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Singh M, Raseley K, Perez AM, MacKenzie D, Kosiyatrakul ST, Desai S, Batista N, Guru N, Loomba KK, Abid HZ, Wang Y, Udo-Bellner L, Stout RF, Schildkraut CL, Xiao M, Zhang D. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of the breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle using a CRISPR-dCas9 cellular model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.03.587951. [PMID: 38617299 PMCID: PMC11014597 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.587951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) is frequently observed in many tumors. The breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle has been proposed to be one of the main drivers of CIN during tumorigenesis and tumor evolution. However, the detailed mechanisms for the individual steps of the BFB cycle warrants further investigation. Here, we demonstrated that a nuclease-dead Cas9 (dCas9) coupled with a telomere-specific single-guide RNA (sgTelo) can be used to model the BFB cycle. First, we showed that targeting dCas9 to telomeres using sgTelo impeded DNA replication at telomeres and induced a pronounced increase of replication stress and DNA damage. Using Single-Molecule Telomere Assay via Optical Mapping (SMTA-OM), we investigated the genome-wide features of telomeres in the dCas9/sgTelo cells and observed a dramatic increase of chromosome end fusions, including fusion/ITS+ and fusion/ITS-.Consistently, we also observed an increase in the formation of dicentric chromosomes, anaphase bridges, and intercellular telomeric chromosome bridges (ITCBs). Utilizing the dCas9/sgTelo system, we uncovered many novel molecular and structural features of the ITCB and demonstrated that multiple DNA repair pathways are implicated in the formation of ITCBs. Our studies shed new light on the molecular mechanisms of the BFB cycle, which will advance our understanding of tumorigenesis, tumor evolution, and drug resistance.
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2
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Chang E, An JY. Whole-genome doubling is a double-edged sword: the heterogeneous role of whole-genome doubling in various cancer types. BMB Rep 2024; 57:125-134. [PMID: 38449300 PMCID: PMC10979346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome doubling (WGD), characterized by the duplication of an entire set of chromosomes, is commonly observed in various tumors, occurring in approximately 30-40% of patients with different cancer types. The effect of WGD on tumorigenesis varies depending on the context, either promoting or suppressing tumor progression. Recent advances in genomic technologies and large-scale clinical investigations have led to the identification of the complex patterns of genomic alterations underlying WGD and their functional consequences on tumorigenesis progression and prognosis. Our comprehensive review aims to summarize the causes and effects of WGD on tumorigenesis, highlighting its dualistic influence on cancer cells. We then introduce recent findings on WGD-associated molecular signatures and genetic aberrations and a novel subtype related to WGD. Finally, we discuss the clinical implications of WGD in cancer subtype classification and future therapeutic interventions. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of WGD in cancer biology is crucial to unraveling its complex role in tumorigenesis and identifying novel therapeutic strategies. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(3): 125-134].
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhyong Chang
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- L-HOPE Program for Community-Based Total Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Joon-Yong An
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- L-HOPE Program for Community-Based Total Learning Health Systems, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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3
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Bhatia S, Khanna KK, Duijf PHG. Targeting chromosomal instability and aneuploidy in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:210-224. [PMID: 38355324 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer development and therapy resistance are driven by chromosomal instability (CIN), which causes chromosome gains and losses (i.e., aneuploidy) and structural chromosomal alterations. Technical limitations and knowledge gaps have delayed therapeutic targeting of CIN and aneuploidy in cancers. However, our toolbox for creating and studying aneuploidy in cell models has greatly expanded recently. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that seven conventional antimitotic chemotherapeutic drugs achieve clinical response by inducing CIN instead of mitotic arrest, although additional anticancer activities may also contribute in vivo. In this review, we discuss these recent developments. We also highlight new discoveries, which together show that 25 chromosome arm aneuploidies (CAAs) may be targetable by 36 drugs across 14 types of cancer. Collectively, these advances offer many new opportunities to improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Bhatia
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health and Centre for Biomedical Technologies at the Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Pascal H G Duijf
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health and Centre for Biomedical Technologies at the Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Centre for Cancer Biology, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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4
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Khan SU, Fatima K, Aisha S, Malik F. Unveiling the mechanisms and challenges of cancer drug resistance. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:109. [PMID: 38347575 PMCID: PMC10860306 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment faces many hurdles and resistance is one among them. Anti-cancer treatment strategies are evolving due to innate and acquired resistance capacity, governed by genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, metabolic, or microenvironmental cues that ultimately enable selected cancer cells to survive and progress under unfavorable conditions. Although the mechanism of drug resistance is being widely studied to generate new target-based drugs with better potency than existing ones. However, due to the broader flexibility in acquired drug resistance, advanced therapeutic options with better efficacy need to be explored. Combination therapy is an alternative with a better success rate though the risk of amplified side effects is commonplace. Moreover, recent groundbreaking precision immune therapy is one of the ways to overcome drug resistance and has revolutionized anticancer therapy to a greater extent with the only limitation of being individual-specific and needs further attention. This review will focus on the challenges and strategies opted by cancer cells to withstand the current therapies at the molecular level and also highlights the emerging therapeutic options -like immunological, and stem cell-based options that may prove to have better potential to challenge the existing problem of therapy resistance. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Ullah Khan
