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Tessele I, Dal Molin TR, Dognini J, Noremberg S, de Carvalho LM. Investigation of thallium as a contaminant in dietary supplements marketed for weight loss and physical fitness. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:800-810. [PMID: 38781478 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2354494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Dietary supplements are drastically growing as a category of consumer products all over the world. The abuse of supplements marketed for slimming purposes and physical fitness has been observed worldwide in recent years, which raises concerns in terms of public health. In this study, different types of dietary supplements marketed and delivered through the e-commerce were studied for the determination of thallium as a hazardous inorganic contaminant. The total content of thallium was determined by a sensitive voltammetric method after a microwave-assisted oxidative digestion of the sample. In addition, a comparative spectrometric method was applied for validation of the results in the samples. The maximum concentration found for thallium was found to be 2.89 mg kg-1, which well agree with the comparative measurement. Considering the 32 studied formulations, it can be pointed out that ∼24% of the of dietary supplements presented Tl concentrations at concentrations higher than 1 mg kg-1. The results permitted the assessment of the health risk related to thallium from contaminated samples, based on the calculation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) and the risk quotient (HQ). The highest daily intake of thallium was calculated as 82.0 µg day-1 in a protein-based supplement, which is equivalent to an EDI of 1.17 µg kg-1 day-1. This work highlights the need to develop regulations on the limits of toxic elements such as thallium in widely consumed dietary supplements, as well as an in-depth look at the adverse effects caused by this element in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tessele
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Thaís R Dal Molin
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Noremberg
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Leandro M de Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
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2
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Chan K. Commercialising everyday distress: neurasthenia and traditional Chinese medicine in colonial Hong Kong, 1950s to 1980s. MEDICAL HISTORY 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38506505 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The persistent use of neurasthenia in Asia, an out-dated diagnostic category in modern psychiatry, has confounded many psychiatrists from the 1960s. This paper attempts to understand the prevalence of neurasthenia among the lay public in post-World War II Hong Kong. It examines the social history of psychiatry and focuses on the roles of traditional Chinese medicine in shaping public perceptions and responses towards neurasthenia. This research reveals that, when psychiatrists discarded the term as an ineffective label in the 1950s, practitioners and pharmaceutical companies of Chinese medicine seized on the chance to reinvent themselves as experts in neurasthenia. By commericialising everyday distress, they provided affordable, accessible and culturally familiar healing options to the Chinese public. A case study of neurasthenia, therefore, is not simply about changing disease categories but an important example to illustrate the tensions between traditional medicine and Western psychiatry in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Chan
- Department of History and Classical Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Gyamfi ET, Ackah M, Gore DB. Bioaccessibility, exposure and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements and essential micronutrients in ayurvedic, traditional Chinese and Ghanaian medicines. Biometals 2023; 36:943-960. [PMID: 36749495 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic constituents in traditional medicines remain a concern due to health risks posed to consumers. Thirty-six traditional medicines (TM) consisting of 14 Indian Ayurvedic Medicines, 11 Chinese Traditional Medicines and eleven Ghanaian Traditional Medicines were evaluated using Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (T-XRF) after microwave assisted acid digestion. Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET) was used to obtain bioaccessible elemental concentrations. Merck XVI multi-element standard were used to evaluate the accuracy of the analytical method. The concentrations of the elements were quantified in (mg kg-1): Cr (0.01-698), Mn (0.01-1140), Fe (15-73300), Ni (1-1340), Cu (3-8160), Zn (0.01-224). The greatest bioaccessible concentrations of arsenic was 0.80 mg kg-1 and 0.44 mg kg-1 in the gastric and intestinal phases respectively. In order to evaluate the human health risks from ingesting these TM, the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) was calculated for each medicine based on element-specific bioaccessibility-adjusted concentrations and results compared with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Reference Dose (RfD) limits. The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) values for risks were within the USEPA RfD. Hazard quotients (HQ) of TM were < 1, meaning elemental concentrations do not pose non-carcinogenic risks to adult consumers. In summary the methods applied in the study gives a new insight on human health risks of potentially toxic and essential micronutrients elements in TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva T Gyamfi
- Nuclear and Applied Chemistry Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, P. O. BOX LG 80, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Michael Ackah
- Nuclear and Applied Chemistry Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, P. O. BOX LG 80, Accra, Ghana
| | - Damian B Gore
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Kemsawasd V, Jayasena V, Karnpanit W. Incidents and Potential Adverse Health Effects of Serious Food Fraud Cases Originated in Asia. Foods 2023; 12:3522. [PMID: 37835175 PMCID: PMC10572764 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food fraud has long been regarded as a major issue within the food industry and is associated with serious economic and public health concerns. Economically motivated adulteration, the most common form of food fraud, has consequences for human health, ranging from mild to life-threatening conditions. Despite the potential harm and public health threats posed by food fraud, limited information on incidents causing illness has been reported. Enhancing the food control system on the Asian continent has become crucial for global health and trade considerations. Food fraud databases serve as valuable tools, assisting both the food industry and regulatory bodies in mitigating the vulnerabilities associated with fraudulent practices. However, the availability of accessible food fraud databases for Asian countries has been restricted. This review highlights detrimental food fraud cases originating in Asian countries, including sibutramine in dietary supplements, plasticizer contamination, gutter oil, and the adulteration of milk. This comprehensive analysis encompasses various facets, such as incident occurrences, adverse health effects, regulatory frameworks, and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varongsiri Kemsawasd
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Vijay Jayasena
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
| | - Weeraya Karnpanit
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
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Rojas P, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Rojas C, García-Martínez BA, López-Ramírez AM, Osorio-Rico L, Ríos C, Reséndiz-Albor AA. Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John's Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. TOXICS 2023; 11:801. [PMID: 37755811 PMCID: PMC10537233 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of St. John's wort plant is high worldwide due to its various medicinal properties. However, herbal products containing St. John's wort may be contaminated with toxic metals. This is often related to contamination of both water and the atmosphere, lack of proper cultivation methods, and inadequate plant storage conditions, as well as a lack of stricter sanitary supervision. A safety assessment of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) content in 23 products containing St. John's wort (pharmaceutical herbal products, food supplements and traditional herbal remedies) sold in the metropolitan area of Mexico City was conducted. The analysis of metals was determined using a graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. All herbal products were contaminated with Cu, Pb, Cd and As. The pharmaceutical herbal items showed less contamination by metals. The daily human intake (DHI) values for Pb exceeded the permissible limits in the group of traditional herbal remedies. The DHI calculation for As exceeded the permitted intake values for all items in the group of traditional herbal remedies, five food supplements and one pharmaceutical herbal product. The hazard indicator calculation of the non-carcinogenic cumulative risk values for traditional herbal remedies was greater than 1, suggesting a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rojas
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S., Avenida Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (E.R.-S.); (L.O.-R.)
