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Prieto L. Exploring the Influence of Social Class and Sex on Self-Reported Health: Insights from a Representative Population-Based Study. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:184. [PMID: 38398693 PMCID: PMC10890034 DOI: 10.3390/life14020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the intricate interplay between social class, sex, and self-reported health (SRH) using data from the European Health Survey of Spain 2020 (EESE2020). Employing a cross-sectional design and a representative sample of 22,072 individuals, the analysis explores the persistence of disparities after adjusting for covariates, focusing on health-related variables. The study employs logistic regression models and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to delineate the direct effects of social class and sex on SRH, identifying a minimum adjustment set to control for confounding variables. Results reveal a gradient effect of social class on SRH, emphasizing the enduring impact of socioeconomic factors. Sex-based disparities in SRH diminish after considering additional health-related variables, highlighting the importance of a holistic approach. DAGs serve as transparent tools in disentangling complex relationships, guiding the identification of essential covariates. The study concludes that addressing health inequalities requires comprehensive strategies considering both individual health behaviours and socio-economic contexts. While recognizing limitations, such as the cross-sectional design, the findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of health disparities, informing evidence-based interventions and policies for a more equitable healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Prieto
- Distance Learning, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Skeie MS, Sen A, Dahllöf G, Fagerhaug TN, Høvik H, Klock KS. Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:620. [PMID: 36529722 PMCID: PMC9762106 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast with the last century, caries epidemiology has begun integrating enamel caries into determinations of caries prevalence and experience. The objective of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the caries status including estimations of enamel caries, of European adolescents. METHOD Four databases (Medline Ovid, Embase, CINAHL, and SweMed+) were systematically searched from 1 January 2000 through 20 September 2021 for peer-reviewed publications on caries prevalence and caries experience in 12-19-year-olds; that also included evaluations of enamel lesions. Summary estimates were calculated using random effect model. RESULTS Overall, 30 publications were selected for the systematic review covering 25 observational studies. Not all studies could be used in the meta-analyses. Caries prevalence was 77% (n = 22 studies). Highest prevalence was reported in the age groups 16-19 years, and in studies where caries examinations were done before 2010. The overall mean DMFT score was 5.93 (n = 14 studies) and it was significantly lower among Scandinavian adolescents than among other European adolescents (4.43 vs. 8.89). The proportion of enamel caries (n = 7 studies) was 50%, and highest in the lowest age group (12-15 years). Results from the present systematic review reflected the caries distribution to be skewed at individual-, tooth- and surface levels; at tooth and surface level, also changed according to age. CONCLUSIONS Although studies in which the caries examinations had been done in 2010 or later documented a reduction in caries prevalence, caries during adolescence still constitutes a burden. Thus, the potential for preventing development of more severe caries lesions, as seen in the substantial volume of enamel caries during early adolescence, should be fully exploited. For this to happen, enamel caries should be a part of epidemiological reporting in national registers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit S. Skeie
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Clinical Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry, The Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway ,Center for Oral Health Services and Research, Mid-Norway (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Abhijit Sen
- Center for Oral Health Services and Research, Mid-Norway (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway ,grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Göran Dahllöf
- Center for Oral Health Services and Research, Mid-Norway (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tone Natland Fagerhaug
- Center for Oral Health Services and Research, Mid-Norway (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway ,grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hedda Høvik
- Center for Oral Health Services and Research, Mid-Norway (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin S. Klock
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Clinical Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry, The Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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Aslan Ceylan J, Aslan Y, Ozcelik AO. The effects of socioeconomic status, oral and dental health practices, and nutritional status on dental health in 12-year-old school children. EGYPTIAN PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION GAZETTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43054-022-00104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study aims to examine the effects of socioeconomic status, oral, and dental health practices, dietary habits and anthropometric measurements on dental health in 12-year-old schoolchildren.
Methods
The sample of the study consisted of a total of 254 children (44.1% boys and 55.9% girls) in three schools which were identified as low, moderate and high socioeconomic status. The data were collected by face-to-face interviews via a questionnaire form. Dentist determined DMFT and dmft indices of the children. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) package program was used to analyze the data.
