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Aboualaalaa H, Rijal Leblad B, Elkbiach ML, Ibghi M, Boutaib R, Maamour N, Savar V, Masseret E, Abadie E, Rolland JL, Amzil Z, Laabir M. Effect of temperature, salinity and nutrients on the growth and toxin content of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum from the southwestern Mediterranean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174094. [PMID: 38906288 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum is considered the primary cause of recurrent paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in shellfish on the Moroccan Mediterranean coasts. The impacts of key environmental factors on the growth, cell yield, cell size and PST content of G. catenatum were determined. Results indicated that increasing salinity from 32 to 39 and nitrate concentrations from 441 μM to 1764 μM did not significantly (ANOVA, P-value >0.63) modify the growth rate of the studied species. Gymnodinium catenatum exhibited the highest growth rate at 24 °C. Cells arrested their division at 15 °C and at ammonium concentration above 441 μM, suggesting that this nitrogen form is toxic for G. catenatum. Furthermore, G. catenatum was unable to assimilate urea as a nitrogen source. In G. catenatum cells, eight analogues of saxitoxin were detected, belonging to the N-sulfocarbamoyl (C1-4, B1 and B2) and decarbamoyl (dc-GTX2/3) toxins. C-toxins contributed 92 % to 98 % of the molar composition of the PSTs. During the exponential growth, C2 tended to dominate, while C3 prevailed during the stationary phase. Toxin content per cell (ranging from 5.5 pg STXeq.cell-1 to 22.4 pg STXeq.cell-1) increased during the stationary growth phase. Cell toxin content increased with the concentrations of nitrate, ranging from 12.1 pg STXeq.cell-1 at 441 μM to 22.4 pg STXeq.cell-1 at 1764 μM during the stationary growth phase. The toxin content of G. catenatum showed the highest values measured at the highest tested temperatures, especially during the stationary phase, where toxicity reached 17.8 pg STXeq.cell-1 and 16.4 pg STXeq.cell-1 at 24 °C and 29 °C, respectively. The results can help understand the fluctuations in the growth and PST content of G. catenatum in its habitat in response to changing environmental variables in the Mediterranean Sea when exposed to increases in warming pressure and eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Aboualaalaa
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco; Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, MARBEC laboratory, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Benlahcen Rijal Leblad
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco.
| | | | - Mustapha Ibghi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco; Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, MARBEC laboratory, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Rachid Boutaib
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Niama Maamour
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | | | - Estelle Masseret
- Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, MARBEC laboratory, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- IFREMER, Biodivenv, 79 Route de Pointe Fort, 97231 Martinique, France
| | - Jean Luc Rolland
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, 87 Avenue Jean Monnet, 34200 Sète, France
| | | | - Mohamed Laabir
- Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, MARBEC laboratory, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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Choi DH, Yang W, Kim YE, Park BS, Sung J, Choi J, Rho JR, Han YS, Lee Y. Variability in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Profiles and Dinoflagellate Diversity in Mussels and Seawater Collected during Spring in Korean Coastal Seawater. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:338. [PMID: 39195748 PMCID: PMC11359905 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16080338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are potent neurotoxins produced by certain microalgae, particularly dinoflagellates, and they can accumulate in shellfish in coastal seawater and thus pose significant health risks to humans. To explore the relationship between toxicity and PST profiles in seawater and mussels, the spatiotemporal variations in PST concentrations and profiles were investigated along the southern coast of Korea under peak PST levels during spring. Seawater and mussel samples were collected biweekly from multiple stations, and the toxin concentrations in the samples were measured. Moreover, the dinoflagellate community composition was analyzed using next-generation sequencing to identify potential PST-producing species. The PST concentrations and toxin profiles showed substantial spatiotemporal variability, with GTX1 and GTX4 representing the dominant toxins in both samples, and C1/2 tending to be higher in seawater. Alexandrium species were identified as the primary sources of PSTs. Environmental factors such as water temperature and salinity influenced PST production. This study demonstrates that variability in the amount and composition of PSTs is due to intricate ecological interactions. To mitigate shellfish poisoning, continuous monitoring must be conducted to gain a deeper understanding of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han Choi
- Ocean Climate Response and Ecosystem Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; (D.H.C.); (W.Y.)
- Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Yang
- Ocean Climate Response and Ecosystem Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; (D.H.C.); (W.Y.)
- Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Environmental Measurement & Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea;
| | - Bum Soo Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (B.S.P.); (J.S.)