| | - Carolina Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Betzabeth A. García-Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, S.S., Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (B.A.G.-M.); (C.R.)
| | - Arely M. López-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S., Avenida Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Laura Osorio-Rico
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S., Avenida Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (E.R.-S.); (L.O.-R.)
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, S.S., Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (B.A.G.-M.); (C.R.)
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
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Liu C, Zuo Z, Xu F, Wang Y. Authentication of Herbal Medicines Based on Modern Analytical Technology Combined with Chemometrics Approach: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1393-1418. [PMID: 34991387 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2023460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, herbal medicines (HMs) have been widely popular with consumers as a "natural" drug for health care and disease treatment. With the emergence of problems, such as increasing demand for HMs and shortage of resources, it often occurs the phenomenon of shoddy exceed and mixing the false with the genuine in the market. There is an urgent need to evaluate the quality of HMs to ensure their important role in health care and disease treatment, and to reduce the possibility of threat to human health. Modern analytical technology is can be analyzed for analyzing chemical components of HMs or their preparations. Reflecting complex chemical components' characteristic curves in the analysis sample, and the comprehensive effect of active ingredients of HMs. In this review, modern analytical technology (chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry), chemometrics methods (unsupervised, supervised) and their advantages, disadvantages, and applicability were introduced and summarized. In addition, the authentication application of modern analytical technology combined with chemometrics methods in four aspects, including origin, processing methods, cultivation methods, and adulteration of HMs have also been discussed and illustrated by a few typical studies. This article offers a general workflow of analytical methods that have been applied for HMs authentication and explains that the accuracy of authentication in favor of the quality assurance of HMs. It was provided reference value for the development and application of modern HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlu Liu
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhitian Zuo
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Furong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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A Health Risk Assessment of Lead and Other Metals in Pharmaceutical Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements Containing Ginkgo biloba in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168285. [PMID: 34444035 PMCID: PMC8391129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of the medicinal plant Ginkgo biloba has increased worldwide. However, G. biloba is capable of assimilating both essential and toxic metals, and the ingestion of contaminated products can cause damage to health. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in 26 items containing Ginkgo biloba (pharmaceutical herbal products, dietary supplements, and traditional herbal remedies) purchased in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Metal analysis was performed using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. All of the products were contaminated with Pb, 54% of them with As, and 81% with Cd. The lowest values of Pb, As, and Cd were detected in pharmaceutical herbal products > dietary supplements > traditional herbal remedies. The daily intake dose (DID) of pharmaceutical herbal products was within the established limits for the five metals. Dietary supplements and traditional herbal remedies exceeded the DID limits for Pb. The hazard quotients estimation and non-carcinogenic cumulative hazard estimation index for Mn, As, and Cd indicated no human health risk. Our results suggest that products containing G. biloba for sale in Mexico are not a health risk.
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Chan Fung VS. Integrating traditional Chinese (herbal) medicines into risk based regulation - With focus on non-clinical requirements to demonstrate safety. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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9
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Alostad AH, Steinke DT, Schafheutle EI. Herbal Medicine Classification: Policy Recommendations. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:31. [PMID: 32118016 PMCID: PMC7026670 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Azhar H Alostad
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas T Steinke
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen I Schafheutle
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Lo YT, Shaw PC. Application of next-generation sequencing for the identification of herbal products. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Gyamfi ET. Metals and metalloids in traditional medicines (Ayurvedic medicines, nutraceuticals and traditional Chinese medicines). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:15767-15778. [PMID: 31004267 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional medicine (TM) including Ayurvedic medicines, traditional Chinese medicines and nutraceuticals are popular across the globe as dietary supplements and traditional and alternative medicines. Health risks from these remedies continue to present serious concerns, with occurrences of poisoning by metals and metalloids present at concentrations above acceptable regulatory standards. This review overviews the prevalence of TM use, cases of metal and metalloid poisoning following TM consumption, and forms of TM contamination and adulteration. The review summarises regulations by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other relevant bodies. Finally, the review recommends how to protect consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva T Gyamfi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, National Nuclear Research Institute, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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Wu CH, Chen TC, Hsieh YC, Tsao HL. A hybrid rule mining approach for cardiovascular disease detection in traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT & FUZZY SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/jifs-169864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Wu
- Department of Information Management, National Formosa University, Huwei Township, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Cheng Chen
- Department of Information Management, National Formosa University, Huwei Township, Yunlin County, Taiwan
- Department of M-Commerce and Multimedia Applications, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chih Hsieh
- Department of Industrial Management, National Formosa University, Huwei Township, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ling Tsao
- Department of Information Management, National Formosa University, Huwei Township, Yunlin County, Taiwan
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13
