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Espuche B, Moya SE, Calderón M. Nanogels: Smart tools to enlarge the therapeutic window of gene therapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123864. [PMID: 38309484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy can potentially treat a great number of diseases, from cancer to rare genetic disorders. Very recently, the development and emergency approval of nucleic acid-based COVID-19 vaccines confirmed its strength and versatility. However, gene therapy encounters limitations due to the lack of suitable carriers to vectorize therapeutic genetic material inside target cells. Nanogels are highly hydrated nano-size crosslinked polymeric networks that have been used in many biomedical applications, from drug delivery to tissue engineering and diagnostics. Due to their easy production, tunability, and swelling properties they have called the attention as promising vectors for gene delivery. In this review, nanogels are discussed as vectors for nucleic acid delivery aiming to enlarge gene therapy's therapeutic window. Recent works highlighting the optimization of inherent transfection efficiency and biocompatibility are reviewed here. The importance of the monomer choice, along with the internal structure, surface decoration, and responsive features are outlined for the different transfection modalities. The possible sources of toxicological endpoints in nanogels are analyzed, and the strategies to limit them are compared. Finally, perspectives are discussed to identify the remining challenges for the nanogels before their translation to the market as transfection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Espuche
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergio E Moya
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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Wang Y, Li M, Sheng Z, Ran H, Dong J, Fang L, Zhang P. Ultrasound-mediated delivery of Pik3cb shRNA using magnetic nanoparticles for the treatment of in-stent restenosis in a rat balloon-injured model. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2024; 65:47-54. [PMID: 37948449 PMCID: PMC10803161 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to examine the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles carrying Pik3cb short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in the prevention of restenosis with the aid of ultrasound and a magnetic field. SPIO is a type of contrast agent used in medical imaging to enhance the visibility of specific tissues or organs. It consists of tiny iron oxide nanoparticles that can be targeted to specific areas of interest in the body. PEG-coated SPIO nanoparticles carrying Pik3cb shRNA (SPIO-shPik3cb) were prepared, and the particle size and zeta potential of PEG-coated SPIO nanoparticles with and without Pik3cb shRNA were examined. After a right common artery balloon-injured rat model was established, the rats were randomly divided into four groups, and the injured arteries were transfected with SPIO-shPik3cb, saline, SPIO-shcontrol and naked shRNA Pik3cb. During the treatment, each group was placed under a magnetic field and was transfected with the aid of ultrasound. Rats were sacrificed, and the tissue was harvested for analysis after 14 days. The results suggested that the mean particle size and zeta potential of SPIO-shPik3cbs were 151.45 ± 11 nm and 10 mV, respectively. SPIO-shPik3cb showed higher transfection efficiency and significantly inhibited the intimal thickening compared with naked Pik3cb shRNA in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) (*P < 0.05). Moreover, SPIO-shPik3cb could also significantly downregulate the expression of pAkt protein compared with naked Pik3cb shRNA. According to the results, SPIO-shPik3cb can remarkably inhibit the intimal thickening under a combination of magnetic field exposure and ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Chang Le Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Chang Le Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxiang Sheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Chang Le Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Ran
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Chang Le Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Chang Le Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Chang Le Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Chang Le Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Singh NK, Ramamourthy B, Hage N, Kappagantu KM. Optogenetics: Illuminating the Future of Hearing Restoration and Understanding Auditory Perception. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:208-216. [PMID: 38676313 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232269742231213110937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Hearing loss is a prevalent sensory impairment significantly affecting communication and quality of life. Traditional approaches for hearing restoration, such as cochlear implants, have limitations in frequency resolution and spatial selectivity. Optogenetics, an emerging field utilizing light-sensitive proteins, offers a promising avenue for addressing these limitations and revolutionizing hearing rehabilitation. This review explores the methods of introducing Channelrhodopsin- 2 (ChR2), a key light-sensitive protein, into cochlear cells to enable optogenetic stimulation. Viral- mediated gene delivery is a widely employed technique in optogenetics. Selecting a suitable viral vector, such as adeno-associated viruses (AAV), is crucial in efficient gene delivery to cochlear cells. The ChR2 gene is inserted into the viral vector through molecular cloning techniques, and the resulting viral vector is introduced into cochlear cells via direct injection or round window membrane delivery. This allows for the expression of ChR2 and subsequent light sensitivity in targeted cells. Alternatively, direct cell transfection offers a non-viral approach for ChR2 delivery. The ChR2 gene is cloned into a plasmid vector, which is then combined with transfection agents like liposomes or nanoparticles. This mixture is applied to cochlear cells, facilitating the entry of the plasmid DNA into the target cells and enabling ChR2 expression. Optogenetic stimulation using ChR2 allows for precise and selective activation of specific neurons in response to light, potentially overcoming the limitations of current auditory prostheses. Moreover, optogenetics has broader implications in understanding the neural circuits involved in auditory processing and behavior. The combination of optogenetics and gene delivery techniques provides a promising avenue for improving hearing restoration strategies, offering the potential for enhanced frequency resolution, spatial selectivity, and improved auditory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namit Kant Singh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Balaji Ramamourthy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Neemu Hage
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Krishna Medha Kappagantu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
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Bismuth M, Eck M, Ilovitsh T. Nanobubble-mediated cancer cell sonoporation using low-frequency ultrasound. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17899-17909. [PMID: 37899700 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound insonation of microbubbles can form transient pores in cell membranes that enable the delivery of non-permeable extracellular molecules to the cells. Reducing the size of microbubble contrast agents to the nanometer range could facilitate cancer sonoporation. This size reduction can enhance the extravasation of nanobubbles into tumors after an intravenous injection, thus providing a noninvasive sonoporation platform. However, drug delivery efficacy depends on the oscillations of the bubbles, the ultrasound parameters and the size of the target compared to the membrane pores. The formation of large pores is advantageous for the delivery of large molecules, however the small size of the nanobubbles limit the bioeffects when operating near the nanobubble resonance frequency at the MHz range. Here, we show that by coupling nanobubbles with 250 kHz low frequency ultrasound, high amplitude oscillations can be achieved, which facilitate low energy sonoporation of cancer cells. This is beneficial both for increasing the uptake of a specific molecule and to improve large molecule delivery. The method was optimized for the delivery of four fluorescent molecules ranging in size from 1.2 to 70 kDa to breast cancer cells, while comparing the results to targeted microbubbles. Depending on the fluorescent molecule size, the optimal ultrasound peak negative pressure was found to range between 300 and 500 kPa. Increasing the pressure to 800 kPa reduced the fraction of fluorescent cells for all molecules sizes. The optimal uptake for the smaller molecule size of 4 kDa resulted in a fraction of 19.9 ± 1.8% of fluorescent cells, whereas delivery of 20 kDa and 70 kDa molecules yielded 14 ± 0.8% and 4.1 ± 1.1%, respectively. These values were similar to targeted microbubble-mediated sonoporation, suggesting that nanobubbles can serve as noninvasive sonoporation agents with a similar potency, and at a reduced bubble size. The nanobubbles effectively reduced cell viability and may thus potentially reduce the tumor burden, which is crucial for the success of cancer treatment. This method provides a non-invasive and low-energy tumor sonoporation theranostic platform, which can be combined with other therapies to maximize the therapeutic benefits of cancer treatment or be harnessed in gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Bismuth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Michal Eck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Tali Ilovitsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Hinnekens C, De Smedt SC, Fraire JC, Braeckmans K. Non-viral engineering of NK cells. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108212. [PMID: 37454745 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed great progress in the field of adoptive cell therapies, with the authorization of Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel) in 2017 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a crucial stepstone. Since then, five more CAR-T therapies have been approved for the treatment of hematological malignancies. While this is a great step forward to treating several types of blood cancers, CAR-T cell therapies are still associated with severe side-effects such as Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD), cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. Because of this, there has been continued interest in Natural Killer cells which avoid these side-effects while offering the possibility to generate allogeneic cell therapies. Similar to T-cells, NK cells can be genetically modified to improve their therapeutic efficacy in a variety of ways. In contrast to T cells, viral transduction of NK cells remains inefficient and induces cytotoxic effects. Viral vectors also require a lengthy and expensive product development process and are accompanied by certain risks such as insertional mutagenesis. Therefore, non-viral transfection technologies are avidly being developed aimed at addressing these shortcomings of viral vectors. In this review we will present an overview of the potential of NK cells in cancer immunotherapies and the non-viral transfection technologies that have been explored to engineer them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hinnekens
