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Conover CA, Oxvig C. The Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) Story. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:1012-1028. [PMID: 37267421 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) was first identified in the early 1970s as a placental protein of unknown function, present at high concentrations in the circulation of pregnant women. In the mid-to-late 1990s, PAPP-A was discovered to be a metzincin metalloproteinase, expressed by many nonplacental cells, that regulates local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) activity through cleavage of high-affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), in particular IGFBP-4. With PAPP-A as a cell surface-associated enzyme, the reduced affinity of the cleavage fragments results in increased IGF available to bind and activate IGF receptors in the pericellular environment. This proteolytic regulation of IGF activity is important, since the IGFs promote proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival in various normal and cancer cells. Thus, there has been a steady growth in investigation of PAPP-A structure and function outside of pregnancy. This review provides historical perspective on the discovery of PAPP-A and its structure and cellular function, highlights key studies of the first 50 years in PAPP-A research, and introduces new findings from recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Qian Y, Berryman DE, Basu R, List EO, Okada S, Young JA, Jensen EA, Bell SRC, Kulkarni P, Duran-Ortiz S, Mora-Criollo P, Mathes SC, Brittain AL, Buchman M, Davis E, Funk KR, Bogart J, Ibarra D, Mendez-Gibson I, Slyby J, Terry J, Kopchick JJ. Mice with gene alterations in the GH and IGF family. Pituitary 2022; 25:1-51. [PMID: 34797529 PMCID: PMC8603657 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of GH's action stems from animal models and the generation and characterization of genetically altered or modified mice. Manipulation of genes in the GH/IGF1 family in animals started in 1982 when the first GH transgenic mice were produced. Since then, multiple laboratories have altered mouse DNA to globally disrupt Gh, Ghr, and other genes upstream or downstream of GH or its receptor. The ability to stay current with the various genetically manipulated mouse lines within the realm of GH/IGF1 research has been daunting. As such, this review attempts to consolidate and summarize the literature related to the initial characterization of many of the known gene-manipulated mice relating to the actions of GH, PRL and IGF1. We have organized the mouse lines by modifications made to constituents of the GH/IGF1 family either upstream or downstream of GHR or to the GHR itself. Available data on the effect of altered gene expression on growth, GH/IGF1 levels, body composition, reproduction, diabetes, metabolism, cancer, and aging are summarized. For the ease of finding this information, key words are highlighted in bold throughout the main text for each mouse line and this information is summarized in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. Most importantly, the collective data derived from and reported for these mice have enhanced our understanding of GH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stephen R C Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Patricia Mora-Criollo
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Samuel C Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alison L Brittain
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Mat Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kevin R Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jolie Bogart
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Diego Ibarra
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Isaac Mendez-Gibson
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Julie Slyby
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Terry
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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3
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Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein (PAPP)-A2 in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123576. [PMID: 34944082 PMCID: PMC8700087 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays fundamental roles during development, maturation, and aging. Members of this axis, composed of various ligands, receptors, and binding proteins, are regulated in a tissue- and time-specific manner that requires precise control that is not completely understood. Some of the most recent advances in understanding the implications of this axis in human growth are derived from the identifications of new mutations in the gene encoding the pregnancy-associated plasma protein PAPP-A2 protease that liberates IGFs from their carrier proteins in a selective manner to allow binding to the IGF receptor 1. The identification of three nonrelated families with mutations in the PAPP-A2 gene has shed light on how this protease affects human physiology. This review summarizes our understanding of the implications of PAPP-A2 in growth physiology, obtained from studies in genetically modified animal models and the PAPP-A2 deficient patients known to date.