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Farrington R, Musgrave I, Nash C, Byard RW. Potential forensic issues in overseas travellers exposed to local herbal products. J Forensic Leg Med 2018; 60:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Raclariu AC, Heinrich M, Ichim MC, de Boer H. Benefits and Limitations of DNA Barcoding and Metabarcoding in Herbal Product Authentication. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:123-128. [PMID: 28906059 PMCID: PMC5836936 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herbal medicines play an important role globally in the health care sector and in industrialised countries they are often considered as an alternative to mono-substance medicines. Current quality and authentication assessment methods rely mainly on morphology and analytical phytochemistry-based methods detailed in pharmacopoeias. Herbal products however are often highly processed with numerous ingredients, and even if these analytical methods are accurate for quality control of specific lead or marker compounds, they are of limited suitability for the authentication of biological ingredients. OBJECTIVE To review the benefits and limitations of DNA barcoding and metabarcoding in complementing current herbal product authentication. METHOD Recent literature relating to DNA based authentication of medicinal plants, herbal medicines and products are summarised to provide a basic understanding of how DNA barcoding and metabarcoding can be applied to this field. RESULTS Different methods of quality control and authentication have varying resolution and usefulness along the value chain of these products. DNA barcoding can be used for authenticating products based on single herbal ingredients and DNA metabarcoding for assessment of species diversity in processed products, and both methods should be used in combination with appropriate hyphenated chemical methods for quality control. CONCLUSIONS DNA barcoding and metabarcoding have potential in the context of quality control of both well and poorly regulated supply systems. Standardisation of protocols for DNA barcoding and DNA sequence-based identification are necessary before DNA-based biological methods can be implemented as routine analytical approaches and approved by the competent authorities for use in regulated procedures. © 2017 The Authors. Phytochemical Analysis Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta Cristina Raclariu
- Natural History MuseumUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 1172, Blindern0318OsloNorway
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological SciencesNational Institute of Research and Development for Biological SciencesAlexandru cel Bun Street, 6610004Piatra NeamtRomania
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Group of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Research Cluster ‘Biodiversity and Medicines’, UCL School of PharmacyUniversity of London29–39 Brunswick SqLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Mihael Cristin Ichim
- Stejarul Research Centre for Biological SciencesNational Institute of Research and Development for Biological SciencesAlexandru cel Bun Street, 6610004Piatra NeamtRomania
| | - Hugo de Boer
- Natural History MuseumUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 1172, Blindern0318OsloNorway
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Okumu MO, Ochola FO, Onyango AO, Mbaria JM, Gakuya DW, Kanja LW, Kiama SG, Onyango MA. The legislative and regulatory framework governing herbal medicine use and practice in Kenya: a review. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 28:232. [PMID: 29629018 PMCID: PMC5882212 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.28.232.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine is an integral component of primary healthcare in Kenya. This is because the infrastructural health setup in the country is inadequate in catering for all the medical needs of the population. This particularly holds true in the rural areas where many rural folk rely on products of herbal origin to offset their healthcare needs. More often than not these products are an elaborate cacophony of several different substances of biological origin and thus need personnel adept in their preparation. Sadly, due to loopholes in legislation and regulation, quacks have a field day in the practice. Moreover, the process of planting, harvesting, preparation and storage of herbs and related products dictates that a significant number of people will ultimately be involved in the whole process. This is likely to set the stage for manipulation and compromise of the safety, quality and efficacy of these products. This state of affairs appears unabated especially in the context of the current legal and regulatory framework governing herbal medicine use and practice in Kenya. Not only are these laws inadequate, they are shrouded in ambiguity, open to interpretation and the authorities mandated to implement them often end up performing duplicate roles. The aim of this review is to critique the legal and regulatory provisions governing herbal medicine use and practice in Kenya. In conclusion, laws and regulations meant to control herbal medicine use and practice in Kenya are wanting. Clear and definitive legislation on herbal medicine use and practice coupled with effective implementation by mandated institutions will go a long way in inspiring confidence to all stakeholders of herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel Otieno Okumu
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Okumu Ochola
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Moi University, P.O BOX 3900-30100 Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Allan Odhiambo Onyango
- Onyango Allan and Company Advocates, 3Floor, Pioneer House, P.O BOX 50485-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Mucunu Mbaria
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Waweru Gakuya
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laetitia Wakonyu Kanja
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Gitahi Kiama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary Atieno Onyango
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Maseno University, P.O BOX Private bag, Maseno, Kenya
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Asgari Lajayer B, Ghorbanpour M, Nikabadi S. Heavy metals in contaminated environment: Destiny of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, oxidative status and phytoextraction in medicinal plants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:377-390. [PMID: 28759767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soils, water and air with toxic heavy metals by various human activities is a crucial environmental problem in both developing and developed countries. Heavy metals could be introduced into medicinal plant products through contaminated environment (soil, water and air resources) and/or poor production practices. Growing of medicinal plants in heavy metal polluted environments may eventually affect the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, causing significant changes in the quantity and quality of these compounds. Certain medicinal and aromatic plants can absorb and accumulate metal contaminants in the harvestable foliage and, therefore, considered to be a feasible alternative for remediation of polluted sites without any contamination of essential oils. Plants use different strategies and complex arrays of enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidative defense systems to cope with overproduction of ROS causes from the heavy metals entered their cells through foliar and/or root systems. This review summarizes the reports of recent investigations involving heavy metal accumulation by medicinal plants and its effects on elicitation of secondary metabolites, toxicity and detoxification pathways, international standards regarding in plants and plant-based products, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil-medicinal plants systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Asgari Lajayer
