In vitro wound healing potency of methanolic leaf extract of Aristolochia saccata is possibly mediated by its stimulatory effect on collagen-1 expression

The Effect of Breast Milk from Different Lactation Stages on in Vitro Wound Healing

Objective: Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process essential for restoring tissue integrity and homeostasis. It is thought that breast milk contributes positively to the wound healing process, thanks to the components it contains. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of breast milk on the wound healing process at different lactation stages and to evaluate the underlying mechanism(s). Materials and Methods: The effects of breast milk from different lactation stages (colostrum, transitional, and mature milk) on wound healing were determined by in vitro scratch assay in L929 fibroblast cells. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total oxidant, and antioxidant capacity were used to confirm antioxidant effects. The effect of breast milk on netrin-1 levels in L929 cells was elucidated by ELISA. Results: Breast milk at different lactation stages promoted wound healing. While the wound closure percentage was determined as 48.7% in the control group, this rate was determined to be the highest at 81.6% in the mature milk group (p:0.0002). The free radical scavenging capacity of colostrum, transitional, and mature milk with DPPH was determined as 49.69%, 60.64%, and 80.85%, respectively, depending on the lactation stages. Netrin-1 levels detected by ELISA were determined as 490.1 ± 6.5 pg/mL in the control group, while the lowest level was determined as 376.6 ± 4.5 pg/mL in mature milk (p:0.0003). Conclusions: Breast milk, especially mature milk, promoted wound healing on L929 cells by suppressing netrin-1 levels and scavenging free radicals.

In vitro anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of defatted Selenicereus monacanthus (Lem.) D.R.Hunt seed extract

Extracts from Selenicereus monacanthus (synonym: Hylocereus polyrhizus) have received attention due to their potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. The current study aims to determine the anti-inflammatory and wound-healing potential of defatted S. monacanthus seed extract (DSMSE). Anti-inflammatory properties of DSMSE on LPS-induced inflammation on THP-1 were determined by measuring the levels of interleukins IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. Wound healing scratch assay was performed using the human fibroblast (Hs27) cell that assesses the cell migration over 24 h exposure to DSMSE. Administration of DSMSE significantly reduced the LPS-stimulated release levels of IL-6 and IL-8 and significantly increased the levels of IL-10. Treatment with DSMSE showed a significant increase in wound closure with 70% of fibroblast migration. Therefore, the current study showed the anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties of DSMSE reducing inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8), increasing IL-10 cytokine, and increasing wound closure at 24 h.

Electrospun nanofibers synthesized from polymers incorporated with bioactive compounds for wound healing

The development of innovative wound dressing materials is crucial for effective wound care. It's an active area of research driven by a better understanding of chronic wound pathogenesis. Addressing wound care properly is a clinical challenge, but there is a growing demand for advancements in this field. The synergy of medicinal plants and nanotechnology offers a promising approach to expedite the healing process for both acute and chronic wounds by facilitating the appropriate progression through various healing phases. Metal nanoparticles play an increasingly pivotal role in promoting efficient wound healing and preventing secondary bacterial infections. Their small size and high surface area facilitate enhanced biological interaction and penetration at the wound site. Specifically designed for topical drug delivery, these nanoparticles enable the sustained release of therapeutic molecules, such as growth factors and antibiotics. This targeted approach ensures optimal cell-to-cell interactions, proliferation, and vascularization, fostering effective and controlled wound healing. Nanoscale scaffolds have significant attention due to their attractive properties, including delivery capacity, high porosity and high surface area. They mimic the Extracellular matrix (ECM) and hence biocompatible. In response to the alarming rise of antibiotic-resistant, biohybrid nanofibrous wound dressings are gradually replacing conventional antibiotic delivery systems. This emerging class of wound dressings comprises biopolymeric nanofibers with inherent antibacterial properties, nature-derived compounds, and biofunctional agents. Nanotechnology, diminutive nanomaterials, nanoscaffolds, nanofibers, and biomaterials are harnessed for targeted drug delivery aimed at wound healing. This review article discusses the effects of nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with nanoparticles on wound healing, including biological (in vivo and in vitro) and mechanical outcomes.

Novel Microemulsion Containing Benzocaine and Fusidic Acid Simultaneously: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation for Wound Healing

Modern drug carrier technologies, such as microemulsions with small droplet sizes and high surface areas, improve the ability of low water solubility active ingredients to permeate and localize. The goal of this study was to create microemulsion formulations for wound healing that contained both fusidic acid (FA), an antibacterial agent, and benzocaine (BNZ), a local anesthetic. Studies on characterization were carried out, including viscosity, droplet size, and zeta potential. The drug-loaded microemulsion had a stable structure with -3.014 ± 1.265 mV of zeta potential and 19.388 ± 0.480 nm of droplet size. In both in vitro release and ex vivo permeability studies, the microemulsion was compared with Fucidin cream and oily BNZ solution. According to the drug release studies, BNZ release from the microemulsion and the BNZ solution showed a similar profile (p > 0.05), while FA release from the microemulsion had a higher drug release compared to Fucidin cream (p < 0.001). The microemulsion presented lower drug permeation (p > 0.05) for both active ingredients, on the other hand, provided higher drug accumulation compared to the control preparations. Moreover, according to the results of in vitro wound healing activity, the microemulsion indicated a dose-dependent wound healing potential with the highest wound healing activity at the highest concentrations. To the best of our knowledge, this developed BNZ- and FA-loaded microemulsion would be a promising candidate to create new opportunities for wound healing thanks to present the active ingredients, which have low water solubility, in a single formulation and achieved higher accumulation than control preparations.

Nano-gel formulation of polyphenolic fraction of tobacco stem for wound healing and its inhibitory efficacies against the receptors of chronic wound development

Current investigation deals with the gel formulation of purified polyphenol loaded nanoparticles for enhanced wound healing. Polyphenols purified using column chromatography an were characterized using HPLC in fractions. Silver nanoparticles were characterization using SEM, AFM, TEM, DLS. Cytotoxic effect was checked on L929 (Mouse fibroblast cells). Bioactive loaded nanoparticles were formulated in gel and subjected for physical characterization. Excision wound wistar rat models were established to measure the wound contraction measurement, histopathological studies, and biochemical assays. Docking and Simulation studies were performed to check the binding and stability with receptors progressing the chronic wound. From the column chromatography, B fraction has shown the presence of maximum polyphenolic content and as well as the polyphenol compounds such as quercetin, rutin and tannic acid as confirmed by the HPLC. Synthesize B fraction-AgNP were found to be below 100 nm in size and spherical in shape as per the characterization. No cytotoxic effect was observed on L929 cells treated with B fraction and its nanoparticles. Formulated B fraction-AgNP gel has revealed the better stability and earlier wound contraction, i.e. before the completion of 14 days of topical treatment. Histopathology studies and collagen content has confirmed the re-epithelization in skin wounds. MD simulation revealed the stability with PI3K and AKT. This can be concluded that tobacco stem polyphenol loaded nanoparticles has potent wound healing activity that can be utilized as nano-drug delivery system for suppression of chronic wound development.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Low-laser action analysis associated with Himatanthus drasticus extract in wound healing

The aim of this study was to analyze the healing action of low-intensity laser therapy associated with Himatanthus drasticus in wound healing in mice. The study was experimental, analytical, controlled, randomized, and prospective. Twenty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control with injury, injury + laser, wound + Himatanthus drasticus, and wound + laser + Himatanthus drasticus. The animals underwent surgical skin wounds on their backs, and different treatments were applied based on the group. The healing process was evaluated histologically through the analysis of collagen fibers, neovascularization, and inflammatory reaction. The results showed that low-intensity laser therapy and Himatanthus drasticus treatment improved the healing process in terms of collagen synthesis, decreased inflammatory cell migration, fibroblast proliferation, neovascularization, wound size reduction, and edema reduction. However, the combination of laser and Himatanthus drasticus did not show significant improvement compared to individual treatments. There were no statistical differences in polymorphonuclear cells between the treatment groups. Low-intensity laser therapy and Himatanthus drasticus have demonstrated positive properties in improving the healing process. Further research is needed to better understand their individual and combined effects. The study contributes to the exploration of alternative wound healing methods and encourages further investigation in this field.