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Mondou P, Mériaux S, Nageotte F, Vappou J, Novell A, Larrat B. State of the art on microbubble cavitation monitoring and feedback control for blood-brain-barrier opening using focused ultrasound. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:18TR03. [PMID: 37369229 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ace23e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a non-invasive and highly promising method for targeted and reversible blood-brain barrier permeabilization. Numerous preclinical studies aim to optimize the localized delivery of drugs using this method in rodents and non-human primates. Several clinical trials have been initiated to treat various brain diseases in humans using simultaneous BBB permeabilization and drug injection. This review presents the state of the art ofin vitroandin vivocavitation control algorithms for BBB permeabilization using microbubbles (MB) and FUS. Firstly, we describe the different cavitation states, their physical significance in terms of MB behavior and their translation into the spectral composition of the backscattered signal. Next, we report the different indexes calculated and used during the ultrasonic monitoring of cavitation. Finally, the differentin vitroandin vivocavitation control strategies described in the literature are presented and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mondou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube, UMR7357, Strasbourg, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Mériaux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florent Nageotte
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube, UMR7357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jonathan Vappou
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICube, UMR7357, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anthony Novell
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, SHFJ, 91401 , Orsay, France
| | - Benoit Larrat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, BAOBAB, NeuroSpin, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Shigematsu T, Koshiyama K. Changes in free energy barrier for water permeation by stretch-induced phase transitions in phospholipid/cholesterol bilayers. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37656194 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2250447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Water permeation through phospholipid/cholesterol bilayers is the key to understanding tension-induced rupture of biological cell membranes. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of stretched phospholipid/cholesterol bilayers to investigate changes in the free energy profile of water molecules across the bilayer and the lipid structure responsible for water permeation. We modeled stretching of the bilayer by applying areal strain. In stretched phospholipid/cholesterol bilayers, the hydrophobic tail of the phospholipids became disordered and the free energy barrier to water permeation decreased. Upon exceeding the critical areal strain, a phase transition to an interdigitated gel phase occurred before rupture, and the hydrophobic tail ordering as well as the free energy barrier were restored. In pure phospholipid bilayers, we did not observe such recoveries. These transient recoveries in the phospholipid/cholesterol bilayer suppressed water permeation and membrane rupture, followed by an increase in the critical areal strain at which the bilayer ruptured. This result agrees with experimental results and provides a reasonable molecular mechanism for the toughness of phospholipid/cholesterol bilayers under tension.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Shigematsu
- Department of Mechanical Science & Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Koshiyama
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Reyes-Villagrana RA, Madrigal-Melchor J, Chávez-Martínez A, Juárez-Moya J, Rentería-Monterrubio AL. Effects of Shear Stress Waves on Meat Tenderness: Ultrasonoporation. Foods 2023; 12:2390. [PMID: 37372601 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat is an important part of the food pyramid in Mexico, to such an extent that it is included in the basic food basket. In recent years, there has been great interest in the application of so-called emerging technologies, such as high-intensity ultrasound (HIU), to modify the characteristics of meat and meat products. The advantages of the HIU in meat such as pH, increased water-holding capacity, and antimicrobial activity are well documented and conclusive. However, in terms of meat tenderization, the results are confusing and contradictory, mainly when they focus on three HIU parameters: acoustic intensity, frequency, and application time. This study explores via a texturometer the effect of HIU-generated acoustic cavitation and ultrasonoporation in beef (m. Longissimus dorsi). Loin-steak was ultrasonicated with the following parameters: time tHIU = 30 min/each side; frequency fHIU = 37 kHz; acoustic intensity IHIU = ~6, 7, 16, 28, and 90 W/cm2. The results showed that acoustic cavitation has a chaotic effect on the loin-steak surface and thickness of the rib-eye due to Bjerknes force, generating shear stress waves, and acoustic radiation transmittance via the internal structure of the meat and the modification of the myofibrils, in addition to the collateral effect in which the collagen and pH generated ultrasonoporation. This means that HIU can be beneficial for the tenderization of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Madrigal-Melchor
- Unidad Académica de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Luz y la Materia, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico
| | - América Chávez-Martínez
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31453, Mexico
| | - Juliana Juárez-Moya
- Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31453, Mexico
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Mühlenpfordt M, Olsen EB, Kotopoulis S, Torp SH, Snipstad S, Davies CDL, Olsman M. Real-Time Intravital Imaging of Acoustic Cluster Therapy-Induced Vascular Effects in the Murine Brain. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:1212-1226. [PMID: 36858913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an obstacle for cerebral drug delivery. Controlled permeabilization of the barrier by external stimuli can facilitate the delivery of drugs to the brain. Acoustic Cluster Therapy (ACT®) is a promising strategy for transiently and locally increasing the permeability of the BBB to macromolecules and nanoparticles. However, the mechanism underlying the induced permeability change and subsequent enhanced accumulation of co-injected molecules requires further elucidation. METHODS In this study, the behavior of ACT® bubbles in microcapillaries in the murine brain was observed using real-time intravital multiphoton microscopy. For this purpose, cranial windows aligned with a ring transducer centered around an objective were mounted to the skull of mice. Dextrans labeled with 2 MDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were injected to delineate the blood vessels and to visualize extravasation. DISCUSSION Activated ACT® bubbles were observed to alter the blood flow, inducing transient and local increases in the fluorescence intensity of 2 MDa FITC-dextran and subsequent extravasation in the form of vascular outpouchings. The observations indicate that ACT® induced a transient vascular leakage without causing substantial damage to the vessels in the brain. CONCLUSION The study gave novel insights into the mechanism underlying ACT®-induced enhanced BBB permeability which will be important considering treatment optimization for a safe and efficient clinical translation of ACT®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Mühlenpfordt
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Exact Therapeutics AS, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Emma Bøe Olsen
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Spiros Kotopoulis
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sverre H Torp
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Pathology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sofie Snipstad
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Cancer Clinic, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Marieke Olsman
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Phan TN, Fan CH, Yeh CK. Application of Ultrasound to Enhancing Stem Cells Associated Therapies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10546-w. [PMID: 37119453 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell therapy exhibits self-renewal capacity and multi-directional differentiation potential and is considered an important regenerative approach for the treatment of several diseases. However, insufficient cell transplantation efficiency, uncontrollable differentiation, low cell viability, and difficult tracing limit its clinical applications and treatment outcome. Ultrasound (US) has mechanical, cavitation, and thermal effects that can produce different biological effects on organs, tissues, and cells. US can be combined with different US-responsive particles for enhanced physical-chemical stimulation and drug delivery. In the meantime, US also can provide a noninvasive and harmless imaging modality for deep tissue in vivo. An in-depth evaluation of the role and mechanism of action of US in stem cell therapy would enhance understanding of US and encourage research in this field. In this article, we comprehensively review progress in the application of US alone and combined with US-responsive particles for the promotion of proliferation, differentiation, migration, and in vivo detection of stem cells and the potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Nhan Phan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Tang N, Tang J, Tang J, Zhu Q, Dong X, Zhang Y, Li N, Liu Z. Sononeoperfusion: a new therapeutic effect to enhance tumour blood perfusion using diagnostic ultrasound and microbubbles. Cancer Imaging 2023; 23:29. [PMID: 36959681 PMCID: PMC10035258 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-023-00545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoperfusion or resultant hypoxia in solid tumours is a main reason for therapeutic resistance. Augmenting the blood perfusion of hypovascular tumours might improve both hypoxia and drug delivery. Cavitation is known to result in microstreaming and sonoporation and to enhance drug diffusion into tumours. Here, we report the ability to enhance both tumour blood perfusion and doxorubicin (Dox) delivery using a new sononeoperfusion effect causing a cavitation effect on tumour perfusion in subcutaneous Walker-256 tumours of rats using ultrasound stimulated microbubble (USMB). METHODS To induce the sononeoperfusion effect, USMB treatment was performed with a modified diagnostic ultrasound (DUS) system and SonoVue® microbubbles. The therapeutic pulse was operated with a peak negative pressure of 0.26 to 0.32 MPa and a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 50 Hz to 2 kHz. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was used for tumour perfusion assessment. RESULTS The USMB treatment of 0.26 MPa and 1 kHz could significantly enhance tumour perfusion with a 20.29% increase in the CEUS peak intensity and a 21.42% increment in the perfusion area for more than 4 hours (P < 0.05). The treatment also increased Dox delivery to tumours by approximately 3.12-fold more than that of the control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, ELISAs showed that vasodilators and inflammatory factors increased 4 hours after treatment (P < 0.05), suggesting that the inflammatory response plays an important role in the sononeoperfusion effect. CONCLUSION The USMB-induced sononeoperfusion effect could significantly enhance the blood perfusion of Walker-256 tumours and promote drug delivery. It might be a novel physical method for overcoming the therapeutic resistance of hypoperfused or hypoxic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiao Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Jiawei Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Junhui Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Qiong Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, PR China.
| | - Ningshan Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Street, Chongqing, 400037, PR China.