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mansour Ghorbanpour
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | - Shahab Nikabadi
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Bolan S, Kunhikrishnan A, Seshadri B, Choppala G, Naidu R, Bolan NS, Ok YS, Zhang M, Li CG, Li F, Noller B, Kirkham MB. Sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 108:103-118. [PMID: 28843139 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades have seen the rise of alternative medical approaches including the use of herbal supplements, natural products, and traditional medicines, which are collectively known as 'Complementary medicines'. However, there are increasing concerns on the safety and health benefits of these medicines. One of the main hazards with the use of complementary medicines is the presence of heavy metal(loid)s such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). This review deals with the characteristics of complementary medicines in terms of heavy metal(loid)s sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and human risk assessment. The heavy metal(loid)s in these medicines are derived from uptake by medicinal plants, cross-contamination during processing, and therapeutic input of metal(loid)s. This paper discusses the distribution of heavy metal(loid)s in these medicines, in terms of their nature, concentration, and speciation. The importance of determining bioavailability towards human health risk assessment was emphasized by the need to estimate daily intake of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines. The review ends with selected case studies of heavy metal(loid) toxicity from complementary medicines with specific reference to As, Cd, Pb, and Hg. The future research opportunities mentioned in the conclusion of review will help researchers to explore new avenues, methodologies, and approaches to the issue of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines, thereby generating new regulations and proposing fresh approach towards safe use of these medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Anitha Kunhikrishnan
- Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Balaji Seshadri
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Girish Choppala
- Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, ATC Building, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI) & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Guang Li
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Feng Li
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Barry Noller
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mary Beth Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Abstract
Local healthcare providers often question the possible steroidal activity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs or herbal products and implicate them as a cause for adrenal insufficiency or Cushing's syndrome in patients with a history of TCM intake. We conducted a comprehensive database search for evidence of potential glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgenic or oestrogenic activity of herbs or herbal products. Overall, there are not many herbs whose steroidal activity is well established; among these, most cases were based on preclinical studies. Liquorice root may cause pseudoaldosteronism through interference with the steroidogenesis pathway. Although ginseng and cordyceps have some in vitro glucocorticoid activities, the corroborating clinical data is lacking. Deer musk and deer antler contain androgenic steroids, while epimedium has oestrogenic activity. On the other hand, adulteration of herbal products with exogenous glucocorticoids is a recurrent problem encountered locally in illegal products masquerading as TCM. Healthcare providers should stay vigilant and report any suspicion to the relevant authorities for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Fung
- Traditional Medicine Information Service, Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yeh Ching Linn
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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The application of metabolomics for herbal medicine pharmacovigilance: a case study on ginseng. Essays Biochem 2016; 60:429-435. [PMID: 27980093 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines are growing in popularity, use and commercial value; however, there remain problems with the quality and consequently safety of these products. Adulterated, contaminated and fraudulent products are often found on the market, a risk compounded by the fact that these products are available to consumers with little or no medical advice. Current regulations and quality control methods are lacking in their ability to combat these serious problems. Metabolomics is a biochemical profiling tool that may help address these issues if applied to quality control of both raw ingredients and final products. Using the example of the popular herbal medicine, ginseng, this essay offers an overview of the potential use of metabolomics for quality control in herbal medicines and also highlights where more research is needed.
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Setlhare V, Couper I, Wright A. Patient-centredness: meaning and propriety in the Botswana, African and non-Western contexts. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2016; 6:E1-4. [PMID: 26468553 PMCID: PMC5337990 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v6i1.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Couper
- Department of Family Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Anne Wright
- Department of Family Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
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Tinggi U, Sadler R, Ng J, Noller B, Seawright A. Bioavailability study of arsenic and mercury in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) using an animal model after a single dose exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 76:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Developing traditional chinese medicine in the era of evidence-based medicine: current evidences and challenges. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:425037. [PMID: 25949261 PMCID: PMC4407626 DOI: 10.1155/2015/425037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based medicine (EBM), by integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available clinical evidence from systematic research, has in recent years been established as the standard of modern medical practice for greater treatment efficacy and safety. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), on the other hand, evolved as a system of medical practice from ancient China more than 2000 years ago based on empirical knowledge as well as theories and concepts which are yet to be mapped by scientific equivalents. Despite the expanding TCM usage and the recognition of its therapeutic benefits worldwide, the lack of robust evidence from the EBM perspective is hindering acceptance of TCM by the Western medicine community and its integration into mainstream healthcare. For TCM to become an integral component of the healthcare system so that its benefits can be rationally harnessed in the best interests of patients, it is essential for TCM to demonstrate its efficacy and safety by high-level evidence in accordance with EBM, though much debate remains on the validity and feasibility of applying the EBM model on this traditional practice. This review aims to discuss the current status of research in TCM, explore the evidences available on its efficacy and safety, and highlight the issues and challenges faced in applying EBM to TCM.