In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing

A versatile hydrogel was developed for enhancing bioactive wound healing by introducing the amphiphilic GHK peptide (GHK-C16) into a photo-crosslinkable tyramine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-Ty). GHK-C16 self-assembled into GHK nanofibers (GHK NF) in HA-Ty solution, which underwent in situ gelation after the wound area was filled with precursor solution. Blue light irradiation (460-490 nm), with riboflavin phosphate as a photoinitiator, was used to trigger crosslinking, which enhanced the stability of the highly degradable hyaluronic acid and enabled sustained release of the nanostructured GHK derivatives. The hydrogels provided a microenvironment that promoted the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and the activation of cytokines, leading to reduced inflammation and increased collagen expression during wound healing. The complexation of Cu2+ into GHK nanofibers resulted in superior wound healing capabilities compared with non-lipidated GHK peptide with a comparable level of growth factor (EGF). Additionally, nanostructured Cu-GHK improved angiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activation, which exerted a synergistic therapeutic effect. Furthermore, in vivo wound healing experiments revealed that the Cu-GHK NF/HA-Ty hydrogel accelerated wound healing through densely packed remodeled collagen in the dermis and promoting the growth of denser fibroblasts. HA-Ty hydrogels incorporating GHK NF also possessed improved mechanical properties and a faster wound healing rate, making them suitable for advanced bioactive wound healing applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: By combining photo-crosslinkable tyramine-modified hyaluronic acid with self-assembled Cu-GHK-C16 peptide nanofibers (Cu-GHK NF), the Cu-GHK NF/HA-Ty hydrogel offers remarkable advantages over conventional non-structured Cu-GHK for wound healing. It enhances cell proliferation, migration, and collagen remodeling-critical factors in tissue regeneration. The incorporation of GHK nanofibers complexed with copper ions imparts potent anti-inflammatory effects, promoting cytokine activation and angiogenesis during wound healing. The Cu-GHK NF/hydrogel's unique properties, including in situ photo-crosslinking, ensure high customization and potency in tissue regeneration, providing a cost-effective alternative to growth factors. In vivo experiments further validate its efficacy, demonstrating significant wound closure, collagen remodeling, and increased fibroblast density. Overall, the Cu-GHK NF/HA-Ty hydrogel represents an advanced therapeutic option for wound healing applications.

In-Silico Selection of Wound-Healing Plant Secondary Molecules and Their Pro-Healing Activities on Experimental Models

This study explored the potential of plant-derived molecules (PDMs) as a medicinal treatment for skin wounds. To assess their healing properties, 34 potential drug molecules (PDMs) and ten therapeutic targets were subjected to molecular docking and dynamics analysis, with allantoin used as a standard compound. Although aristolochic acid had the most potent inhibitory effect, its toxicity made it unsuitable for testing on cells and mice. Therefore, β-caryophyllene (BC) and caryophyllene oxide (BCoxide) were chosen for further testing. The results showed that BC-treated HaCat cells had significantly improved scratch area closure, and both BC and BCoxide treatment produced positive effects such as reduced dermal cellularity and mast cells, decreased levels of inflammation markers IL-6 and TNF-α, and an increase in collagen deposition in mice tissues. However, these treatments did not accelerate wound healing. This study suggests that the PDMs selected based on in-silico results have significant potential for pro-healing abilities. It is essential to conduct further research to confirm our findings.

Mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from endophytic Aspergillus flavipes AUMC 15772: ovat-statistical optimization, characterization and biological activities

BACKGROUND

Mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) offers a safe, eco-friendly, and promising alternative technique for large-scale manufacturing. Our study might be the first report that uses mycelial filtrate of an endophytic fungus, Aspergillus flavipes, for SNPs production under optimal conditions as an antimicrobial agent against clinical multidrug-resistant (MDR) wound pathogens.

RESULTS

In the present study, among four different endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of Lycium shawii, the only one isolate that has the ability to mycosynthesize SNPs has been identified for the first time as Aspergillus flavipes AUMC 15772 and deposited in Genebank under the accession number OP521771. One variable at a time (OVAT) and Plackett Burman design (PBD) were conducted for enhancing the production of mycosynthesized SNPs (Myco-SNPs) through optimization using five independent variables. The overall optimal variables for increasing the mycosynthesis of SNPs from mycelial filtrate of A. flavipes as a novel endophytic fungus were a silver nitrate concentration of 2 mM, a pH of 7.0, an incubation time of 5 days, and a mycelial filtrate concentration of 30% in dark conditions. UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray spectroscopy (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Selected-Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) patterns were used to characterize Myco-SNPs, which showed the peak of absorbance at 420 nm, and FTIR showed the bands at 3426.44, 2923.30, 1681.85, 1552.64, and 1023.02 cm-1, respectively, which illustrated the presence of polyphenols, hydroxyl, alkene, nitro compounds, and aliphatic amines, respectively. The XRD pattern revealed the formation of Myco-SNPs with good crystal quality at 2θ = 34.23° and 38.18°. The TEM image and SAED pattern show the spherical crystalline shape of Myco-SNPs with an average size of 6.9232 nm. High antibacterial activity of Myco-SNPs was recorded against MDR wound pathogens as studied by minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 8 to 32 µg/mL, time kill kinetics, and post-agent effects. Also, in vitro cell tests indicated that Myco-SNPs support the cell viability of human skin fibroblast cells as a nontoxic compound.

CONCLUSION

The obtained results revealed the successful production of Myco-SNPs using the mycelial filtrate of A. flavipes, which may be a promising nontoxic alternative candidate for combating MDR wound pathogens.

Therapeutic potential of lactoferrin-coated iron oxide nanospheres for targeted hyperthermia in gastric cancer

Lactoferrin (LF) is a non-heme iron-binding glycoprotein involved in the transport of iron in blood plasma. In addition, it has many biological functions, including antibacterial, antiviral, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and, importantly, antitumor properties. In this study, we have investigated the potential of employing lactoferrin-iron oxide nanoparticles (LF-IONPs) as a treatment modality for gastric cancer. The study confirms the formation of LF-IONPs with a spherical shape and an average size of 5 ± 2 nm, embedded within the protein matrix. FTIR and Raman analysis revealed that the Fe-O bond stabilized the protein particle interactions. Further, we conducted hyperthermia studies to ascertain whether the proposed composite can generate a sufficient rise in temperature at a low frequency. The results confirmed that we can achieve a temperature rise of about 7 °C at 242.4 kHz, which can be further harnessed for gastric cancer treatment. The particles were further tested for their anti-cancer activity on AGS cells, with and without hyperthermia. Results indicate that LF-IONPs (10 µg/ml) significantly enhance cytotoxicity, resulting in the demise of 67.75 ± 5.2% of cells post hyperthermia, while also exhibiting an inhibitory effect on cell migration compared to control cells, with the most inhibition observed after 36 h of treatment. These findings suggest the potential of LF-IONPs in targeted hyperthermia treatment of gastric cancer.