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Hjortebjerg R, Bojsen-Møller KN, Søeby M, Oxvig C, Madsbad S, Frystyk J. Metabolic improvement after gastric bypass correlates with changes in IGF-regulatory proteins stanniocalcin-2 and IGFBP-4. Metabolism 2021; 124:154886. [PMID: 34506805 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is an enzyme that increases IGF-activity through cleavage of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), primarily IGFBP-4, whereby bound IGF-I becomes released as a free molecule. The enzymatic activity of PAPP-A is irreversibly suppressed by the glycoprotein stanniocalcin-2 (STC2). Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that the STC2 - PAPP-A - IGFBP-4 axis is important in controlling local IGF-action. STC2, PAPP-A and IGFBP-4 are expressed in adipose tissue, and as bariatric surgery markedly reduces the amount of fat, we found it relevant to study the impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on circulating concentrations of this IGF-regulatory network. METHODS Analysis of fasting blood samples from 20 obese subjects, hereof 10 with preoperative type 2 diabetes, investigated before RYGB, and 1 week, 3 months and 12 months post-surgery. Members of the IGF-system were analyzed by immunoassays, bioactive IGF by cell-based IGF-I receptor activation assay. We compared changes in IGF-system components with changes in fasting plasma insulin and glucose, and HbA1c. RESULTS PAPP-A remained unchanged, but STC2 decreased following RYGB (p < 0.05). The PAPP-A substrate IGFBP-4 declined (p < 0.01), whereas levels of PAPP-A specific IGFBP-4 fragments increased (p < 0.05), indicating an increased PAPP-A enzymatic activity post-RYGB. Further, the reduction in intact IGFBP-4 correlated with increased levels of bioactive IGF (p < 0.05). In multivariable regression analyses, an improved glucose metabolism correlated with reductions in STC2 and IGFBP-4, and with increases in bioactive IGF and IGF-I (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION After 12 months, RYGB caused reduced serum concentrations of intact IGFBP-4 and STC2, whereas serum PAPP-A remained at pre-operative levels. However, concentrations of PAPP-A generated IGFBP-4 fragments increased, pointing to an overall increased PAPP-A enzymatic activity following RYGB. Notably, reductions in intact IGFBP-4 and STC2 associated with improvements in glucose metabolism. Therefore, we propose that STC2 and IGFBP-4 are involved in the metabolic improvement that follows RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Søeby
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Castillo-Castrejon M, Yang IV, Davidson EJ, Borengasser SJ, Jambal P, Westcott J, Kemp JF, Garces A, Ali SA, Saleem S, Goldenberg RL, Figueroa L, Hambidge KM, Krebs NF, Powell TL. Preconceptional Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplementation in 2 Low-Resource Countries Results in Distinctly Different IGF-1/mTOR Placental Responses. J Nutr 2021; 151:556-569. [PMID: 33382407 PMCID: PMC7948206 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preconceptional maternal small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation (SQLNS) improved intrauterine linear growth in low-resource countries as demonstrated by the Women First Preconception Maternal Nutrition Trial (WF). Fetal growth is dependent on nutrient availability and regulated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) through changes in placental transfer capacity, mediated by the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to evaluate the role of placental mTOR and IGF-1 signaling on fetal growth in women from 2 low-resource countries with high rates of stunting after they received preconceptional SQLNS. METHODS We studied 48 women from preconception through delivery who were from Guatemala and Pakistan and received SQLNS or not, as part of the WF study. Placental samples were obtained at delivery (control, n = 24; SQLNS, n = 24). Placental protein or mRNA expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor binding protein-1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKA), IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), and pregnancy associated plasma protein (PAPP)-A, and DNA methylation of the IGF1 promoter were determined. Maternal serum IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3, IGFBP-4, IGFBP-5, PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, and zinc were measured. RESULTS Mean ± SEM maternal prepregnancy BMI differed between participants in Guatemala (26.5 ± 1.3) and Pakistan (19.8 ± 0.7) (P < 0.001). In Pakistani participants, SQLNS increased the placental rpS6(T37/46):rpS6 ratio (1.5-fold) and decreased the AMPKA(T172):AMPKA ratio. Placental IGF1 mRNA expression was positively correlated with birth length and birth weight z-scores. Placental PAPP-A (30-fold) and maternal serum zinc (1.2-fold) increased with SQLNS. In Guatemalan participants SQLNS did not influence placental mTOR signaling. Placental IGF-1R protein expression was positively associated with birth length and birth weight z-scores. SQLNS increased placental PAPP-A (40-fold) and maternal serum IGFBP-4 (1.6-fold). CONCLUSIONS In Pakistani pregnant women with poor nutritional status, preconceptional SQLNS activated placental mTOR and IGF-1 signaling and was associated with improved fetal growth. In contrast, in Guatemalan women SQLNS did not activate placental nutrient-sensing pathways. In populations experiencing childhood stunting, preconceptional SQLNS improves placental function and fetal growth only in the context of poor maternal nutrition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01883193.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Castillo-Castrejon