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Sung
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (B.S.P.); (J.S.)
| | - Jaeho Choi
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Rae Rho
- Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea;
| | | | - Yeonjung Lee
- Ocean Climate Response and Ecosystem Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; (D.H.C.); (W.Y.)
- Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea
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Guo H, Wang X, Li C, Mohamed HF, Li D, Wang L, Chen H, Lin K, Huang S, Pang J, Zhang Y, Krock B, Luo Z. Ignited competition: Impact of bioactive extracellular compounds on organelle functions and photosynthetic systems in harmful algal blooms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39047015 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Prevalent interactions among marine phytoplankton triggered by long-range climatic stressors are well-known environmental disturbers of community structure. Dynamic response of phytoplankton physiology is likely to come from interspecies interactions rather than direct climatic effect on single species. However, studies on enigmatic interactions among interspecies, which are induced by bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs), especially between related harmful algae sharing similar shellfish toxins, are scarce. Here, we investigated how BECs provoke the interactions between two notorious algae, Alexandrium minutum and Gymnodinium catenatum, which have similar paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) profiles. Using techniques including electron microscopy and transcriptome analysis, marked disruptions in G. catenatum intracellular microenvironment were observed under BECs pressure, encompassing thylakoid membrane deformations, pyrenoid matrix shrinkage and starch sheaths disappearance. In addition, the upregulation of gene clusters responsible for photosystem-I Lhca1/4 and Rubisco were determined, leading to weaken photon captures and CO2 assimilation. The redistribution of lipids and proteins occurred at the subcellular level based on in situ focal plane array FTIR imaging approved the damages. Our findings illuminated an intense but underestimated interspecies interaction triggered by BECs, which is responsible for dysregulating photosynthesis and organelle function in inferior algae and may potentially account for fitness alteration in phytoplankton community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Guo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Changlin Li
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Hala F Mohamed
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, (Girls Branch), Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dawei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianghui Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongzhe Chen
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Kunning Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuyuan Huang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinling Pang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuanbiao Zhang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Bernd Krock
- Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Zhaohe Luo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
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Lin ZR, Geng HX, Yu RC. Potential roles of hydroxybenzoate paralytic shellfish toxins in modulating toxin biokinetics in scallops. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133896. [PMID: 38428300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by some marine dinoflagellates can cause severe human intoxication via vectors like bivalves. Toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum produce a novel group of hydroxybenzoate PSTs named GC toxins, but their biokinetics in bivalves haven't been well examined. In this experiment, we analyzed PSTs in bay scallops Argopecten irradians exposed to G. catenatum (strain MEL11) to determine their accumulation, elimination, anatomical distribution, and biotransformation. To our surprise, up to 30% of the PSTs were accumulated in the adductor muscle of scallops at the end of the experiment, and the toxicity of adductor muscle exceeded the regulatory limit of 800 μg STXeq/kg in only 6 days. High concentration of toxins in the adductor muscle are likely linked to the rapid transfer of GC toxins from viscera to other tissues. Moreover, most GC toxins in scallops were found rapidly transformed to decarbamoyl toxins through enzyme-mediated hydrolysis, which was further supported by the in vitro incubation experiments. Our study demonstrates that GC toxins actively participate in toxin distribution and transformation in scallops, which may increase the risks of food poisoning associated with the consumption of scallop adductor muscle. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: The negative impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become a global environmental concern under the joint effects of cultural eutrophication and climate change. Our study, targeted on the biokinetics of paralytic shellfish toxins in scallops exposed to Gymnodinium catenatum producing unique GC toxins, aims to elucidate potential risks of seafood poisoning associated with GC toxins. The findings of this study will help us to understand the roles of GC toxins in seafood poisoning, and to develop effective management strategies against toxic algal blooms and phycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ru Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hui-Xia Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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Wang C, Xu Y, Gu H, Luo Z, Luo Z, Su R. Potential geographical distribution of harmful algal blooms caused by the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi in the China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167741. [PMID: 37827322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The fish-killing dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi frequently blooms in China and poses a threat to food safety and human health. To better understand harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by K. mikimotoi and predict the risk of HABs under climate change, the combined effect of nitrate and norfloxacin (NOR) on the growth of K. mikimotoi was tested. A growth model was used to test the effects of nutrients and pollutants on the carrying capacity of the unicellular algae. The carrying capacity increased with increasing concentrations of nitrate and NOR, reaching a maximum at 62.2 μmol L-1 of nitrate and 9.03 mg L-1 of NOR. The calculated carrying capacity of K. mikimotoi in the China Sea showed a declining trend from nearshore to offshore, with a value >30 × 106 cells L-1 in the estuary of the Changjiang River and Hangzhou Bay. The HAB index proposed in this study as a measurement of HAB risk was constructed using the carrying capacity and relative abundance from the MaxEnt (maximum entropy) model. The index showed that HABs caused by K. mikimotoi consecutively occurred in Zhejiang and Fujian coastal waters and predicted that they will continue until 2100, regardless of the greenhouse gas emission scenario. The center of the integrated area moved northward, with a range of 120-900 km. The HAB index integrates the characteristics of the carrying capacity and suitability of habitats, and expresses the information contained in the intensive and extensive variables that affect HAB occurrence. This index is a promising predictor of HAB risk in coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yiwen Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhaohe Luo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Zhuhua Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Rongguo Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Yu Z, Tang Y, Gobler CJ. Harmful algal blooms in China: History, recent expansion, current status, and future prospects. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102499. [PMID: 37951615 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) on economies, public health, ecosystems, and aquaculture across the globe have all increased in recent decades, and this has been acutely the case in China. Here, we review the history of HABs and HABs research in China, as well as recent trends in HABs and future prospects of HAB science in China. The most updated analyses demonstrated that the number of HAB events, the number of HAB species, the aerial coverage of HABs, and the impacts of HABs in Chinese waters during the 21st century were all higher than that during the last two decades of the 20th century. The increase in the number of HABs in China has been significantly correlated with the increased discharge of ammonium and total phosphorus into coastal waters (p < 0.01 for both). Notable newly recognized events this century have included chronic HABs caused by Prorocentrum donghaiense and Karenia mikimotoi, a paralytic shellfish poisoning event caused by Gymnodinium catenatum that sickened 80 people, brown tides caused by Aureococcus anophagefferens, green tides caused by Ulva prolifera, golden tides caused by Sargassum horneri, and the disruption of a nuclear power plant caused by a bloom of Phaeocystis globosa. A series of key discoveries regarding HABs has been made this century including documentation of nearly all known HAB toxins in Chinese waters, discovery of novel cyst-formation and/or life stages of multiple HABs-causing species, identification of the chemical and physical oceanographic drivers of multiple HABs including those formed by P. donghaiense, K. mikimotoi, and U. prolifera, and the successful mitigation of HABs via the use of modified clay approaches. Future research prospects highlighted include the use of macroalgae as a means to prevent, mitigate, and control (PCM) HABs and the process by which multi-disciplinary studies involving molecular approaches (omics), remote in situ detection, artificial intelligence, and mega-data analyses might be used to develop refined and realistic HAB forecasting platforms. Collectively, this review demonstrates the significant evolution of HAB science since the 20th century in China and demonstrates that while HABs in China are complex and widespread, recent and on-going discoveries make the development of detailed understanding and effective measures to mitigate the negative effects of HABs a hopeful outcome in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yingzhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, United States of America
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Flores-Chavarria A, Rodríguez-Jaramillo C, Band-Schmidt CJ, Hernández-Sandoval FE, Núñez-Vázquez E, Bustillos-Guzmán JJ. Effect of dissolved metabolites of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham, 1943) on the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931): A histological study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17018. [PMID: 37484312 PMCID: PMC10361116 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algae blooms (HABs) are a conspicuous phenomenon that affect the coastal zone worldwide. Aquaculture industry zones are not excluded from being affected by HAB that cause organism mortality and jeopardize their innocuity due to the contamination by phytotoxins with the concomitant economic losses. Direct ingestion of metabolites from HAB species or organisms contaminated with phycotoxins together with dermal absorption of dissolved metabolites (DM), including toxins, are the two main routes of poisoning. From these poisoning routes, the effect of DM, particularly paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), has been relatively understudied. This intoxication route can be conspicuous and could be involved in many significant mortalities of cultivated marine organisms. In this study, white shrimp juveniles (2.1 g wet weight) of Litopenaeus vannamei were exposed to extracts of 104, 105 and 106 cells/L of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, a PST producer. The