Can an Alginate-based Wound Dressing Modified with Garden Cress Substitute for COE-PAK as a Wound Dressing? An In Vitro Study

AIM

The aim of the current study was to prepare a natural oral wound dressing from alginate modified with garden cress (GC), a rich source of antibacterial phytochemical compounds essential for wound healing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sodium alginate (SA) dressing (negative control group), was prepared and modified with GC seeds extracts (25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL) as the intervention groups, and COE-PAK was the positive control group. Cytotoxicity was measured using WST-1 assay (n = 15) after 24 and 48 hours. The in vitro wound healing assay (n = 15) was assessed in terms of wound width, and cell migration rate (0, 24, 48, and 72 hours). Agar diffusion test was performed to investigate the antibacterial action (n = 15) of the groups against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei strains. Results were significant at p ≤ 0.05.

RESULTS

There was no statistically significant difference in cytotoxicity in all groups (p = 0.24 at 24 hours and 0.1 at 48 hours). Garden cress-containing groups revealed the lowest mean value of wound width (0.27 mm ± 0.01 and 0.23 mm ± 0.01 for 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively at 48 hours) and the highest mean value of cell migration rate (0.013 mm/hour ± 0.004 and 0.014 mm/hour ± 0.004 for 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively at 48 hours), in addition to the highest antibacterial action (1.49 mm ± 0.05 and 2.14 mm ± 0.09 for 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively against S. mutans, 1.43 mm ± 0.07 and 2.55 mm ± 0.09 for 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively against L. casei).

CONCLUSION

Alginate wound dressing modified with GC extract could be considered a promising wound dressing material in terms of wound healing and antibacterial action.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Ready-to-use alginate-based wound dressing modified with GC extract may represent a promising natural alternative to the most commonly used oral wound dressing (COE-PAK).

Ethyl gallate isolated from phenol-enriched fraction of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. Promotes cutaneous wound healing: a scientific validation through bioassay-guided fractionation

The tender shoots of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. are used ethnomedically by the traditional healers of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka (India) for the treatment of wounds. The current study was aimed at exploring phenol-enriched fraction (PEF) of crude ethanol extract of tender shoots to isolate and characterize the most active bio-constituent through bioassay-guided fractionation procedure. The successive fractionation and sub-fractionation of PEF, followed by in vitro scratch wound, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities, yielded a highly active natural antioxidant compound ethyl gallate (EG). In vitro wound healing potentiality of EG was evidenced by a significantly higher percentage of cell migration in L929 fibroblast cells (97.98 ± 0.46% at 3.81 μg/ml concentration) compared to a positive control group (98.44 ± 0.36%) at the 48th hour of incubation. A significantly higher rate of wound contraction (98.72 ± 0.41%), an elevated tensile strength of the incised wound (1,154.60 ± 1.42 g/mm²), and increased quantity of connective tissue elements were observed in the granulation tissues of the 1% EG ointment treated animal group on the 15th post-wounding day. The accelerated wound healing activity of 1% EG was also exhibited by histopathological examinations through Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's trichome, and Toluidine blue-stained sections. Significant up-regulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant contents (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and down-regulation of oxidative stress marker (lipid peroxidation) clearly indicates the effective granular antioxidant activity of 1% EG in preventing oxidative damage to the skin tissues. Further, in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of EG supports the positive correlation with its enhanced wound-healing activity. Moreover, molecular docking and dynamics for 100 ns revealed the stable binding of EG with cyclooxygenase-2 (-6.2 kcal/mol) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (-4.6 kcal/mol) and unstable binding with tumor necrosis factor-α (-7.2 kcal/mol), suggesting the potential applicability of EG in inflammation and wound treatment.

Role of medicinal herbs and phytochemicals in post burn management

Burn management is a natural and distinctly programmed process involving overlapping phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Burn wound healing involves initiation of inflammation, re-epithelialization, granulation, neovascularization and wound contraction. Despite the availability of multiple preparations for management of burn wound, there is dire need for efficacious alternative agents. Current approaches for burn wound management include pharmaceutical agents and antibiotics. However, high cost of synthetic drugs and accelerated resistance to antibiotics is challenging for both developed and developing nations. Among alternative options, medicinal plants have been a biocompatible, safe and affordable source of preventive/curative approaches. Due to cultural acceptance and patient compliance, there has been a focus on the use of botanical drugs and phytochemicals for burn wound healing. Keeping in consideration of medicinal herbs and phytochemicals as suitable therapeutic/adjuvant agents for burn wound management, this review highlights therapeutic potential of 35 medicinal herbs and 10 phytochemicals. Among these, Elaeis guineensis, Ephedra ciliate and Terminalia avicennioides showed better burn wound healing potential with varied mechanisms such as modulation of TNF-alpha, inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, eicosanoids, ROS and leukocyte response. Phytochemicals (oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, kirenol) also showed promising role in burn wound management though various pathways involving such as down regulation of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and inflammatory mediators including plasma proteases and arachidonic acid metabolites. This review provides a pavement for therapeutic/adjuvant use of potential botanical drugs and novel druggable phyto-compounds to target skin burn injury with diverse mechanisms, affordability and safety profile.

Ascorbate formulation improves healing efficacy in excisional wound mice model through interplay between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic markers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Biomedical research in regenerative medicine prompts researchers to formulate cost-effective therapeutics for wound healing. The present study was conducted to characterize the ascorbate based formulation vis-a-vis investigating the molecular dynamics of the formulation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To characterize the formulation, particle size, zeta potential, thermal stability, compatibility, anti-oxidant, and permeation prospective were measured using standard protocols. The in-vitro healing potential and safety formulae were evaluated using the L929 cell line. For molecular unravelling of the pharmacodynamics of formulation, an excision wound model was used, and 54 mice were randomly and equally divided into three groups, i.e., untreated, betadine-treated, and formulation-treated, to ascertain the interplay between cytokines and chemokines and their culminative role in the release of growth factors.

RESULTS

The ascorbate formulae were found to be amorphous, biocompatible, safe, and long-lasting, with particle sizes and zeta potentials of 389.7 ± 0.69 nm and -38.1 ± 0.65 mV, respectively, and anti-oxidative potential. An in-vitro study revealed that the formulation has a significant (p<0.05) migration potential and is non-toxic. Expression profiling of TGF-β, FGF-2, VEGF, and collagen III & I showed significant (p<0.05) up-regulation, whereas significant (p<0.05) down-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes like IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and temporal change in CCR-5 was observed in formulae-treated animals as compared to other groups.

CONCLUSION

By up-regulating angiogenic and collagen-promoting growth factor gene expression while down-regulating pro-inflammatory gene expression, ascorbate formulation promotes wound healing via extracellular matrix and granulation tissue deposition with significant improvement in tensile strength.

Terminalia brownii Fresen: Stem Bark Dichloromethane Extract Alleviates Pyrogallol-Induced Suppression of Innate Immune Responses in Swiss Albino Mice

Terminalia brownii is widely used in folklore medicine and has diverse biological activities. However, its effect on the immune system is yet to be studied. Therefore, our study evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of T. brownii on nonspecific immunity. Innate immunity is the initial defence phase against pathogens or injuries. Dichloromethane plant extracts were tested on female Swiss albino mice and Wister rats. The effect of the extract on innate immunity was assessed via total and differential leukocyte counts, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitric oxide production by mouse macrophages. The 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was employed for viability testing. Phytochemical profiling was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while toxicity studies were carried out following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines. Our results demonstrated that administration of T. brownii stem bark dichloromethane extract to pyrogallol-immuno compromised mice significantly (p < 0.05) increased total and differential leukocyte counts compared with the control. The extract showed no adverse effect on the viability of Vero cells and macrophages and significantly (p < 0.05) augmented tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide production. Hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid, octadecanoic acid, squalene, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol, all of which stimulate, were identified in the extract. The extract did not cause any death or toxic signs in rats. In conclusion, T. brownii dichloromethane extract has an immunoenhancing effect on innate immune responses and is not toxic. The observed immunoenhancing impact of the extract was attributed to the presence of the identified compounds. The results of this study provide crucial ethnopharmacological leads towards the development of novel immunomodulators for managing immune-related disorders.