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He TT, Ung COL, Hu H, Wang YT. Good manufacturing practice (GMP) regulation of herbal medicine in comparative research: China GMP, cGMP, WHO-GMP, PIC/S and EU-GMP. Eur J Integr Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ho CE, Goh YL, Zhang C. From prejudice to evidence: the case of rhizoma coptidis in singapore. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2014; 2014:871720. [PMID: 25610485 PMCID: PMC4290150 DOI: 10.1155/2014/871720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rhizoma Coptidis (RC), commonly known as huanglian, is a herb frequently used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescriptions. Known to have "clearing damp-heat, quenching fire and counteracting poison" properties, it was widely used in the Chinese community in Singapore. Berberine, an alkaloid isolated from RC, is known to have a wide array of therapeutic effects including antimicrobial, antineoplastic, and hepatoprotective effects. In 1978, RC was implicated in causing neonatal jaundice (NNJ) and kernicterus in neonates suffering from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, leading to the banning of RC and berberine in Singapore. More than three decades later, accumulating evidence-based studies pointing to the safety of RC for general public and better understanding of G6PD deficiency, the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) in Singapore reviewed and lifted the prohibition on RC and berberine, turning a brand new chapter in the history of TCM in Singapore. This paper aims to review the safety of RC and berberine, using the prohibition of use and subsequent lifting of ban on RC and berberine in Singapore as an illustration to highlight the importance of evidence-based studies in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Ee Ho
- Dongfang Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, District 1, Fangxingyuan, Fangzhuang, Fengtai District, Beijing 100078, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - You Li Goh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 North East Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Dongfang Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, District 1, Fangxingyuan, Fangzhuang, Fengtai District, Beijing 100078, China
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Moreira APL, Martini M, de Carvalho LM. Capillary electrophoretic methods for the screening and determination of pharmacologic adulterants in herbal-based pharmaceutical formulations. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3212-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula L. Moreira
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Mariele Martini
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Leandro M. de Carvalho
- Graduate Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria RS Brazil
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Hwang JH, Han DW, Yoo EK, Kim WY. The utilisation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) among ethnic minorities in South Korea. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:103. [PMID: 24641983 PMCID: PMC3994841 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Race has been reported to affect the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), but there is very little research on the use of CAM by ethnicity in Korea. This study explores the prevalence of CAM use among ethnic minorities in South Korea. Methods The design is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. A convenience sample of ethnic minorities was recruited from two public healthcare centres in Gyeonggi province. The survey instrument included 37 questions regarding CAM use, factors influencing use of CAM, self-health management, and the socio-demographic profile of study participants. Results Sixty-two percent of study participants reported the use of CAM. Multivitamins (53.3%), acupuncture (48.9%), and traditional Korean herbal medicine (38.9%) were popular CAM modalities in our sample. Other notable CAM modalities included herbal plants, therapeutic massage, and moxibustion therapy. The majority of CAM users (52.2%) received CAM services to treat diseases or as a secondary treatment while receiving conventional care. Having positive perceptions toward the effectiveness of CAM was a major determining factor in CAM use. Conclusions Physicians need to be aware of the fact that many ethnic minorities use CAM therapies. Many CAM users reported that they want doctors to know about their CAM use and have a basic understanding of traditional medicine in their home country. Overcoming language and cultural barriers will help reduce unwanted medical complications. High prevalence of CAM use among ethnic minorities in our study warrants further studies using larger sample population.
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Kim JH, Kwong EMS, Chung VCH, Lee JCO, Wong T, Goggins WB. Acute adverse events from over-the-counter Chinese herbal medicines: a population-based survey of Hong Kong Chinese. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:336. [PMID: 24279604 PMCID: PMC4222756 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Although over-the-counter traditional Chinese herbal medicine (COTC) is commonly used to treat everyday illness in many parts of the world, no population-based study has been done to examine the prevalence and factors associated with COTC-related adverse events. Methods A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted among Hong Kong Chinese adults in 2011 (n = 1100) with informed verbal consent. Stepwise logistic regression of demographic, attitudinal and behavioral variables was used to determine factors associated with past-year adverse events. Results Of study respondents, 71.7% (789/1100) reported past-year COTC use and 2.3% (25/1100) reported at least one COTC-related adverse event in the past year. Of the 27 adverse events cases reported among COTC users, the most common were allergic reactions (n = 11) dizziness (n = 5), and gastro-intestinal problems (n = 4). Pills/capsules were the dosage form that caused the highest proportion of adverse events (n = 10), followed by plasters (n = 7), creams/ointments (n = 5), and ingestible powders (n = 2). Although COTC users reporting adverse events were more likely to report greater practices to avoid adverse events (OR = 6.47; 95% CI: 1.38-30.3); they were also more likely to possess lower education levels (OR = 9.64, 95% CI: 2.20-42.3) and to have received COTC information from non-reliable, mass-media information sources such as magazines (OR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.01-8.50) or television (OR = 2.93; 95% CI: 1.03-10.7). Package labels were also felt to be unclear by 42.9% of COTC users. A large proportion of COTC users demonstrated low levels of COTC-related knowledge, while the main impediment to greater information-seeking was the belief that reliable COTC information is not obtainable from Western health professionals. Conclusions Despite global movements toward more stringent complementary medicine regulation, the limited accessibility of reliable information and widespread misperceptions among consumers present major challenges for the safe use of complementary medicine.