Results
It was found that 70.9% of the children have dental caries on their permanent teeth. The number of girls with caries in permanent teeth and boys with caries in milk teeth was higher (p < 0.05). The frequency of seeing a dentist and changing toothbrush vary according to the socioeconomic status (p < 0.05). Oral and dental health indicators were determined to be affected by the frequency and duration of tooth brushing (p < 0.05). It was found that dmft values of the children consuming molasses and table sugar are lower (p < 0.05). There is a negative correlation between oral and dental health indicators and anthropometric measurements.
Conclusion
Dietary habits, anthropometric measurements, oral and dental health practices, gender, and socioeconomic status were shown to be effective on caries. Caries risk assessment and determining leading risk factors enable effective prevention programs to be implemented at different levels.
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Anthropometric Status, Diet, and Dental Caries among Schoolchildren. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137027. [PMID: 34209321 PMCID: PMC8297345 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Childhood dental caries and obesity are prevalent health problems. Results from previous studies of the caries–obesity relationship are conflicting. This study aimed to assess the association between anthropometric status and dental caries among schoolchildren, taking into account dietary habits, oral hygiene, and sociodemographic factors. This cross-sectional study recruited 569 children aged 6–12 years from five elementary schools in central Taiwan. Each child underwent an oral health examination and anthropometric measurements. The DMFT (decayed, missing due to caries, and filled permanent teeth) and deft (decayed, extracted, and filled primary teeth) indexes were calculated to record caries experience. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on food intake frequency and other related factors. The World Health Organization’s reference data was applied to define weight status: obese, overweight, and normal/underweight. The results showed that the mean (±standard deviation) deft and DMFT scores were 2.3 ± 2.6 and 0.7 ± 1.2, respectively, among participating children. The prevalence of obesity and overweight was 18.1% and 18.5%, respectively. After comprehensive evaluation of potential confounders, weight status was not an independent predictor of DMFT or deft scores in the negative binomial regression models. In conclusion, weight status was not associated with caries scores in primary or permanent teeth among 6–12 year-old schoolchildren.
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Mohammadi S, Mohammadi MA, Dadkhah B. Dental caries prevalence among elementary school students and its relationship with body mass index and oral hygiene in Ardabil in 2019. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2021; 39:147-153. [PMID: 34341233 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_293_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Tooth decay as a significant but preventable public health priority continues to be a common disease in developing countries, including Iran, which is particularly prevalent among children. The present study aims to determine dental caries prevalence among elementary school students and its relationship with body mass index and oral hygiene in Ardabil, Iran in 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 581 elementary school students selected through cluster random sampling method in Ardabil city in 2019. Demographic data was collected using questionnaire and anthropometric indices (height, weight) were measured using the weighing scale and stadiometer, and dental caries was evaluated using the decayed, missing, or filled teeth index (dmft for primary teeth and DMFT for permanent). RESULTS The mean age of students was 9.61 ± 1.76 years, and 50.8% of them were female. 20.7% (n = 120) were obese, and 19.1% (n = 111) were overweight. The overall prevalence of caries was 74.9% (n = 435) in primary teeth, 72.8% (n = 423) in permanent teeth, and 96.6% (n = 561) in all teeth. The average dmft and DMFT scores were 4.16 ± 3.72 and 1.96 ± 1.76, respectively. There was a significant inverse relationship between body mass index and dmft (r = -0.146, P < 0.0001) and DMFT (r = -0.111, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The findings showed that prevalence of dental caries in elementary school children in Ardabil city is higher than global standards, obese and over-weight children experience fewer caries compared to normal-weight children, and there is a significant relation between not brushing the teeth and dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Mohammadi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Behroz Dadkhah
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Jouhar R, Ahmed MA, Khurshid Z, Bokhari SAH. Association of BMI, Diet, Physical Activity, and Oral Hygiene Practices with DMFT Index of Male Dental Students at King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010224. [PMID: 33466721 PMCID: PMC7828819 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite sufficient knowledge of good oral hygiene habits, dental students still suffer from oral health problems owing to dietary habits, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate an association of BMI (body mass index), diet, physical activity, and oral hygiene practices with DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) of male dental students and interns at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, from August to September 2020. One hundred and eighty-five male participants completed the study questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic information and nineteen close-ended questions about current diet, physical activity, and oral hygiene practices. Students’ height (cm) and weight (kg) were measured to calculate BMI. The principal investigator performed the oral clinical examinations for the DMFT status in the dental clinic. The chi-square test was used for the dichotomous variables and a t-test was used for the continuous variables. Linear and multinomial logistic regression were performed to detect the significant predictors of the DMFT score. The mean age of participants was 22.29 ± 2.13 years, and the BMI was 24.94 ± 3.36 (Kg/m2). Parents’ higher education and income levels were significantly (p < 0.001) associated with a higher BMI. Most dietary variables, especially sugar products, and low physical activity, were significantly (<0.047) associated with higher BMI. All oral hygiene practices, except miswak and mouthwash, were significantly (<0.003) associated with higher BMI. Decayed and missing teeth were significantly (<0.001) higher in the overweight and obese. A simple linear regression analysis demonstrated association between BMI and decayed teeth, with an R = 0.35 (<0.001); BMI and missing teeth had an R = 0.12 (p = 0.867); BMI and filled teeth had an R = 0.15 (p = 0.033), and BMI with DMFT had an R = 0.33 ((<0.001). This study demonstrated a strong significant association of the decayed and missing teeth with higher BMI levels. In addition, BMI was significantly associated with diet and physical activity, despite acceptable oral hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Jouhar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-593114621
| | - Muhammad Adeel Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syed Akhtar Hussain Bokhari
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
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Lee ZL, Gan WY, Lim PY, Hasan R, Lim SY. Associations of nutritional status, sugar and second-hand smoke exposure with dental caries among 3- to 6-year old Malaysian pre-schoolers: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:164. [PMID: 32493338 PMCID: PMC7268511 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries in primary teeth is a serious oral health concern among children. It can lead to detrimental impacts on a child's growth, development, and quality of life. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to examine the prevalence of dental caries and its associations with nutritional status, sugar and second-hand smoke exposure among pre-schoolers. METHODS A total of 26 pre-schools in Seremban, Malaysia were randomly selected using the probability proportional to size sampling. Dental examination was performed by a dentist to record the number of decayed teeth (dt). Weight and height of the pre-schoolers were measured. The mother-administered questionnaire was used to gather information pertaining to the sociodemographic characteristics and second-hand smoke exposure. Total sugar exposure was calculated from a 3-day food record. RESULTS Among the 396 participating pre-schoolers, 63.4% of them had at least one untreated caries, with a mean ± SD dt score of 3.56 ± 4.57. Negative binomial regression analysis revealed that being a boy (adjusted mean ratio = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.005-0.698, p = 0.047), exposed to second-hand smoke (adjusted mean ratio = 1.67, 95% CI = 0.168-0.857, p = 0.004) and those who had more than 6 times of daily total sugar exposure (adjusted mean ratio = 1.93, 95% CI = 0.138-0.857, p = 0.013) were significantly associated with dental caries among pre-schoolers. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of dental caries was reported in this study. This study highlights the need to reduce exposure to second-hand smoke and practice healthy eating behaviours in reducing the risk of dental caries among pre-schoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ling Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ying Gan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Poh Ying Lim
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ruhaya Hasan
- School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sing Ying Lim
- Department of Paediatric Dental, Tuanku Ja'afar Hospital, Jalan Rasah, Bukit Rasah, 70300, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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Correlation between Caries, Body Mass Index and Occlusion in an Italian Pediatric Patients Sample: A Transverse Observational Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17092994. [PMID: 32357403 PMCID: PMC7246709 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17092994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between caries, body mass index (BMI) and occlusion in a sample of pediatric patients. METHODS The study group included 127 patients (72 female, 55 male) aged between 6 and 16 years (mean age 10.2) and selected between January and June 2019 at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Messina. Caries incidence was evaluated using the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index. On the basis of BMI values, using a table adjusted for age and gender, patients were grouped into four categories (underweight, normal weight, risk of overweight, overweight). RESULTS There was no significant correlation between BMI and DMFT in the whole sample. The study of the correlation between BMI and DMFT in patients with different types of malocclusion showed a significant inverse correlation for patients affected by II class and deepbite malocclusion. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of caries does not seem to be significantly related to BMI and occlusal patterns, but it decreases with increasing age.