Effects of Drying Temperature and Solvents on In Vitro Diabetic Wound Healing Potential of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts

The delayed healing of wounds among people with diabetes is a severe problem worldwide. Hyperglycemia and increased levels of free radicals are the major inhibiting factors of wound healing in diabetic patients. Plant extracts are a rich source of polyphenols, allowing them to be an effective agent for wound healing. Drying temperature and extraction solvent highly affect the stability of polyphenols in plant materials. However, there is a need to optimize the extraction protocol to ensure the efficacy of the final product. For this purpose, the effects of drying temperature and solvents on the polyphenolic composition and diabetic wound healing activity of Moringa oleifera leaves were examined in the present research. Fresh leaves were oven dried at different temperatures (10 °C, 30 °C, 50 °C, and 100 °C) and extracted in three solvents (acetone, ethanol, and methanol) to obtain twelve extracts in total. The extracts were assessed for free radical scavenging and antihyperglycemic effects using DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) and α- glucosidase inhibition assays. Alongside this, a scratch assay was performed to evaluate the cell migration activity of M. oleifera on the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line. The cytotoxicity of the plant extracts was assessed on human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) cell lines. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, phenolic compounds in extracts of M. oleifera were identified. We found that an ethanol-based extract prepared by drying the leaves at 10 °C contained the highest amounts of identified polyphenols. Moringa oleifera extracts showed remarkable antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cell migration properties. The best results were obtained with leaves dried at 10 °C and 30 °C. Decreased activities were observed with drying temperatures of 50 °C and above. Moreover, M. oleifera extracts exhibited no toxicity on RPE cells, and the same extracts were cytotoxic for Huh-7 cells. This study revealed that M. oleifera leaves extracts can enhance wound healing in diabetic conditions due to their antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and cell migration effects. The leaves of this plant can be an excellent therapeutic option when extracted at optimum conditions.

Wound Healing Properties of Natural Products: Mechanisms of Action

A wound is the loss of the normal integrity, structure, and functions of the skin due to a physical, chemical, or mechanical agent. Wound repair consists of an orderly and complex process divided into four phases: coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The potential of natural products in the treatment of wounds has been reported in numerous studies, emphasizing those with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, e.g., alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, essential oils, and polyphenols from different plant sources, since these compounds can interact in the various stages of the wound healing process. This review addresses the most current in vitro and in vivo studies on the wound healing potential of natural products, as well as the main mechanisms involved in this activity. We observed sufficient evidence of the activity of these compounds in the treatment of wounds; however, we also found that there is no consensus on the effective concentrations in which the natural products exert this activity. For this reason, it is important to work on establishing optimal treatment doses, as well as an appropriate route of administration. In addition, more research should be carried out to discover the possible side effects and the behavior of natural products in clinical trials.

Systems and in vitro pharmacology profiling of diosgenin against breast cancer

Aim: The purpose of this study was to establish a mode of action for diosgenin against breast cancer employing a range of system biology tools and to corroborate its results with experimental facts. Methodology: The diosgenin-regulated domains implicated in breast cancer were enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database to establish diosgenin-protein(s)-pathway(s) associations. Later, molecular docking and the lead complexes were considered for molecular dynamics simulations, MMPBSA, principal component, and dynamics cross-correlation matrix analysis using GROMACS v2021. Furthermore, survival analysis was carried out for the diosgenin-regulated proteins that were anticipated to be involved in breast cancer. For gene expression analyses, the top three targets with the highest binding affinity for diosgenin and tumor expression were examined. Furthermore, the effect of diosgenin on cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and the partial Warburg effect was tested to validate the computational findings using functional outputs of the lead targets. Results: The protein-protein interaction had 57 edges, an average node degree of 5.43, and a p-value of 3.83e-14. Furthermore, enrichment analysis showed 36 KEGG pathways, 12 cellular components, 27 molecular functions, and 307 biological processes. In network analysis, three hub proteins were notably modulated: IGF1R, MDM2, and SRC, diosgenin with the highest binding affinity with IGF1R (binding energy -8.6 kcal/mol). Furthermore, during the 150 ns molecular dynamics (MD) projection run, diosgenin exhibited robust intermolecular interactions and had the least free binding energy with IGF1R (-35.143 kcal/mol) compared to MDM2 (-34.619 kcal/mol), and SRC (-17.944 kcal/mol). Diosgenin exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against MCF7 cell lines (IC₅₀ 12.05 ± 1.33) µg/ml. Furthermore, in H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, the inhibitory constant (IC₅₀ 7.68 ± 0.51) µg/ml of diosgenin was lowest in MCF7 cell lines. However, the reversal of the Warburg effect by diosgenin seemed to be maximum in non-cancer Vero cell lines (EC₅₀ 15.27 ± 0.95) µg/ml compared to the rest. Furthermore, diosgenin inhibited cell proliferation in SKBR3 cell lines more though. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that diosgenin impacts a series of signaling pathways, involved in the advancement of breast cancer, including FoxO, PI3K-Akt, p53, Ras, and MAPK signaling. Additionally, diosgenin established a persistent diosgenin-protein complex and had a significant binding affinity towards IGF1R, MDM2, and SRC. It is possible that this slowed down cell growth, countered the Warburg phenomenon, and showed the cytotoxicity towards breast cancer cells.

The Antioxidant and In Vitro Wound Healing Activity of Cotyledon orbiculata Aqueous Extract and the Synthesized Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles using biogenic methods, particularly plants, has led to the discovery of several effective nanoparticles. In many instances, plant-derived silver nanoparticles have been shown to have more activity than the plant extract which was used to synthesize the nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using the medicinal plant, Cotyledon orbiculata. This is a shrub found in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It has a long history of use in traditional medicine in the treatment of wounds and skin infections. The C. orbiculata synthesized silver nanoparticles (Cotyledon-AgNPs) were reported to have good antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities; however, their wound-healing properties have not been determined. This study aimed to determine the wound healing activity of Cotyledon-AgNPs using the scratch assay. Gene expression studies were also done to determine the nanoparticles' mechanism of action. The Cotyledon-AgNPs showed good antioxidant, growth-promoting and cell migration properties. Gene expression studies showed that the C. orbiculata water extract and Cotyledon-AgNPs promoted wound healing by upregulating genes involved in cell proliferation, migration and growth while downregulating pro-inflammatory genes. This confirms, for the first time that a water extract of C. orbiculata and silver nanoparticles synthesized from this extract are good wound-healing agents.

Investigation on wound healing effect of Mediterranean medicinal plants and some related phenolic compounds: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The human skin constitutes a biological barrier against external stress and wounds can reduce the role of its physiological structure. In medical sciences, wounds are considered a major problem that requires urgent intervention. For centuries, medicinal plants have been used in the Mediterranean countries for many purposes and against wounds.

AIM OF THIS REVIEW

Provides an outlook on the Mediterranean medicinal plants used in wound healing. Furthermore, the wound healing effect of polyphenolic compounds and their chemical structures are also summarized. Moreover, we discussed the wound healing process, the structure of the skin, and the current therapies in wound healing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The search was performed in several databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. The following Keywords were used individually and/or in combination: the Mediterranean, wound healing, medicinal plants, phenolic compounds, composition, flavonoid, tannin.

