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Konopka MJ, Keizer H, Rietjens G, Zeegers MP, Sperlich B. A critical examination of sport discipline typology: identifying inherent limitations and deficiencies in contemporary classification systems. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1389844. [PMID: 39050482 PMCID: PMC11266029 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1389844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise scientists (especially in the field of biomolecular research) frequently classify athletic cohorts into categories such as endurance, strength, or mixed, and create a practical framework for studying diverse athletic populations between seemingly similar groups. It is crucial to recognize the limitations and complexities of these classifications, as they may oversimplify the multidimensional characteristics of each sport. If so, the validity of studies dealing with such approaches may become compromised and the comparability across different studies challenging or impossible. This perspective critically examines and highlights the issues associated with current sports typologies, critiques existing sports classification systems, and emphasizes the imperative for a universally accepted classification model to enhance the quality of biomolecular research of sports in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Johanna Konopka
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Institute for Healthcare Management and Health Sciences, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans Keizer
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Gerard Rietjens
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurice Petrus Zeegers
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- MPB Holding, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Ahmetov II, John G, Semenova EA, Hall ECR. Genomic predictors of physical activity and athletic performance. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2024; 111:311-408. [PMID: 38908902 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity and athletic performance are complex phenotypes influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Recent advances in lifestyle and behavioral genomics led to the discovery of dozens of DNA polymorphisms (variants) associated with physical activity and allowed to use them as genetic instruments in Mendelian randomization studies for identifying the causal links between physical activity and health outcomes. On the other hand, exercise and sports genomics studies are focused on the search for genetic variants associated with athlete status, sports injuries and individual responses to training and supplement use. In this review, the findings of studies investigating genetic markers and their associations with physical activity and athlete status are reported. As of the end of September 2023, a total of 149 variants have been associated with various physical activity traits (of which 42 variants are genome-wide significant) and 253 variants have been linked to athlete status (115 endurance-related, 96 power-related, and 42 strength-related).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildus I Ahmetov
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - George John
- Transform Specialist Medical Centre, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Semenova EA, Hall ECR, Ahmetov II. Genes and Athletic Performance: The 2023 Update. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1235. [PMID: 37372415 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes of athletic performance and exercise capacity are complex traits influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. This update on the panel of genetic markers (DNA polymorphisms) associated with athlete status summarises recent advances in sports genomics research, including findings from candidate gene and genome-wide association (GWAS) studies, meta-analyses, and findings involving larger-scale initiatives such as the UK Biobank. As of the end of May 2023, a total of 251 DNA polymorphisms have been associated with athlete status, of which 128 genetic markers were positively associated with athlete status in at least two studies (41 endurance-related, 45 power-related, and 42 strength-related). The most promising genetic markers include the AMPD1 rs17602729 C, CDKN1A rs236448 A, HFE rs1799945 G, MYBPC3 rs1052373 G, NFIA-AS2 rs1572312 C, PPARA rs4253778 G, and PPARGC1A rs8192678 G alleles for endurance; ACTN3 rs1815739 C, AMPD1 rs17602729 C, CDKN1A rs236448 C, CPNE5 rs3213537 G, GALNTL6 rs558129 T, IGF2 rs680 G, IGSF3 rs699785 A, NOS3 rs2070744 T, and TRHR rs7832552 T alleles for power; and ACTN3 rs1815739 C, AR ≥21 CAG repeats, LRPPRC rs10186876 A, MMS22L rs9320823 T, PHACTR1 rs6905419 C, and PPARG rs1801282 G alleles for strength. It should be appreciated, however, that elite performance still cannot be predicted well using only genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4UA, UK