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Oral Health Problems and Utilization of Dental Services Among Spanish and Immigrant Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030738. [PMID: 31979248 PMCID: PMC7036804 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Spanish and immigrant children and adolescents vary widely in their frequency of dental visits and occurrence of dental problems. The aims of this study were to discover the prevalence of dental problems and utilization of dental services in the Spanish and immigrant child population, identify the type of treatment received, and analyze the socioeconomic and demographic variables which are associated with dental problems and non-regular utilization of dental services, based on data from the 2017 National Health Survey in Spain. The sample consisted of 4568 children aged between 3 and 14 years old. Utilization of dental services and dental problems were assessed against socioeconomic and demographic characteristics using logistic regression models. The prevalence of caries in Spanish children was 9.29% compared with 18.58% (p < 0.001) in their immigrant counterparts. The most common reason for dental visits was a check-up (Spanish: 65.05%; immigrants: 54.94%). In both groups, from the age of 7, there was a lower probability of non-regular utilization of dental services, although this increased when the social class was lower. The probability of presenting dental problems was lower in Spanish children living in towns with over 10,000 inhabitants and was higher, in both groups, over the age of 7 and in lower social classes.
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Vasconcelos K, Evangelista S, Silva RA, Oliveira S, Dutra A, Santos A, Noronha A, Belem L, Silva L, Nelson-Filho P, Küchler EC. Assessing the Association between Dental Caries and Nutritional Status in Children from the Brazilian State of Amazonas. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 12:293-296. [PMID: 31866713 PMCID: PMC6898865 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the association between dental caries and nutritional status in a group of Brazilian schoolchildren, from Manaus. The studied population consisted of 197 students (10–12-year-olds) from public schools at Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Materials and methods A clinical examination was carried out and the decay-missing-filled-teeth index for primary and permanent teeth (dmft and DMFT) was used to evaluate dental caries. Body mass index Z-score was calculated using variables such as individual height, weight, age, and gender. The nutritional status was classified as underweight, eutrophic, overweight, and obese. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's posttests were used for means’ comparison between groups. The established alpha was 5%. Results Eighty-one (41.1%) children were caries-free. Five (2.5%) children were underweight; 127 (64.5%) were eutrophic; 49 (24.9%) were overweight; and 16 (8.1%) were obese. The mean dmft/DMFT index was 1.67 (2.05). Obese children had more caries experience than eutrophic and overweight children (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our study demonstrated that dental caries is associated with obesity in school children from Manaus. How to cite this article Vasconcelos K, Evangelista S, et al. Assessing the Association between Dental Caries and Nutritional Status in Children from the Brazilian State of Amazonas. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(4):293–296.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Vasconcelos
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of São Paulo/IAES, Ribeirão Preto/Manaus, São Paulo/Amazoas, Brazil
| | - Silvane Evangelista
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of São Paulo/IAES, Ribeirão Preto/Manaus, São Paulo/Amazoas, Brazil
| | - Raquel Ab Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazoas, Brazil
| | - Andre Dutra
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazoas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Santos
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazoas, Brazil
| | - Ananda Noronha
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazoas, Brazil
| | - Leandro Belem
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazoas, Brazil
| | - Lea Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika C Küchler
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Guaré RO, Perez MM, Novaes TF, Ciamponi AL, Gorjão R, Diniz MB. Overweight/obese children are associated with lower caries experience than normal-weight children/adolescents. Int J Paediatr Dent 2019; 29:756-764. [PMID: 31336007 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare (a) enamel carious (EC) and dentin carious (DC) lesions and (b) caries risk, between normal-weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW) children/adolescents. DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, 91 participants aged 6-12 years were classified according to the body mass index (BMI): NW (n = 50) and OW (n = 41). Caries experience was evaluated using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) with two thresholds: "EC/DC" (ICDAS 1-3/4-6) and "DC" (ICDAS 4-6). Caries risk was determined by the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) system. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association among OW, caries thresholds, and caries risk. RESULTS Caries experience was similar for both groups at the "EC/DC" threshold (P = .477) and higher for the NW group at the "DC" threshold (P = .009). For CAMBRA, caries risk classification was similar for both groups (P = .082). The logistic regression showed the OW group was less likely to exhibit radiographically visible proximal carious lesions (odds ratio [OR] of 0.330, P = .019), thick biofilm visible on the tooth surface (OR = 0.360, P = .019), high caries risk (OR = 0.367, P = .039), and moderate-to-high caries levels (OR = 0.190, P = .022). CONCLUSION OW children/adolescents had lower caries experience, at both ICDAS thresholds, and lower caries risk, compared to NW children/adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Lídia Ciamponi
- Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Alshihri AA, Rogers HJ, Alqahtani MA, Aldossary MS. Association between Dental Caries and Obesity in Children and Young People: A Narrative Review. Int J Dent 2019; 2019:9105759. [PMID: 31191654 PMCID: PMC6525928 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9105759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the association between obesity and dental caries in children and adolescents. Furthermore, to consider the possible reasons behind this relationship. METHODS A database search for papers published between January 2015 and May 2018, inclusive, addressing the association between obesity and dental caries was conducted. A review and critical appraisal of all included studies was performed. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included in this review from different populations worldwide. Eight studies assessed the primary dentition, nine studies were conducted on permanent dentition, and remaining nine studies on both dentitions. The results regarding the association between obesity and dental caries were conflicting and inconsistent. Nine studies concluded that there was no relationship between obesity and dental caries. A positive association was reported in five studies, while the inverse association was reported in eleven studies. Studies included in this review had significant variations in methodology and the investigated cofactors. Possible explanations of the controversial association between obesity and dental caries are discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Both obesity and dental caries are multifactorial diseases, and their association is far more complex that can be explained by a single common risk factor, presenting evidence for the complexity of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmonem A. Alshihri
- Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helen J. Rogers
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mohammed A. Alqahtani
- Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Aldossary
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Goodarzi A, Heidarnia A, Tavafian SS, Eslami M. Association between Dental Caries and Body Mass Index-for-Age among 10-12-Year-Old Female Students in Tehran. Int J Prev Med 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 30967914 PMCID: PMC6425762 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_528_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dental caries and obesity are multifactorial diseases with diet being a common contributory factor. Many studies have reported varied outcomes about the association between dental caries and body mass index. But, there is no published study that investigates this association among female students in Tehran. The main aim of this study was to examine the relationship between dental caries and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of female students in Tehran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 416 students aged between 10 to 12 years was examined for dental caries using WHO standard diagnostic criteria. The Decayed, missing and filled of permanent teeth (DMFT) were recorded. The student's weight and height were measured by two trained examiner and their BMI were calculated. BMI-for-age and dental caries categories were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi-square, and t-tests using SPSS computer software. Results: The mean DMFT score and BMI of the study population was 1.03 ± 1.41 and 18.11 ± 3.33 respectively. The findings showed that 58.9% of the children had a normal weight, 27.9% were overweight, 10.3% were obese, and only 2.9% of the students were thin when they were compared with WHO standard of BMI for children with the same age. The respective mean DMFT values for BMI groups (thin, normal, overweight and obese) were 1.25, 0.73, 1.42, and 1.65, respectively. There was a significant association (P < 0.05) between dental caries and high BMI. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a significant association between caries frequency with high body mass index. For these reasons, the evaluation of nutritional status in students should be implemented in control programs for dental caries both on the community, schools, and individual levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Goodarzi
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Heidarnia
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sadat Tavafian
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Eslami
