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Labonte-LeMoyne E, Cameron AF, Sénécal S, Fredette M, Faubert J, Lepore F, Léger PM. What's that on Your Phone? Effects of Mobile Device Task Type on Pedestrian Performance. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:1068-1080. [PMID: 36426775 PMCID: PMC10900866 DOI: 10.1177/00187208221141175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of accidents due to distracted pedestrian is on the rise and many governments and institutions are enacting public policies which restrict texting while walking. However, pedestrians do more than just texting when they use their mobile devices on the go. OBJECTIVE Exploring pedestrian multitasking, this paper aims to examine the effects of mobile device task type on pedestrian performance outcomes. METHOD We performed two studies in lab simulations where 78 participants were asked to perform different tasks on a mobile device (playing a game, reading, writing an email, texting one person, group texting) while performing a pedestrian visual discrimination task while either standing or walking on a treadmill. Behavioral performance as well as neurophysiological data are collected. RESULTS Results show that compared to a no-phone control, multitasking with any of the tasks on a mobile device leads to poor performance on a pedestrian visual discrimination task. Playing a game is the most cognitively demanding task and leads to the greatest performance degradation. CONCLUSION Our studies show that multitasking with a mobile device has the potential to negatively impact pedestrian safety, regardless of task type. However, the impacts of different mobile device tasks are not all equivalent. More research is needed to tease out the different effects of these various tasks and to design mobile applications which effectively and safely capture pedestrians' attention. APPLICATION Public policy, infrastructure, and smart technologies can be used to mitigate the negative effects of mobile multitasking. A more thorough understanding of mobile device task-specific factors at play can help tailor these counter-measures to better aid distracted pedestrians.
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Pitts J, Kannan L, Bhatt T. Cognitive Task Domain Influences Cognitive-Motor Interference during Large-Magnitude Treadmill Stance Perturbations. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7746. [PMID: 37765803 PMCID: PMC10534402 DOI: 10.3390/s23187746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Reactive balance is postulated to be attentionally demanding, although it has been underexamined in dual-tasking (DT) conditions. Further, DT studies have mainly included only one cognitive task, leaving it unknown how different cognitive domains contribute to reactive balance. This study examined how DT affected reactive responses to large-magnitude perturbations and compared cognitive-motor interference (CMI) between cognitive tasks. A total of 20 young adults aged 18-35 (40% female; 25.6 ± 3.8 y) were exposed to treadmill support surface perturbations alone (single-task (ST)) and while completing four cognitive tasks: Target, Track, Auditory Clock Test (ACT), Letter Number Sequencing (LNS). Three perturbations were delivered over 30 s in each trial. Cognitive tasks were also performed while seated and standing (ST). Compared to ST, post-perturbation MOS was lower when performing Track, and cognitive performance was reduced on the Target task during DT (p < 0.05). There was a larger decline in overall (cognitive + motor) performance from ST for both of the visuomotor tasks compared to the ACT and LNS (p < 0.05). The highest CMI was observed for visuomotor tasks; real-life visuomotor tasks could increase fall risk during daily living, especially for individuals with difficulty attending to more than one task.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanvi Bhatt
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Pelicioni PH, Chan LL, Shi S, Wong K, Kark L, Okubo Y, Brodie MA. Impact of mobile phone use on accidental falls risk in young adult pedestrians. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18366. [PMID: 37701410 PMCID: PMC10493431 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mobile phone use is known to be a distraction to pedestrians, increasing their likelihood of crossing into oncoming traffic or colliding with other people. However, the effect of using a mobile phone to text while walking on gait stability and accidental falls in young adults remains inconclusive. This study uses a 70 cm low friction slip hazard and the threat of hazard to investigate the effects of texting while walking on gait stability, the ability to recover balance after a slip hazard and accidental falls. Methods Fifty healthy young adults performed six walking tasks, and one seated texting task in random order. The walks were conducted over a 10-m walkway. Four progressive hazard levels were used: 1) Seated; 2) Normal Walk (walking across the walkway with no threat of a slip); 3) Threat (walking with the threat of a slip); and 4) Slip (walking with an actual 70 cm slip hazard). The three walking conditions were repeated twice with and without the mobile phone texting dual-task. Gait kinematics and trunk posture were recorded using wearable sensors attached to the head, trunk, pelvis and feet. Study outcomes were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with significance set to P≤.05. Results Mobile phone use significantly impaired postural balance recovery when slipping, as demonstrated by increased trunk sway. Mobile phone use negatively impacted gait stability as demonstrated by increased step time variability and decreased harmonic ratios. Increased hazard levels also led to reduced texting accuracy. Conclusions Using a mobile phone to text while walking may compete with locomotor tasks, threat assessment and postural balance control mechanisms, which leads to an increased risk of accidental falls in young adults. Pedestrians should therefore be discouraged through new educational and technology-based initiatives (for example a "texting lock" on detection of walking) from texting while walking on roadside footpaths and other environments where substantial hazards to safety exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo H.S. Pelicioni