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Reeuwijk NM, Venhuis BJ, de Kaste D, Hoogenboom LAP, Rietjens IMCM, Martena MJ. Sildenafil and analogous phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors in herbal food supplements sampled on the Dutch market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:2027-34. [PMID: 24261938 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.848294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Herbal food supplements, claiming to enhance sexual potency, may contain deliberately added active pharmacological ingredients (APIs) that can be used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim of this study was to determine whether herbal food supplements on the Dutch market indeed contain APIs that inhibit phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, such as sildenafil and analogous PDE-5 inhibitors. Herbal food supplements intended to enhance sexual potency (n = 71), and two soft drinks, were sampled from 2003 up to and including 2012. In 23 herbal supplements, nine different PDE-5 inhibitors were identified; in a few cases (n = 3), more than one inhibitor was indentified. The presence of these APIs was however not stated on the label. The concentrations of PDE-5 inhibitors per dose unit were analysed. Furthermore, the potential pharmacologically active properties of the detected PDE-5 inhibitors were estimated by using data from the scientific and patent literature regarding (1) in vitro PDE-5 activity, (2) reported effective doses of registered drugs with PDE-5 inhibitor activity and (3) similarity to other structural analogues. It was concluded that 18 of the 23 herbal food supplements, when used as recommended, would have significant pharmacological effects due to added APIs. Adequate use of existing regulation and control measures seems necessary to protect consumers against the adverse effects of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Reeuwijk
- a Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) , Office for Risk Assessment and Research , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Genuis SJ, Schwalfenberg G, Siy AKJ, Rodushkin I. Toxic element contamination of natural health products and pharmaceutical preparations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49676. [PMID: 23185404 PMCID: PMC3504157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern has recently emerged regarding the safety of natural health products (NHPs)-therapies that are increasingly recommended by various health providers, including conventional physicians. Recognizing that most individuals in the Western world now consume vitamins and many take herbal agents, this study endeavored to determine levels of toxic element contamination within a range of NHPs. METHODS Toxic element testing was performed on 121 NHPs (including Ayurvedic, traditional Chinese, and various marine-source products) as well as 49 routinely prescribed pharmaceutical preparations. Testing was also performed on several batches of one prenatal supplement, with multiple samples tested within each batch. Results were compared to existing toxicant regulatory limits. RESULTS Toxic element contamination was found in many supplements and pharmaceuticals; levels exceeding established limits were only found in a small percentage of the NHPs tested and none of the drugs tested. Some NHPs demonstrated contamination levels above preferred daily endpoints for mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic or aluminum. NHPs manufactured in China generally had higher levels of mercury and aluminum. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to toxic elements is occurring regularly as a result of some contaminated NHPs. Best practices for quality control-developed and implemented by the NHP industry with government oversight-is recommended to guard the safety of unsuspecting consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Genuis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Coghlan ML, Haile J, Houston J, Murray DC, White NE, Moolhuijzen P, Bellgard MI, Bunce M. Deep sequencing of plant and animal DNA contained within traditional Chinese medicines reveals legality issues and health safety concerns. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002657. [PMID: 22511890 PMCID: PMC3325194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been practiced for thousands of years, but only within the last few decades has its use become more widespread outside of Asia. Concerns continue to be raised about the efficacy, legality, and safety of many popular complementary alternative medicines, including TCMs. Ingredients of some TCMs are known to include derivatives of endangered, trade-restricted species of plants and animals, and therefore contravene the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) legislation. Chromatographic studies have detected the presence of heavy metals and plant toxins within some TCMs, and there are numerous cases of adverse reactions. It is in the interests of both biodiversity conservation and public safety that techniques are developed to screen medicinals like TCMs. Targeting both the p-loop region of the plastid trnL gene and the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene, over 49,000 amplicon sequence reads were generated from 15 TCM samples presented in the form of powders, tablets, capsules, bile flakes, and herbal teas. Here we show that second-generation, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of DNA represents an effective means to genetically audit organic ingredients within complex TCMs. Comparison of DNA sequence data to reference databases revealed the presence of 68 different plant families and included genera, such as Ephedra and Asarum, that are potentially toxic. Similarly, animal families were identified that include genera that are classified as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered, including Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and Saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica). Bovidae, Cervidae, and Bufonidae DNA were also detected in many of the TCM samples and were rarely declared on the product packaging. This study demonstrates that deep sequencing via HTS is an efficient and cost-effective way to audit highly processed TCM products and will assist in monitoring their legality and safety especially when plant reference databases become better established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Coghlan
- Australian Wildlife Forensic Services and Ancient DNA Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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Liu Y, Wu H, Zhu S, Kang C, Xu H, Su Z, Gu H, Yu R. Rapid Determination of Costunolide and Dehydrocostuslactone in Human Plasma Sample and Chinese Patent Medicine Xiang Sha Yang Wei Capsule Using HPLC-DAD Coupled with Second-order Calibration. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Simultaneous determination of heavy metal pollution in commercial traditional Chinese medicines in China. J Nat Med 2012; 67:887-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gabriels G, Lambert M, Smith P. Information on nutritional supplement labels: time for legislation? SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2012.11734398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang J, Wider B, Shang H, Li X, Ernst E. Quality of herbal medicines: challenges and solutions. Complement Ther Med 2011; 20:100-6. [PMID: 22305255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The popularity of herbal medicines has risen worldwide. This increase in usage renders safety issues important. Many adverse events of herbal medicines can be attributed to the poor quality of the raw materials or the finished products. Different types of herbal medicines are associated with different problems. Quality issues of herbal medicines can be classified into two categories: external and internal. In this review, external issues including contamination (e.g. toxic metals, pesticides residues and microbes), adulteration and misidentification are detailed. Complexity and non-uniformity of the ingredients in herbal medicines are the internal issues affecting the quality of herbal medicines. Solutions to the raised problems are discussed. The rigorous implementation of Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) would undoubtedly reduce the risk of external issues. Through the use of modern analytical methods and pharmaceutical techniques, previously unsolved internal issues have become solvable. Standard herbal products can be manufactured from the standard herbal extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Zhang