- Department of Population Health, Family and Schools Office, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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ElSalhy M, Ali U, Lai H, Flores-Mir C, Amin M. Caries reporting in studies that used the International Caries Detection and Assessment System: A scoping review. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2018; 47:92-102. [PMID: 30334280 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore how caries was reported in studies that employed the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). METHODS A systematic database search up to August 2017 was carried out using PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane library and ISI Web of Science electronic databases. Only studies that used the ICDAS for dental caries examinations were included. Studies were excluded if the examination was done only for the validation or the calibration of the ICDAS and/or if the examination was not done for the whole dentition. Measures used to report caries were considered. RESULTS A total of 126 papers met the inclusion criteria. Forty-four different synthesis measures were used to report caries. Most of the studies used a combination of multiple measures to report patient's caries level. These reporting measures cluster into four main groups: the number of individual ICDAS scores (ie, total counts of every score); the number of decayed surfaces/teeth (ie, total counts of combined caries scores for surfaces or teeth); measures of caries experience (ie, total counts of combined caries scores, filled and/or missing surfaces or teeth); and measures of central tendency and dispersion. The number of decayed surfaces and individual ICDAS scores were the most commonly used measures. Three studies used mean ICDAS score (ie, total ICDAS scores divided by the number of teeth), two used mean ICDAS score of carious teeth (ie, total ICDAS scores divided by the number of carious teeth) and two used the maximum ICDAS score (ie, highest ICDAS score recorded). The total ICDAS score was used only once. Many studies synthesized from the ICDAS the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth/surfaces (dmft/DMFT, dmfs/DMFS) as a measure of caries experience. CONCLUSIONS There are variations among studies in the utilization of the system to summarize caries. Most studies presented caries data using the categorical characteristics of the ICDAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed ElSalhy
- College of Dental Medicine, University of New England, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Ussama Ali
- Georgian College of Applied Arts and Technology, Barrie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hollis Lai
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carlos Flores-Mir
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maryam Amin
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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15
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Ashour NA, Ashour AA, Basha S. Association between body mass index and dental caries among special care female children in Makkah City. Ann Saudi Med 2018; 38:28-35. [PMID: 29289955 PMCID: PMC6074180 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2017.31.12.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries and obesity are multifactorial diseases with diet being a common contributory factor. OBJECTIVE The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between dental caries and obesity among special care female school children in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. DESIGN Analytical cross-sectional study. SETTING Special schools in Makkah City. STUDY POPULATION AND METHODS Schools were chosen by lottery and female children were ran.domly selected. Dental caries detection was performed according to the World Health Organization criteria. The medical evaluation assessed the body mass index (BMI). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES With appropriate sample weighting, relationships between dmft/DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth for deciduous and permanent dentition) and obesity were assessed using multilevel logistic regression. RESULTS In 275 special care children, the prevalence of dental caries was 56.7 percent. The mean dmft and DMFT scores for the entire study population were 3.9 (4.8) and 3.2 (4.1), respectively. Forty percent of children were mentally retarded, 22.2% presented with deafness, blindness or both, 18.9% presented with Down syndrome and 14.9% were autistic. From the total sample, the mean BMI was 20.2 (2.8). When adjusted for covariates, the logistic regression model showed strong association between caries and obesity (adjusted odds ratio=2.9; 95% CI=1.2-4.9). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a significant association between caries frequency and overweight/obesity in special care school children. LIMITATIONS Since the data was cross-sectional, causal relationships cannot be established and the observed association could be due to other unexplored factors. Because of cultural and ethical consideration, including segregation of gender in Saudi Arabia, only female children were included in the present study, which limited the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sakeena Basha
- Dr. Sakeena Basha, Assistant Professor,, Department of Community Dentistry,, Faculty of Dentistry,, Taif University, Taif 21431,, Saudi Arabia, M: +966538418544, , http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5281-8096
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