- School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington Campus, NSW 2052, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Lloyd L.Y. Chan
- Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Shuotong Shi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington Campus, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kenny Wong
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington Campus, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lauren Kark
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington Campus, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yoshiro Okubo
- Neuroscience Research Australia, 139 Barker Street Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Brodie
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington Campus, NSW 2052, Australia
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Zhang X, Li Q, Gao P, Zhu J, Tuo H, Lin Q, Jing F, Liu W. The effect of mobile phone task and age on gait: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1163655. [PMID: 37082239 PMCID: PMC10110872 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1163655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Mobile phone usage while performing postural-locomotor tasks is everyday activity across persons of all ages in various environmental contexts and health conditions. However, it is also an important factor contributing to accidents. To lower the risk of pedestrian accidents, this meta-analysis aimed to examine how mobile phones affect pedestrian gait and identify how mobile phone tasks and participant age affect gait differently.Methods: Electronic database searches were performed in The Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Medline. Two examiners evaluated the eligibility and quality of included studies using the Downs and Black checklist. The mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated for each outcome. Subgroup analyses were used to compare the differential effects of mobile phone task and participant age on gait.Results: Among 22 eligible studies, 592 participants in 10 countries were analyzed in this meta-analysis. The overall meta-analysis showed that using a mobile phone significantly decreased pedestrian gait velocity (SMD = −1.45; 95% CI: −1.66 to −1.24; p < 0.00001; I2 = 66%), step length (SMD = −1.01; 95% CI: −1.43 to −0.59; p < 0.00001; I2 = 82%), and stride length (SMD = −0.9; 95% CI: −1.19 to −0.60; p < 0.00001; I2 = 79%), significantly increased pedestrian step time (SMD = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.45 to 1.08; p < 0.00001; I2 = 78%), stride time (SMD = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.69 to 1.06; p < 0.00001; I2 = 24%), step width (SMD = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.24; p = 0.0006. I2 = 75%), double support time (SMD = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.31; p < 0.00001; I2 = 42%), and double support (%gait cycle, %GC) (MD = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.75 to 2.88; p < 0.00001; I2 = 26%).Conclusion: In summary, the effects of mobile phone tasks and participant age on gait were inconsistent. Our study found that resource-intensive tasks (texting and reading) significantly reduced gait velocity, and step time; however, small resource-intensive tasks (calling, talking, and dialing) did not affect these outcomes. In contrast to young adults, step length and step time were not affected by mobile phone use in older adults. Tips: Pedestrians should consider using a mobile phone in their daily lives according to the application scenarios (walking environment, the complexity of mobile phone tasks, pedestrians’ task processing abilities, etc.) as appropriate to avoid dangerous accidents.Systematic Review Registration: identifier CRD42022358963.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Physical Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Pincao Gao
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- College of Rehabilitation and Health, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jialin Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Haowen Tuo
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Qihan Lin
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Feiyue Jing
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- *Correspondence: Feiyue Jing, ; Weiguo Liu,
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
- *Correspondence: Feiyue Jing, ; Weiguo Liu,
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Bruyneel AV, Reinmann A, Gafner SC, Sandoz JD, Duclos NC. Does texting while walking affect spatiotemporal gait parameters in healthy adults, older people, and persons with motor or cognitive disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 2023; 100:284-301. [PMID: 36696854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smartphone use during postural-locomotor tasks is an everyday activity for individuals of all ages in diverse environmental situations and with various health conditions. Nevertheless, the use of smartphones during walking is responsible for many accidents. RESEARCH QUESTION This systematic review and meta-analysis examined spatiotemporal gait parameters during the dual-task situation "texting + gait" versus isolated gait task (single task) in adult persons (>18 years). METHODS Electronic database searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, and LISSA. Two examiners assessed the eligibility and quality of appraisal with the Downs and Black checklist. The standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95 % confidence intervals was calculated to compare single- and dual-task situations. The pooled estimates of the overall effect were computed using a random or fixed effects method, and