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Edwards IA, De Carlo F, Sitta J, Varner W, Howard CM, Claudio PP. Enhancing Targeted Therapy in Breast Cancer by Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocarriers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065474. [PMID: 36982548 PMCID: PMC10053544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the response to cancer treatments is highly variable, and severe side effects and toxicity are experienced by patients receiving high doses of chemotherapy, such as those diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer. The main goal of researchers and clinicians is to develop new effective treatments that will be able to specifically target and kill tumor cells by employing the minimum doses of drugs exerting a therapeutic effect. Despite the development of new formulations that overall can increase the drugs’ pharmacokinetics, and that are specifically designed to bind overexpressed molecules on cancer cells and achieve active targeting of the tumor, the desired clinical outcome has not been reached yet. In this review, we will discuss the current classification and standard of care for breast cancer, the application of nanomedicine, and ultrasound-responsive biocompatible carriers (micro/nanobubbles, liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, and nanodroplets/nanoemulsions) employed in preclinical studies to target and enhance the delivery of drugs and genes to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah A. Edwards
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Flavia De Carlo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Juliana Sitta
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - William Varner
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Candace M. Howard
- Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Claudio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- Correspondence:
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Eck M, Aronovich R, Ilovitsh T. Efficacy optimization of low frequency microbubble-mediated sonoporation as a drug delivery platform to cancer cells. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100132. [PMID: 36189459 PMCID: PMC9520274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound insonation of microbubbles can be used to form pores in cell membranes and facilitate the local trans-membrane transport of drugs and genes. An important factor in efficient delivery is the size of the delivered target compared to the generated membrane pores. Large molecule delivery remains a challenge, and can affect the resulting therapeutic outcomes. To facilitate large molecule delivery, large pores need to be formed. While ultrasound typically uses megahertz frequencies, it was recently shown that when microbubbles are excited at a frequency of 250 kHz (an order of magnitude below the resonance frequency of these agents), their oscillations are significantly enhanced as compared to the megahertz range. Here, to promote the delivery of large molecules, we suggest using this low frequency and inducing large pore formation through the high-amplitude oscillations of microbubbles. We assessed the impact of low frequency microbubble-mediated sonoporation on breast cancer cell uptake by optimizing the delivery of 4 fluorescent molecules ranging from 1.2 to 70 kDa in size. The optimal ultrasound peak negative pressure was found to be 500 kPa. Increasing the pressure did not enhance the fraction of fluorescent cells, and in fact reduced cell viability. For the smaller molecule sizes, 1.2 kDa and 4 kDa, the groups treated with an ultrasound pressure of 500 kPa and MB resulted in a fraction of 58% and 29% of fluorescent cells respectively, whereas delivery of 20 kDa and 70 kDa molecules yielded 10% and 5%, respectively. These findings suggest that low-frequency (e.g., 250 kHz) insonation of microbubbles results in high amplitude oscillation in vitro that increase the uptake of large molecules. Successful ultrasound-mediated molecule delivery requires the careful selection of insonation parameters to maximize the therapeutic effect by increasing cell uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Eck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ramona Aronovich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tali Ilovitsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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14
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Plant Extraction in Water: Towards Highly Efficient Industrial Applications. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of this century, the world has experienced a growing need for enabling techniques and more environmentally friendly protocols that can facilitate more rational industrial production. Scientists are faced with the major challenges of global warming and safeguarding water and food quality. Organic solvents are still widely used and seem to be hard to replace, despite their enormous environmental and toxicological impact. The development of water-based strategies for the extraction of primary and secondary metabolites from plants on a laboratory scale is well documented, with several intensified processes being able to maximize the extraction power of water. Technologies, such as ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation, microwaves and pressurized reactors that achieve subcritical water conditions can dramatically increase extraction rates and yields. In addition, significant synergistic effects have been observed when using combined techniques. Due to the limited penetration depth of microwaves and ultrasonic waves, scaling up entails changes to reactor design. Nevertheless, the rich academic literature from laboratory-scale investigations may contribute to the engineering work involved in maximizing mass/energy transfer. In this article, we provide an overview of current and innovative techniques for solid-liquid extraction in water for industrial applications, where continuous and semi-continuous processes can meet the high demands for productivity, profitability and quality.
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Moon H, Hwang K, Nam KM, Kim YS, Ko MJ, Kim HR, Lee HJ, Kim MJ, Kim TH, Kang KS, Kim NG, Choi SW, Kim CY. Enhanced delivery to brain using sonosensitive liposome and microbubble with focused ultrasound. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 141:213102. [PMID: 36103796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is considered one of the most aggressive and dangerous brain tumors. However, treatment of GBM has been still challenged due to blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB prevents that the chemotherapeutic molecules are extravasated to brain. In this study, sonosensitive liposome encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX) was developed for enhancement of GBM penetration in combination with focused ultrasound (FUS) and microbubbles. Upon ultrasound (US) irradiation, microbubbles induce cavitation resulting in the tight junction of BBB endothelium to temporarily open. In addition, the composition of sonosensitive liposome was optimized by comparison of sonosensitivity and intracellular uptake to U87MG cells. The optimal sonosensitive liposome, IMP301-DC, resulted 123.9 ± 38.2 nm in size distribution and 98.2 % in loading efficiency. Related to sonosensitivity of IMP301-DC, US-triggered release ratio of doxorubicin was 69.2 ± 12.3 % at 92 W/cm2 of US intensity for 1 min. In the in vivo experiments, the accumulation of DiD fluorescence probe labeled IMP301-DC-shell in the brain through the BBB opening was increased more than two-fold compared to that of Doxil-shell, non-sonosensitive liposome. US exposure significantly increased GBM cytotoxicity of IMP301-DC. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that IMP301-DC could serve as an alternative solution to enhance the penetration to GBM treatment via BBB opening by non-invasive FUS combined with microbubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungwon Moon
- R&D Center, IMGT Co., Ltd, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihwan Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Kim
- R&D Center, IMGT Co., Ltd, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Ko
- R&D Center, IMGT Co., Ltd, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ryoung Kim
- R&D Center, IMGT Co., Ltd, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Jong Lee
- R&D Center, IMGT Co., Ltd, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13605, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea; Department of Nano Science and Technology, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Bioengineering, BioMAX/N-Bio Institute of Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Ho Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Gyo Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Won Choi
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Yong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Singh R, Prasad A, Kumar B, Kumari S, Sahu RK, Hedau ST. Potential of Dual Drug Delivery Systems: MOF as Hybrid Nanocarrier for Dual Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Singh
- Division of Molecular Oncology ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research I-7, Sector 39 Noida 201301 Gautam Budha Nagar, U.P. India
| | - Amrita Prasad
- Department of Chemistry Magadh Mahila College Patna University Patna Bihar. India
| | - Binayak Kumar
- Division of Molecular Oncology ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research I-7, Sector 39 Noida 201301 Gautam Budha Nagar, U.P. India
| | - Soni Kumari
- Division of Molecular Oncology ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research I-7, Sector 39 Noida 201301 Gautam Budha Nagar, U.P. India
| | - Ram Krishna Sahu
- Division of Molecular Oncology ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research I-7, Sector 39 Noida 201301 Gautam Budha Nagar, U.P. India
| | - Suresh T. Hedau
- Division of Molecular Oncology ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research I-7, Sector 39 Noida 201301 Gautam Budha Nagar, U.P. India
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17
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van Wamel A, Mühlenpfordt M, Hansen R, Healey A, Villanueva FS, Kotopoulis S, Davies CDL, Chen X. Ultrafast Microscopy Imaging of Acoustic Cluster Therapy Bubbles: Activation and Oscillation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:1840-1857. [PMID: 35773079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic Cluster Therapy (ACT®) is a platform for improving drug delivery and has had promising pre-clinical results. A clinical trial is ongoing. ACT® is based on microclusters of microbubbles-microdroplets that, when sonicated, form a large ACT® bubble. The aim of this study was to obtain new knowledge on the dynamic formation and oscillations of ACT® bubbles by ultrafast optical imaging in a microchannel. The high-speed recordings revealed the microbubble-microdroplet fusion, and the gas in the microbubble acted as a vaporization seed for the microdroplet. Subsequently, the bubble grew by gas diffusion from the surrounding medium and became a large ACT® bubble with a diameter of 5-50 μm. A second ultrasound exposure at lower frequency caused the ACT® bubble to oscillate. The recorded oscillations were compared with simulations using the modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation. A term accounting for the physical boundary imposed by the microchannel wall was included. The recorded oscillation amplitudes were approximately 1-2 µm, hence similar to oscillations of smaller contrast agent microbubbles. These findings, together with our previously reported promising pre-clinical therapeutic results, suggest that these oscillations covering a large part of the vessel wall because of the large bubble volume can substantially improve therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke van Wamel