experiment ended after 17 h of exposure when shrimps exposed to 106 cells/L extract started to die and the rest of the shrimps, from this and other treatments, did not respond to gentle physical stimulus and their swimming activity was low and erratic. Toxin concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography while qualitative and quantitative histological damages were assessed on the tissues. In general, most toxins were accumulated in the hepatopancreas where more than 90% were found. Other tissues such as intestine, muscle, and gills contained less than 10% of toxins. Compared to the control, the main significative tissue damages were, loss of up to 80% of the nerve cord, 40% of the muscle coverage area, and reduction of the gill lamella width. Also, atrophy in hepatopancreas was observed, manifested by a decrease in the height of B cells, lumen degeneration and thinning of tubules. Some damages were more evident when shrimps were exposed to higher concentrated extracts of G. catenatum, however, not all damages were progressive and proportional to the extract concentration. These data confirm that PST dissolved enter the shrimp, possibly via the gills, and suggest that dissolved metabolites, including PST, may cause tissue damage. Other dissolved metabolites produced by G. catenatum, alone or in synergy, may also be involved. These results also pointed out the importance of dissolved molecules produced for this dinoflagellate and the potential effect on cultured shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Flores-Chavarria
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Christine J. Band-Schmidt
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Ave. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Francisco E. Hernández-Sandoval
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - Erick Núñez-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
| | - José J. Bustillos-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., Mexico
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8
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Expansion risk of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum blooms in Chinese waters under climate change. ECOL INFORM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Chong JWR, Khoo KS, Chew KW, Ting HY, Show PL. Trends in digital image processing of isolated microalgae by incorporating classification algorithm. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108095. [PMID: 36608745 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Identification of microalgae species is of importance due to the uprising of harmful algae blooms affecting both the aquatic habitat and human health. Despite this occurence, microalgae have been identified as a green biomass and alternative source due to its promising bioactive compounds accumulation that play a significant role in many industrial applications. Recently, microalgae species identification has been conducted through DNA analysis and various microscopy techniques such as light, scanning electron, transmission electron, and atomic force -microscopy. The aforementioned procedures have encouraged researchers to consider alternate ways due to limitations such as costly validation, requiring skilled taxonomists, prolonged analysis, and low accuracy. This review highlights the potential innovations in digital microscopy with the incorporation of both hardware and software that can produce a reliable recognition, detection, enumeration, and real-time acquisition of microalgae species. Several steps such as image acquisition, processing, feature extraction, and selection are discussed, for the purpose of generating high image quality by removing unwanted artifacts and noise from the background. These steps of identification of microalgae species is performed by reliable image classification through machine learning as well as deep learning algorithms such as artificial neural networks, support vector machines, and convolutional neural networks. Overall, this review provides comprehensive insights into numerous possibilities of microalgae image identification, image pre-processing, and machine learning techniques to address the challenges in developing a robust digital classification tool for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei Roy Chong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459 Singapore
| | - Huong-Yong Ting
- Drone Research and Application Centre, University of Technology Sarawak, No.1, Jalan Universiti, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India.
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Kwok ACM, Chan WS, Wong JTY. Dinoflagellate Amphiesmal Dynamics: Cell Wall Deposition with Ecdysis and Cellular Growth. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020070. [PMID: 36827111 PMCID: PMC9959387 DOI: 10.3390/md21020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are a major aquatic protist group with amphiesma, multiple cortical membranous "cell wall" layers that contain large circum-cortical alveolar sacs (AVs). AVs undergo extensive remodeling during cell- and life-cycle transitions, including ecdysal cysts (ECs) and resting cysts that are important in some harmful algal bloom initiation-termination. AVs are large cortical vesicular compartments, within which are elaborate cellulosic thecal plates (CTPs), in thecate species, and the pellicular layer (PL). AV-CTPs provide cellular mechanical protection and are targets of vesicular transport that are replaced during EC-swarmer cell transition, or with increased deposition during the cellular growth cycle. AV-PL exhibits dynamical-replacement with vesicular trafficking that are orchestrated with amphiesmal chlortetracycline-labeled Ca2+ stores signaling, integrating cellular growth with different modes of cell division cycle/progression. We reviewed the dynamics of amphiesma during different cell division cycle modes and life cycle stages, and its multifaceted regulations, focusing on the regulatory and functional readouts, including the coral-zooxanthellae interactions.