RESULTS

The wound healing process is distinguished by four phases, which are respectively, hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The Mediterranean medicinal plants are widely used in the treatment of wounds. The finding showed that eighty-nine species belonging to forty families were evaluated for their wound-healing effect in this area. The Asteraceae family was the most reported family with 12 species followed by Lamiaceae (11 species). Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, and Algeria were the countries where these plants are frequently used in wound healing. In addition to medicinal plants, results showed that nineteen phenolic compounds from different classes are used in wound treatment. Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, curcumin, luteolin, chrysin, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, icariin, morin, epigallocatechin gallate, taxifolin, silymarin, hesperidin, naringin, isoliquiritin, puerarin, genistein, and daidzein were the main compounds that showed wound-healing effect.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, medicinal plants and polyphenolic compounds provide therapeutic evidence in wound healing and for the development of new drugs in this field.

Attenuation of dermal wounds through topical application of ointment containing phenol enriched fraction of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam

Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. is one of the important medicinal plants used by the traditional healers of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka (India) for treating wounds. In our previous study ethanol extract of the plant was evaluated for its wound healing activity. In continuation, the present study was aimed to evaluate the phenol enriched fraction (PEF) of ethanol extract for wound healing activity along with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. The potent wound healing activity of PEF was evidenced by observation of increased rate of cell migration in L929, 3T3L1 and L6 cells (92.59 ± 1.53%, 98.42 ± 0.82% and 96.63 ± 0.61% respectively) at 7.81 μg/ml doses in assays carried out in vitro. Significantly enhanced rate of wound contraction (97.92 ± 0.41%), tensile strength (973.67 ± 4.43 g/mm2), hydroxyproline (31.31 ± 0.64 mg/g) and hexosamine (8.30 ± 0.47 mg/g) contents were observed on 15th post wounding day in 5% PEF treated animals. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic cellular antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) were upregulated (15.89 ± 0.17 U/mg, 48.30 ± 4.60 U/mg and 4.04 ± 0.12 μg/g respectively) with the administration of 5% PEF. The significant antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities support the positive correlation of PEF with its enhanced wound healing activity. PEF contains expressive amounts of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (578.28 ± 2.30 mg GAE/g and 270.76 ± 2.52 mg QE/g). Of the various chemicals displayed in RP-UFLC-DAD analysis of PEF, gallic acid (68.08 μg/mg) and ethyl gallate (255.91 μg/mg) were predominant. The results indicate that PEF has great potential for the topical management of open wounds.

Proanthocyanidins from Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Leaves: Perspectives in Wound Healing and Designing for Topical Delivery

The compositions and health-beneficial properties of lingonberry leaves (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) are well established; however, their proanthocyanidins are still heavily underutilized. Optimizing their delivery systems is key to enabling their wider applications. The present study investigates the phytochemical and 'wound-healing' properties of proanthocyanidin-rich fraction(s) (PRF) from lingonberry leaves as well as the development of optimal dermal film as a proanthocyanidin delivery system. The obtained PRF was subjected to HPLC-PDA and DMAC analyses to confirm the qualitative and quantitative profiles of different polymerization-degree proanthocyanidins. A 'wound healing' in vitro assay was performed to assess the ability of PRF to modulate the wound environment for better healing. Low concentrations of lingonberry proanthocyanidins were found to accelerate 'wound' closures, while high levels inhibited human fibroblast migration. Fifteen dermal films containing PRF were prepared and evaluated based on their polymer (MC, HEC, PEG 400) compositions, and physical, mechanical, and biopharmaceutical properties using an experimental design. The composition containing 0.30 g of MC, 0.05 g of HEC, and 3.0 g of PEG 400 was selected as a promising formulation for PRF delivery and a potentially effective functional wound dressing material, supporting the need for further investigations.

Biological Activities of Organic Extracts of the Genus Aristolochia: A Review from 2005 to 2021

Different ethnomedicinal studies have investigated the relationship between various phytochemicals as well as organic extracts and their bioactive aspects. Studies on biological effects are attributed to secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and terpenes. Since there have been no reviews in the literature on the traditional, phytochemical, and ethnomedicinal uses of the genus Aristolochia so far, this article systematically reviews 141 published studies that analyze the associations between secondary metabolites present in organic extracts and their beneficial effects. Most studies found associations between individual secondary metabolites and beneficial effects such as anticancer activity, antibacterial, antioxidant activity, snake anti-venom and anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this review was to analyze studies carried out in the period 2005-2021 to update the existing knowledge on different species of the genus Aristolochia for ethnomedicinal uses, as well as pharmacological aspects and therapeutic uses.

Assessment of Toxicity and Wound Healing Activity of Selaginella Bryopteris Extract

AIM

The aim of the study was to assess the toxicity profile of Selaginella bryopteris extract and evaluate its wound healing activity.

METHODS

In vitro wound healing activity of S. bryopteris extract (5% and 10%) was performed using Clonogenic and Scratch assays. The toxicity profile of S. bryopteris extract ointment was evaluated on animals using acute toxicity and dermal toxicity tests. In vivo wound healing activity of S. bryopteris extract ointment (5% and 10%) was used to determine tensile strength in the incision wound healing model.

RESULTS

Results exhibited that the extract was safe up to 2000 mg/kg per oral dose and non-reactive while applied topically. In vitro results showed that S. bryopteris extract closed the wound gap created by 97.13% in 48 h. The clonogenic assay revealed that the surviving factor for HaCaT cells and MEF cells was 0.78 and 0.85 after treated with 10% concentrations of S. bryopteris. The tensile strength exhibited by S. bryopteris 5% and 10% groups was 395.4 g and 558.5 g in comparison to the control group.

CONCLUSION

Thus, S. bryopteris extract can be used as an alternative safe drug therapy against topical wounds.

Topical Application of Premna integrifolia Linn on Skin Wound Injury in Rats Accelerates the Wound Healing Process: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Models

Background

When the skin and tissues within the body are injured, the healing process begins. Medicinal herbs have been used to cure wounds since time immemorial. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity possessed by P. integrifolia may accelerate wound healing.

Objectives

To assess the wound healing activity of Premna integrifolia extract (PIE) by employing in-vivo experimental animal models and an in-vitro migration scratch assay. Furthermore, to assess its cytotoxicity using the MTT assay.

Methods

Wistar albino rats were used for the in vivo wound healing models. The animals were divided into four groups at random: Group I was untreated. Group II was vehicle control (ointment base). Group III was PIE ointment (5% W/W). Group IV was standard (povidone-iodine ointment) (5% W/W). The ointments were applied directly to the wounds as described above until they healed completely. The wound contraction percentage and tensile strength were calculated. The MTT test was used to determine the viability of the test extract against the fibroblast cells. The scratch assay was used in vitro to determine the wound healing potential of the test drug. P ≤ 0.05 values were considered statistically significant.

Results

Premna integrifolia extract did not possess any noticeable cytotoxicity to the cell line and showed an IC50 of 185.98 μg/ml. The wound contraction potential of PIE ointment-treated animals was considerably greater (P ≤ 0.001) on days 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 when compared to the control group. The percentage of wound contraction on day 20 was 99.92% in PIE-treated animals compared to 83.23% in untreated animals. Compared to the untreated group, the duration of full epithelization was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) shorter in the test group. When compared to the incision control group, the animals treated with PIE ointment had significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) tensile strength. In addition, animals given the test drug had a significant (P ≤ 0.001) increase in total protein and hydroxyproline. In the in vitro scratch assay, test drug-treated cells demonstrated greater cell migration. Histology images confirmed that the test drug-treated group had epithelial tissue proliferation and keratinization.

Conclusion

The current study found that Premna integrifolia improved wound healing activity both in vitro and in vivo. These findings indicate that Premna integrifolia extract has wound-healing potential and could be a viable source of nutraceuticals with wound-healing properties.