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, 191040 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK
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Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Remmel L, Nemet D, Jürimäe J, Eliakim A. The prevalence of IGF-I axis genetic polymorphisms among decathlon athletes. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 64:101468. [PMID: 35605565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decathlon is a combined track and field competition, consisting of ten, mainly anaerobic events. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF1) axis plays a pivotal role in athletes' structural and functional muscle adaptation to exercise training, and in their competitive performance. Based on the great demand for speed physiological characteristics among decathlon athletes, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of IGF genetic polymorphisms among decathletes, to present an optimal genetic profile for enhancing performance. METHODS The participants included 151 male athletes and 75 male non-athletic controls from Israel and Estonia. Athletes were divided into four groups, according to the field of expertise: (a) 40 sprinters and long jumpers; (b) 40 middle distance runners; (c) 44 Weightlifters; and (d) 27 decathletes. Genomic DNA was extracted from the participants' buccal epithelial cells using standard protocol and then analyzed for IGF1 axis related genetic polymorphism using the allelic discrimination assay. RESULTS A significantly higher prevalence of the IGF1 rs35767 TT genotype was found among decathletes compared to the other athletes, as well as a lower prevalence of the IGF1 rs7136446 GG genotype, a higher prevalence of the IGF1R rs1464430 AA genotype, and a higher prevalence of the IGF2 rs680 GG genotype. Moreover, among the decathletes, carriers of the IGF1 rs7136446 GG genotype achieved higher decathlon scores compared to A-allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest a potential beneficial role for some IGF-axis polymorphisms (mainly the IGF1 1245 TT and the IGF2 GG) among decathletes, both of which are associated with improved speed performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College for Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel.
| | - Yoav Meckel
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College for Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel
| | | | - Dan Nemet
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | | | - Alon Eliakim
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College for Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel; Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
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Abstract
Sports genomics is the scientific discipline that focuses on the organization and function of the genome in elite athletes, and aims to develop molecular methods for talent identification, personalized exercise training, nutritional need and prevention of exercise-related diseases. It postulates that both genetic and environmental factors play a key role in athletic performance and related phenotypes. This update on the panel of genetic markers (DNA polymorphisms) associated with athlete status and soft-tissue injuries covers advances in research reported in recent years, including one whole genome sequencing (WGS) and four genome-wide association (GWAS) studies, as well as findings from collaborative projects and meta-analyses. At end of 2020, the total number of DNA polymorphisms associated with athlete status was 220, of which 97 markers have been found significant in at least two studies (35 endurance-related, 24 power-related, and 38 strength-related). Furthermore, 29 genetic markers have been linked to soft-tissue injuries in at least two studies. The most promising genetic markers include HFE rs1799945, MYBPC3 rs1052373, NFIA-AS2 rs1572312, PPARA rs4253778, and PPARGC1A rs8192678 for endurance; ACTN3 rs1815739, AMPD1 rs17602729, CPNE5 rs3213537, CKM rs8111989, and NOS3 rs2070744 for power; LRPPRC rs10186876, MMS22L rs9320823, PHACTR1 rs6905419, and PPARG rs1801282 for strength; and COL1A1 rs1800012, COL5A1 rs12722, COL12A1 rs970547, MMP1 rs1799750, MMP3 rs679620, and TIMP2 rs4789932 for soft-tissue injuries. It should be appreciated, however, that hundreds and even thousands of DNA polymorphisms are needed for the prediction of athletic performance and injury risk.