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ivana V Yang
- Biomedical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Davidson
- Biomedical Informatics & Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah J Borengasser
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Purevsuren Jambal
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jamie Westcott
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer F Kemp
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ana Garces
- Maternal and Infant Health Center, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Sumera A Ali
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sarah Saleem
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Robert L Goldenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lester Figueroa
- Maternal and Infant Health Center, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - K Michael Hambidge
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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6
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Khal De Souza S, Sarapio E, Lopes Vogt E, Schein V, Bandeira Fabres R, Felipe Argenta Model J, Vieira Lima M, Santos Rocha D, Silveira Martins Da Silva R. Effects of stanniocalcin hormones on rat hepatic glucose homeostasis under fed and fasted conditions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 302:113661. [PMID: 33220302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis of conservation of stanniocalcin 1 and 2 (STC-1; STC-2) metabolic functions in vertebrates, we performed an in vitro study to determine if these hormones are implicated in regulation of the gluconeogenesis pathway, glycogen synthesis, and 14C-glucose conversion to 14CO2 in livers from fed and fasting rats (Rattus norvegicus). Stc1 and Stc2 gene expressions increased in the liver after fasting. STC-1 participated in the regulation of the hepatic gluconeogenesis pathway in rats when the precursor was 14C-lactate. STC-2 demonstrated variational signaling on rat hepatic gluconeogenesis activity and Pck1 gene expression, decreasing levels in the fed state when the substrate was 14C-alanine and increasing levels during fasting when the substrate was 14C-lactate. At the concentrations used in this study, STC-1 and STC-2 did not affect glycogen concentration and synthesis from 14C-glucose or 14C-glucose conversion to 14CO2 in the livers from fed or fasting rats. These findings highlight the role of stanniocalcins in the hepatic gluconeogenesis pathway in mammals and confirm the conservation of STC-1 and STC-2 metabolic functions in the vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Khal De Souza
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Elaine Sarapio
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Everton Lopes Vogt
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Schein
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bandeira Fabres
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus Vieira Lima
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Santos Rocha
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Rojas-Rodriguez R, Ziegler R, DeSouza T, Majid S, Madore AS, Amir N, Pace VA, Nachreiner D, Alfego D, Mathew J, Leung K, Moore Simas TA, Corvera S. PAPPA-mediated adipose tissue remodeling mitigates insulin resistance and protects against gestational diabetes in mice and humans. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaay4145. [PMID: 33239385 PMCID: PMC8375243 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a physiological state of continuous adaptation to changing maternal and fetal nutritional needs, including a reduction of maternal insulin sensitivity allowing for appropriately enhanced glucose availability to the fetus. However, excessive insulin resistance in conjunction with insufficient insulin secretion results in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), greatly increasing the risk for pregnancy complications and predisposing both mothers and offspring to future metabolic disease. Here, we report a signaling pathway connecting pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) with adipose tissue expansion in pregnancy. Adipose tissue plays a central role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, and we show that, in both mice and humans, pregnancy caused remodeling of adipose tissue evidenced by altered adipocyte size, vascularization, and in vitro expansion capacity. PAPPA is known to be a metalloprotease secreted by human placenta that modulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF) bioavailability through prolteolysis of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) 2, 4, and 5. We demonstrate that recombinant PAPPA can stimulate ex vivo human adipose tissue expansion in an IGFBP-5- and IGF-1-dependent manner. Moreover, mice lacking PAPPA displayed impaired adipose tissue remodeling, pregnancy-induced insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis, recapitulating multiple aspects of human GDM. In a cohort of 6361 pregnant women, concentrations of circulating PAPPA are inversely correlated with glycemia and odds of developing GDM. These data identify PAPPA and the IGF signaling pathway as necessary for the regulation of maternal adipose tissue physiology and systemic glucose homeostasis, with consequences for long-term metabolic risk and potential for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziel Rojas-Rodriguez