- Division of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Shariqa Aisha
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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5
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Coy S, Cheng B, Lee JS, Rashid R, Browning L, Xu Y, Chakrabarty SS, Yapp C, Chan S, Tefft JB, Scott E, Spektor A, Ligon KL, Baker GJ, Pellman D, Sorger PK, Santagata S. 2D and 3D multiplexed subcellular profiling of nuclear instability in human cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566063. [PMID: 37986801 PMCID: PMC10659270 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear atypia, including altered nuclear size, contour, and chromatin organization, is ubiquitous in cancer cells. Atypical primary nuclei and micronuclei can rupture during interphase; however, the frequency, causes, and consequences of nuclear rupture are unknown in most cancers. We demonstrate that nuclear envelope rupture is surprisingly common in many human cancers, particularly glioblastoma. Using highly-multiplexed 2D and super-resolution 3D-imaging of glioblastoma tissues and patient-derived xenografts and cells, we link primary nuclear rupture with reduced lamin A/C and micronuclear rupture with reduced lamin B1. Moreover, ruptured glioblastoma cells activate cGAS-STING-signaling involved in innate immunity. We observe that local patterning of cell states influences tumor spatial organization and is linked to both lamin expression and rupture frequency, with neural-progenitor-cell-like states exhibiting the lowest lamin A/C levels and greatest susceptibility to primary nuclear rupture. Our study reveals that nuclear instability is a core feature of cancer, and links nuclear integrity, cell state, and immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Coy
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Cheng
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rumana Rashid
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay Browning
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yilin Xu
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sankha S. Chakrabarty
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Chan
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliann B. Tefft
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Scott
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Spektor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith L. Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory J. Baker
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Pellman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Peter K. Sorger
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Albert O, Sun S, Huttner A, Zhang Z, Suh Y, Campisi J, Vijg J, Montagna C. Chromosome instability and aneuploidy in the mammalian brain. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:32. [PMID: 37910282 PMCID: PMC10833588 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
This review investigates the role of aneuploidy and chromosome instability (CIN) in the aging brain. Aneuploidy refers to an abnormal chromosomal count, deviating from the normal diploid set. It can manifest as either a deficiency or excess of chromosomes. CIN encompasses a broader range of chromosomal alterations, including aneuploidy as well as structural modifications in DNA. We provide an overview of the state-of-the-art methodologies utilized for studying aneuploidy and CIN in non-tumor somatic tissues devoid of clonally expanded populations of aneuploid cells.CIN and aneuploidy, well-established hallmarks of cancer cells, are also associated with the aging process. In non-transformed cells, aneuploidy can contribute to functional impairment and developmental disorders. Despite the importance of understanding the prevalence and specific consequences of aneuploidy and CIN in the aging brain, these aspects remain incompletely understood, emphasizing the need for further scientific investigations.This comprehensive review consolidates the present understanding, addresses discrepancies in the literature, and provides valuable insights for future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Albert
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shixiang Sun
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anita Huttner
- Yale Brain Tumor Center, Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yousin Suh
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jan Vijg
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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7
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Ryu J, Lee SH, Kim S, Jeong JW, Kim KS, Nam S, Kim JE. Urban dust particles disrupt mitotic progression by dysregulating Aurora kinase B-related functions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132238. [PMID: 37586242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), a major component of outdoor air pollution, damages DNA and increases the risk of cancer. Although the harmful effects of PM at the genomic level are known, the detailed mechanism by which PM affects chromosomal stability remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the novel effects of PM on mitotic progression and identified the underlying mechanisms. Gene set enrichment analysis of lung cancer patients residing in countries with high PM concentrations revealed the downregulation of genes associated with mitosis and mitotic structures. We also showed that exposure of lung cancer cells in vitro to urban dust particles (UDPs) inhibits cell proliferation through a prolonged M phase. The mitotic spindles in UDP-treated cells were hyperstabilized, and the number of centrioles increased. The rate of ingression of the cleavage furrow and actin clearance from the polar cortex was reduced significantly. The defects in mitotic progression were attributed to inactivation of Aurora B at kinetochore during early mitosis, and spindle midzone and midbody during late mitosis. While previous studies demonstrated possible links between PM and mitosis, they did not specifically identify the dysregulation of spatiotemporal dynamics of mitotic proteins and structures (e.g., microtubules, centrosomes, cleavage furrow, and equatorial and polar cortex), which results in the accumulation of chromosomal instability, ultimately contributing to carcinogenicity. The data highlight the novel scientific problem of PM-induced mitotic disruption. Additionally, we introduce a practical visual method for assessing the genotoxic outcomes of airborne pollutants, which has implications for future environmental and public health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewook Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyeon Kim
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, AI Convergence Center for Medical Science, Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, the Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Nam
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, AI Convergence Center for Medical Science, Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, the Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, the Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Eun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea.