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Melina Mühlenpfordt
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rune Hansen
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Flordeliza S Villanueva
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Spiros Kotopoulis
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Xucai Chen
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ponti F, Bono N, Russo L, Bigini P, Mantovani D, Candiani G. Vibropolyfection: coupling polymer-mediated gene delivery to mechanical stimulation to enhance transfection of adherent cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:363. [PMID: 35933375 PMCID: PMC9356458 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the success of recent non-viral gene delivery-based COVID-19 vaccines, nanovectors have gained some public acceptance and come to the forefront of advanced therapies. Unfortunately, the relatively low ability of the vectors to overcome cellular barriers adversely affects their effectiveness. Scientists have thus been striving to develop ever more effective gene delivery vectors, but the results are still far from satisfactory. Therefore, developing novel strategies is probably the only way forward to bring about genuine change. Herein, we devise a brand-new gene delivery strategy to boost dramatically the transfection efficiency of two gold standard nucleic acid (NA)/polymer nanoparticles (polyplexes) in vitro. Results We conceived a device to generate milli-to-nanoscale vibrational cues as a function of the frequency set, and deliver vertical uniaxial displacements to adherent cells in culture. A short-lived high-frequency vibrational load (t = 5 min, f = 1,000 Hz) caused abrupt and extensive plasmalemma outgrowths but was safe for cells as neither cell proliferation rate nor viability was affected. Cells took about 1 hr to revert to quasi-naïve morphology through plasma membrane remodeling. In turn, this eventually triggered the mechano-activated clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway and made cells more apt to internalize polyplexes, resulting in transfection efficiencies increased from 10-to-100-fold. Noteworthy, these results were obtained transfecting three cell lines and hard-to-transfect primary cells. Conclusions In this work, we focus on a new technology to enhance the intracellular delivery of NAs and improve the transfection efficiency of non-viral vectors through priming adherent cells with a short vibrational stimulation. This study paves the way for capitalizing on physical cell stimulation(s) to significantly raise the effectiveness of gene delivery vectors in vitro and ex vivo. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01571-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ponti
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC Tier I, Department of Min-Met-Mat Engineering and CHU de Québec Research Center, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Nina Bono
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Russo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, CRC Tier I, Department of Min-Met-Mat Engineering and CHU de Québec Research Center, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriele Candiani
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Han Y, Sun J, Wei H, Hao J, Liu W, Wang X. Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction: Modulation in the Tumor Microenvironment and Application in Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:937344. [PMID: 35844515 PMCID: PMC9283646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.937344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy has shown strong therapeutic potential for stimulating or reconstructing the immune system to control and kill tumor cells. It is a promising and effective anti-cancer treatment besides surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Presently, some immunotherapy methods have been approved for clinical application, and numerous others have demonstrated promising in vitro results and have entered clinical trial stages. Although immunotherapy has exhibited encouraging results in various cancer types, however, a large proportion of patients are limited from these benefits due to specific characteristics of the tumor microenvironment such as hypoxia, tumor vascular malformation and immune escape, and current limitations of immunotherapy such as off-target toxicity, insufficient drug penetration and accumulation and immune cell dysfunction. Ultrasound-target microbubble destruction (UTMD) treatment can help reduce immunotherapy-related adverse events. Using the ultrasonic cavitation effect of microstreaming, microjets and free radicals, UTMD can cause a series of changes in vascular endothelial cells, such as enhancing endothelial cells’ permeability, increasing intracellular calcium levels, regulating gene expression, and stimulating nitric oxide synthase activities. These effects have been shown to promote drug penetration, enhance blood perfusion, increase drug delivery and induce tumor cell death. UTMD, in combination with immunotherapy, has been used to treat melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer, and ovarian cancer. In this review, we summarized the effects of UTMD on tumor angiogenesis and immune microenvironment, and discussed the application and progress of UTMD in tumor immunotherapy.
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20
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Tharushi Perera PG, Linklater DP, Kosyer E, Croft R, Ivanova EP. Localization of nanospheres in pheochromocytoma-like cells following exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields at 18 GHz. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220520. [PMID: 35774138 PMCID: PMC9240668 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high-frequency (HF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at 18 GHz was previously found to induce reversible cell permeabilization in eukaryotic cells; however, the fate of internalized foreign objects inside the cell remains unclear. Here, silica core-shell gold nanospheres (Au NS) of 20 ± 5 nm diameter were used to study the localization of Au NS in pheochromocytoma (PC 12) cells after exposure to HF EMFs at 18 GHz. Internalization of Au NS was confirmed using fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Analysis based on corresponding scanning transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed the presence of the Au NS free within the PC 12 cell membrane, cytoplasm, enclosed within intracellular vesicles and sequestered in vacuoles. The results obtained in this work highlight that exposure to HF EMFs could be used as an efficient technique with potential for effective delivery of drugs, genetic material, and nanomaterials into cells for the purpose of cellular manipulation or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palalle G. Tharushi Perera
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, ViC 3001, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, ViC 3122, Australia
| | - Denver P. Linklater
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, ViC 3001, Australia
| | - Erim Kosyer
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, ViC 3001, Australia
| | - Rodney Croft
- School of Psychology, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Elena P. Ivanova
- School of Science, RMIT University, PO Box 2476, Melbourne, ViC 3001, Australia
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21
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Wang W, Tayier B, Guan L, Yan F, Mu Y. Pre-transplantation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Amplifies the Therapeutic Effect of Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction-Mediated Localized Combined Gene Therapy in Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Rats. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:830-845. [PMID: 35246339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although stem cell transplantation and single-gene therapy have been intensively discussed separately as treatments for myocardial infarction (MI) hearts and have exhibited ideal therapeutic efficiency in animal models, clinical trials turned out to be disappointing. Here, we deliver sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) and connexin 43 (Cx43) genes simultaneously via an ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) approach to chronic MI hearts that have been pre-treated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to amplify cardiac repair. First, biotinylated microbubbles (BMBs) were fabricated, and biotinylated recombinant adenoviruses carrying the SERCA2a or Cx43 gene were conjugated to the surface of self-assembled BMBs to form SERCA2a-BMBs, Cx43-BMBs or dual gene-loaded BMBs. Then, the general characteristics of these bubbles, including particle size, concentration, contrast signal and gene loading capacity, were examined. Second, a rat myocardial infarction model was created by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery and injecting BMSCs into the infarct and border zones. Four weeks later, co-delivery of SERCA2a and Cx43 genes to the infarcted heart were delivered together to the infarcted heart using the UTMD approach. Cardiac mechano-electrical function was determined 4 wk after gene transfection, and the infarcted hearts were collected for myocardial infarct size measurement and detection of expression of SERCA2a, Cx43 and cardiac-specific markers. Finally, to validate the role of BMSC transplantation, MI rats transplanted or not with BMSCs were transfected with SERCA2a and Cx43, and the cardiac mechano-electrical function of these two groups of rats was recorded and compared. General characteristics of the self-assembled gene-loaded BMBs were qualified, and the gene loading rate was satisfactory. The self-assembled gene-loaded BMBs were in microscale and exhibit satisfactory dual-gene loading capacity. High transfection efficiency was achieved under ultrasound irradiation in vitro. In addition, rats in which SERCA2a and Cx43 were overexpressed simultaneously had the best contractile function and electrical stability among all experimental groups. Immunofluorescence assay revealed that the levels of SERCA2a and/or Cx43 proteins were significantly elevated, especially in the border zone. Moreover, compared with rats that did not receive BMSCs, rats pre-treated with BMSCs have better mechano-electrical function after transfection with SERCA2a and Cx43. Collectively, we report a promising cardiac repair strategy for post-MI hearts that exploits the providential advantages of stem cell therapy and UTMD-mediated localized co-delivery of specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Echocardiography, Xinjiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Urumqi, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Medicine, Urumqi, China
| | - Baihetiya Tayier
- Department of Echocardiography, Xinjiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Urumqi, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Medicine, Urumqi, China
| | - Lina Guan
- Department of Echocardiography, Xinjiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Urumqi, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Medicine, Urumqi, China
| | - Fei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuming Mu
- Department of Echocardiography, Xinjiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Urumqi, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Medicine, Urumqi, China.