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Aboualaalaa H, Rijal Leblad B, Hormat-Allah A, Savar V, Ennaskhi I, Hammi I, Elkbiach ML, Ibghi M, Maamour N, Medhioub W, Amzil Z, Laabir M. New insights into the dynamics of causative dinoflagellates and the related contamination of molluscs by paralytic toxins in the southwestern Mediterranean coastal waters of Morocco. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114349. [PMID: 36410198 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of the two potentially toxic dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium spp. was investigated in the Mediterranean Moroccan Sea from March 2018 to March 2019. The cockle Acanthocardia tuberculata and the smooth clam Callista chione were collected at four stations, and their toxin levels were assessed using the mouse bioassay. The toxin profile was analysed by LC-MS/MS in G. catenatum and in the bivalves harvested in M'diq and Djawn. The species G. catenatum was present throughout the year, whereas Alexandrium spp. was less abundant. The paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) level in cockles was, on average, six times above the sanitary threshold; GTX5 was the major contributor to the total PST level, followed by dc-STX and STX. The toxin level of the smooth clam was considerably lower than that of the cockle; GTX5 and C-toxins were the dominating analogues. Our results suggest the responsibility of G. catenatum for the recurrent PST contamination in the Moroccan Mediterranean Sea, with a west-east gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Aboualaalaa
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Morocco; Univ Montpelier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
| | - Benlahcen Rijal Leblad
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco.
| | - Amal Hormat-Allah
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Veronique Savar
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Ismail Ennaskhi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Ikram Hammi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Mohamed L'Bachir Elkbiach
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Ibghi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Morocco; Univ Montpelier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
| | - Niama Maamour
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Walid Medhioub
- Aquaculture Laboratory, INSTM (National Institute of Marine Science and Technology), Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), F-44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- Univ Montpelier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
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Fang J, Li S, Liu X, He W, Li L, Zhang J, Zhang C, Zhou K. Development of a test strip for rapid detection of Gymnodinium catenatum. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:83. [PMID: 36344623 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are major ecological and environmental problems in China's coastal waters and seriously threaten the stability of the marine ecosystem and human health. Gymnodinium catenatum is a toxic red tide dinoflagellate. It can produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PSP), which cause serious hazards to marine organisms, public health, and safety. In this paper, a test strip based on colloidal gold immunochromatography (GICG) was developed for the rapid detection of Gymnodinium catenatum. The experimental results showed that the test strip has good specificity and sensitivity. It not only detects the different components of Gymnodinium catenatum but also may detect algal toxins. The lowest density of Gymnodinium catenatum that can be detected by this test strip is approximately 120 cells/mL. Cross-reaction indicated that the test strip had a high specificity for Gymnodinium catenatum. This test strip provides a rapid method for in situ detection of Gymnodinium catenatum and a reference method for the monitoring of other harmful algae to serve as an early warning of upcoming red tides. It also provides a new way to prepare more detection methods for toxic algal toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Fang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin He
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Changgong Zhang
- Xiamen Boson Biotech Co., Ltd, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Kefu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Leal JF, Bombo G, Pereira H, Vicente B, Amorim A, Cristiano MLS. Toxin Profile of Two Gymnodinium catenatum Strains from Iberian Coastal Waters. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110762. [PMID: 36356012 PMCID: PMC9699220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnodinium catenatum has been the main species responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning events along the Portuguese coast (Iberian Peninsula), causing bans on bivalve harvesting that result in huge economic losses. This work presents the characterization of two novel isolates of G. catenatum regarding their growth and toxin profiles. Laboratory growth experiments revealed that, although low growth rates were obtained during cultivation, the cell yields were high compared to those reported in the literature. Evaluation of the toxin profiles, by HPLC-FLD, essentially confirmed the typical composition of toxins of this regional population (Iberian Peninsula), namely, the absence or low representation of the toxins dcNEO, GTX1,4 and NEO and a higher ratio of the toxins C1,2, GTX6 and GTX5. However, the percentage of the identified toxins varied among the strains of this study (under the same isolation, growth, and analysis conditions), and also differed from that of other strains described in the literature. Interestingly, we found a comparatively high abundance of dcSTX in both strains, relative to the other toxins, and an unquantifiable amount of C3,4 toxins. In addition to the geographic relationship between toxin profiles, chemical conversions among toxins may explain some differences encountered in the toxin profiles of G. catenatum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F. Leal
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Bombo
- GreenCoLab, Green Ocean Association, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Hugo Pereira
- GreenCoLab, Green Ocean Association, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Vicente
- Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Amorim
- Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.L.S.C.)
| | - Maria L. S. Cristiano
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR) and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.L.S.C.)