forest plots were generated. RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE A total of 25 studies were included. All studies included healthy adults, with four studies including older persons and three including people with pathological conditions. The walking task was with (N = 4) and without (N = 21) obstacles and in laboratory (N = 21) or ecological conditions (N = 7). The quality scores were 6-8/16 for eight studies, 9-12/16 for seven studies, and more than 12/16 for three studies. During the "texting + gait" tasks, the meta-analysis highlighted a significant impairment of gait speed, step and stride length, cadence, and double and single support (p < 0.05). The spatiotemporal parameters of gait were systematically altered during the texting task regardless of the population and test conditions. However, the quality of the studies is moderate, and few studies have been conducted for people with motor deficiencies. The impact of texting on walking should be better considered to develop prevention actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Violette Bruyneel
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Switzerland.
| | - Aline Reinmann
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Switzerland.
| | - Simone C Gafner
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-David Sandoz
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Switzerland.
| | - Noémie C Duclos
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, Team ACTIVE, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; Univ.Bordeaux, Collège Sciences de la santé, Institut Universitaire des Sciences de la Réadaptation, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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6
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Piazza AJ, Knowlden AP, Hibberd E, Leeper J, Paschal AM, Usdan S. Distracted mobile device use among street-crossing college student pedestrians: an observational approach. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:2135-2142. [PMID: 33258736 PMCID: PMC10131086 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1845182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence of mobile device use among street-crossing pedestrians and explore differences by sex and intersection type at a large public South-eastern university in the United States.ParticipantsAll instances of campus pedestrians crossing the street during the observation period (N = 4,878).MethodsVideo recordings of crosswalk activity at four locations were analyzed for pedestrian use of a mobile device while crossing.ResultsDevice use while crossing was observed 1,201 (24.6%) times. Of male crossing instances, 277 (16.8%) were coded as using a device. Of female instances, 924 (28.6%) were coded as using a device. Differences in device use while crossing were found between sexes and some intersection types.ConclusionsThis study estimates mobile device use while crossing the street and suggests differences by sex and intersection type. Future research should focus on improving understanding of the problem and evaluation of interventions to address the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Piazza
- Department of Health Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Adam P. Knowlden
- Department of Health Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hibberd
- Department of Health Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - James Leeper
- Department of Community Medicine and Population Health, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Angelia M. Paschal
- Department of Health Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Stuart Usdan
- Department of Health Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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Standing Posture in Motor and Cognitive Dual-Tasks during Smartphone Use: Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of Postural Control. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:1021-1033. [PMID: 36005222 PMCID: PMC9407520 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12080073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the center of pressure (CoP) during cognitive or motor dual-tasking is widely used to characterize postural control. Most studies use traditional measures of CoP to quantify postural control, but given its complexity, nonlinear analysis of CoP is of growing interest in the area. This study aims to analyze CoP behavior in healthy young adults during standing posture performance while simultaneously performing motor or cognitive tasks on a smartphone, using linear and nonlinear analysis of CoP. Thirty-six healthy participants (23.08 ± 3.92 years) were found eligible for this study. They performed a single task (ST), cognitive dual-task (cog-DT), and motor dual-task (mot-DT). The total excursion of CoP, displacement of CoP in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions, mean total velocity of CoP, and mean anterior-posterior and medial-lateral velocities of CoP were measured with a force plate. Approximate entropy (ApEn) of the anterior-posterior (ApEn-AP) and medial-lateral (ApEn-ML) displacement of CoP were also calculated. The results showed that dual-task costs for the total excursion, displacement in the anterior-posterior direction, mean total velocity, and mean anterior-posterior velocity of CoP were greater during the cog-DT than the mot-DT (p < 0.05). In the nonlinear analysis of the CoP, there was no difference (p > 0.05) between the cog-DT and mot-DT for ApEn values of the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral time series of the CoP. Both linear and nonlinear analyses showed differences between the cog-DT and ST (p < 0.05), revealing a decline in postural control during the cog-DT compared with the ST. In conclusion, performing a cog-DT causes sway impairments and lower postural control efficacy compared with motor single and dual-tasks. Furthermore, both linear and nonlinear analyses were able to distinguish between conditions.