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22
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Alphandéry E. Ultrasound and nanomaterial: an efficient pair to fight cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:139. [PMID: 35300712 PMCID: PMC8930287 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasounds are often used in cancer treatment protocols, e.g. to collect tumor tissues in the right location using ultrasound-guided biopsy, to image the region of the tumor using more affordable and easier to use apparatus than MRI and CT, or to ablate tumor tissues using HIFU. The efficacy of these methods can be further improved by combining them with various nano-systems, thus enabling: (i) a better resolution of ultrasound imaging, allowing for example the visualization of angiogenic blood vessels, (ii) the specific tumor targeting of anti-tumor chemotherapeutic drugs or gases attached to or encapsulated in nano-systems and released in a controlled manner in the tumor under ultrasound application, (iii) tumor treatment at tumor site using more moderate heating temperatures than with HIFU. Furthermore, some nano-systems display adjustable sizes, i.e. nanobubbles can grow into micro-bubbles. Such dual size is advantageous since it enables gathering within the same unit the targeting properties of nano bubbles via EPR effect and the enhanced ultrasound contrasting properties of micro bubbles. Interestingly, the way in which nano-systems act against a tumor could in principle also be adjusted by accurately selecting the nano-system among a large choice and by tuning the values of the ultrasound parameters, which can lead, due to their mechanical nature, to specific effects such as cavitation that are usually not observed with purely electromagnetic waves and can potentially help destroying the tumor. This review highlights the clinical potential of these combined treatments that can improve the benefit/risk ratio of current cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Alphandéry
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS, 7590, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de. Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005, Paris, France. .,Nanobacterie SARL, 36 boulevard Flandrin, 75116, Paris, France. .,Institute of Anatomy, UZH University of Zurich, Instiute of Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Hasanzadeh A, Noori H, Jahandideh A, Haeri Moghaddam N, Kamrani Mousavi SM, Nourizadeh H, Saeedi S, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Smart Strategies for Precise Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 in Genome Editing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:413-437. [PMID: 35040621 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of CRISPR/Cas technology has enabled scientists to precisely edit genomic DNA sequences. This approach can be used to modulate gene expression for the treatment of genetic disorders and incurable diseases such as cancer. This potent genome-editing tool is based on a single guide RNA (sgRNA) strand that recognizes the targeted DNA, plus a Cas nuclease protein for binding and processing the target. CRISPR/Cas has great potential for editing many genes in different types of cells and organisms both in vitro and in vivo. Despite these remarkable advances, the risk of off-target effects has hindered the translation of CRISPR/Cas technology into clinical applications. To overcome this hurdle, researchers have devised gene regulatory systems that can be controlled in a spatiotemporal manner, by designing special sgRNA, Cas, and CRISPR/Cas delivery vehicles that are responsive to different stimuli, such as temperature, light, magnetic fields, ultrasound (US), pH, redox, and enzymatic activity. These systems can even respond to dual or multiple stimuli simultaneously, thereby providing superior spatial and temporal control over CRISPR/Cas gene editing. Herein, we summarize the latest advances on smart sgRNA, Cas, and CRISPR/Cas nanocarriers, categorized according to their stimulus type (physical, chemical, or biological).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Hasanzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Hamid Noori
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Atefeh Jahandideh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Niloofar Haeri Moghaddam
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Seyede Mahtab Kamrani Mousavi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Helena Nourizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Sara Saeedi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556559, Iran
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1584743311, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
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Liu WW, Ko HC, Li PC. Sonoporation based on repeated vaporization of gold nanodroplets. Med Phys 2022; 49:2761-2773. [PMID: 35172015 PMCID: PMC9450513 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gold nanodroplets (AuNDs) have been proposed as agents for photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging. Previously, we demonstrated that the sonoporation can be more effectively achieved with synchronized optical and acoustic droplet vaporization. By applying a laser pulse at the rarefactional phase of the ultrasound (US) pulse, the vaporization threshold can be reached at a considerably lower laser average power. However, a large loading quantity of the AuNDs may increase the risk of air embolism. The destruction of phase‐shifted AuNDs at the inertial cavitation stage leads to a reduced drug delivery performance. And it also causes instability of echogenicity during therapeutic monitoring. Purpose In this study, we propose to further improve the sonoporation effectiveness with repeated vaporization. In other words, the AuNDs repeatedly undergo vaporization and recondensation so that sonoporation effects are accumulated over time at lower energy requirements. Previously, repeated vaporization has been demonstrated as an imaging contrast agent. In this study, we aim to adopt this repeated vaporization scheme for sonoporation. Methods Perfluoropentane NDs with a shell made of human serum albumin were used as the US contrast agents. Laser pulses at 808 nm and US pulses of 1 MHz were delivered for triggering vaporization and inertial cavitation of NDs. We detected the vaporization and cavitation effects under different activation firings, US peak negative pressures (PNPs), and laser fluences using 5‐ and 10‐MHz focused US receivers. Numbers of calcein‐AM and propidium iodide signals uptake by BNL hepatocarcinoma cancer cells were used to evaluate the sonoporation and cell death rate of the cells. Results We demonstrate that sonoporation can be realized based on repeatable vaporization instead of the commonly adopted inertial cavitation effects. In addition, it is found that the laser fluence and the acoustic pressure can be reduced. As an example, we demonstrate that the acoustic and optical energy for achieving a similar level of sonoporation rate can be as low as 0.44 MPa for the US PNP and 4.01 mJ/cm2 for the laser fluence, which are lower than those with our previous approach (0.53 MPa and 4.95 mJ/cm2, respectively). Conclusion We demonstrated the feasibility of vaporization‐based sonoporation at a lower optical and acoustic energy. It is an advantageous method that can enhance drug delivery efficiency, therapeutic safety and potentially deliver an upgraded gene therapy strategy for improved theragnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Ko
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Chi Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Houthaeve G, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K, De Vos WH. The cellular response to plasma membrane disruption for nanomaterial delivery. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:6. [PMID: 35103909 PMCID: PMC8807741 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of nanomaterials into cells is of interest for fundamental cell biological research as well as for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. One way of doing so is by physically disrupting the plasma membrane (PM). Several methods that exploit electrical, mechanical or optical cues have been conceived to temporarily disrupt the PM for intracellular delivery, with variable effects on cell viability. However, apart from acute cytotoxicity, subtler effects on cell physiology may occur as well. Their nature and timing vary with the severity of the insult and the efficiency of repair, but some may provoke permanent phenotypic alterations. With the growing palette of nanoscale delivery methods and applications, comes a need for an in-depth understanding of this cellular response. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the chronology of cellular events that take place upon PM injury inflicted by different delivery methods. We also elaborate on their significance for cell homeostasis and cell fate. Based on the crucial nodes that govern cell fitness and functionality, we give directions for fine-tuning nano-delivery conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Houthaeve
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Rich J, Tian Z, Huang TJ. Sonoporation: Past, Present, and Future. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 7:2100885. [PMID: 35399914 PMCID: PMC8992730 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A surge of research in intracellular delivery technologies is underway with the increased innovations in cell-based therapies and cell reprogramming. Particularly, physical cell membrane permeabilization techniques are highlighted as the leading technologies because of their unique features, including versatility, independence of cargo properties, and high-throughput delivery that is critical for providing the desired cell quantity for cell-based therapies. Amongst the physical permeabilization methods, sonoporation holds great promise and has been demonstrated for delivering a variety of functional cargos, such as biomolecular drugs, proteins, and plasmids, to various cells including cancer, immune, and stem cells. However, traditional bubble-based sonoporation methods usually require special contrast agents. Bubble-based sonoporation methods also have high chances of inducing irreversible damage to critical cell components, lowering the cell viability, and reducing the effectiveness of delivered cargos. To overcome these limitations, several novel non-bubble-based sonoporation mechanisms are under development. This review will cover both the bubble-based and non-bubble-based sonoporation mechanisms being employed for intracellular delivery, the technologies being investigated to overcome the limitations of traditional platforms, as well as perspectives on the future sonoporation mechanisms, technologies, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Khaire RA, Thorat BN, Gogate PR. Applications of ultrasound for food preservation and disinfection: A critical review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshree A. Khaire
- Chemical Engineering Department Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Bhaskar N. Thorat
- Chemical Engineering Department Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Parag R. Gogate
- Chemical Engineering Department Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