Antimicrobial efficacy of Egyptian Eremina desertorum and Helix aspersa snail mucus with a novel approach to their anti-inflammatory and wound healing potencies

Snail mucus is composed of bioactive compounds thought to have different biological properties for the treatment of some skin problems. Although Helix aspersa mucus is used in several cosmetic products, a detailed characterization of Eremina desertorum mucus composition and its biological activities is still missing. Mucus extracts (MEs) from H. aspersa and E. desertorum were prepared and tested for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities with their potencies in wound healing. Also, chemical characterization was performed by GC-MS analysis. Results showed that ME of E. desertorum gave higher inhibitory activity against resistant strains related to burn wound infections compared to ME of H. aspersa. Additionally, it revealed a significant anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, we found that ME of E. desertorum lacked cytotoxicity and was able to significantly induce cell proliferation and migration through up-regulation of TGF-β1 and VEGF gene expression. Our results suggested that MEs of E. desertorum have higher biological effects than H. aspersa, which are attributable to antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activities, cell proliferation and pave the way for further investigating its potential effect as a human therapeutic agent.

Wound healing by topical application of Momordica charantia L. formulations on mice

Background and Aim

Momordica charantia is mainly characterized by its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to evaluate the healing activity of gel and cream formulations based on M. charantia on induced wounds in mice.

Materials and Methods

Acetonic extract of M. charantia was prepared and incorporated into gel and cream formulations. Mus musculus Balb/c (n=30) with induced injury were distributed into five groups: Group I (control - day 7), Group II (control - day 14), Group III (1% gel - day 7), and Group IV (1% gel - day 14) to which 1% M. charantia gel was dermally applied daily for 7 and 14 days, respectively, Group V (1% cream - day 7) and Group VI (1% cream - day 14) to which of M. charantia 1% cream were dermally applied daily for 7 and 14 days, respectively. Time of wound closure was determined during the experimentation; rats were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg/kg/pc v.ip. for obtaining skin samples for histopathological analysis.

Results

Groups IV and VI showed a higher percentage of wound closure on day 14, and in histopathological analysis, effect was greater in Group VI with the presence of fibroblasts and abundant collagen and elastic fibers.

Conclusion

M. charantia gel and cream showed wound healing activity on induced wounded mice; the most effective treatment was M. charantia 1% cream formulation.

Rhamnolipids from non-pathogenic Acinetobacter calcoaceticus: Bioreactor-scale production, characterization and wound healing potency

Rhamnolipids are predominantly produced from the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which restricts their scaled-up production and biomedical applications. Moreover, the wound healing property of rhamnolipids is mainly focused on either mono- or di-rhamnolipid congeners, which are obtained after extensive and costly purification procedures. Here, crude rhamnolipids from non-pathogenic Acinetobacter calcoaceticus BU-03 have been prepared and characterized and their wound healing potency evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Rhamnolipid extract was produced in a bioreactor by batch fermentation at a concentration of 12.7 ± 1.4 g/L. Characterization of the extract by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry revealed characteristic rhamnolipid peaks. Rha-C10-C10 and Rha-Rha-C10-C10 appeared as the predominant congeners along with minor quantities of six more congeners. The rhamnolipid extract obtained from A. calcoaceticus had no toxicity against mouse fibroblast L929 cells and accelerated their migration. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been shown to promote fibroblast migration by activating Smad3. It was found that the rhamnolipid extract enhanced Smad3 phosphorylation in L929 cells. In vivo studies showed that it promoted wound healing in mice with excisional wounds. The protein levels of TGF-β1 and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a highly contractile protein, were significantly increased by 2.56- and 1.51-fold, respectively, in extract-treated compared with vehicle control-treated wounds, indicating that the activation of TGF-β1 signaling is possibly involved in the wound healing effect. These results suggest that a rhamnolipid extract obtained from A. calcoaceticus has potential as a wound healing material for topical application in cutaneous wound treatment.

Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav. ameliorates wound healing through p53, E-cadherin and SOD1 pathways on wounded hyperglycemia fibroblasts

INTRODUCTION

Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav (P. crocatum) has been reported to accelerate the diabetic wound healing process empirically. Some studies showed the benefits of P. crocatum in treating various diseases but its mechanisms in diabetic wound healing have never been reported. In the present study we investigated the diabetic wound healing activity of the active fraction of P. crocatum on wounded hyperglycemia fibroblasts (wHFs).

METHODS

Bioassay-guided fractionation was performed to get the most active fraction. The selected active fraction was applied to wHFs within 72 h incubation. Mimicking a diabetic condition was done using basal glucose media containing an additional 17 mMol/L D-glucose. A wound was simulated via the scratch assay. The collagen deposition was measured using Picro-Sirius Red and wound closure was measured using scratch wound assay. Underlying mechanisms through p53, αSMA, SOD1 and E-cadherin were measured using western blotting.

RESULTS

We reported that FIV is the most active fraction of P. crocatum. We confirmed that FIV \(7.81 µg/ml, 15.62 µg/ml, 31.25 µg/ml, 62.5 µg/ml, and 125 µg/ml) induced the collagen deposition and wound closure of wHFs. Furthermore, FIV treatment (7.81 µg/ml, 15.62 µg/ml, 31.25 µg/ml) down-regulated the protein expression level of p53 and up-regulated the protein expression levels of αSMA, E-cadherin, and SOD1.

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that ameliorating collagen deposition and wound closure through protein regulation of p53, αSMA, E-cadherin, and SOD1 are some of the mechanisms by which FIV of P. crocatum is involved in diabetic wound healing therapy.

The Unexplored Wound Healing Activity of Urtica dioica L. Extract: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Wound healing is a great challenge in many health conditions, especially in non-healing conditions. The search for new wound healing agents continues unabated, as the use of growth factors is accompanied by several limitations. Medicinal plants have been used for a long time in would healing, despite the lack of scientific evidence veryfying their efficacy. Up to now, the number of reports about medicinal plants with wound healing properties is limited. Urtica dioica L. is a well-known plant, widely used in many applications. Reports regarding its wound healing potential are scant and sparse. In this study, the effect of an Urtica dioica L. extract (containing fewer antioxidant compounds compared to methanolic or hydroalcoholic extracts) on cell proliferation, the cell cycle, and migration were examined. Additionally, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were examined. Finally, in vivo experiments were carried out on full-thickness wounds on Wistar rats. It was found that the extract increases the proliferation rate of HEK-293 and HaCaT cells up to 39% and 30% after 24 h, respectively, compared to control cells. The extract was found to increase the population of cells in the G₂/M phase by almost 10%. Additionally, the extract caused a two-fold increase in the cell migration rate of both cell lines compared to control cells. Moreover, the extract was found to have anti-inflammatory properties and moderate antioxidant properties that augment its overall wound healing potential. Results from the in vivo experiments showed that wounds treated with an ointment of the extract healed in 9 days, while wounds not treated with the extract healed in 13 days. Histopathological examination of the wound tissue revealed, among other findings, that inflammation was significantly reduced compared to the control. Urtica dioica L. extract application results in faster wound healing, making the extract ideal for wound healing applications and a novel drug candidate for wound healing.

Metabolite Profiling and Anti-Aging Activity of Rice Koji Fermented with Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus cristatus: A Comparative Study

Rice koji, used as a starter for maximizing fermentation benefits, produces versatile end products depending on the inoculum microbes used. Here, we performed metabolite profiling to compare rice koji fermented with two important filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae and A. cristatus, during 8 days. The multivariate analyses showed distinct patterns of primary and secondary metabolites in the two kojis. The rice koji fermented with A. oryzae (RAO) showed increased α-glucosidase activity and higher contents of sugar derivatives than the one fermented with A. cristatus (RAC). RAC showed enhanced β-glucosidase activity and increased contents of flavonoids and lysophospholipids, compared to RAO. Overall, at the final fermentation stage (8 days), the antioxidant activities and anti-aging effects were higher in RAC than in RAO, corresponding to the increased metabolites such as flavonoids and auroglaucin derivatives in RAC. This comparative metabolomic approach can be applied in production optimization and quality control analyses of koji products.