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The Impact of Using Mobile Phones on Gait Characteristics: A Narrative Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to summarize the research status and reveal the impact of mobile phone use on gait characteristics by reviewing the existing studies in terms of research status, participants, independent variables, dependent variables, main findings, etc. Twenty-nine studies which investigated the impact of using mobile phones on gait characteristics were identified through a literature search. The majority of these studies examined the effects of mobile phone use on gait characteristics in young people. The preliminary results showed that walking while using a mobile phone has significant impacts on gait. It can decrease gait velocity, cadence, step length and stride length, along with significantly increasing step width, step time and double support time. The results varied among different mobile phone usage, which resulted from the different motor and mental demands. Additionally, age and environment could affect the results as well. As well as the kinematic characteristics, we suggest that kinetic and EMG analysis are conducted in future studies.
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Crowley P, Vuillerme N, Samani A, Madeleine P. The effects of walking speed and mobile phone use on the walking dynamics of young adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1237. [PMID: 33441673 PMCID: PMC7806980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Walking while using a mobile phone has been shown to affect the walking dynamics of young adults. However, this has only been investigated using treadmill walking at a fixed walking speed. In this study, the dynamics of over ground walking were investigated using lower trunk acceleration measured over 12 consecutive trials, following differing walking speed and mobile phone use instructions. Higher walking speed significantly increased the proportion of acceleration along the vertical measurement axis, while decreasing the proportion of acceleration along the anteroposterior axis (p < 0.001). Moreover, higher walking speed also resulted in increased sample entropy along all measurement axes (p < 0.05). When walking while texting, the maximum Lyapunov exponent increased along the anteroposterior and vertical measurement axes (p < 0.05), while sample entropy decreased significantly along the vertical axis (p < 0.001). Walking speed and mobile phone use both affect the walking dynamics of young adults. Walking while texting appears to produce a reduction in local dynamic stability and an increase in regularity, however, caution is required when interpreting the extent of this task effect, since walking speed also affected walking dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Crowley
- Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. .,University of Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, Grenoble, France. .,The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Nicolas Vuillerme
- Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,University of Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, Grenoble, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,LabCom Telecom4Health, University of Grenoble Alpes and Orange Labs, Grenoble, France
| | - Afshin Samani
- Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Sport Sciences - Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Zheng H, Song Q, Zhang C, Sun W, Mao M, Zhang X, Zhu X, Ma G, Mao D. The effect of text-based math task on dynamic stability control during stair descent. J Biomech 2020; 113:110088. [PMID: 33166846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stair descent imposes a significant challenge for dynamic stability among young adults. The effect of a concurrent text-based math task on dynamic stability control remains unclear during stair descent when considering the influence of gait velocity. Twenty-six participants performed three successful stair descent trials under TEXTING or NO-TEXTING conditions at their preferred speed. Synchronous kinematics and kinetics were collected by an eight-camera Vicon infrared motion capture system and two force platforms. Repeated measures analysis of covariance and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to analyze the differences between the two different task conditions with gait velocity as a covariate. The outcomes indicated that under TEXTING condition, sagittal margin of stability increased at right-foot-landing; step cadence, double-support percentage, sagittal and frontal joint moment decreased; and sagittal and frontal joint angles were also modified. It is concluded that concurrent TEXTING impaired sagittal and frontal stability control during stair descent despite slowing down the step cadence. Knee and ankle joint adjustment strategies were mainly adopted in response to stability control in the sagittal plane with the interference of TEXTING, whereas the hip joint adjustment strategy was adopted in the frontal plane. In conclusion, texting behaviors on mobile phones should be minimized during stair descent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cui Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Sport Science, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China.