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Xie R, Wang Y, Gong S. External stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for spatially and temporally controlled delivery of CRISPR-Cas genome editors. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6012-6022. [PMID: 34286726 PMCID: PMC8440484 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00558h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome editing, which can potentially lead to new therapies for genetic diseases. To date, various viral and non-viral delivery systems have been developed for the delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 in vivo. However, spatially and temporally controlled genome editing is needed to enhance the specificity in organs/tissues and minimize the off-target effects of editing. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art non-viral vectors that exploit external stimuli (i.e., light, magnetic field, and ultrasound) for spatially and temporally controlled genome editing and their in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruosen Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
| | - Yuyuan Wang
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
| | - Shaoqin Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Yang S, Yuan Z, Aweya JJ, Huang S, Deng S, Shi L, Zheng M, Zhang Y, Liu G. Low-intensity ultrasound enhances the antimicrobial activity of neutral peptide TGH2 against Escherichia coli. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 77:105676. [PMID: 34315058 PMCID: PMC8326391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, foodborne diseases caused by Escherichia coli are a major threat to the food industry and consumers. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and ultrasound both have good inhibitory effects on E. coli. In this work, the mechanism of action and synergistic effect of an in silico predicted AMP, designated as TGH2 (AEFLREKLGDKCTDRHV), from the C-terminal sequence of Tegillarca granosa hemoglobin, combined with low-intensity ultrasound was explored. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TGH2 on E. coli decreased by 4-fold to 31.25 μg/mL under 0.3 W/cm2 ultrasound treatment, while the time kill curve analysis showed that low-intensity ultrasound combined with peptide TGH2 had an enhanced synergistic bactericidal effect after 0.5 h. The permeability on E. coli cell membrane increased progressively during combined treatment with peptide TGH2 and low-intensity ultrasound, resulting in the leakage of intracellular solutes, as shown by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Structural analysis using circular dichroism (CD) revealed that peptide TGH2 has an α-helical structure, showing a slight untwisting effect under 0.3 W/cm2 ultrasound treatment for 0.5 h. The findings here provide new insight into the potential application of ultrasound and AMPs combination in food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Zijin Yuan
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Shiying Huang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Shanggui Deng
- College of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Linfan Shi
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Mingjing Zheng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
| | - Guangming Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
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Agarwal S, Agarwal V, Agarwal M, Singh M. Exosomes: Structure, Biogenesis, Types and Application in Diagnosis and Gene and Drug Delivery. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:195-206. [PMID: 32787759 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200731011702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, several approaches for targeted gene therapy (GT) had been studied. However, the emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a shuttle carrying genetic information between cells has gained a lot of interest in scientific communities. Owing to their higher capabilities in dealing with short sequences of nucleic acid (mRNA, miRNA), proteins, recombinant proteins, exosomes, the most popular form of EVs are viewed as reliable biological therapeutic conveyers. They have natural access through every biological membrane and can be employed for site-specific and efficient drug delivery without eliciting any immune responses hence, qualifying as an ideal delivery vehicle. Also, there are many research studies conducted in the last few decades on using exosome-mediated gene therapy into developing an effective therapy with the concept of a higher degree of precision in gene isolation, purification and delivery mechanism loading, delivery and targeting protocols. This review discusses several facets that contribute towards developing an efficient therapeutic regime for gene therapy, highlighting limitations and drawbacks associated with current GT and suggested therapeutic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriya Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Mugdha Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
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31
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Snehota M, Vachutka J, Dolezal L, Balazova K, Trneckova M, Kolarova H. Far field during sonication experiments in vitro - Is it really far enough? ULTRASONICS 2021; 115:106461. [PMID: 34000664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In many in vitro experiments studying ultrasound bioeffects the sonicated samples are placed to far field with intention of exposing them to as uniform ultrasound field as possible. The main aim of this work is to assess whether the sonicated samples really experience what they are believed to. Also we would like to suggest basic rules for construction of sonication vessels. We used 3.5 MHz and 7 MHz ultrasound transducers for measurements. We measured ultrasound field inside and behind common culture plates and special 3D printed plates placed to last axial maximum in water sonication tank with use of a needle hydrophone. Our results show that even though the sonication vessels with sonicated samples are placed into far field, the sonicated samples are actually exposed to some kind of a near field pattern which develops due to the interaction between ultrasound and well of culture plate. The variability of local acoustic intensity can reach up to several hundreds of percent. Our results are also supported by theoretical calculation and software for simulation of ultrasound fields. Even though the sonicated samples may have actually been exposed to some kind of near field pattern in many past studies, the whole phenomenon of creation of near field pattern can be controlled to some extent for future studies. Thus, we suggest that the sonication vessel should always be designed for particular ultrasound transducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Snehota
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Vachutka
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic.
| | - Ladislav Dolezal
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Balazova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Trneckova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic; Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolarova
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
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Dockar D, Gibelli L, Borg MK. Shock-induced collapse of surface nanobubbles. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6884-6898. [PMID: 34231638 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00498k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The collapse of cavitation bubbles often releases high-speed liquid jets capable of surface damage, with applications in drug delivery, cancer treatment, and surface cleaning. Spherical cap-shaped surface nanobubbles have previously been found to exist on immersed substrates. Despite being known nucleation sites for cavitation, their collapsing dynamics are currently unexplored. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to model the shock-induced collapse of different surface nanobubble sizes and contact angles. Comparisons are made with additional collapsing spherical nanobubble simulations near a substrate, to investigate the differences in their jet formation and resulting substrate pitting damage. Our main finding is that the pitting damage in the surface nanobubble simulations is greatly reduced, when compared to the spherical nanobubbles, which is primarily caused by the weaker jets formed during their collapse. Furthermore, the pit depths for surface nanobubble collapse do not depend on bubble size, unlike in the spherical nanobubble cases, but instead depend only on their contact angle. We also find a linear scaling relationship for all bubble cases between the final substrate damage and the peak pressure impulse at the impact centre, which can now be exploited to assess the relative damage in other computational studies of collapsing bubbles. We anticipate the more controlled surface-damage features produced by surface nanobubble cavitation jets will open up new applications in advanced manufacturing, medicine, and precision cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Dockar
- School of Engineering, Institute of Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK.
| | - Livio Gibelli
- School of Engineering, Institute of Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK.
| | - Matthew K Borg
- School of Engineering, Institute of Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK.
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AlSawaftah N, Pitt WG, Husseini GA. Dual-Targeting and Stimuli-Triggered Liposomal Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1028-1049. [PMID: 34151199 PMCID: PMC8205246 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of chemotherapeutics to solid tumors using smart drug delivery systems (SDDSs) takes advantage of the unique physiology of tumors (i.e., disordered structure, leaky vasculature, abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM), and limited lymphatic drainage) to deliver anticancer drugs with reduced systemic side effects. Liposomes are the most promising of such SDDSs and have been well investigated for cancer therapy. To improve the specificity, bioavailability, and anticancer efficacy of liposomes at the diseased sites, other strategies such as targeting ligands and stimulus-sensitive liposomes have been developed. This review highlights relevant surface functionalization techniques and stimuli-mediated drug release for enhanced delivery of anticancer agents at tumor sites, with a special focus on dual functionalization and design of multistimuli responsive liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour AlSawaftah
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, American University
of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - William G. Pitt
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, American University