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rachel Ziegler
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tiffany DeSouza
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sana Majid
- Clinical Translational Research Pathway, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Aylin S Madore
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Healthcare, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nili Amir
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Healthcare, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Veronica A Pace
- Clinical Translational Research Pathway, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Daniel Nachreiner
- Clinical Translational Research Pathway, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - David Alfego
- Division of Data Sciences and Technology, IT, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jomol Mathew
- Division of Data Sciences and Technology, IT, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Katherine Leung
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Healthcare, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tiffany A Moore Simas
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Healthcare, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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8
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Hjortebjerg R, Rasmussen LM, Gude MF, Irmukhamedov A, Riber LP, Frystyk J, De Mey JGR. Local IGF Bioactivity Associates with High PAPP-A Activity in the Pericardial Cavity of Cardiovascular Disease Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5900391. [PMID: 32875328 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) has been suggested as a proatherogenic enzyme by its ability to locally increase insulin-like growth factor (IGF) activity through proteolytic cleavage of IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4). Recently, stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) was discovered as an inhibitor of PAPP-A. This study aimed to investigate IGFBP-4, PAPP-A, and STC2 as local regulators of IGF bioactivity in the cardiac microenvironment by comparing levels in the pericardial fluid with those in the circulation of patients with cardiovascular disease. METHODS Plasma and pericardial fluid were obtained from 39 patients undergoing elective cardiothoracic surgery, hereof 15 patients with type 2 diabetes. Concentrations of IGF-I, intact and fragmented IGFBP-4, PAPP-A, and STC2 were determined by immunoassays and IGF bioactivity by a cell-based assay. RESULTS In pericardial fluid, the concentrations of total IGF-I, intact IGFBP-4, and STC2 were 72 ± 10%, 91 ± 5%, and 40 ± 24% lower than in plasma, while PAPP-A was 15 times more concentrated. The levels of the 2 IGFBP-4 fragments generated by PAPP-A and reflecting PAPP-A activity were elevated by more than 25%. IGF bioactivity was 62 ± 81% higher in the pericardial fluid than plasma. Moreover, pericardial fluid levels of both IGFBP-4 fragments correlated with the concentration of PAPP-A and with the bioactivity of IGF. All protein levels were similar in pericardial fluid from nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS PAPP-A increases IGF bioactivity by cleavage of IGFBP-4 in the pericardial cavity of cardiovascular disease patients. This study provides evidence for a distinct local activity of the IGF system, which may promote cardiac dysfunction and coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Faurholdt Gude
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Akhmadjon Irmukhamedov
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars P Riber
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jo G R De Mey
- Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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9
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Ramakrishna A, Bale LK, West SA, Conover CA. Genetic and Pharmacological Inhibition of PAPP-A Protects Against Visceral Obesity in Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5901798. [PMID: 32888014 PMCID: PMC7528556 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenicity of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been linked to the metabolic stress of enlarging mature adipocytes and a limited ability to recruit new adipocytes. One of the major distinguishing features of VAT preadipocytes is the high expression of the zinc metalloprotease, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), when compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). In this study we used 2 different approaches to investigate the effect of PAPP-A inhibition on different fat depots in mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. Conditional knockdown of PAPP-A gene expression in female adult mice resulted in significant decreases of 30% to 40% in adipocyte size in VAT (mesenteric and pericardial depots) compared to control mice. There was no effect on SAT (inguinal) or intra-abdominal perigonadal fat. Liver lipid was also significantly decreased without any effect on heart and skeletal muscle lipid. We found similar effects when using a pharmacological approach. Weekly injections of a specific immunoneutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb-PA 1/41) or isotype control were given to male and female wild-type mice on HFD for 15 weeks. Adipocyte size was significantly decreased (30%-50%) only in VAT with mAb-PA 1/41 treatment. In this model, cell number was significantly increased in mesenteric fat in mice treated with mAb-PA 1/41, suggesting hyperplasia along with reduced hypertrophy in this VAT depot. Gene expression data indicated a significant decrease in F4/80 (macrophage marker) and interleukin-6 (proinflammatory cytokine) and a significant increase in adiponectin (anti-inflammatory adipokine with beneficial metabolic effects) in mesenteric fat compared to inguinal fat in mice treated with mAb-PA 1/41. Furthermore, there was significantly decreased liver lipid content with mAb-PA 1/41 treatment. Thus, using 2 different models systems we provide proof of principle that PAPP-A inhibition is a potential therapeutic target to prevent visceral obesity and its metabolic sequelae, such as fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie K Bale