| | - Min Mao
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, United States
| | - Xiuqi Zhu
- Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Gang Ma
- Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Dewei Mao
- Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
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Caramia C, D'Anna C, Ranaldi S, Schmid M, Conforto S. Smartphone-Based Answering to School Subject Questions Alters Gait in Young Digital Natives. Front Public Health 2020; 8:187. [PMID: 32582605 PMCID: PMC7295983 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphone texting while walking is a very common activity among people of different ages, with the so-called "digital natives" being the category most used to interacting with an electronic device during daily activities, mostly for texting purposes. Previous studies have shown how the concurrency of a smartphone-related task and walking can result in a worsening of stability and an increased risk of injuries for adults; an investigation of whether this effect can be identified also in people of a younger age can improve our understanding of the risks associated with this common activity. In this study, we recruited 29 young adolescents (12 ± 1 years) to test whether walking with a smartphone increases fall and injuries risk, and to quantify this effect. To do so, participants were asked to walk along a walkway, with and without the concurrent writing task on a smartphone; several different parameters linked to stability and risk of fall measures were then calculated from an inertial measurement unit and compared between conditions. Smartphone use determined a reduction of spatio-temporal parameters, including step length (from 0.64 ± 0.08 to 0.55 ± 0.06 m) and gait speed (1.23 ± 0.16 to 0.90 ± 0.16 m/s), and a general worsening of selected indicators of gait stability. This was found to be mostly independent from experience or frequency of use, suggesting that the presence of smartphone activities while walking may determine an increased risk of injury or falls also for a population that grew up being used to this concurrency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen D'Anna
- Engineering Department, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Ranaldi
- Engineering Department, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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Smartphone Use and Postural Balance in Healthy Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093307. [PMID: 32397463 PMCID: PMC7246876 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining an upright posture while talking or texting on the phone is a frequent dual-task demand. Using a within-subjects design, the aim of the present study was to assess the impact of a smartphone conversation or message texting on standing plantar pressure and postural balance performance in healthy young adults. Thirty-five subjects (mean age 21.37 ± 1.11 years) were included in this study. Simultaneous foot plantar pressure and stabilometric analysis were performed using the PoData system, under three conditions: no phone (control), talking on a smartphone (talk) and texting and sending a text message via a smartphone (text). Stabilometric parameters (center of pressure (CoP) path length, 90% confidence area and maximum CoP speed) were significantly affected by the use of different smartphone functions (p < 0.0001). The CoP path length and maximum CoP speed were significantly higher under the talk and text conditions when compared to the control. CoP path length, 90% confidence area and maximum CoP speed were significantly increased in talk compared to text and control. Talking on the phone also influenced the weight distribution on the left foot first metatarsal head and heel as compared with message texting. Postural stability in healthy young adults was significantly affected by talking and texting on a smartphone. Talking on the phone proved to be more challenging.