of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Gailliègue FN, Tamošiūnas M, André FM, Mir LM. A Setup for Microscopic Studies of Ultrasounds Effects on Microliters Scale Samples: Analytical, Numerical and Experimental Characterization. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060847. [PMID: 34201070 PMCID: PMC8227135 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonoporation is the process of cell membrane permeabilization, due to exposure to ultrasounds. There is a lack of consensus concerning the mechanisms of sonoporation: Understanding the mechanisms of sonoporation refines the choice of the ultrasonic parameters to be applied on the cells. Cells’ classical exposure systems to ultrasounds have several drawbacks, like the immersion of the cells in large volumes of liquid, the nonhomogeneous acoustic pressure in the large sample, and thus, the necessity for magnetic stirring to somehow homogenize the exposure of the cells. This article reports the development and characterization of a novel system allowing the exposure to ultrasounds of very small volumes and their observation under the microscope. The observation under a microscope imposes the exposure of cells and Giant Unilamellar Vesicles under an oblique incidence, as well as the very unusual presence of rigid walls limiting the sonicated volume. The advantages of this new setup are not only the use of a very small volume of cells culture medium/microbubbles (MB), but the presence of flat walls near the sonicated region that results in a more homogeneous ultrasonic pressure field, and thus, the control of the focal distance and the real exposure time. The setup presented here comprises the ability to survey the geometrical and dynamical aspects of the exposure of cells and MB to ultrasounds, if an ultrafast camera is used. Indeed, the setup thus fulfills all the requirements to apply ultrasounds conveniently, for accurate mechanistic experiments under an inverted fluorescence microscope, and it could have interesting applications in photoacoustic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian N. Gailliègue
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of the Oncogenesis (METSY), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 94805 Villejuif, France; (F.N.G.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Mindaugas Tamošiūnas
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., LV-1586 Rīga, Latvia;
| | - Franck M. André
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of the Oncogenesis (METSY), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 94805 Villejuif, France; (F.N.G.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Lluis M. Mir
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of the Oncogenesis (METSY), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 94805 Villejuif, France; (F.N.G.); (F.M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1421-14792
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Xie L, Wang J, Zhao S, Lai ML, Jiang T, Yan F. An acoustic field-based conformal transfection system for improving the gene delivery efficiency. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4127-4138. [PMID: 33954320 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-activated microbubble destruction is a promising platform for gene delivery due to the low toxicity, non-invasiveness, and high specificity. However, the gene transfection efficiency is still low, especially for suspension cells. It is desirable to develop a universal gene delivery tool that overcomes the drawbacks existing in ultrasound-mediated methods. Here, we present a three-dimensional acoustic field-based conformal transfection (AFCT) system by designing a Sono-hole that can fit the three-dimensional acoustic field to maximally utilize the acoustic energy from bubble cavitation, thus greatly promoting the gene delivery efficiency. Surprisingly, compared with the traditional two-dimensional transfection system, the gene transfection efficiency of the AFCT system increased by more than 3 times, achieving nearly 30%. The parameters including acoustic pressure, duration, duty cycle, DNA concentrations, and bubble kinds were optimized to obtain higher gene transfection. In conclusion, our study provides an effective ultrasound-based gene delivery approach for gene transfection, especially for suspension-cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China. and CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510407, China
| | - Man Lin Lai
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University school of medicine, Shenzhen, 518061, China
| | - Tianan Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Fei Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Zhou L, Liu J, Meng W, Zhang H, Chen B. Evaluation of Silibinin-Loaded Microbubbles Combined with Ultrasound in Ovarian Cancer Cells: Cytotoxicity and Mechanisms. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1320-1327. [PMID: 34102993 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210608101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anticancer activity of silibinin (SB) has been demonstrated in various cancer cell types. However, its low solubility and poor bioavailability limit its clinical potential in biomedical applications. Microbubbles in combination with ultrasound are promising vehicles for local drug delivery. OBJECTIVE The present study determined the antitumour effects and molecular mechanism of silibinin-loaded microbubbles (SBMBs) in combination with ultrasound on ovarian cancer in vitro. METHODS SBMBs were prepared using mechanical vibration. The viability of A2780 cells was determined using the MTT assay. Flow cytometry was performed to detect cell apoptosis and the cell cycle. The expression of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-associated downstream proteins was detected using multiplex assays and Western blots. RESULTS The present study designed and synthesized SBMBs. SBMBs in combination with ultrasound decreased A2780 cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) showed that the cytotoxicity of the SBMBs was approximately 1.5 times greater than that of the SB in A2780 cells. SBMBs in combination with ultrasound resulted in significantly higher apoptosis efficiency compared to the SB group, and the SBMB population of cells was arrested in the G1/G0 phase. Further experiments demonstrated that SBMBs decreased the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Ak strain transforming (AKT), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and had a greater effect than SB in A2780 cells. Inhibitors of AKT, Erk and STAT3 promoted the cytotoxicity of SBMBs. CONCLUSION SBMBs in combination with ultrasound may enhance the cytotoxicity efficiency of SB via the promotion of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in ovarian cancer cells and the inactivation of the STAT3, AKT and Erk signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguang Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Taishan Sanatorium of Shandong Province, Taian, China
| | - Wen Meng
- Outpatient Department, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Deprez J, Lajoinie G, Engelen Y, De Smedt SC, Lentacker I. Opening doors with ultrasound and microbubbles: Beating biological barriers to promote drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:9-36. [PMID: 33705877 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apart from its clinical use in imaging, ultrasound has been thoroughly investigated as a tool to enhance drug delivery in a wide variety of applications. Therapeutic ultrasound, as such or combined with cavitating nuclei or microbubbles, has been explored to cross or permeabilize different biological barriers. This ability to access otherwise impermeable tissues in the body makes the combination of ultrasound and therapeutics very appealing to enhance drug delivery in situ. This review gives an overview of the most important biological barriers that can be tackled using ultrasound and aims to provide insight on how ultrasound has shown to improve accessibility as well as the biggest hurdles. In addition, we discuss the clinical applicability of therapeutic ultrasound with respect to the main challenges that must be addressed to enable the further progression of therapeutic ultrasound towards an effective, safe and easy-to-use treatment tailored for drug delivery in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deprez
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Lajoinie
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Y Engelen
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - S C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - I Lentacker
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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38
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Snipstad S, Hanstad S, Bjørkøy A, Mørch Ý, de Lange Davies C. Sonoporation Using Nanoparticle-Loaded Microbubbles Increases Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles Compared to Co-Incubation of Nanoparticles and Microbubbles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:640. [PMID: 33946327 PMCID: PMC8146007 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic agents can benefit from encapsulation in nanoparticles, due to improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, protection from degradation, increased cellular uptake and sustained release. Microbubbles in combination with ultrasound have been shown to improve the delivery of nanoparticles and drugs to tumors and across the blood-brain barrier. Here, we evaluate two different microbubbles for enhancing the delivery of polymeric nanoparticles to cells in vitro: a commercially available lipid microbubble (Sonazoid) and a microbubble with a shell composed of protein and nanoparticles. Various ultrasound parameters are applied and confocal microscopy is employed to image cellular uptake. Ultrasound enhanced cellular uptake depending on the pressure and duty cycle. The responsible mechanisms are probably sonoporation and sonoprinting, followed by uptake, and to a smaller degree enhanced endocytosis. The use of commercial Sonazoid microbubbles leads to significantly lower uptake than when using nanoparticle-loaded microbubbles, suggesting that proximity between cells, nanoparticles and microbubbles is important, and that mainly nanoparticles in the shell are taken up, rather than free nanoparticles in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Snipstad
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (S.H.); (A.B.); (C.d.L.D.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Sem Sælandsvei 2A, 7034 Trondheim, Norway;
- Cancer Clinic, St. Olav’s Hospital, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigurd Hanstad
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (S.H.); (A.B.); (C.d.L.D.)
| | - Astrid Bjørkøy
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (S.H.); (A.B.); (C.d.L.D.)
| | - Ýrr Mørch
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Sem Sælandsvei 2A, 7034 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Catharina de Lange Davies
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (S.H.); (A.B.); (C.d.L.D.)
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39
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Li Y, Chen Z, Ge S. Sonoporation: Underlying Mechanisms and Applications in Cellular Regulation. BIO INTEGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound combined with microbubble-mediated sonoporation has been applied to enhance drug or gene intracellular delivery. Sonoporation leads to the formation of openings in the cell membrane, triggered by ultrasound-mediated oscillations and destruction of microbubbles. Multiple mechanisms
are involved in the occurrence of sonoporation, including ultrasonic parameters, microbubbles size, and the distance of microbubbles to cells. Recent advances are beginning to extend applications through the assistance of contrast agents, which allow ultrasound to connect directly to cellular
functions such as gene expression, cellular apoptosis, differentiation, and even epigenetic reprogramming. In this review, we summarize the current state of the art concerning microbubble‐cell interactions and sonoporation effects leading to cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuping Ge
- Department of Pediatrics, St Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Tower Health and Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA (S.G.)