- Division of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sally A West
- Division of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Correspondence: Cheryl A. Conover, PhD, Mayo Clinic, Endocrine Research Unit, 200 First St SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. E-mail:
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Ohde D, Walz M, Walz C, Noce A, Brenmoehl J, Langhammer M, Hoeflich A. Sex-Specific Control of Muscle Mass: Elevated IGFBP Proteolysis and Reductions of IGF-1 Levels Are Associated with Substantial Loss of Carcass Weight in Male DU6PxIGFBP-2 Transgenic Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102174. [PMID: 32993096 PMCID: PMC7600981 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In farmed animals, carcass weight represents an important economic trait. Since we had demonstrated that IGFBP-2 represents a potent inhibitor of muscle accretion in inbred mice, we wanted to quantify the inhibitory effects of IGFBP-2 under conditions of elevated protein mass in growth selected non-inbred mice (DU6P). Therefore, we crossed male DU6P mice with female IGFBP-2 transgenic mice. Male IGFBP-2 transgenic offspring (DU6P/IGFBP-2) were characterized by more than 20% reductions of carcass mass compared to male non-transgenic littermates. The carcass mass in males was also significantly lower (p < 0.001) than in transgenic female DU6P/IGFBP-2 mice, which showed a reduction of less than 10% (p < 0.05) compared to non-transgenic female DU6P/IGFBP-2 mice. Although transgene expression was elevated in the muscle of both sexes (p < 0.001), serum levels were normal in female, but significantly reduced in male transgenic DU6P/IGFBP-2 mice (p < 0.001). In this group, also IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 were significantly reduced in the circulation (p < 0.01). Particularly in male transgenic mice, we were able to identify proteolytic activity against recombinant IGFBP-2 included in diluted serum. IGFBP-proteolysis in males correlated with massive reductions of IGF-1 in serum samples and the presence of elevated levels of IGFBP-2 fragments. From our data, we conclude that elevated tissue expression of IGFBP-2 is an essential effector of muscle accretion and may block more than 20% of carcass mass. However, in the circulation, intact IGFBP-2 contained no reliable biomarker content. Notably, for the estimation of breeding values in meat-producing animal species, monitoring of IGFBP-2 expression in muscle appears to be supported by the present study in a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ohde
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Michael Walz
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Christina Walz
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Antonia Noce
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Martina Langhammer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68744
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11
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De Souza SK, Sarapio E, Vogt EL, Schein V, Fabres RB, Model JFA, Girelli V, Rocha DS, Da Silva RSM. Effects of stanniocalcin 1 hormone on lactate metabolism in rat kidney under fed and fasted conditions. Life Sci 2020; 256:117922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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12
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Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE, Puri V, Lee KY, Jorgensen JOL. The effects of growth hormone on adipose tissue: old observations, new mechanisms. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:135-146. [PMID: 31780780 PMCID: PMC7180987 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of growth hormone (GH) to induce adipose tissue lipolysis has been known for over five decades; however, the molecular mechanisms that mediate this effect and the ability of GH to inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake have scarcely been documented. In this same time frame, our understanding of adipose tissue has evolved to reveal a complex structure with distinct types of adipocyte, depot-specific differences, a biologically significant extracellular matrix and important endocrine properties mediated by adipokines. All these aforementioned features, in turn, can influence lipolysis. In this Review, we provide a historical and current overview of the lipolytic effect of GH in humans, mice and cultured cells. More globally, we explain lipolysis in terms of GH-induced intracellular signalling and its effect on obesity, insulin resistance and lipotoxicity. In this regard, findings that define molecular mechanisms by which GH induces lipolysis are described. Finally, data are presented for the differential effect of GH on specific adipose tissue depots and on distinct classes of metabolically active adipocytes. Together, these cellular, animal and human studies reveal novel cellular phenotypes and molecular pathways regulating the metabolic effects of GH on adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jens O L Jorgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Hjortebjerg R, Espelund U, Rasmussen TR, Folkersen B, Steiniche T, Georgsen JB, Oxvig C, Frystyk J. Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A2 Is Associated With Mortality in Patients With Lung Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:614. [PMID: 32982990 PMCID: PMC7492290 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and its homolog PAPP-A2 are enzymes that modulate the availability and mitogenic activity of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). PAPP-A has been implicated in numerous cancers but reports on PAPP-A2 in malignancy are non-existent. In a prospective observational study of 689 patients under suspicion of lung cancer, we examined levels of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 and their relationship with mortality. Serum PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 concentrations were determined in pre-diagnostic blood samples using ELISA, and immunohistochemical staining of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 was performed in malignant tissue from five operable patients. A total of 144 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer, whereas the diagnosis was rejected in 545 subjects, who served as a control group. PAPP-A2 concentrations were higher in patients with lung cancer [median (IQR): 0.33 (0.21-0.56) ng/mL] than in controls [0.27 (0.17-0.39) ng/mL], p < 0.001, whereas PAPP-A levels did not differ. Presence of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 were confirmed in tumor specimens, and staining occurred in a heterogeneous pattern. Patients were observed for a median (range) of 7 (6; 8) years, during which 114 patients (79.2%) died. Patient mortality differed according to PAPP-A2 tertile (p < 0.001). PAPP-A2 was associated with mortality with an unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) per doubling in protein concentration of 1.30 (1.12; 1.53), p = 0.001. In a multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, and BMI, PAPP-A2 remained predictive of the endpoint with a hazard ratio per doubling in protein concentration of 1.25 (1.05; 1.48), p = 0.013. Collectively, PAPP-A2, but not PAPP-A, is elevated in patients with lung cancer and associated with mortality. This novel role of PAPP-A2 in cancer warrants further functional studies as well as validation in external cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Rikke Hjortebjerg
| | - Ulrick Espelund
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte Folkersen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Steiniche
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Sarapio E, De Souza SK, Model JF, Trapp M, Da Silva RS. Stanniocalcin-1 and -2 effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue from fed and fasted rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:916-923. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Stanniocalcin-1 and -2 belong to a family of molecules that exhibit both paracrine and autocrine effects in mammalian cells. Human stanniocalcin-1 (hSTC-1) is expressed in a wide range of tissues, including white adipose tissue. In fed rats, hSTC-1 increases carbon flux from glucose to lipids in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue. Human stanniocalcin-2 (hSTC-2) is expressed in almost all tissues and regulates various biological processes. The aim of this work was to study the action of hSTC-1 and hSTC-2 in the lipid and glucose metabolism of epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) in rats in different nutritional states. This study shows for the first time an opposite effect of hSTC-1 and hSTC-2 on glyceride-glycerol generation from glucose in eWAT of fed rats. hSTC-1 stimulated the storage of triacylglycerol in eWAT in the postprandial period, increasing glucose uptake and glyceride-glycerol generation from 14C-glucose. hSTC-2 decreased triacylglycerol synthesis, reducing glyceride-glycerol generation from 14C-glucose, direct phosphorylation of glycerol, and fatty acid synthesis from 14C-glucose in eWAT of fed rats. However, both hormones increased glucose uptake in fed and fasting states. These findings provide evidence for a direct role of hSTC-1 and hSTC-2 in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in eWAT of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Sarapio
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samir K. De Souza
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge F.A. Model
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcia Trapp
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roselis S.M. Da Silva
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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15