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14
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Borges FO, Lopes VM, Amorim A, Santos CF, Costa PR, Rosa R. Projecting Future Climate Change-Mediated Impacts in Three Paralytic Shellfish Toxins-Producing Dinoflagellate Species. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1424. [PMID: 36290328 PMCID: PMC9598431 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxin-producing microalgae present a significant environmental risk for ecosystems and human societies when they reach concentrations that affect other aquatic organisms or human health. Harmful algal blooms (HAB) have been linked to mass wildlife die-offs and human food poisoning episodes, and climate change has the potential to alter the frequency, magnitude, and geographical extent of such events. Thus, a framework of species distribution models (SDMs), employing MaxEnt modeling, was used to project changes in habitat suitability and distribution of three key paralytic shellfish toxin (PST)-producing dinoflagellate species (i.e., Alexandrium catenella, A. minutum, and Gymnodinium catenatum), up to 2050 and 2100, across four representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP-2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5; CMIP5). Despite slightly different responses at the regional level, the global habitat suitability has decreased for all the species, leading to an overall contraction in their tropical and sub-tropical ranges, while considerable expansions are projected in higher latitudes, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting poleward distributional shifts. Such trends were exacerbated with increasing RCP severity. Yet, further research is required, with a greater assemblage of environmental predictors and improved occurrence datasets, to gain a more holistic understanding of the potential impacts of climate change on PST-producing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco O. Borges
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa M. Lopes
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Amorim
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina F. Santos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre & ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Hernández-Sandoval FE, Bustillos-Guzmán JJ, Band-Schmidt CJ, Núñez-Vázquez EJ, López-Cortés DJ, Fernández-Herrera LJ, Poot-Delgado CA, Moreno-Legorreta M. Effect of Different N:P Ratios on the Growth, Toxicity, and Toxin Profile of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) Strains from the Gulf of California. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:501. [PMID: 35878239 PMCID: PMC9321244 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The harmful microalgae Gymnodinium catenatum is a unique naked dinoflagellate that produces paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs). This species is common along the coasts of the Mexican Pacific and is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning, which has resulted in notable financial losses in both fisheries and aquaculture. In the Gulf of California, G. catenatum has been related to mass mortality events in fish, shrimp, seabirds, and marine mammals. In this study, the growth, toxin profiles, and toxin content of four G. catenatum strains isolated from Bahía de La Paz (BAPAZ) and Bahía de Mazatlán (BAMAZ) were evaluated with different N:P ratios, keeping the phosphorus concentration constant. All strains were cultivated in semi-continuous cultures (200 mL, 21.0 °C, 120 µmol photon m-2s-1, and a 12:12 h light-dark cycle) with f/2 + Se medium using N:P ratios of: 4:1, 8:1, 16:1, 32:1, and 64:1. Paralytic toxins were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Maximum cellular abundance and growth were obtained at an N:P ratio of 64:1 (3188 cells mL-1 and 0.34 div day-1) with the BAMAZ and BAPAZ strains. A total of ten saxitoxin analogs dominated by N-sulfocarbamoyl (60-90 mol%), decarbamoyl (10-20 mol%), and carbamoyl (5-10 mol%) toxins were detected. The different N:P ratios did not cause significant changes in the PST content or toxin profiles of the strains from both bays, although they did affect cell abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco E. Hernández-Sandoval
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico; (D.J.L.-C.); (M.M.-L.)
| | - José J. Bustillos-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico; (D.J.L.-C.); (M.M.-L.)
| | - Christine J. Band-Schmidt
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. IPN s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico; (C.J.B.-S.); (L.J.F.-H.)
| | - Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico; (D.J.L.-C.); (M.M.-L.)
| | - David J. López-Cortés
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico; (D.J.L.-C.); (M.M.-L.)
| | - Leyberth J. Fernández-Herrera
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (IPN-CICIMAR), Av. IPN s/n, Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico; (C.J.B.-S.); (L.J.F.-H.)
| | - Carlos A. Poot-Delgado
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Champotón, Carretera Champotón-Isla Aguada Km 2, El Arenal, Champotón, Campeche C.P. 24400, Mexico;
| | - Manuel Moreno-Legorreta
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195 Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico; (D.J.L.-C.); (M.M.-L.)