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Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Nemet D, Eliakim A. Insulin-like Growth Factor Axis Genetic Score and Sports Excellence. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2421-2426. [PMID: 34292262 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ben-Zaken, S, Meckel, Y, Nemet, D, and Eliakim, A. Insulin-like growth factor axis genetic score and sports excellence. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2421-2426, 2021-It has been suggested that IGF1 polymorphisms associated with circulating IGF1 levels may be linked to elite short-distance running performance. This study assessed genetic score based on 6 polymorphisms related to the Insulin-like growth factor axis (rs7136446, rs35767, rs6220, rs680, rs2854744, and rs1805086) among elite Israeli runners and swimmers. One hundred sixty-one track and field athletes (123 men and 38 women, age 17-50 years) and 94 swimmers (61 men and 33 women, age 16-49 years) participated in the study. Athletes were divided into short-distance runners (SDRs, major event: 100-200-m sprints and jumps, n = 63) and long-distance runners (LDRs, major event: 5,000 m and marathon, n = 98). Swimmers were divided into short-distance swimmers (SDSs, major event: 50-100 m, n = 44) and long-distance swimmers (LDSs, major event: 400-1,500 m, n = 50). Groups were subdivided into top-level and national-level athletes. We calculated the IGF genetic score (IGF-GS) of all the subjects on a 0-100 scale. Top-level SDRs' mean IGF-GS (30.8 ± 11.7) was significantly higher (p < 0.006) compared with national-level SDRs' (20.5 ± 11.3) and top-level SDSs' (19.9 ± 8.5). Subjects with IGF-GS >25 had an increased odds ratio (OR) of being elite-level SDRs (OR: 4.2; 95% confidence interval: 0.68-26.09; p < 0.001). In summary, a combined assessment of 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, all known to modulate circulation IGF1 levels, was associated with a higher genetic score among SDRs, emphasizing the importance of the IGF system to land speed sports events but not to swimming events. Whether the IGF-GS may be used for selection of elite-level sprinters in early stages of their athletic career needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College at the Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Yoav Meckel
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College at the Wingate, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel; and
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel; and
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Delli Paoli G, van de Laarschot D, Friesema ECH, Verkaik R, Giacco A, Senese R, Arp PP, Jhamai PM, Pagnotta SM, Broer L, Uitterlinden AG, Lanni A, Zillikens MC, de Lange P. Short-Term, Combined Fasting and Exercise Improves Body Composition in Healthy Males. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 30:386-395. [PMID: 32998111 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fasting enhances the beneficial metabolic outcomes of exercise; however, it is unknown whether body composition is favorably modified on the short term. A baseline-follow-up study was carried out to assess the effect of an established protocol involving short-term combined exercise with fasting on body composition. One hundred seven recreationally exercising males underwent a 10-day intervention across 15 fitness centers in the Netherlands involving a 3-day gradual decrease of food intake, a 3-day period with extremely low caloric intake, and a gradual 4-day increase to initial caloric intake, with daily 30-min submaximal cycling. Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry analysis, all subjects substantially lost total body mass (-3.9 ± 1.9 kg; p < .001) and fat mass (-3.3 ± 1.3 kg; p < .001). Average lean mass was lost (-0.6 ± 1.5 kg; p < .001), but lean mass as a percentage of total body mass was not reduced. The authors observed a loss of -3.9 ± 1.9% android fat over total fat mass (p < .001), a loss of -2.2 ± 1.9% gynoid over total fat mass (p < .001), and reduced android/gynoid ratios (-0.05 ± 0.1; p < .001). Analyzing 15 preselected single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 13 metabolism-related genes revealed trending associations for thyroid state-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs225014 (deiodinase 2) and rs35767 (insulin-like growth factor1), and rs1053049 (PPARD). In conclusion, a short period of combined fasting and exercise leads to a substantial loss of body and fat mass without a loss of lean mass as a percentage of total mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Delli Paoli
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"
- European Consortium for Lifestyle, Exercise, Adaptation, and Nutrition (EULEAN)
| | - Denise van de Laarschot
- European Consortium for Lifestyle, Exercise, Adaptation, and Nutrition (EULEAN)
- Erasmus University Medical Center
| | - Edith C H Friesema
- European Consortium for Lifestyle, Exercise, Adaptation, and Nutrition (EULEAN)
- Erasmus University Medical Center
| | - Remco Verkaik
- European Consortium for Lifestyle, Exercise, Adaptation, and Nutrition (EULEAN)
- European Nutraceutical Services
