular host. This highlights the importance of studying endophyte effects across the plant tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan A Hauser
- Duke University Department of Biology, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Rosemary Hinson
- Duke University Department of Biology, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - A Jonathan Shaw
- Duke University Department of Biology, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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18
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19
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Urbina H, Breed MF, Zhao W, Lakshmi Gurrala K, Andersson SGE, Ågren J, Baldauf S, Rosling A. Specificity in Arabidopsis thaliana recruitment of root fungal communities from soil and rhizosphere. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:231-240. [PMID: 29551197 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic conditions in soil pose major constraints on growth and reproductive success of plants. Fungi are important agents in plant soil interactions but the belowground mycobiota associated with plants remains poorly understood. We grew one genotype each from Sweden and Italy of the widely-studied plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants were grown under controlled conditions in organic topsoil local to the Swedish genotype, and harvested after ten weeks. Total DNA was extracted from three belowground compartments: endosphere (sonicated roots), rhizosphere and bulk soil, and fungal communities were characterized from each by amplification and sequencing of the fungal barcode region ITS2. Fungal species diversity was found to decrease from bulk soil to rhizosphere to endosphere. A significant effect of plant genotype on fungal community composition was detected only in the endosphere compartment. Despite A. thaliana being a non-mycorrhizal plant, it hosts a number of known mycorrhiza fungi in its endosphere compartment, which is also colonized by endophytic, pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi. Species in the Archaeorhizomycetes were most abundant in rhizosphere samples suggesting an adaptation to environments with high nutrient turnover for some of these species. We conclude that A. thaliana endosphere fungal communities represent a selected subset of fungi recruited from soil and that plant genotype has small but significant quantitative and qualitative effects on these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Urbina
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W State St, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Martin F Breed
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden; School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, SA-5005, Australia
| | - Weizhou Zhao
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kanaka Lakshmi Gurrala
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Siv G E Andersson
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra Baldauf
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Rosling
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Seed-associated fungi in the alpine tundra: Both mutualists and pathogens could impact plant recruitment. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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The dark septate endophytic fungus Phialocephala fortinii is a potential decomposer of soil organic compounds and a promoter of Asparagus officinalis growth. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Khan AL, Gilani SA, Waqas M, Al-Hosni K, Al-Khiziri S, Kim YH, Ali L, Kang SM, Asaf S, Shahzad R, Hussain J, Lee IJ, Al-Harrasi A. Endophytes from medicinal plants and their potential for producing indole acetic acid, improving seed germination and mitigating oxidative stress. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 18:125-137. [PMID: 28124841 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used by marginal communities to treat various ailments. However, the potential of endophytes within these bio-prospective medicinal plants remains unknown. The present study elucidates the endophytic diversity of medicinal plants (Caralluma acutangula, Rhazya stricta, and Moringa peregrina) and the endophyte role in seed growth and oxidative stress. Various organs of medicinal plants yielded ten endophytes, which were identified as Phoma sp. (6 isolates), Alternaria sp. (2), Bipolaris sp. (1), and Cladosporium sp. (1) based on 18S rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The culture filtrates (CFs; 25%, 50%, and 100% concentrations) from these endophytes were tested against the growth of normal and dwarf mutant rice lines. Endophytic CF exhibited dose-dependent growth stimulation and suppression effects. CF (100%) of Phoma sp. significantly increased rice seed germination and growth compared to controls and other endophytes. This growth-promoting effect was due to the presence of indole acetic acid in endophytic CF. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed the highest indole acetic acid content ((54.31±0.21) µmol/L) in Bipolaris sp. In addition, the isolate of Bipolaris sp. exhibited significantly higher radical scavenging and anti-lipid peroxidation activity than the other isolates. Bipolaris sp. and Phoma sp. also exhibited significantly higher flavonoid and phenolic contents. The medicinal plants exhibited the presence of bio-prospective endophytic strains, which could be used for the improvement of crop growth and the mitigation of oxidative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Latif Khan
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Syed Abdullah Gilani
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.,Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Khadija Al-Hosni
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Salima Al-Khiziri
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Yoon-Ha Kim
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Liaqat Ali
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Sang-Mo Kang
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Raheem Shahzad
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Javid Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