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Walsh MP, Tikekar RV, Nitin N, Wrenn S. Phospholipid bilayer responses to ultrasound-induced microbubble cavitation phenomena. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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41
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Duan X, Zhou Q, Wan JMF, Yu ACH. Sonoporation generates downstream cellular impact after membrane resealing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5161. [PMID: 33664315 PMCID: PMC7933147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonoporation via microbubble-mediated ultrasound exposure has shown potential in drug and gene delivery. However, there is a general lack of mechanistic knowledge on sonoporation-induced cellular impact after membrane resealing, and this issue has made it challenging to apply sonoporation efficiently in practice. Here, we present new evidence on how sonoporation, without endangering immediate cell viability, may disrupt downstream cellular hemostasis in ways that are distinguished from the bioeffects observed in other sonicated and unsonoporated cells. Sonoporation was realized on HL-60 leukemia cells by delivering pulsed ultrasound (1 MHz frequency, 0.50 MPa peak negative pressure; 10% duty cycle; 30 s exposure period; 29.1 J/cm2 acoustic energy density) in the presence of lipid-shelled microbubbles (1:1 cell-to-bubble ratio). Results showed that 54.6% of sonoporated cells, despite remaining initially viable, underwent apoptosis or necrosis at 24 h after sonoporation. Anti-proliferation behavior was also observed in sonoporated cells as their subpopulation size was reduced by 43.8% over 24 h. Preceding these cytotoxic events, the percentages of sonoporated cells in different cell cycle phases were found to be altered by 12 h after exposure. As well, for sonoporated cells, their expressions of cytoprotective genes in the heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) family were upregulated by at least 4.1 fold at 3 h after exposure. Taken altogether, these findings indicate that sonoporated cells attempted to restore homeostasis after membrane resealing, but many of them ultimately failed to recover. Such mechanistic knowledge should be taken into account to devise more efficient sonoporation-mediated therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Duan
- Schlegel Research Institute for Aging & Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jennifer M F Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Alfred C H Yu
- Schlegel Research Institute for Aging & Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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42
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Gavahian M, Mathad GN, Oliveira CAF, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Combinations of emerging technologies with fermentation: Interaction effects for detoxification of mycotoxins? Food Res Int 2021; 141:110104. [PMID: 33641971 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of foods containing mycotoxins, as crucial groups of naturally occurring toxic agents, could pose significant health risks. While the extensive scientific literature indicates that prevention of contamination by toxigenic fungi is one of the best ways to reduce mycotoxins, detoxifying strategies are useful for improving the safety of food products. Nowadays, the food and pharmaceutical industries are using the concept of combined technologies to enhance the product yield by implementing emerging techniques, such as ultrasound, ohmic heating, moderate electric field (MEF), pulsed electric field (PEF) and high-pressure processing, during the fermentation process. While the application of emerging technologies in improving the fermentation process is well explained in this literature, there is a lack of scientific texts discussing the possibility of mycotoxin degradation through the interaction effects of emerging technologies and fermentation. Therefore, this study was undertaken to provide deep insight into applying emerging processing technologies in fermentation, mechanisms and the prospects of innovative combinations of physical and biological techniques for mycotoxins' detoxification. Among various emerging technologies, ultrasound, ohmic heating, MEF, PEF, and cold plasma have shown significant positive effects on fermentation and mycotoxins detoxification, highlighting the possibility of interactions from such combinations to degrade mycotoxins in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Gavahian
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu 91201, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Girish N Mathad
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Co-operation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Carlos A F Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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43
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Sun L, Liu L, Yang L, Wang Y, Dabbour M, Mintah BK, He R, Ma H. Effects of low‐intensity ultrasound on the biomass and metabolite of
Ganoderma lucidum
in liquid fermentation. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Liping Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Yazhen Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Mokhtar Dabbour
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Benha University Moshtohor, Qaluobia Egypt
| | | | - Ronghai He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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44
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Dockar D, Gibelli L, Borg MK. Forced oscillation dynamics of surface nanobubbles. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:184705. [PMID: 33187431 DOI: 10.1063/5.0028437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface nanobubbles have potential applications in the manipulation of nanoscale and biological materials, waste-water treatment, and surface cleaning. These spherically capped bubbles of gas can exist in stable diffusive equilibrium on chemically patterned or rough hydrophobic surfaces, under supersaturated conditions. Previous studies have investigated their long-term response to pressure variations, which is governed by the surrounding liquid's local supersaturation; however, not much is known about their short-term response to rapid pressure changes, i.e., their cavitation dynamics. Here, we present molecular dynamics simulations of a surface nanobubble subjected to an external oscillating pressure field. The surface nanobubble is found to oscillate with a pinned contact line, while still retaining a mostly spherical cap shape. The amplitude-frequency response is typical of an underdamped system, with a peak amplitude near the estimated natural frequency, despite the strong viscous effects at the nanoscale. This peak is enhanced by the surface nanobubble's high internal gas pressure, a result of the Laplace pressure. We find that accurately capturing the gas pressure, bubble volume, and pinned growth mode is important for estimating the natural frequency, and we propose a simple model for the surface nanobubble frequency response, with comparisons made to other common models for a spherical bubble, a constant contact angle surface bubble, and a bubble entrapped within a cylindrical micropore. This work reveals the initial stages of growth of cavitation nanobubbles on surfaces, common in heterogeneous nucleation, where classical models based on spherical bubble growth break down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Dockar
- School of Engineering, Institute of Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Livio Gibelli
- School of Engineering, Institute of Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K Borg
- School of Engineering, Institute of Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
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Duckert B, Vinkx S, Braeken D, Fauvart M. Single-cell transfection technologies for cell therapies and gene editing. J Control Release 2020; 330:963-975. [PMID: 33160005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in gene editing and cell therapies have recently led to outstanding clinical successes. However, the lack of a cost-effective manufacturing process prevents the democratization of these innovative medical tools. Due to the common use of viral vectors, the step of transfection in which cells are engineered to gain new functions, is a major bottleneck in making safe and affordable cell products. A promising opportunity lies in Single-Cell Transfection Technologies (SCTTs). SCTTs have demonstrated higher efficiency, safety and scalability than conventional transfection methods. They can also feature unique abilities such as substantial dosage control over the cargo delivery, single-cell addressability and integration in microdevices comprising multiple monitoring modalities. Unfortunately, the potential of SCTTs is not fully appreciated: they are most often restricted to research settings with little adoption in clinical settings. To encourage their adoption, we review and compare recent developments in SCTTs, and how they can enable selected clinical applications. To help bridge the gap between fundamental research and its translation to the clinic, we also describe how Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) can be integrated in the design of SCTTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Duckert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200d, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Dai J, Bai M, Li C, Cui H, Lin L. Advances in the mechanism of different antibacterial strategies based on ultrasound technique for controlling bacterial contamination in food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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47
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Efficient Delivery and Replication of Oncolytic Virus for Successful Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197073. [PMID: 32992948 PMCID: PMC7582277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer has been treated by a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. In recent years, the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has made immunotherapy a new treatment method. Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy selectively infects tumor cells with a low-pathogenic virus, lyses tumor cells by the cytopathic effects of the virus, and induces anti-tumor immunity to destroy tumors by the action of immune cells. In OV therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), vaccinia virus, adenovirus, reovirus, measles virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), are mainly used. As the combined use of mutant HSV-1 and ICI was successful for the treatment of melanoma, studies are underway to combine OV therapy with radiation, chemotherapy, and other types of immunotherapy. In such therapy, it is important for the virus to selectively replicate in tumor cells, and to express the viral gene and the introduced foreign gene in the tumor cells. In OV therapy for HNSCC, it may be useful to combine systemic and local treatments that improve the delivery and replication of the inoculated oncolytic virus in the tumor cells.
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48
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Shigematsu T, Koshiyama K, Wada S. Kelvin-Helmholtz-like instability of phospholipid bilayers under shear flow: System-size dependence. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:022408. [PMID: 32942508 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.022408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We performed a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of phospholipid bilayers under shear flow to estimate the effect of the system size on Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH)-like instability of the bilayer at the molecular scale. To extend the estimation by the MD simulations to the microscale, we introduced linear stability analysis for the fluid-fluid interface consisting of a thin membrane. For both the MD simulations and theoretical model, the critical velocity difference across the bilayer, where instability occurs, decreased with increasing wavelength of the bilayer undulation λ, which corresponds to the system size. When λ was more than about ten times larger than the bilayer thickness, the critical velocity difference in the MD simulations was in quantitative agreement with that obtained by the theoretical model. This means that the theoretical model is applicable for the shear-induced KH-like instability of the bilayer for large λ. The theoretical model showed that the critical velocity difference for the KH-like instability was proportional to λ^{-3/2}. Based on these results, we discuss the implications of the shear-induced bilayer instability in the shear-induced cell damage observed in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Shigematsu
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Koshiyama
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Shigeo Wada
- Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
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50
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Navarro-Becerra JA, Caballero-Robledo GA, Franco-Urquijo CA, Ríos A, Escalante B. Functional Activity and Endothelial-Lining Integrity of Ex Vivo Arteries Exposed to Ultrasound-Mediated Microbubble Destruction. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:2335-2348. [PMID: 32553691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction (UMMD) is a promising strategy to improve local drug delivery in specific tissues. However, acoustic cavitation can lead to harmful bioeffects in endothelial cells. We investigated the side effects of UMMD treatment on vascular function (contraction and relaxation) and endothelium integrity of ex vivo Wistar rat arteries. We used an isolated organ system to evaluate vascular responses and confocal microscopy to quantify the integrity and viability of endothelial cells. The arteries were exposed for 1-3 min to ultrasound at a 100 Hz pulse-repetition frequency, 0.5 MPa acoustic pressure, 50% duty cycle and 1%-5% v/v microbubbles. The vascular contractile response was not affected. The acetylcholine-dependent maximal relaxation response was reduced from 78% (control) to 60% after 3 min of ultrasound exposure. In arteries treated simultaneously with 1 min of ultrasound exposure and 1%, 2%, 3% or 5% microbubble concentration, vascular relaxation was reduced by 19%, 58%, 80% or 93%, respectively, compared with the control arteries. Fluorescent labeling revealed that apoptotic death, detachment of endothelial cells and reduced nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation are involved in relaxation impairment. We demonstrated that UMMD can be a safe technology if the correct ultrasound and microbubble parameters are applied. Furthermore, we found that tissue-function evaluation combined with cellular analysis can be useful to study ultrasound-microbubble-tissue interactions in the optimization of targeted endothelial drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amelia Ríos
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad-Monterrey, Apodaca, México
| | - Bruno Escalante
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad-Monterrey, Apodaca, México; Universidad de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, México
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