| | - Antonia Giacco
- European Consortium for Lifestyle, Exercise, Adaptation, and Nutrition (EULEAN)
- Università degli Studi del Sannio
| | - Rosalba Senese
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"
- European Consortium for Lifestyle, Exercise, Adaptation, and Nutrition (EULEAN)
| | | | | | | | | | - André G Uitterlinden
- European Consortium for Lifestyle, Exercise, Adaptation, and Nutrition (EULEAN)
- Erasmus University Medical Center
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"
- European Consortium for Lifestyle, Exercise, Adaptation, and Nutrition (EULEAN)
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- European Consortium for Lifestyle, Exercise, Adaptation, and Nutrition (EULEAN)
- Erasmus University Medical Center
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"
- European Consortium for Lifestyle, Exercise, Adaptation, and Nutrition (EULEAN)
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Li TC, Wu CW, Li CI, Wu FY, Liao LN, Liu CS, Lin CH, Wang MC, Yang CW, Lin CC. Interactions among IGF-1, AKT2, FOXO1, and FOXO3 variations and between genes and physical activities on physical performance in community-dwelling elders. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239530. [PMID: 32986769 PMCID: PMC7521683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the interactions among IGF-1, AKT2, FOXO1, and FOXO3 variations and the interactions of gene and physical activity on handgrip strength, arm muscle mass-adjusted handgrip (armGrip), gait speed (GS), timed up and go (TUG), and leg press strength (LPS). Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) containing three IGF-1 SNPs (rs6214, rs5742692, and rs35767), two AKT2 SNPs (rs892119 and rs35817154), two FOXO1 SNPs (rs17446593 and rs10507486), and two FOXO3 SNPs (rs9480865 and rs2153960) were genotyped in 472 unrelated elders with a mean age of 73.8 years. We observed significant interactions of IGF-1 SNP rs6214 and rs35767 with regular physical activity on TUG and GS; and AKT2 SNP rs892119 and FOXO3 SNP rs9480865 with regular physical activity on armGrip. Genotype GG of IGF-1 rs6214 and rs35767 in individuals without regular physical activity had poor performance in TUG and GS, as well as GG of AKT2 rs892119 decreased armGrip in individuals without regular physical activity. After FDR adjustment, no significant gene-gene interactions were found. A sedentary lifestyle may increase the risk of impairing physical performance and regular physical activity is a remedy for sarcopenia, even a little regular physical activity can overcome carrying some risk alleles in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Chung Li
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Wu
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ing Li
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yang Wu
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Na Liao
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Shong Liu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsueh Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Cyun Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Wei Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Nemet D, Kassem E, Eliakim A. The combined frequencies of the IL-6 G-174C and IGFBP3 A-202C polymorphisms among swimmers and runners. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 51:17-21. [PMID: 31978779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have demonstrated that compared to runners, swimmers carry a higher prevalence of the IL-6 -174C polymorphism and lower single nucleotide polymorphism frequencies of the IGF system. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess the combined frequency of the IL-6 -174G/C and IGFBP3 -202A/C polymorphisms among track and field athletes and swimmers. METHODS Track and field athletes were divided into long-distance runners (major event 5000 m-marathon, n = 63) and power athletes (major event 100-200 m sprints and long jump, n = 67). Swimmers were divided into long-distance swimmers (major event: 400-1500 m, n = 50), and short-distance swimmers (major event: 50-100 m, n = 43). All participants had achieved results that ranked them among the top all-time Israeli athletes in their event, and competed at national and/or international level on a regular basis. RESULTS Carrying both IL-6C and IGFBP3C mutations was significantly greater among long-distance swimmers (LDS - 44%) compared to long distance runners (LDR - 21%, p < .01), and among short distance swimmers (SDS - 49%) compared to sprinters and jumpers (S/J - 28%, p < .05). Among runners, the prevalence of those not carrying either of the two mutations was significantly higher among LDR (25%) compared to S/J (10%, p < .03). CONCLUSION The prevalence of carrying both IL-6C and IGFBP3C mutations was significantly higher among the swimmers compared to runners. It is possible that carrying the IGFBP3C polymorphism is required to compensate for the potential genetically non-beneficial effects of a higher IL-6C genotype and an attenuated IGF system among the swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- The Academic College at the Wingate, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel.