- State Key laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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Linn YC, Lu J, Lim LC, Sun H, Sun J, Zhou Y, Ng HS. Berberine-induced haemolysis revisited: safety of Rhizoma coptidis and Cortex phellodendri in chronic haematological diseases. Phytother Res 2011; 26:682-6. [PMID: 22002596 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two commonly used berberine-containing Chinese herbs, Rhizoma coptidis (RC) and Cortex phellodendri (CP), have been banned in Singapore for the past three decades due to implication of berberine in aggravating jaundice and kernicterus in neonates with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Here we conducted a single arm, phase I/II clinical study on Chinese herbal medicine for patients with chronic cytopenic haematological conditions and we analysed a subset of 20 patients who also had RC, CP or both in their herbal concoction. We found no organ toxicity or electrolyte imbalance in these 20 patients where RC was administered for 1055 patient-days and CP for 1252 patient-days. In three patients with thalassemia intermedia, transient elevation in serum bilirubin level was observed but this was not associated with any aggravation of anaemia or liver dysfunction. A review of the literature found conflicting evidence of varying levels either supporting or refuting the allegation of neonatal jaundice and kernicterus caused by berberine. There were, however, very few clinical reports of adverse reaction attributable to RC or CP in oral TCM concoction. We conclude that based on traditional dosage and indication, the use of RC and CP in oral concoction is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-ching Linn
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
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Harris ESJ, Cao S, Littlefield BA, Craycroft JA, Scholten R, Kaptchuk T, Fu Y, Wang W, Liu Y, Chen H, Zhao Z, Clardy J, Woolf AD, Eisenberg DM. Heavy metal and pesticide content in commonly prescribed individual raw Chinese Herbal Medicines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4297-305. [PMID: 21824641 PMCID: PMC3163780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal and pesticide contamination has previously been reported in Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs), in some cases at potentially toxic levels. This study was conducted to determine general patterns and toxicological significance of heavy metal and pesticide contamination in a broad sample of raw CHMs. Three-hundred-thirty-four samples representing 126 species of CHMs were collected throughout China and examined for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. Of the total, 294 samples representing 112 species were also tested for 162 pesticides. At least 1 metal was detected in all 334 samples (100%) and 115 samples (34%) had detectable levels of all metals. Forty-two different pesticides were detected in 108 samples (36.7%), with 1 to 9 pesticides per sample. Contaminant levels were compared to toxicological reference values in the context of different exposure scenarios. According to a likely scenario of CHM consumption, only 3 samples (1%) with heavy metals and 14 samples (5%) with pesticides were found with concentrations that could contribute to elevated background levels of contaminant exposure. According to the most conservative scenario of CHM consumption, 231 samples (69%) with heavy metals and 81 samples (28%) with pesticides had contaminants that could contribute to elevated levels of exposure. Wild collected plants had higher contaminant levels than cultivated samples. Cadmium, chromium, lead, and chlorpyrifos contamination showed weak correlations with geographic location. Based on our assumptions of the likely mode of consumption of raw CHMs, the vast majority (95%) of the 334 samples in this study contained levels of heavy metals or pesticides that would be of negligible concern. However, given the number of samples with detectable contaminants and the range between the more likely and more conservative scenarios of contaminant exposure, more research and monitoring of heavy metals (especially cadmium and chromium) and pesticide residues (especially chlorpyrifos) in raw CHMs are advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S J Harris
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Shen JJ, Wang Y, Lin F, Lu J, Moseley CB, Sun M, Hao M. Trends of increase in western medical services in traditional medicine hospitals in China. BMC Health Serv Res 2011; 11:212. [PMID: 21896200 PMCID: PMC3179446 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compare changes in types of hospital service revenues between traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) hospitals and Western-medicine based general hospitals. Methods 97 TCM hospitals and 103 general hospitals were surveyed in years of 2000 and 2004. Six types of medical service revenue between the two types of hospitals were compared overtime. The national statistics from 1999 to 2008 were also used as complementary evidence. Results For TCM hospitals, the percentage of service revenue from Western medicine increased from 44.3% to 47.4% while the percentage of service revenue from TCM declined from 26.4% to 18.8% from 1999 to 2004. Percentages of revenue from laboratory tests and surgical procedures for both types of hospitals increased and the discrepancy between the two types of hospitals was narrowed from 1999 to 2004. For TCM hospitals, revenues from laboratory tests increased from 3.64% to 5.06% and revenues from surgical procedures increased from 3.44% to 7.02%. General hospitals' TCM drug revenue in outpatient care declined insignificantly from 5.26% to 3.87%, while the decline for the TCM hospitals was significant from 19.73% to 13.77%. The national statistics from 1999 to 2008 showed similar trends that the percentage of revenue from Western medicine for TCM hospitals increased from 59.6% in 1999 to 62.2% in 2003 and 66.1% in 2008 while the percentage of revenue from TCM for TCM hospitals decreased from 18.0% in 1999, 15.4% in 2003, and 13.7% in 2008. Conclusion Western medicine has become a vital revenue source for TCM hospitals in the current Chinese health care environment where government subsidies to health care facilities have significantly declined. Policies need to encourage TCM hospitals to identify their own special and effective services, improve public perception, increase demand, strengthen financial sources, and ultimately make contributions to preserving one of the national treasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Shen
- Department of Health Care Administration and Policy, University of Nevada at Las Vegas, USA.
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Zhang CY, Chang DL, Chen SL. Simultaneous Determination of Five Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Two Glucocorticoids in Adulterated Traditional Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Rheumatism. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.526268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Linn YC. Evidence-Based Medicine for Traditional Chinese Medicine: Exploring the Evidence from a Western Medicine Perspective. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/201010581102000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the evidence of clinical efficacy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Extracts from single herbs have been studied by the conventional path of drug discovery to become useful drugs in Western Medicine (WM), testifying to the pharmacological activity of herbs used in TCM formulations. Complex formulations prescribed in accordance to the principles of TCM have been in use for centuries. Much effort has been made in proving its efficacy by the criteria of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM). Problems peculiar to adopting such an approach for TCM is discussed, including issues inherent to TCM as well as the lack of well conducted randomised controlled trial to provide robust evidence. As a result the purported efficacy of TCM treatment for many conditions could not be validated by EBM criteria. A selection of studies and meta-analyses providing convincing evidence to the efficacy of some TCM treatment is cited in this review. Improved methodology and reporting in TCM clinical trials will be essential in establishing the role of TCM in the management of certain defined diseases and complementing current Western medical treatment.