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Wężowicz K, Rozpądek P, Turnau K. Interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi improve seedling survival and growth in post-mining waste. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:499-511. [PMID: 28317065 PMCID: PMC5486607 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The impact of fungal endophytes and the modulating role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the vitality of Verbascum lychnitis, grown in the laboratory in a substratum from a post-mining waste dump was investigated. We report that inoculation with a single endophyte negatively affected the survival rate and biomass production of most of the plant-endophyte consortia examined. The introduction of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi into this setup (dual inoculation) had a beneficial effect on both biomass yield and survivability. V. lychnitis co-inoculated with AMF and Cochliobolus sativus, Diaporthe sp., and Phoma exigua var. exigua yielded the highest biomass, exceeding the growth rate of both non-inoculated and AMF plants. AMF significantly improved the photosynthesis rates of the plant-endophyte consortia, which were negatively affected by inoculation with single endophytes. The abundance of PsbC, a photosystem II core protein previously shown to be upregulated in plants colonized by Epichloe typhina, exhibited a significant increase when the negative effect of the fungal endophyte was attenuated by AMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wężowicz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Rozpądek
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Turnau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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24
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David AS, May G, Schmidt D, Seabloom EW. Beachgrass invasion in coastal dunes is mediated by soil microbes and lack of disturbance dependence. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S. David
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Georgiana May
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Derek Schmidt
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
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25
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Aguilar‐Trigueros CA, Rillig MC. Effect of different root endophytic fungi on plant community structure in experimental microcosms. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8149-8158. [PMID: 27878084 PMCID: PMC5108266 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effects of root-associated microbes in explaining plant community patterns represents a challenge in community ecology. Although typically overlooked, several lines of evidence point out that nonmycorrhizal, root endophytic fungi in the Ascomycota may have the potential to drive changes in plant community ecology given their ubiquitous presence, wide host ranges, and plant species-specific fitness effects. Thus, we experimentally manipulated the presence of root endophytic fungal species in microcosms and measured its effects on plant communities. Specifically, we tested whether (1) three different root endophyte species can modify plant community structure; (2) those changes can also modified the way plant respond to different soil types; and (3) the effects are modified when all the fungi are present. As a model system, we used plant and fungal species that naturally co-occur in a temperate grassland. Further, the soil types used in our experiment reflected a strong gradient in soil texture that has been shown to drive changes in plant and fungal community structure in the field. Results showed that each plant species responded differently to infection, resulting in distinct patterns of plant community structure depending on the identity of the fungus present. Those effects depended on the soil type. For example, large positive effects due to presence of the fungi were able to compensate for less nutrients levels in one soil type. Further, host responses when all three fungi were present were different from the ones observed in single fungal inoculations, suggesting that endophyte-endophyte interactions may be important in structuring plant communities. Overall, these results indicate that plant responses to changes in the species identity of nonmycorrhizal fungal community species and their interactions can modify plant community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Aguilar‐Trigueros
- Plant EcologyInstitut für BiologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity ResearchBerlinGermany
| | - Matthias C. Rillig
- Plant EcologyInstitut für BiologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity ResearchBerlinGermany
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26
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Berthelot C, Leyval C, Foulon J, Chalot M, Blaudez D. Plant growth promotion, metabolite production and metal tolerance of dark septate endophytes isolated from metal-polluted poplar phytomanagement sites. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw144. [PMID: 27364359 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies address the distribution and the diversity of dark septate endophytes (DSEs) in the literature, but little is known about their ecological role and their effect on host plants, especially in metal-polluted soils. Seven DSE strains belonging to Cadophora, Leptodontidium, Phialophora and Phialocephala were isolated from roots of poplar trees from metal-polluted sites. All strains developed on a wide range of carbohydrates, including cell-wall-related compounds. The strains evenly colonized birch, eucalyptus and ryegrass roots in re-synthesis experiments. Root and shoot growth promotion was observed and was both plant and strain dependent. Two Phialophora and Leptodontidium strains particularly improved plant growth. However, there was no correlation between the level of root colonization by DSEs and the intensity of growth promotion. All strains produced auxin and six also stimulated plant growth through the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). SPME-GC/MS analyses revealed four major VOCs emitted by Cadophora and Leptodontidium The strains exhibited growth at high concentrations of several metals. The ability of metal-resistant DSE strains to produce both soluble and volatile compounds for plant growth promotion indicates interesting microbial resources with high potential to support sustainable production of bioenergy crops within the context of the phytomanagement of metal-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Berthelot
- CNRS, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Corinne Leyval
- CNRS, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Julie Foulon
- CNRS, UMR6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, F-25211, Montbéliard, France UMR6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, F-25211, Montbéliard, France
| | - Michel Chalot
- CNRS, UMR6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, F-25211, Montbéliard, France UMR6249 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, F-25211, Montbéliard, France Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Damien Blaudez