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16
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Liu M, Krock B, Yu R, Leaw CP, Lim PT, Ding G, Wang N, Zheng J, Gu H. Co-occurrence of Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) ribotypes from the Chinese and Malaysian coastal waters and their toxin production. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 115:102238. [PMID: 35623696 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bloom-forming dinophyte Alexandrium minutum comprises biogeographic inferred, global and Pacific clades with both toxic and nontoxic strains reported. A. minutum has a wide distribution in the Western Pacific, but to date only a few strains have available DNA sequences. To fully understand its genetic diversity, sampling was undertaken from the Yellow Sea, the East and South China Sea, and five strains of A. minutum and two strains of its sister species, A. tamutum, were established. Their morphology was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, sequences were obtained from both large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA and/or internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Strains of A. minutum are morphologically indistinguishable, characterized by a smaller cell size and a narrow sixth precingular plate. In contrast, A. tamutum has a wider sixth precingular plate. High nucleotide divergences of LSU (D1-D3) rDNA and ITS were revealed amongst strains of A. minutum (10% and 25%, respectively), and A. tamutum (3% and 13%, respectively). Molecular phylogenies based on LSU rDNA and ITS revealed three ribotypes (B-D) of A. minutum, and two ribotypes of A. tamutum in the Western Pacific. Seasonal sampling in the East China Sea to detect A. minutum using the DNA metabarcoding targeting ITS1 region was also performed. Our results showed that the ribotypes B and C of A. minutum co-occurred in the water. Paralytic shellfish toxin (PSTs) of all seven strains was analysed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). PSTs were detected only in A. minutum ribotypes B and C with predominance of gonyautoxins 1/4. Our results suggest high diversity and risk potential of this toxic species in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlu Liu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, D-27570 Germany
| | - Rencheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 16310 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Guangmao Ding
- Fishery Resources Monitoring Center of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Na Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen 361005, China.
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17
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Lin ZR, Geng HX, Zhang QC, Chen ZF, Dai L, Yu RC. Toxin production of dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum isolated from the East China Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 113:102188. [PMID: 35287929 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum is an important producer of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), including a novel group of hydroxybenzoate derivatives named GC toxins. In the East China Sea, G. catenatum has been considered as the causative agent for several paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) episodes, yet the knowledge on their toxin production was still quite limited. In this study, toxins produced by a strain of G. catenatum (MEL11) isolated from the East China Sea were determined, using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Changes of toxin profile in the stain MEL11 in response to nutrient and temperature variations were also examined. A total of 11 PST components dominated by hydroxybenzoate analogs and N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins were detected, which was different from other G. catenatum strains previously established in the East China Sea in the presence of GC5 and the lack of dcGTX2&3. Cellular toxin composition and content of the strain had no apparent change within a range of temperature from 20°C to 26°C. In contrast, nutrient limitation and nitrogen source had notable impacts on toxin production. The molar percentage of GC toxins decreased remarkably at the stationary growth phase under nutrient-deprived conditions of both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The replacement of nitrate with ammonium as the source of N significantly promoted PST production by G. catenatum. The study revealed the potential diversity of toxin profiles of G. catenatum in the East China Sea, and highlighted the effects of nutrients on production of GC toxins by G. catenatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ru Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui-Xia Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qing-Chun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhen-Fan Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco‑Environmental Science, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Li Dai
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd. Beijing 100840, China
| | - Ren-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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18
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Gu H, Wu Y, Lü S, Lu D, Tang YZ, Qi Y. Emerging harmful algal bloom species over the last four decades in China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 111:102059. [PMID: 35016757 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The first recorded micro-algae bloom in Chinese coastal waters dates back to 1933 and was caused by a mixture of Noctiluca scintillans and Skeletonema costatum sensu lato along the Zhejiang coast (the East China Sea). While well-documented harmful algal blooms (HABs) appeared to be extremely scarce from the 1950s to 1990, both the frequency and intensity have been reportedly increasing since 1990. Among them, the fish-killing HABs, mainly caused by Karenia mikimotoi, Karlodinium digitatum, Karlodinium veneficum, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, and Heterocapsa spp., have intensified. Karenia mikimotoi was responsible for at least two extremely serious events in the Pearl River Estuary in 1998 and the Taiwan Strait (in the East China Sea) in 2012, which appeared to be associated with abnormal climate conditions and excessive nutrients loading. Other major toxic algal blooms have been caused by the species responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (including Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium pacificum, Gymnodinium catenatum) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (including Dinophysis spp., and a couple of benthic dinoflagellates). Consequent closures of shellfish farms have resulted in enormous economic losses, while consumption of contaminated shellfish has led to occasional human mortality in the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea. Expansions of these HABs species along the coastline of China have occurred over the last four decades and, due to the projected global changes in the climate and marine environments and other anthropological activities, there is potential for the emergence of new types of HABs in China in the future. This literature review aimed to present an updated overview of HABs species over the last four decades in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; Observation and Research Station of Island and Coastal Ecosystem in the Western Taiwan Straits, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Songhui Lü
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Douding Lu
- Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Ying Zhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuzao Qi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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19
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Tang YZ, Gu H, Wang Z, Liu D, Wang Y, Lu D, Hu Z, Deng Y, Shang L, Qi Y. Exploration of resting cysts (stages) and their relevance for possibly HABs-causing species in China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:102050. [PMID: 34456016 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The studies on the species diversity, distribution, environmental implications, and molecular basis of resting cysts (stages) of dinoflagellates and a few species of other groups conducted in China during the last three decades are reviewed. The major achievements are summarized as the following five aspects: 1) The continual efforts in detecting the species diversity of resting cysts (spores) in dinoflagellates and other classes using either morphological or molecular approaches, or both, in the four seas of China, which led to identifications of 106 species of dinoflagellate resting cysts and 4 species of resting stages from other groups of microalgae, with a total of 64 species of dinoflagellate cysts and the resting stage of the brown tide-causing Aureococcus anophagefferens being unequivocally identified via molecular approaches from the sediments of Chinese coastal waters; 2) The well-known toxic and HABs-causing dinoflagellates Karenia mikimotoi, Karlodinium veneficum, Akashiwo sanguinea and the pelagophyte A. anophagefferens were proven to be resting cyst (stage) producers via laboratory studies on their life cycles and field detections of resting cysts (resting stage cells). And, via germination experiment and subsequent characterization of vegetative cells, numerous dinoflagellate species that had never been described or found to form cysts were discovered and characterized; 3) The distributions of the resting cysts of Alexandrium catenella, A. pacificum, Gymnodinium catenatum, K. mikimotoi, K. veneficum and Azadinium poporum and the resting stage cells of A. anophagefferens were morphologically and molecularly mapped in all four seas of China, with A. anophagefferens proven to have been present in the Bohai Sea for at least 1,500 years; 4) Obtaining important insights into the 'indicator' values of the dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in sediment cores for tracking eutrophication, environmental pollution and other anthropological influences in coastal waters; 5) Studies on the cyst-pertinent processes and genetic basis (transcriptomics together with physiological and chemical measurements) of resting cyst dormancy not only revealed the regulating patterns of some environmental factors in cyst formation and germination, but also identified many characteristically active or inactive metabolic pathways, differentially expressed genes, and the possibly vital regulating function of the phytohormone abscisic acid and a group of molecular chaperones in resting cysts. We also identified seven issues and three themes that should be addressed and explored by Chinese scientists working in the area in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Institute of Hydrology, College of Life Science and Technology, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dongyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Research Center of Red Tide and Marine Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Douding Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Zhangxi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yunyan Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lixia Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuzao Qi
- Research Center of Red Tide and Marine Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Mendoza-Flores A, Leyva-Valencia I, Hernández-Sandoval FE, Galindo-Sánchez CE, Band-Schmidt CJ, Bustillos-Guzmán JJ. Relationship between paralytic shellfish toxin content and sxtA gene copy number in different growth phases of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae). Toxicon 2021; 199:68-71. [PMID: 34087288 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) content in the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum changes with culture age, with a higher toxin concentration in the logarithmic phase that decreases when the culture ages. The gene copy number (GCN) of domains sxtA1 and sxtA4 was higher in the lag and stationary phase, and lag phase, respectively. No relationship was found between the GCN of the domains sxtA4 and sxtA1 with the PST content in G. catenatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Mendoza-Flores
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
| | - Ignacio Leyva-Valencia
- CONACyT-Instituto Politécnico Nacional - Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Francisco E Hernández-Sandoval
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195 Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Clara E Galindo-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada. Carretera Ensenada - Tijuana, 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Christine J Band-Schmidt
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - José J Bustillos-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste. Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195 Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
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