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Hjortebjerg R, Thomsen KL, Agnholt J, Frystyk J. The IGF system in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with prednisolone or infliximab: potential role of the stanniocalcin-2 / PAPP-A / IGFBP-4 axis. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:83. [PMID: 31159802 PMCID: PMC6547608 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) present with reduced serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Anti-inflammatory treatment with prednisolone or infliximab ameliorates symptoms and increases circulating IGF-I, but prednisolone induces catabolism, whereas infliximab may promote protein synthesis. Recently, stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) was discovered as a novel inhibitor of the enzyme pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), which modulates IGF-I activity. PAPP-A can cleave IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4), upon which IGF-I is liberated. We hypothesized that prednisolone and infliximab exert different effects on levels of STC2, PAPP-A, and IGFBP-4, thereby explaining the distinct metabolic effects of prednisolone and infliximab. Methods Thirty-eight patients with active IBD treated with either prednisolone (n = 17) or infliximab (n = 21) were examined before and after 7 days of treatment. Circulating levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, PAPP-A, and STC2 were measured by immunoassays. Intact IGFBP-4 and two IGFBP-4 fragments were determined by a novel immunoassay. Bioactive IGF was assessed by cell-based IGF receptor activation assay. Concentrations of IGFBP-4, PAPP-A, and STC2 on day 0 and 7 were compared to healthy control subjects. Results Following seven days of prednisolone treatment, total and bioactive IGF-I were increased (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Upon infliximab treatment, total IGF-I levels were augmented (p < 0.05), yet IGF bioactivity remained unaltered. Intact IGFBP-4 and the two IGFBP-4 fragments generated upon cleavage by PAPP-A were all decreased following treatment with either prednisolone or infliximab (all p < 0.05). PAPP-A levels were only increased by infliximab (p = 0.005), whereas the inhibitor STC2 did not respond to any of the treatments. Conclusion IGF-I and IGFBP-4 concentrations were markedly altered in patients with IBD and near-normalized with disease remission following treatment with prednisolone or infliximab. Thus, IGFBP-4 may modulate IGF bioavailability in IBD. The effect of immunosuppression did not appear to extend beyond the regulation of IGF and IGFBP-4, as neither PAPP-A nor STC2 were discernibly affected. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00955123. Date of registration: August 7, 2009 (retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Karen L Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Agnholt
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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16
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Sarapio E, Souza SK, Vogt EL, Rocha DS, Fabres RB, Trapp M, Da Silva RSM. Effects of stanniocalcin hormones on rat brown adipose tissue metabolism under fed and fasted conditions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:81-87. [PMID: 30738951 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study we determined the effect of fed and fasting (48 h) states on the expression of stanniocalcin-1 (Stc1) and stanniocalcin-2 (Stc2) in rat brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as the in vitro effects of human stanniocalcin 1 and 2 (hSTC-1 and hSTC-2) hormones on lipid and glucose metabolism. In addition, lactate, glycogen levels and hexokinase (HK) activity were determined. In fasting Stc2 expression increased markedly. The targets of action of hSTC-1 and hSTC-2 were glucose uptake and oxidation as well as glycogen storage, controlling the energetic metabolism in BAT. The reduction in glycogen concentration induced by hSTC-2 in fed state might have deleterious consequences in BAT, such as decreased thermogenic activity, FA esterification and other adipocyte functions. On the other hand, the increase of glucose uptake caused by hSTC-1 of fed rats could play a role as a plasma glucose-clearing hormone in the postprandial period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Sarapio
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Samir Khal Souza
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Everton Lopes Vogt
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Santos Rocha
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bandeira Fabres
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcia Trapp
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roselis S M Da Silva
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Haywood NJ, Slater TA, Matthews CJ, Wheatcroft SB. The insulin like growth factor and binding protein family: Novel therapeutic targets in obesity & diabetes. Mol Metab 2018; 19:86-96. [PMID: 30392760 PMCID: PMC6323188 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent changes in nutrition and lifestyle have provoked an unprecedented increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic disorders. Recognition of the adverse effects on health has prompted intense efforts to understand the molecular determinants of insulin sensitivity and dysglycemia. In many respects, actions of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) mirror those of insulin in metabolic regulation. Unlike insulin, however, the bioactivity of IGFs is regulated by a family of seven high-affinity binding proteins (IGFBPs) which confer temporospatial modulation with implications for metabolic homeostasis. In addition, evidence is accumulating that IGF-independent actions of certain of the IGFBPs can directly modulate insulin sensitivity. Scope of review In this review, we discuss the experimental data indicating a critical role for IGF/IGFBP axis in metabolic regulation. We highlight key discoveries through which IGFBPs have emerged as biomarkers or putative therapeutic targets in obesity and diabetes. Major conclusions Growing evidence suggests that several components of the IGF-IGFBP system could be explored for therapeutic potential in metabolic disorders. Both IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 have been favorably linked with insulin sensitivity in humans and preclinical data implicate direct involvement in the molecular regulation of insulin signaling and adiposity respectively. Further studies are warranted to evaluate clinical translation of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Haywood