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8
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Sasaki N, Homme M, Kitajima S. Targeting the loss of cGAS/STING signaling in cancer. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:3806-3815. [PMID: 37475576 PMCID: PMC10551601 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS/STING pathway provides a key host defense mechanism by detecting the accumulation of cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and mediating innate and adaptive immune signaling. In addition to detecting pathogen-derived dsDNA, cGAS senses intrinsic dsDNA, such as those associated with defective cell cycle progression and mitophagy that has leaked from the nucleus or mitochondria, and subsequently evokes host immunity to eliminate pathogenic cells. In cancer cells, dysregulation of DNA repair and cell cycle caused at the DNA replication checkpoint and spindle assembly checkpoint results in aberrant cytoplasmic dsDNA accumulation, stimulating anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, the suppression of cGAS/STING signaling is beneficial for survival and frequently observed in cancer cells as a way to evade detection by the immune system, and is likely to be related to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) resistance. Indeed, the mechanisms of ICB resistance overlap with those acquired in cancers during immunoediting to evade immune surveillance. This review highlights the current understanding of cGAS/STING suppression in cancer cells and discusses how to establish effective strategies to regenerate effective anti-tumor immunity through reactivation of the cGAS/STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobunari Sasaki
- Department of Cell BiologyCancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Mizuki Homme
- Department of Cell BiologyCancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Shunsuke Kitajima
- Department of Cell BiologyCancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
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Mandriota SJ, Sappino AP. The postulated innocuity of lifetime exposure to aluminium should be reappraised. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1159899. [PMID: 37554161 PMCID: PMC10406518 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1159899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its chemical versatility and abundance in nature, aluminium is employed in a myriad of frequently used products - including cosmetics and food additives - and applications - drinking water purification procedures being an example. Despite what its widespread use might suggest, aluminium's harmlessness is a matter of debate in the scientific community. In this article we trace the lines of a growing questioning about the potential mutagenic effects of this metal, due to the data produced over the recent years, and with an eye to the discussions currently underway in this regard between the scientific community, industry, and regulatory bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano J. Mandriota
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland
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10
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Hauf S. An unexpected timer for cell division. Nature 2023; 617:39-40. [PMID: 37101067 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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11
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Lau TY, Poon RY. Whole-Genome Duplication and Genome Instability in Cancer Cells: Double the Trouble. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043733. [PMID: 36835147 PMCID: PMC9959281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is one of the most common genomic abnormalities in cancers. WGD can provide a source of redundant genes to buffer the deleterious effect of somatic alterations and facilitate clonal evolution in cancer cells. The extra DNA and centrosome burden after WGD is associated with an elevation of genome instability. Causes of genome instability are multifaceted and occur throughout the cell cycle. Among these are DNA damage caused by the abortive mitosis that initially triggers tetraploidization, replication stress and DNA damage associated with an enlarged genome, and chromosomal instability during the subsequent mitosis in the presence of extra centrosomes and altered spindle morphology. Here, we chronicle the events after WGD, from tetraploidization instigated by abortive mitosis including mitotic slippage and cytokinesis failure to the replication of the tetraploid genome, and finally, to the mitosis in the presence of supernumerary centrosomes. A recurring theme is the ability of some cancer cells to overcome the obstacles in place for preventing WGD. The underlying mechanisms range from the attenuation of the p53-dependent G1 checkpoint to enabling pseudobipolar spindle formation via the clustering of supernumerary centrosomes. These survival tactics and the resulting genome instability confer a subset of polyploid cancer cells proliferative advantage over their diploid counterparts and the development of therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Yin Lau
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Randy Y.C. Poon
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-2358-8718
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12
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Wang C, Qin X, Guo W, Wang J, Liu L, Fang Z, Yuan H, Fan Y, Xu D. The chromosomal instability 25 gene signature is identified in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and serves as a predictor for survival and Sunitinib response. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1133902. [PMID: 37197417 PMCID: PMC10183591 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a cancer hallmark and it is difficult to directly measure its phenotype, while a CIN25 gene signature was established to do so in several cancer types. However, it is currently unclear whether there exists this signature in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and if so, which biological and clinical implications it has. Methods Transcriptomic profiling was performed on 10 ccRCC tumors and matched renal non-tumorous tissues (NTs) for CIN25 signature analyses. TCGA and E-MBAT1980 ccRCC cohorts were analyzed for the presence of CIN25 signature, CIN25 score-based ccRCC classification, and association with molecular alterations and overall or progression-free survival (OS or PFS). IMmotion150 and 151 cohorts of ccRCC patients treated with Sunitinib were analyzed for the CIN25 impact on Sunitinib response and survival. Results The transcriptomic analysis of 10 patient samples showed robustly upregulated expression of the CIN25 signature genes in ccRCC tumors, which were further confirmed in TCGA and E-MBAT1980 ccRCC cohorts. Based on their expression heterogeneity, ccRCC tumors were categorized into CIN25-C1 (low) and C2 (high) subtypes. The CIN25-C2 subtype was associated with significantly shorter patient OS and PFS, and characterized by increased telomerase activity, proliferation, stemness and EMT. The CIN25 signature reflects not only a CIN phenotype, but also levels of the whole genomic instability including mutation burden, microsatellite instability and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). Importantly, the CIN25 score was significantly associated with Sunitinib response and survival. In IMmotion151 cohort, patients in the CIN25-C1 group exhibited 2-fold higher remission rate than those in the CIN25-C2 group (P = 0.0004) and median PFS in these two groups was 11.2 and 5.6 months, respectively (P = 7.78E-08). Similar results were obtained from the IMmotion150 cohort analysis. Higher EZH2 expression and poor angiogenesis, well characterized factors leading to Sunitinib resistance, were enriched in the CIN25-C2 tumors. Conclusion The CIN25 signature identified in ccRCC serves as a biomarker for CIN and other genome instability phenotypes and predicts patient outcomes and response to Sunitinib treatment. A PCR quantification is enough for the CIN25-based ccRCC classification, which holds great promises in clinical routine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Qin
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Urologic Oncology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Nursing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqing Fang
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huiyang Yuan
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Huiyang Yuan, ; Yidong Fan, ; Dawei Xu,
| | - Yidong Fan
- Department of Emergency, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Huiyang Yuan, ; Yidong Fan, ; Dawei Xu,
| | - Dawei Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Bioclinicum and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Huiyang Yuan, ; Yidong Fan, ; Dawei Xu,
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13
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Recillas-Targa F. Cancer Epigenetics: An Overview. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:732-740. [PMID: 36411173 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease caused by genetic and epigenetic alterations in the control of cell division. Findings from the field of cancer genomics and epigenomics have increased our understanding of the origin and evolution of tumorigenic processes, greatly advancing our knowledge of the molecular etiology of cancer. Consequently, any contemporary view of cancer research must consider tumorigenesis as a cellular phenomenon that is a result of the interplay between genetic and epigenetic mutations and their interaction with environmental factors, including our microbiome, that influences cellular metabolism and proliferation rates. The integration and better knowledge of these processes will help us to improve diagnosis, prognosis, and future genetic and epigenetic therapies. Here, I present an overview of the epigenetic processes that are affected in cancer and how they contribute to the onset and progression of the disease. Finally, I discuss how the development of sophisticated experimental approaches and computational tools, including novel ways to exploit large data sets, could contribute to the better understanding and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Recillas-Targa
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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14
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Richardson TE, Walker JM, Abdullah KG, McBrayer SK, Viapiano MS, Mussa ZM, Tsankova NM, Snuderl M, Hatanpaa KJ. Chromosomal instability in adult-type diffuse gliomas. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:115. [PMID: 35978439 PMCID: PMC9386991 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a fundamental property of cancer and a key underlying mechanism of tumorigenesis and malignant progression, and has been documented in a wide variety of cancers, including colorectal carcinoma with mutations in genes such as APC. Recent reports have demonstrated that CIN, driven in part by mutations in genes maintaining overall genomic stability, is found in subsets of adult-type diffusely infiltrating gliomas of all histologic and molecular grades, with resulting elevated overall copy number burden, chromothripsis, and poor clinical outcome. Still, relatively few studies have examined the effect of this process, due in part to the difficulty of routinely measuring CIN clinically. Herein, we review the underlying mechanisms of CIN, the relationship between chromosomal instability and malignancy, the prognostic significance and treatment potential in various cancers, systemic disease, and more specifically, in diffusely infiltrating glioma subtypes. While still in the early stages of discovery compared to other solid tumor types in which CIN is a known driver of malignancy, the presence of CIN as an early factor in gliomas may in part explain the ability of these tumors to develop resistance to standard therapy, while also providing a potential molecular target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jamie M. Walker
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Kalil G. Abdullah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Hillman Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 5115 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
| | - Samuel K. McBrayer
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Mariano S. Viapiano
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Zarmeen M. Mussa
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Nadejda M. Tsankova
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York City, NY 10016 USA
| | - Kimmo J. Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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