In vitro biocompatibility and wound healing properties of latex proteins dressing

The chronification of ulcers or sores may result in a dramatic outcome such as amputation. Currently, the search for plant based treatments of various diseases/disorders, including complicated ones, is getting the attention of researchers worldwide. The soluble latex protein fraction (CpLP) obtained from Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) was previously demonstrated to accelerate wound healing by topical application or when incorporated in a polyvinyl alcohol biomembrane (BioMemCpLP). Here, in vitro assays were performed to investigate and characterize the biocompatibility and bioactivity of latex proteins dressing. Macrophages (RAW 264.7), fibroblasts (L929) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell lines were used to evaluate the effect of CpLP. These cell lines were exposed to concentrations of CpLP comparable to those found in BioMemCpLP during 24-72 h. The cytotoxicity, proliferation, release of wound healing mediators (TGF-β, VEGF, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and NO) and migration of cells (E-cadherin and β-catenin) incubated with CpLP was assessed and the cell adhesion to BioMemCpLP as well. The results showed that CpLP has no cytotoxic effects. It induced a suitable balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, enhanced proliferation and re-epithelialization in all cell lines, but the intensity of each effect was different at various doses in all cell strains. The BioMemCpLP stimulated cell adhesion to PVA substrate. The CpLP-PVA based biomembrane can be a good option for healing of different wounds.

Chitosan/Hyaluronic acid/Alginate and an assorted polymers loaded with honey, plant, and marine compounds for progressive wound healing-Know-how

Biomaterials are being extensively used in regenerative medicine including tissue engineering applications, as these enhance tissue development, repair, and help in the process of angiogenesis. Wound healing is a crucial biological process of regeneration of ruptured tissue after getting injury to the skin and other soft tissue in humans and animals. Besides, the accumulation of microbial biofilms around the wound surface can increase the risk and physically obstruct the wound healing activity, and may even lead to amputation. Hence, in both acute and chronic wounds, prominent biomaterials are required for wound healing along with antimicrobial agents. This review comprehensively addresses the antimicrobial and wound healing effects of chitosan, chitin, cellulose acetate, hyaluronic acid, pullulan, bacterial cellulose, fibrin, alginate, etc. based wound dressing biomaterials fabricated with natural resources such as honey, plant bioactive compounds, and marine-based polymers. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, bioactive compounds derived from honey, plants, and marine resources are commonly used in biomedical and tissue engineering applications. Different types of polymer-based biomaterials including hydrogel, film, scaffold, nanofiber, and sponge dressings fabricated with bioactive agents including honey, curcumin, tannin, quercetin, andrographolide, gelatin, carrageenan, etc., can exhibit significant wound healing process in, diabetic wounds, diabetic ulcers, and burns, and help in cartilage repair along with good biocompatibility and antimicrobial effects. Among the reviewed biomaterials, carbohydrate polymers such as chitosan-based biomaterials are prominent and widely used for wound healing applications followed by hyaluronic acid and alginate-based biomaterials loaded with honey, plant, and marine compounds. This review first provides an overview of the vast natural resources used to formulate different biomaterials for the treatment of antimicrobial, acute, and chronic wound healing processes.

Therapeutic candidates for keloid scars identified by qualitative review of scratch assay research for wound healing

The scratch assay is an in vitro technique used to analyze cell migration, proliferation, and cell-to-cell interaction. In the assay, cells are grown to confluence and then ‘scratched’ with a sterile instrument. For the cells in the leading edge, the resulting polarity induces migration and proliferation in attempt to ‘heal’ the modeled wound. Keloid scars are known to have an accelerated wound closure phenotype in the scratch assay, representing an overactivation of wound healing. We performed a qualitative review of the recent literature searching for inhibitors of scratch assay activity that were already available in topical formulations under the hypothesis that such compounds may offer therapeutic potential in keloid treatment. Although several shortcomings in the scratch assay literature were identified, caffeine and allicin successfully inhibited the scratch assay closure and inflammatory abnormalities in the commercially available keloid fibroblast cell line. Caffeine and allicin also impacted ATP production in keloid cells, most notably with inhibition of non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. The traditional Chinese medicine, shikonin, was also successful in inhibiting scratch closure but displayed less dramatic impacts on metabolism. Together, our results partially summarize the strengths and limitations of current scratch assay literature and suggest clinical assessment of the therapeutic potential for these identified compounds against keloid scars may be warranted.

The role of Helianthus tuberosus powder in healing of full-thickness wounds in mice

Background and Aim

Recently, many medicinal plants have received considerable attention in the medical field because of their role in the wound healing potential. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of H. tuberosus powder on the healing pathway of full-thickness cutaneous wounds in a mouse model.

Materials and Methods

H. tuberosus powder was prepared by a freeze-drying process using a lyophilizer and its active ingredients were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while its antibacterial properties were evaluated by agar well diffusion assay. The percentage wound contraction was also assessed. Thirty mice were used, which were divided equally into two groups, a control group and a treated group. A full-thickness wound, 1 cm×1 cm in size, was established on the dorsal aspect of the thoracolumbar region, into which H. tuberosus powder was topically applied in the treated group. In contrast, the control group was left without any treatment. The animals were euthanized on days 7, 14, and 21 after wounding for histopathological study.

Results

The agar well diffusion method indicated the antibacterial activity of H. tuberosus, while the HPLC results indicated that the active ingredients of H. tuberosus powder mainly consisted of three major kinds of fatty acid. In addition, the macroscopic results of wound contraction rate and the histopathological outcomes of the healing process were significantly (p≤0.05) enhanced in the treated group compared with those in the control group.

Conclusion

H. tuberosus powder acts as an antibacterial agent with the ability to enhance the wound healing process.

Strobilanthes heyneanus root extract as a potential source for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

Background

Strobilanthes heyneanus (Nilgirianthus heyneanus) belongs to the family Acanthaceae that contains many species with potential for diverse medicinal uses. It is also called ‘Karun kurinji’ and is commonly found in the South-West regions of India. The species are commonly used in rheumatic complaints, sprain of the ankle, and hernia. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the antioxidant activity, phytochemical analysis, and antibacterial activities of the root extract of S. heyneanus.

Results

The radical scavenging and reduction assays such as DPPH● radical and OH● radical scavenging assays, as well as phosphomolybdenum reduction and Fe3+ reducing power assays, were determined for the root extract. The highest DPPH● radical scavenging activity was 88.23 ± 1.32 at 120 μg/mL concentration, and the calculated IC50 was 38.52 μg/mL concentration. The highest OH● radical scavenging activity was 51.28 ± 1.06 at 120 μg/mL concentration, and the calculated IC50 was 51.28 μg/mL concentration. The highest ABTS●+ radical scavenging activity was 91.28 ± 1.12 at 30 μg/mL concentration, and the calculated IC50 was 33.92 μg/mL concentration. The highest phosphomolybdenum reduction was 87.43 ± 0.90 at 120 μg/mL concentration, and the calculated RC50 was 24.74 μg/mL concentration. The highest Fe3+ reduction was 89.38 ± 0.98 at 120 μg/mL concentration, and the calculated RC50 was 31.06 μg/mL concentration. The antibacterial activity of S. heyneanus showed the highest zone of inhibition of 24 mm for Salmonella typhi with 500 μg/mL concentration. The cytotoxicity limits of the root extracts were tested by MTT assay using human dermal fibroblast cell lines, reflecting > 90% cell viability at a concentration of 500 μg/mL.