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Slater
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Connor J Matthews
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Wheatcroft
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Hjortebjerg R. IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in normal physiology and disease. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 41:7-22. [PMID: 29864720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) is a modulator of the IGF system, exerting both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on IGF-induced cellular growth. IGFBP-4 is the principal substrate for the enzyme pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). Through IGF-dependent cleavage of IGFBP-4 in the vicinity of the IGF receptor, PAPP-A is able to increase IGF bioavailability and stimulate IGF-mediated growth. Recently, the stanniocalcins (STCs) were identified as novel inhibitors of PAPP-A proteolytic activity, hereby adding additional members to the seemingly endless list of proteins belonging to the IGF family. Our understanding of these proteins has advanced throughout recent years, and there is evidence to suggest that the role of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in defining the relationship between total IGF and IGF bioactivity can be linked to a number of pathological conditions. This review provides an overview of the experimental and clinical findings on the IGFBP-4/PAPP-A/STC axis as a regulator of IGF activity and examines the conundrum surrounding extrapolation of circulating concentrations to tissue action of these proteins. The primary focus will be on the biological significance of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in normal physiology and in pathophysiology with emphasis on metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Finally, the review assesses current new trajectories of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark.
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Hoeflich A, David R, Hjortebjerg R. Current IGFBP-Related Biomarker Research in Cardiovascular Disease-We Need More Structural and Functional Information in Clinical Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:388. [PMID: 30061864 PMCID: PMC6054974 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death around the world and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-system has multiple functions for the pathological conditions of atherosclerosis. IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) are widely investigated as biomarkers for pathological disorders, including those of the heart. At the tissue level, IGFBP-1 to -6 decrease bioactivity of IGF-I and -II due to their high affinity IGF-binding sites. By contrast, in the circulation, the IGFBPs increase biological half-life of the IGFs and may therefore be regarded as positive regulators of IGF-effects. The IGFBPs may also exert IGF-independent functions inside or outside the cell. Importantly, the circulating IGFBP-concentrations are regulated by trophic, metabolic, and reproductive hormones. In a multitude of studies of healthy subjects and patients with coronary heart diseases, various significant associations between circulating IGFBP-levels and defined parameters have been reported. However, the complex hormonal and conditional control of IGFBPs may explain the lack of clear associations between IGFBPs and parameters of cardiac failure in broader studies including larger populations. Furthermore, the IGFBPs are subject to posttranslational modifications and proteolytic degradation by proteases, upon which the IGFs are released. In this review, we emphasize that, with the exception of IGFBP-4 and in sharp contrast to the preclinical studies, virtually all clinical studies do not have structural or functional information on their biomarker. The use of analytical systems with no discriminatory potential toward intact vs. fragmented IGFBPs represents a major issue in IGFBP-related biomarker research and an important focus point for the future. Overall, measurements of selected IGFBPs or more complex IGFBP-signatures of the family of IGFBPs have potential to identify pathophysiological alterations in the heart or patients with high cardiovascular risk, particularly if defined cohorts are to be assessed. However, a more thorough understanding of the dynamic IGF-IGFBP system as well as its proteases and protease inhibitors in both normal physiology and in cardiovascular diseases is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoeflich
- Department of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Andreas Hoeflich
| | - Robert David
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light and Matter, Interdisciplinary Faculty, Rostock University, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Rikke Hjortebjerg
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