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13
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Caramia C, Bibbo D, D'Anna C, Marchis CD, Ranaldi S, Varrecchia T, Conforto S, Schmid M. Wearable-based Temporal Parameters of Gait in Circuitous Routes under Dual-Task Conditions. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:1224-1227. [PMID: 31946113 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
12 young adults were requested to walk along a circuitous path including turns, slaloms, stair ascending and descending, while wearing an inertial sensor placed on the back at the lumbar level. The path was completed under two conditions: with no additive cognitive task, and while performing a cognitive task and texting on a smartphone. Different temporal global parameters of gait were extracted from the inertial sensor data, to check for differences driven by the presence of the cognitive task. Regularity, durations, and temporal characteristics of gait resulted significantly affected from the presence of the additional task, and this effect was only in part due to a modification coming from the decrease in walking speed.
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14
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Lin CC, Whitney SL, Loughlin PJ, Furman JM, Redfern MS, Sienko KH, Sparto PJ. The Use of Vibrotactile Feedback During Dual-Task Standing Balance Conditions in People With Unilateral Vestibular Hypofunction. Otol Neurotol 2019; 39:e349-e356. [PMID: 29595580 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS People with unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH) would have increased postural sway and slower reaction times while using vibrotactile feedback (VTF) during dual-task conditions compared with age-matched controls. BACKGROUND VTF has been shown to improve real-time balance performance in persons with vestibular disorders. Future use of this technology outside of the laboratory environment as a real-time balance aid requires that using VTF during dual-tasking scenarios be studied. METHOD Nine people with UVH and nine age-matched controls participated in a study focused on assessing the effects of a secondary cognitive task and sensory integration conditions on the root-mean-square of center of pressure (RMS COP) while using VTF. Reaction times from the secondary cognitive task were used to assess the effects of VTF, and sensory integration conditions on the attention required to perform the task. RESULTS The results showed that there was no group difference between individuals with UVH and age-matched controls on balance performance while using VTF during dual-task conditions. Using VTF significantly degraded the reaction time performance in both groups, and the participants with UVH had slower reaction times compared with controls. CONCLUSION People with UVH showed the ability to use VTF to control balance during dual-task conditions, but more attentional resources were needed to perform the secondary cognitive tasks while using VTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cheng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, North Carolina
| | - Susan L Whitney
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otolaryngology
| | | | - Joseph M Furman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otolaryngology.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark S Redfern
- Department of Otolaryngology.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathleen H Sienko
- Departments of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Patrick J Sparto
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otolaryngology.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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15
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Komisar V, McIlroy WE, Duncan CA. Individual, task, and environmental influences on balance recovery: a narrative review of the literature and implications for preventing occupational falls. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2019.1634160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Komisar
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | | | - Carolyn A. Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI
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16
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Crowley P, Madeleine P, Vuillerme N. The effects of mobile phone use on walking: a dual task study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:352. [PMID: 31227009 PMCID: PMC6588868 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effects of walking at different speeds while using a mobile phone on spatiotemporal stride parameters among young adults. Ten participants (7 male, 3 female; age = 24.7 ± 4.4 years, mean ± 1SD) completed 12 walking trials. Trials consisted of tasks performed at both normal and fast walking speeds-walking only, walking while texting, and walking while talking on a mobile phone. Gait velocity, stride length, cadence, and double support time were computed using data from accelerometers on either shoe. RESULTS The effects of distracted walking were not significantly larger when performed at a self-selected fast walking speed compared with a normal walking speed. However, walking while texting produced significant decreases in gait velocity, stride length, and cadence, with a significant increase in double support time at both walking speeds. Moreover texting increased the size of the relative variability of walking, observed through a significant increase in the coefficient of variation of cadence, stride length, and double support time. The observed changes may be suggestive of compromised balance when walking while texting regardless of walking speed. This may place the individual at a greater risk of, slips, trips and falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Crowley
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, Grenoble, France. .,Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. .,The National Research Centre for the Work Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Vuillerme
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, Grenoble, France.,Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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17
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Chopra P, Castelli DM, Dingwell JB. Cognitively Demanding Object Negotiation While Walking and Texting. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17880. [PMID: 30552394 PMCID: PMC6294810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell phone related pedestrian injuries are increasing, but the underlying causes remain unclear. Here, we studied how cell phone use directly affected obstacle avoidance ability. Thirty healthy adults participated. Cognitive capacity was quantified using standard tests. Participants walked on a treadmill in a virtual reality environment with and without performing a texting-like cell phone task. Participants also navigated either ‘no’, ‘simple’ or ‘complex’ object negotiation tasks that directly manipulated the cognitive complexity of this object negotiation task. Cell phone use led to more collisions, delayed responses, and increased variability of responses when navigating objects. Mean object avoidance responses were further delayed for the cognitively more complex object negotiation task. Individuals’ baseline attentional capacity inversely predicted the number of object collisions when participants used the cell phone. Individuals with higher cognitive flexibility (i.e., better ability to switch between tasks) performed better on the cell phone task when they had to negotiate obstacles. Importantly, cognitive ability predicted performance only when both tasks (texting and negotiating objects) were being performed. Thus, using a cell phone while walking introduces a visual distraction that impairs healthy adults’ ability to respond to cognitively demanding object negotiation tasks in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chopra
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Darla M Castelli
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jonathan B Dingwell
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16803, USA.