Conclusions

The current study showed that the root extract of S. heyneanus has better antioxidant properties and potential anti-bacterial compounds. The phytochemical analysis of the root extract showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and carbohydrates, which are responsible for the antibacterial root extract of S. heyneanus synergistically.

Preclinical assessment of stem of Nicotiana tabacum on excision wound model

Agro-waste material derived from N. tabacum has shown enormous potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Hence in the present study, we investigated the wound healing efficacy of ethanolic extract of stem of Nicotiana tabacum on wistar rat model. Ethanolic extract prepared from defatted stem was to check various phytochemicals using spectrophotometric and chromatographic technique. The antioxidant potential was determined by FRAP and Reducing Power assay in extract. Cytotoxicity of extracts was determined using mouse fibroblast L929 cell lines by MTT assay. In vivo angiogenic activity was observed on chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model by observing blood vessels formation and its branching. In vivo wound healing activity was observed on excision wounds in rat model by quantifying percentage of wound contraction, antioxidant activity and histopathology studies. From the present study, polyphenols, tannins and alkaloids were found to be determined in the ethanolic extract by means of spectrophotometric and chromatographic analysis against standards. Antioxidant assay revealed maximum antioxidant potential in ethanolic extract. Cytotoxic effect of extract has not been shown on L929 cell line. From CAM model, extract has shown growth of blood vessels formation at concentration of 480 µg/ml. Topical application of extracts on excision wounds, revealed wound healing activity i.e. 98.7% ± 0.002 on 14th day as well as enzymatic activity (SOD, CAT, GST) and non enzyme content (GSH and Lipid peroxidation) has been found to be high in granulated tissue. Hisopathological studies confirmed the re-epithelization in skin wounds. It can be concluded that stem of N. tabacum can be used as herbal remedy in wound healing process as a topical application.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and in vivo-in vitro wound healing potential of the Phlomis rigida Labill. extract

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The preparations of Phlomis aerial parts are used traditionally in Anatolia for wound healing and in inflammatory disorders.

METHODS

For the identification of the active fraction, the air dried aerial parts of Phlomis rigida Labill. were extracted by methanol and fractionated successively by n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, respectively. The phenolic constituents were characterized by the Folin-Ciocaltheu method; the antioxidant activity was performed by ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by LOX enzyme inhibition, spectrophotometrically as well as cell cultures. The wound healing properties of P. rigida extract gels were studied via in vitro cell culture methods and in vivo by excisional wound model using Balb-c mice. The P. rigida extract was analyzed and characterized by GC-FID, GC-MS, and LC-MS.

RESULTS

The P. rigida methanol extract showed moderate LOX inhibitory at IC₅₀ = 19.5 ± 2.8 μg/mL whereas the antioxidant activity was by DPPH^• IC₅₀ = 0.89 mg/mL, and by ABTS^• IC₅₀ = 0.99 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, a remarkable P. rigida extracts anti-inflammatory activity was observed in the cell culture assay, which was then confirmed by the in vitro wound healing activity applied at 0.125-0.5 mg/mL concentrations, resulting in a dose-dependent increase in wound closure at the final stage. The P. rigida gel formulation was prepared to evaluate the extract in vivo, whereas the experimental results of the new gel formulation supported the findings of the in vitro wound healing activity.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this in vitro and in vivo study suggest that the wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties provide a scientific evidence of the ethnopharmacological application of Phlomis species.

Grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles as a promising cell-free therapeutic tool for wound healing

Due to the prevalence of individuals suffering from chronic wounds, developing safe and effective wound care agents are one of the more prominent fields of research in biology. However, wound healing is a complex, multi-stage biological process, involving multiple sequences of biological responses from different types of cells, secreted mediators, and extracellular matrix elements. Plants have a long history of use in the treatment of wounds. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles, which are secreted nano vesicle messengers responsible for intercellular communications, show promise as a new, biotechnological wound-care agent. In this study, we assessed the wound healing potential of extracellular vesicles isolated from grapefruits - a plant with well-known anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. Grapefruit extracellular vesicles (GEVs) increased cell viability and cell migration while reducing intracellular ROS production in a dose-dependent manner in HaCaT cells. Expression of proliferation and migration-related genes were raised by GEV treatment in a dose dependent manner. Additionally, GEV treatment increased the tube formation capabilities of treated HUVEC cells. These findings suggest that GEVs can be used as plant-derived wound healing agents, and have shown potential as a biotechnological agent for wound healing. Further development and study of plant-derived extracellular vesicles may lead to the realization of their full potential.

In vitro anticancer activity of Eclipta alba whole plant extract on colon cancer cell HCT-116

BACKGROUNDS

Colon cancer is the third most deadly and one of the most diagnosed diseases in the world. Although routine screening and early detection during last decades has improved the survival, colon cancer still claims hundreds of thousands lives each year worldwide. Surgery and chemotherapy is mainstay of current treatment, nevertheless toxicity associated with this treatment underscores the urgency of demand of a better therapeutics. Close to 50% of current chemotherapeutic drugs are direct or indirect descendants compounds isolated from medicinal plants, which indicate plants are great potential sources of novel therapeutics. In our literature review we found Eclipta alba to posses many pharmacological activities, including those with anticancer potentials. However, no study on anticancer activity of this kind has been reported.

METHODS

Phytochemicals were extracted by maceration method from shade dried whole plant of Eclipta alba using methanol as a solvent. The anticancer effect of extract was investigated on various cancer cell lines like human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), human prostate cancer (PC-3), Michigan cancer foundation-breast cancer (MCF-7) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC-45). We have also studied the effects on normal human embryonic lung fibroblast cell (WI-38) using MTT (methyl thiazoldiphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, clonogenic (colony formation) and migration assay. Finally obtained results were analyzed using ANNOVA and Dunnett's test.

RESULTS

Results obtained from MTT assay revealed that the methanolic extract of Eclipta alba carried significant (p < 0.005) specificity against HCT-116 cells as compared to the other cancer cells. This extract also showed minimal or nontoxicity to WI-38 cells. Migration as well as clonogenic assays also confirmed the anticancer potential of the extract against HCT-116 cells.

CONCLUSION

This is a unique finding of its kind because the specific anticancer effect with minimal toxicity on normal cells has not been reported on Eclipta alba extract. Finally this finding opens up a great possibility to develop a novel antitumor drug candidate against deadly colon cancer in the future.

Enhanced Production of Bryonolic Acid in Trichosanthes cucumerina L. (Thai Cultivar) Cell Cultures by Elicitors and Their Biological Activities

Bryonolic acid is a triterpenoid compound found in cucurbitaceous roots. Due to its biological activities, this compound gets more attention to improve production. Herein, we carried out efficient ways with high bryonolic acid productions from Trichosanthes cucumerina L., a Thai medicinal plant utilizing plant cell cultures. The results showed that calli (24.65 ± 1.97 mg/g dry weight) and cell suspensions (15.69 ± 0.78 mg/g dry weight) exhibited the highest bryonolic acid productions compared with natural roots (approximately 2 mg/g dry weight). In the presence of three elicitors (methyl jasmonate, yeast extract, and chitosan), cell suspensions treated with 1 mg/mL of chitosan for eight days led to higher bryonolic acid contents (23.56 ± 1.68 mg/g dry weight). Interestingly, cell culture and root extracts with high bryonolic acid contents resulted in significantly higher percent cell viabilities than those observed under control (1% v/v DMSO) treatment in Saos-2 and MCF-7 cells. The present study indicated that T. cucumerina L. cell cultures are alternative and efficient to produce the biologically important secondary metabolite.