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Wu J, Tan Y, Wang Y, Xu R. Toxic metal contamination in Artemisia annua L. herbal preparations from different commercial sources in China. J Nat Med 2011; 65:656-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cui M, Li N, Qin F, Li F, Xiong Z. Simultaneous Determination of 14 Illegal Adulterants in Chinese Proprietary Medicines Using Reversed-Phase Ion-Pair LC. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Sahoo N, Manchikanti P, Dey S. Herbal drugs: Standards and regulation. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:462-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Phua DH, Zosel A, Heard K. Dietary supplements and herbal medicine toxicities-when to anticipate them and how to manage them. Int J Emerg Med 2009; 2:69-76. [PMID: 20157447 PMCID: PMC2700222 DOI: 10.1007/s12245-009-0105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplements and herbal medicines are gaining popularity in many developed countries. AIMS Although most can be used without any problem, serious toxicities do occur. METHODS Problems can be anticipated when they are used for non-traditional indications, at excessive dose, for prolonged duration, or by patients who are also on multiple modern pharmaceuticals. Problems should also be anticipated when these products claim to be able to relieve symptoms rapidly or when herbs with pronounced pharmacological effects or toxic components are used. RESULTS Resuscitation, symptomatic and supportive care are the most important aspects of management of toxicities from these products. CONCLUSION This article reviews when problems with these products can be anticipated and outlines a practical approach to management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Phua
- Emergency Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
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Woolf AD, Hussain J, McCullough L, Petranovic M, Chomchai C. Infantile lead poisoning from an Asian tongue powder: A case report & subsequent public health inquiry. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008; 46:841-4. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650801898536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lim CCT, Gan R, Chan CL, Tan AWK, Khoo JJC, Chia SY, Kao SL, Abisheganaden J, Sitoh YY. Severe hypoglycemia associated with an illegal sexual enhancement product adulterated with glibenclamide: MR imaging findings. Radiology 2008; 250:193-201. [PMID: 19017925 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2493080795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings associated with severe hypoglycemia after consumption of an illegal sexual enhancement product (Power 1 Walnut) adulterated with glibenclamide, an oral hypoglycemic agent used to treat diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional review board approval was obtained for this retrospective study. Records in eight male patients with severe hypoglycemia of unknown cause, without prior treatment for diabetes, and with positive blood toxicology results for glibenclamide were reviewed. MR imaging included diffusion-weighted imaging and, in some patients, MR angiography, dynamic contrast material-enhanced perfusion MR imaging, and MR spectroscopy. RESULTS In seven patients, there were hyperintense abnormalities on diffusion-weighted and T2-weighted images in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, sparing the subcortical white matter and cerebellum. Three patients had abnormalities of the splenium of the corpus callosum, and one had widespread involvement, including the caudate nucleus, basal ganglia, and internal capsule bilaterally. In three patients, unilateral cortical involvement, which did not conform to the typical cerebral arterial territories, was noted. In one patient, perfusion MR imaging showed slightly increased relative cerebral blood volume, and MR spectroscopy revealed no evidence of abnormal lactate in the affected cerebral cortex. CONCLUSION Diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings in patients with severe hypoglycemia showed typical lesions in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, but the caudate nucleus and basal ganglia were involved in only the most severely affected patient. The splenium of the corpus callosum and internal capsule were also abnormal in three patients, and unilateral cortical lesions could be distinguished from acute ischemic stroke by the pattern of involvement and MR angiographic, perfusion, and spectroscopic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Tchoyoson Lim
- Department of Neuroradiology, National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore.
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Street RA, Stirk WA, Van Staden J. South African traditional medicinal plant trade-Challenges in regulating quality, safety and efficacy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:705-710. [PMID: 18638533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Based on the long history of medicinal plant use, users of traditional medicines accept that they are safe for human consumption. However, the absence of regulation of the medicinal plant trade in aspects such as collection, processing and storage provides no such guarantee. Environmental pollution, misidentification and adulteration provides further grounds for concern. The potential adverse effects of South African traditional medicines are not well documented. There are only a few investigations of mutagenic properties and heavy metal contamination. In the absence of regulatory controls, the safety and quality of medicinal plants vary considerably. The current comprehension and future challenges regarding quality, safety and efficacy of South African traditional medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Street
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Lead contamination in Eugenia dyeriana herbal preparations from different commercial sources in Malaysia. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1969-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu Y, Wang MW. Botanical drugs: challenges and opportunities: contribution to Linnaeus Memorial Symposium 2007. Life Sci 2007; 82:445-9. [PMID: 18177674 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been a source of therapeutic agents for more than 5000 years. Approximately 25% of the modern medications are developed from plants. Botanical drugs, simply defined as clinically validated pharmaceuticals of plant origin, typically contain a multi-component composition derived from herbal practices. An obvious advantage of botanical drugs is their history of use and hence, that the therapeutic window has already been understood through experience. Following vigorous scientific validation and appropriate regulatory procedures, some of the ancient remedies may prove to be useful in mitigating certain ailments (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, metabolic syndrome, etc.) where contemporary therapies often lack desired effectiveness. Such a complementary approach has received tremendous attention among medical professionals, governmental agencies and the general public across the world. A few recently approved botanical prescriptions in the USA and Europe, albeit for topical application, have opened a window of opportunity in terms of regulatory passages in the West. One of the major challenges we face is the standardization of biological materials from natural sources. New technologies to modernize traditional herbs into mainstream pharmaceutical products are being evaluated with the ultimate goal of maximizing the opportunities and overcoming the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Liu
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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