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18
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Smartphone use during ambulation and pedestrian trauma: A public health concern. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018; 85:1092-1101. [PMID: 30124625 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000002051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Everyday multitasking habits: University students seamlessly text and walk on a split-belt treadmill. Gait Posture 2018; 59:168-173. [PMID: 29032000 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
With increasing numbers of adults owning a cell phone, walking while texting has become common in daily life. Previous research has shown that walking is not entirely automated and when challenged with a secondary task, normal walking patterns are disrupted. This study investigated the effects of texting on the walking patterns of healthy young adults while walking on a split-belt treadmill. Following full adaptation to the split-belt treadmill, thirteen healthy adults (23±3years) walked on a tied-belt and split-belt treadmill, both with and without a simultaneous texting task. Inertial-based movement monitors recorded spatiotemporal components of gait and stability. Measures of spatial and temporal gait symmetry were calculated to compare gait patterns between treadmill (tied-belt and split-belt) and between texting (absent or present) conditions. Typing speed and accuracy were recorded to monitor texting performance. Similar to previous research, the split-belt treadmill caused an alteration to both spatial and temporal aspects of gait, but not to time spent in dual support or stability. However, all participants successfully maintained balance while walking and were able to perform the texting task with no significant change to accuracy or speed on either treadmill. From this paradigm it is evident that when university students are challenged to text while walking on either a tied-belt or split-belt treadmill, without any other distraction, their gait is minimally affected and they are able to maintain texting performance.
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20
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Caramia C, Bernabucci I, D'Anna C, De Marchis C, Schmid M. Gait parameters are differently affected by concurrent smartphone-based activities with scaled levels of cognitive effort. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185825. [PMID: 29023456 PMCID: PMC5638288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread and pervasive use of smartphones for sending messages, calling, and entertainment purposes, mainly among young adults, is often accompanied by the concurrent execution of other tasks. Recent studies have analyzed how texting, reading or calling while walking–in some specific conditions–might significantly influence gait parameters. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of different smartphone activities on walking, evaluating the variations of several gait parameters. 10 young healthy students (all smartphone proficient users) were instructed to text chat (with two different levels of cognitive load), call, surf on a social network or play with a math game while walking in a real-life outdoor setting. Each of these activities is characterized by a different cognitive load. Using an inertial measurement unit on the lower trunk, spatio-temporal gait parameters, together with regularity, symmetry and smoothness parameters, were extracted and grouped for comparison among normal walking and different dual task demands. An overall significant effect of task type on the aforementioned parameters group was observed. The alterations in gait parameters vary as a function of cognitive effort. In particular, stride frequency, step length and gait speed show a decrement, while step time increases as a function of cognitive effort. Smoothness, regularity and symmetry parameters are significantly altered for specific dual task conditions, mainly along the mediolateral direction. These results may lead to a better understanding of the possible risks related to walking and concurrent smartphone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Caramia
- Department of Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Carmen D'Anna
- Department of Engineering, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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21
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Stavrinos D, Pope CN, Shen J, Schwebel DC. Distracted Walking, Bicycling, and Driving: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mobile Technology and Youth Crash Risk. Child Dev 2017; 89:118-128. [PMID: 28504303 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article examined the impact of mobile technology on young pedestrians, bicyclists, and drivers. A systematic search yielded 41 articles meeting inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed, published before February 1, 2016, behavioral outcome related to pedestrian, bicycling, or driving in the presence of mobile technology use, youth sample. Eleven studies were meta-analyzed to evaluate increased risk for crash/near-crash while distracted. Risk of bias and quality of research were assessed. Across methodologies, developmental stages, and type of distracting task, mobile technology use impairs youth safety on the road. Quality of evidence was low (pedestrian) to moderate (driving). Findings are discussed from the perspective of cognitive and visual distractions. Policy and behavioral efforts should continue to reduce mobile technology use in transportation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiabin Shen
- Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
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22
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Laatar R, Kachouri H, Borji R, Rebai H, Sahli S. The effect of cell phone use on postural balance and mobility in older compared to young adults. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:293-297. [PMID: 28238776 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell phone use is considered as an essential part of everyday life saturating all age groups and demographics. This study aimed to explore the effect of various cell phone functions on postural control and mobility in the elderly. Twenty healthy older (mean age 72.5±2.9) and twenty young (26.3±2.8) adults participated in this study. Postural balance was assessed by measuring the center of pressure (CoP) displacement with (talking on a cell phone (CONVERSE), dialing a number (DIAL) and listening to music (MUSIC)) and without cell phone use. Mobility was assessed by the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT). Results showed that for both groups, the CoP parameters increased significantly during the CONVERSE (p<0.001) and the DIAL (CoParea, CoPX: p<0.05; CoPY: p<0.01) conditions compared to the control condition. Moreover, the CoParea values were significantly higher during the CONVERSE condition in comparison to the DIAL (p<0.05) one. In older adults, the TUGT scores increased significantly in the DIAL (p<0.01) condition compared to the CONVERSE and the MUSIC conditions. In conclusion, cell phone use impairs similarly standing postural balance of elderly and young adults. Interestingly, in the elderly, all cell phone functions used altered mobility with the dialing function causing the largest mobility deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeb Laatar
- Research Unit: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Hiba Kachouri
- Research Unit: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Rihab Borji
- Research Unit: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Unit: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Unit: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
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23
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Krasovsky T, Weiss PL, Kizony R. A narrative review of texting as a visually-dependent cognitive-motor secondary task during locomotion. Gait Posture 2017; 52:354-362. [PMID: 28043057 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Typing while walking is an example of people's ability to interact with technology while engaged in real life activities. Indeed, an increasing number of studies have investigated the typing of text messages (texting) as a dual task during locomotion. The objective of this review is to (1) describe the task requirements of texting-while-walking, (2) evaluate the measurement and psychometric properties of texting as a dual task, and (3) formulate methodological recommendations for researchers who use and report on texting-while-walking. Twenty studies which used texting as a dual task during gait were identified via a literature search. The majority of these studies examined texting among young healthy adults and showed that, like other dual tasks, texting-while-walking caused decrements in both gait and texting performance. The cause of these decrements was most likely related to increased visual task requirements, task-dependent cognitive requirements and fine motor skills. Texting-while-walking gait measures were repeatable, but texting performance showed poor reliability which further depended on skill. Preliminary results show that texting-while-walking performance may discriminate between populations (e.g., young vs. older adults) but no studies have yet examined its predictive validity (e.g., for fall risk). In conclusion, texting-while-walking is an ecologically-valid dual task for locomotion which has become much more commonly used in recent years. As opposed to other secondary tasks such as subtraction by 7 or generating words, texting may challenge various cognitive, visual and sensorimotor domains depending on its content. This imposes task-specific methodological challenges on future research, which are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Krasovsky
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Pediatric Rehabilitation Department, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer), Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - P L Weiss
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - R Kizony
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer), Ramat-Gan, Israel
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