- CNRS, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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27
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David AS, Seabloom EW, May G. Plant Host Species and Geographic Distance Affect the Structure of Aboveground Fungal Symbiont Communities, and Environmental Filtering Affects Belowground Communities in a Coastal Dune Ecosystem. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:912-926. [PMID: 26626912 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial symbionts inhabit tissues of all plants and animals. Their community composition depends largely on two ecological processes: (1) filtering by abiotic conditions and host species determining the environments that symbionts are able to colonize and (2) dispersal-limitation determining the pool of symbionts available to colonize a given host and community spatial structure. In plants, the above- and belowground tissues represent such distinct habitats for symbionts that we expect different effects of filtering and spatial structuring on their symbiont communities. In this study, we characterized above- and belowground communities of fungal endophytes--fungi living asymptomatically within plants--to understand the contributions of filtering and spatial structure to endophyte community composition. We used a culture-based approach to characterize endophytes growing in leaves and roots of three species of coastal beachgrasses in dunes of the USA Pacific Northwest. For leaves, endophyte isolation frequency and OTU richness depended primarily on plant host species. In comparison, for roots, both isolation frequency and OTU richness increased from the nutrient-poor front of the dune to the higher-nutrient backdune. Endophyte community composition in leaves exhibited a distance-decay relationship across the region. In a laboratory assay, faster growth rates and lower spore production were more often associated with leaf- than root-inhabiting endophytes. Overall, our results reveal a greater importance of biotic filtering by host species and dispersal-limitation over regional geographic distances for aboveground leaf endophyte communities and stronger effects of abiotic environmental filtering and locally patchy distributions for belowground root endophyte communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S David
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Georgiana May
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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28
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Dovana F, Mucciarelli M, Mascarello M, Fusconi A. In Vitro Morphogenesis of Arabidopsis to Search for Novel Endophytic Fungi Modulating Plant Growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143353. [PMID: 26641657 PMCID: PMC4671684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal endophytes have shown to affect plant growth and to confer stress tolerance to the host; however, effects of endophytes isolated from water plants have been poorly investigated. In this study, fungi isolated from stems (stem-E) and roots (root-E) of Mentha aquatica L. (water mint) were identified, and their morphogenetic properties analysed on in vitro cultured Arabidopsis (L.) Heynh., 14 and 21 days after inoculation (DAI). Nineteen fungi were analysed and, based on ITS analysis, 17 isolates showed to be genetically distinct. The overall effect of water mint endophytes on Arabidopsis fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) was neutral and positive, respectively, and the increased DW, mainly occurring 14 DAI, was possibly related to plant defence mechanism. Only three fungi increased both FW and DW of Arabidopsis at 14 and 21 DAI, thus behaving as plant growth promoting (PGP) fungi. E-treatment caused a reduction of root depth and primary root length in most cases and inhibition-to-promotion of root area and lateral root length, from 14 DAI. Only Phoma macrostoma, among the water mint PGP fungi, increased both root area and depth, 21 DAI. Root depth and area 14 DAI were shown to influence DWs, indicating that the extension of the root system, and thus nutrient uptake, was an important determinant of plant dry biomass. Reduction of Arabidopsis root depth occurred to a great extent when plants where treated with stem-E while root area decreased or increased under the effects of stem-E and root-E, respectively, pointing to an influence of the endophyte origin on root extension. M. aquatica and many other perennial hydrophytes have growing worldwide application in water pollution remediation. The present study provided a model for directed screening of endophytes able to modulate plant growth in the perspective of future field applications of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dovana
- Department of Sciences and Innovative Technology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Marco Mucciarelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mascarello
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Fusconi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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29
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Vandegrift R, Roy BA, Pfeifer-Meister L, Johnson BR, Bridgham SD. The herbaceous landlord: integrating the effects of symbiont consortia within a single host. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1379. [PMID: 26557442 PMCID: PMC4636405 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are typically infected by a consortium of internal fungal associates, including endophytes in their leaves, as well as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) in their roots. It is logical that these organisms will interact with each other and the abiotic environment in addition to their host, but there has been little work to date examining the interactions of multiple symbionts within single plant hosts, or how the relationships among symbionts and their host change across environmental conditions. We examined the grass Agrostis capillaris in the context of a climate manipulation experiment in prairies in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Each plant was tested for presence of foliar endophytes in the genus Epichloë, and we measured percent root length colonized (PRLC) by AMF and DSE. We hypothesized that the symbionts in our system would be in competition for host resources, that the outcome of that competition could be driven by the benefit to the host, and that the host plants would be able to allocate carbon to the symbionts in such a way as to maximize fitness benefit within a particular environmental context. We found a correlation between DSE and AMF PRLC across climatic conditions; we also found a fitness cost to increasing DSE colonization, which was negated by presence of Epichloë endophytes. These results suggest that selective pressure on the host is likely to favor host/symbiont relationships that structure the community of symbionts in the most beneficial way possible for the host, not necessarily favoring the individual symbiont that is most beneficial to the host in isolation. These results highlight the need for a more integrative, systems approach to the study of host/symbiont consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roo Vandegrift