| | - Yoav Meckel
- The Academic College at the Wingate, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Kfar Saba, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eias Kassem
- Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Pediatric Department, Hadera, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Pediatric Department, Hadera, Israel
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Abstract
Athletic performance is a multifactorial phenotype influenced by environmental factors as well as multiple genetic variants. Different genetic elements have a great influence over components of athletic performance such as endurance, strength, power, flexibility, neuromuscular coordination, psychological traits and other features important in sport. The current literature review revealed that to date more than 69 genetic markers have been associated with power athlete status. For the purpose of the present review we have assigned all genetic markers described with reference to power athletes status to seven main groups: 1) markers associated with skeletal muscle structure and function, 2) markers involved in the inflammatory and repair reactions in skeletal muscle during and after exercise, 3) markers involved in blood pressure control, 4) markers involved in modulation of oxygen uptake, 5) markers that are regulators of energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis, 6) markers encoding factors that control gene expression by rearrangement of chromatin fibers and mRNA stability, and 7) markers modulating cellular signaling pathways. All data presented in the current review provide evidence to support the notion that human physical performance may be influenced by genetic profiles, especially in power sports. The current studies still represent only the first steps towards a better understanding of the genetic factors that influence power-related traits, so further analyses are necessary before implementation of research findings into practice.
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Abstract
The Pediatric Exercise Science "Year That Was" section aims to highlight the most important (to the author's opinion) manuscripts that were published in 2017 in the field of endocrinology and pediatric exercise science. This year's selection includes studies showing that 1) in pubertal swimmers, there is a decrease in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) during intense training (a catabolic-type hormonal response) with an anabolic "rebound" characterized by a significant increase of these growth factors during training tapering down. Moreover, it was shown that changes of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 paralleled changes in peak and average force but not with endurance properties, showing decreases during intense training and increases during tapering; 2) a meta-analysis showing that growth hormone administration elicits significant changes in body composition and possible limited effect on anaerobic performance but does not increase either muscle strength or aerobic exercise capacity in healthy, young subjects; and 3) short-term exercise intervention can prevent the development of polycystic ovary syndrome in a dose-dependent manner in letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome rat model with high-intensity exercise being most effective. The implication of these studies to the pediatric population, their importance, and the new research avenues that were opened by these studies is emphasized.
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Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Nemet D, Eliakim A. High prevalence of the IGF2 rs680 GG polymorphism among top-level sprinters and jumpers. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 37:26-30. [PMID: 29107196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have shown that the IGF1 polymorphism is associated with greater muscle mass and improved power athletic ability, but very little is known about the IGF2 polymorphism and athletic performance. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency distribution of the IGF2 rs680 polymorphism among Israeli athletes. METHODS 185 short- (n=72) and long-distance (n=113) runners, 94 short- (n=44) and long-distance (n=50) swimmers, 54 weight lifters and 111 controls participated in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral EDTA treated anti-coagulated blood using a standard protocol. Genotyping of the IGF2 A/G polymorphism (rs680) was performed using allelic discrimination assay. RESULTS The frequency of IGF2 (rs680) G allele carriers was significantly greater among top compared to national-level track and field sprinters and jumpers (p<0.05). The IGF2 (rs680) GG genotype frequency was significantly greater among track and field sprinters and jumpers compared to weight lifters p<0.02), and among top-level sprinters and jumpers compared to top-level weight lifters p<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in the IGF2 (rs680) GG genotype frequency among endurance athletes and between the swimmers and the other sports disciplines and the controls. CONCLUSIONS While a single polymorphism cannot determine athletic success or failure, the findings of the present study suggest a potential importance of the IGF2 polymorphism, mainly regarding speed sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- The Academic College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Netanya 42902, Israel.
| | - Yoav Meckel
- The Academic College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Netanya 42902, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 21:213-220. [PMID: 28666769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study the association between genetic polymorphisms and power athlete status with possible interference by race and sex was investigated to identify genetic variants favourable for becoming a power athlete. DESIGN This meta-analysis included both, case-control and Cohort studies. METHODS Databases of PubMed and Web of Science were searched for studies reporting on genetic polymorphisms associated with the status of being a power athlete. Thirty-five articles published between 2008 and 2016 were identified as eligible including a total number of 5834 power athletes and 14,018 controls. A series of meta-analyses were conducted for each of the identified genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status. Odds ratios (ORs) based on the allele and genotype frequency with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated per genetic variant. Heterogeneity of the studies was addressed by Chi-square based Q-statistics at 5% significance level and a fixed or random effects model was used in absence or presence of heterogeneity respectively. Stratified analyses were conducted by race and sex to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS Significant associations were found for the genetic polymorphisms in the ACE (rs4363, rs1799752), ACTN3 (rs1815739), AGT (rs699), IL6-174 (rs1800795), MnSOD (rs1799725), NOS3 (rs1799983, rs2070744) and SOD2 (rs4880) genes. CONCLUSIONS Nine genetic polymorphisms have been identified in the meta-analyses to have a significant association with the status of being a power athlete. Nevertheless, more research on the investigated genes needs to be done to draw comprehensive conclusions.
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Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Nemet D, Eliakim A. The combined frequency of IGF and myostatin polymorphism among track & field athletes and swimmers. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 32:29-32. [PMID: 28007336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The IGF C-1245T (rs35767) and the myostatin (MSTN) Lys(K)-153Arg(R) genetic polymorphism may influence skeletal muscle phenotypes and athletic performance. Carrying the minor IGF T allele and the myostatin rare R allele was associated with higher circulating IGF-I levels, greater muscle mass and improved performance. The aim of the present study was to assess the combined frequency of the IGF 1245T (rs35767) and MSTN 153Arg(R) polymorphism among Israeli track and field athletes (n=111) and swimmers (n=80). DESIGN Track & field athletes were divided to long distance runners (major event 5000m-marathon, n=63) and power athletes (major event 100-200m sprints and long jump, n=48). Swimmers were divided into long-distance swimmers (major event: 400-1500m, n=38), and short-distance swimmers (major event: 50-100m, n=42). RESULTS Carrying both mutations was significantly higher (p<0.05) among long distance runners (LDR, 17%) compared to short distance runners (SDR, 10%), long distance swimmers (LDS, 8%), short distance swimmers (SDS, 2%) and controls (n=111, 7%). Carrying both mutations was significantly higher (p<0.05) among LDS compared to SDS (8% versus 2%, p<0.05). Among LDR and LDS carriers of both mutations, 40% and 25% were of elite level, respectively. Despite the fact that carrying both mutations among SDR and SDS was not greater than controls, all SDR and SDS carriers were elite athletes. CONCLUSION Our finding suggests that carrying both IGF 1245T and MSTN 153Arg(R) polymorphisms may contribute for long distance running success but not necessarily to elite performance. In contrast, although the frequency was not higher than the general population, all carriers of both mutations among short distance runners and swimmers were of elite competitive caliber. Whether evaluation of the IGF 1245T and MSTN 153R polymorphism can be used for sports selection in young athletes needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wingate Institute, Israel.
| | - Yoav Meckel
- The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wingate Institute, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Nemet D, Rabinovich M, Kassem E, Eliakim A. Frequency of the MSTN Lys(K)-153Arg(R) polymorphism among track & field athletes and swimmers. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:196-200. [PMID: 25936293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The myostatin (MSTN) Lys(K)-153Arg(R) polymorphism may influence skeletal muscle phenotypes. Carrying the rare R allele was associated with greater muscle mass. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of the MSTN Lys(K)-153Arg(R) polymorphism among Israeli track and field athletes (n=185) and swimmers (n=80). METHODS Track and field athletes were divided into long distance runners (major event 5000 m-marathon, n=113) and power athletes (major event 100200 m sprints and long jump, n=72). Swimmers were divided into long-distance swimmers (major event: 800-1500 m, n=38), and short-distance swimmers (major event: 50-100 m, n=42). The control group included 118 non-athletes healthy participants. RESULTS Twenty-seven track and field athletes (14.6%) and 7 swimmers (8.8%) were carriers of the rare MSTN R allele, and only two carried the 153RR genotype (0.8%). MSTN 153R allele frequency was significantly higher in top-compared to national-level among long-distance runners (26% versus 8%, p<0.05), short distance runners (16% versus 9%, p<0.05), and all runners combined (20% versus 8%, p<0.05), but not in top- compared to national-level swimmers. The frequency of arginine carriers was significantly greater among long compared to short-distance swimmers (16% versus 2%, p<0.03). CONCLUSION In contrast to elite endurance and power track and field athletes, the MSTN 153RR genotype was not found in short distance-swimmers, and among the long distance-swimmers it was not associated with top level swimming performance. Whether evaluation of the MSTN K153R polymorphism can be used for sports selection in young athletes needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Netanya 42902, Israel.