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Bitty A. Roy
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Laurel Pfeifer-Meister
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
- Environmental Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Bart R. Johnson
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Scott D. Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
- Environmental Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Mandyam KG, Jumpponen A. Mutualism-parasitism paradigm synthesized from results of root-endophyte models. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:776. [PMID: 25628615 PMCID: PMC4290590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant tissues host a variety of fungi. One important group is the dark septate endophytes (DSEs) that colonize plant roots and form characteristic intracellular structures - melanized hyphae and microsclerotia. The DSE associations are common and frequently observed in various biomes and plant taxa. Reviews suggest that the proportion of plant species colonized by DSE equal that colonized by AM and microscopic studies show that the proportion of the root system colonized by fungi DSE can equal, or even exceed, the colonization by AM fungi. Despite the high frequency and suspected ecological importance, the effects of DSE colonization on plant growth and performance have remained unclear. Here, we draw from over a decade of experimentation with the obscure DSE symbiosis and synthesize across large bodies of published and unpublished data from Arabidopsis thaliana and Allium porrum model systems as well as from experiments that use native plants to better resolve the host responses to DSE colonization. The data indicate similar distribution of host responses in model and native plant studies, validating the use of model plants for tractable dissection of DSE symbioses. The available data also permit empirical testing of the environmental modulation of host responses to DSE colonization and refining the "mutualism-parasitism-continuum" paradigm for DSE symbioses. These data highlight the context dependency of the DSE symbioses: not only plant species but also ecotypes vary in their responses to populations of conspecific DSE fungi - environmental conditions further shift the host responses similar to those predicted based on the mutualism-parasitism-continuum paradigm. The model systems provide several established avenues of inquiry that permit more detailed molecular and functional dissection of fungal endophyte symbioses, identifying thus likely mechanisms that may underlie the observed host responses to endophyte colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Jumpponen
- Division of Biology, Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
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Bukowski AR, Petermann JS. Intraspecific plant-soil feedback and intraspecific overyielding in Arabidopsis thaliana. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:2533-45. [PMID: 25360284 PMCID: PMC4203296 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of community coexistence and ecosystem functioning may help to counteract the current biodiversity loss and its potentially harmful consequences. In recent years, plant-soil feedback that can, for example, be caused by below-ground microorganisms has been suggested to play a role in maintaining plant coexistence and to be a potential driver of the positive relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. Most of the studies addressing these topics have focused on the species level. However, in addition to interspecific interactions, intraspecific interactions might be important for the structure of natural communities. Here, we examine intraspecific coexistence and intraspecific diversity effects using 10 natural accessions of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. We assessed morphological intraspecific diversity by measuring several above- and below-ground traits. We performed a plant-soil feedback experiment that was based on these trait differences between the accessions in order to determine whether A. thaliana experiences feedback at intraspecific level as a result of trait differences. We also experimentally tested the diversity-productivity relationship at intraspecific level. We found strong differences in above- and below-ground traits between the A. thaliana accessions. Overall, plant-soil feedback occurred at intraspecific level. However, accessions differed in the direction and strength of this feedback: Some accessions grew better on their own soils, some on soils from other accessions. Furthermore, we found positive diversity effects within A. thaliana: Accession mixtures produced a higher total above-ground biomass than accession monocultures. Differences between accessions in their feedback response could not be explained by morphological traits. Therefore, we suggest that they might have been caused by accession-specific accumulated soil communities, by root exudates, or by accession-specific resource use based on genetic differences that are not expressed in morphological traits. Synthesis. Our results provide some of the first evidence for intraspecific plant-soil feedback and intraspecific overyielding. These findings may have wider implications for the maintenance of variation within species and the importance of this variation for ecosystem functioning. Our results highlight the need for an increased focus on intraspecific processes in plant diversity research to fully understand the mechanisms of coexistence and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Bukowski
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Jana S Petermann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, Berlin, 14195, Germany ; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Altensteinstr. 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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Fungal Endophytes in Plant Roots: Taxonomy, Colonization Patterns, and Functions. SOIL BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-39317-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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