| | - Yoav Meckel
- The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Netanya 42902, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Moran Rabinovich
- The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Netanya 42902, Israel
| | - Eias Kassem
- Hillel-Yafe Medical Center, Pediatric Department, Hadera, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of athletic performance is an important step in the development of methods for talent identification in sport. Research concerned with molecular predictors has highlighted a number of potentially important DNA polymorphisms contributing to predisposition to success in certain types of sport. This review summarizes the evidence and mechanistic insights on the associations between DNA polymorphisms and athletic performance. A literature search (period: 1997-2014) revealed that at least 120 genetic markers are linked to elite athlete status (77 endurance-related genetic markers and 43 power/strength-related genetic markers). Notably, 11 (9%) of these genetic markers (endurance markers: ACE I, ACTN3 577X, PPARA rs4253778 G, PPARGC1A Gly482; power/strength markers: ACE D, ACTN3 Arg577, AMPD1 Gln12, HIF1A 582Ser, MTHFR rs1801131 C, NOS3 rs2070744 T, PPARG 12Ala) have shown positive associations with athlete status in three or more studies, and six markers (CREM rs1531550 A, DMD rs939787 T, GALNT13 rs10196189 G, NFIA-AS1 rs1572312 C, RBFOX1 rs7191721 G, TSHR rs7144481 C) were identified after performing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of African-American, Jamaican, Japanese, and Russian athletes. On the other hand, the significance of 29 (24%) markers was not replicated in at least one study. Future research including multicenter GWAS, whole-genome sequencing, epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiling and performing meta-analyses in large cohorts of athletes is needed before these findings can be extended to practice in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sport Technology Research Center, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Olga N Fedotovskaya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Alexander KE, Chambers S, Spurdle AB, Batra J, Lose F, O'Mara TA, Gardiner RA, Aitken JF, Clements JA, Kedda MA, Janda M. Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in growth factor genes and quality of life in men with prostate cancer and the general population. Qual Life Res 2015; 24:2183-93. [PMID: 25724697 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-015-0950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Improved survival for men with prostate cancer has led to increased attention to factors influencing quality of life (QOL). As protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) have been reported to be associated with QOL in people with cancer, we sought to identify whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of these genes were associated with QOL in men with prostate cancer. METHODS Multiple linear regression of two data sets (including approximately 750 men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer and 550 men from the general population) was used to investigate SNPs of VEGF and IGF-1 (10 SNPs in total) for associations with QOL (measured by the SF-36v2 health survey). RESULTS Men with prostate cancer who carried the minor 'T' allele for IGF-1 SNP rs35767 had higher mean Role-Physical scale scores (≥0.3 SD) compared to non-carriers (p < 0.05). While this association was not identified in men from the general population, one IGF-1 SNP rs7965399 was associated with higher mean Bodily Pain scale scores in men from the general population that was not found in men with prostate cancer. Men from the general population who carried the rare 'C' allele had higher mean Bodily Pain scale scores (≥0.3 SD) than non-carriers (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Through identifying SNPs that are associated with QOL in men with prostate cancer and men from the general population, this study adds to the mapping of complex interrelationships that influence QOL and suggests a role for IGF-I in physical QOL outcomes. Future research may identify biomarkers associated with increased risk of poor QOL that could assist in the provision of pre-emptive support for those identified at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Alexander
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia,
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