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Das A, Pathak S, Premkumar M, Sarpparajan CV, Balaji ER, Duttaroy AK, Banerjee A. A brief overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its management strategies: a recent update. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:2195-2215. [PMID: 37742314 PMCID: PMC11371863 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has become a global health crisis, inflicting substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. A diverse range of symptoms, including fever, cough, dyspnea, and fatigue, characterizes COVID-19. A cytokine surge can exacerbate the disease's severity. This phenomenon involves an increased immune response, marked by the excessive release of inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IFNγ, leading to tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Efforts to reduce the cytokine surge and its associated complications have garnered significant attention. Standardized management protocols have incorporated treatment strategies, with corticosteroids, chloroquine, and intravenous immunoglobulin taking the forefront. The recent therapeutic intervention has also assisted in novel strategies like repurposing existing medications and the utilization of in vitro drug screening methods to choose effective molecules against viral infections. Beyond acute management, the significance of comprehensive post-COVID-19 management strategies, like remedial measures including nutritional guidance, multidisciplinary care, and follow-up, has become increasingly evident. As the understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis deepens, it is becoming increasingly evident that a tailored approach to therapy is imperative. This review focuses on effective treatment measures aimed at mitigating COVID-19 severity and highlights the significance of comprehensive COVID-19 management strategies that show promise in the battle against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alakesh Das
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Madhavi Premkumar
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Chitra Veena Sarpparajan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Esther Raichel Balaji
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India.
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2
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Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS. Regulatory role of miRNAs in the human immune and inflammatory response during the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses: A comprehensive review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2526. [PMID: 38446531 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
miRNAs are single-stranded ncRNAs that act as regulators of different human body processes. Several miRNAs have been noted to control the human immune and inflammatory response during severe acute respiratory infection syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Similarly, many miRNAs were upregulated and downregulated during different respiratory virus infections. Here, an attempt has been made to capture the regulatory role of miRNAs in the human immune and inflammatory response during the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses. Firstly, the role of miRNAs has been depicted in the human immune and inflammatory response during the infection of SARS-CoV-2. In this direction, several significant points have been discussed about SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as the role of miRNAs in human innate immune response; miRNAs and its regulation of granulocytes; the role of miRNAs in macrophage activation and polarisation; miRNAs and neutrophil extracellular trap formation; miRNA-related inflammatory response; and miRNAs association in adaptive immunity. Secondly, the miRNAs landscape has been depicted during human respiratory virus infections such as human coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, rhinovirus, and human metapneumovirus. The article will provide more understanding of the miRNA-controlled mechanism of the immune and inflammatory response during COVID-19, which will help more therapeutics discoveries to fight against the future pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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3
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Meo C, Palma G, Bruzzese F, Budillon A, Napoli C, de Nigris F. Spontaneous cancer remission after COVID-19: insights from the pandemic and their relevance for cancer treatment. J Transl Med 2023; 21:273. [PMID: 37085802 PMCID: PMC10119533 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, it emerged that the risk of severe outcomes was greater in patients with co-morbidities, including cancer. The huge effort undertaken to fight the pandemic, affects the management of cancer care, influencing their outcome. Despite the high fatality rate of COVID-19 disease in cancer patients, rare cases of temporary or prolonged clinical remission from cancers after SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported. We have reviewed sixteen case reports of COVID-19 disease with spontaneous cancer reduction of progression. Fourteen cases of remission following viral infections and two after anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. The immune response to COVID-19, may be implicated in both tumor regression, and progression. Specifically, we discuss potential mechanisms which include oncolytic and priming hypotheses, that may have contributed to the cancer regression in these cases and could be useful for future options in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Meo
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palma
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bruzzese
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Scientific Directorate - National Institute of Cancer - IRCCS - Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Units, Division of Clinical Immunology and Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, and Transplant Immunology (SIMT), Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), 80138, Naples, Italy
- Advanced Medical and Surgical Science (DAMSS), School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena de Nigris
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
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4
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da Silva Santos Y, Gamon THM, de Azevedo MSP, Telezynski BL, de Souza EE, de Oliveira DBL, Dombrowski JG, Rosa-Fernandes L, Palmisano G, de Moura Carvalho LJ, Luvizotto MCR, Wrenger C, Covas DT, Curi R, Marinho CRF, Durigon EL, Epiphanio S. Virulence Profiles of Wild-Type, P.1 and Delta SARS-CoV-2 Variants in K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mice. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040999. [PMID: 37112979 PMCID: PMC10146242 DOI: 10.3390/v15040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, the world has been experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and we now face the emergence of several variants. We aimed to assess the differences between the wild-type (Wt) (Wuhan) strain and the P.1 (Gamma) and Delta variants using infected K18-hACE2 mice. The clinical manifestations, behavior, virus load, pulmonary capacity, and histopathological alterations were analyzed. The P.1-infected mice showed weight loss and more severe clinical manifestations of COVID-19 than the Wt and Delta-infected mice. The respiratory capacity was reduced in the P.1-infected mice compared to the other groups. Pulmonary histological findings demonstrated that a more aggressive disease was generated by the P.1 and Delta variants compared to the Wt strain of the virus. The quantification of the SARS-CoV-2 viral copies varied greatly among the infected mice although it was higher in P.1-infected mice on the day of death. Our data revealed that K18-hACE2 mice infected with the P.1 variant develop a more severe infectious disease than those infected with the other variants, despite the significant heterogeneity among the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin da Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunopathology of Malaria, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Malaria Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Thais Helena Martins Gamon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marcela Santiago Pacheco de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunoparasitology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Larotonda Telezynski
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edmarcia Elisa de Souza
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Jamille Gregório Dombrowski
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunoparasitology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | | | | | - Carsten Wrenger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05508-040, Brazil
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Program of Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 08060-070, Brazil
- Immunobiological Production Section, Bioindustrial Center, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Claudio Romero Farias Marinho
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunoparasitology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Scientific Plataform Pasteur/USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-020, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunopathology of Malaria, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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5
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Huber SM, Navarini A, Brandt O, Müller S. Colchicine - Renaissance of an "ancient" drug. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2023; 21:239-243. [PMID: 36892188 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Colchicine, which was already used by the ancient Egyptians, has recently experienced a renaissance in various medical disciplines, including dermatology. However, due to the potentially significant side effects of systemic use, many clinicians are cautious in their use of colchicine. This review provides a practical overview of the data on the established and emerging use of systemic and topical colchicine in dermatologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Navarini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Brandt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Müller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Huber SM, Navarini A, Brandt O, Müller S. Colchicin - Renaissance eines "uralten" Arzneimittels. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2023; 21:239-244. [PMID: 36929556 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14961_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Brandt
- Dermatologische Klinik, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Schweiz
| | - Simon Müller
- Dermatologische Klinik, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Schweiz
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7
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Shchegravina ES, Usova SD, Baev DS, Mozhaitsev ES, Shcherbakov DN, Belenkaya SV, Volosnikova EA, Chirkova VY, Sharlaeva EA, Svirshchevskaya EV, Fonareva IP, Sitdikova AR, Salakhutdinov NF, Yarovaya OI, Fedorov AY. Synthesis of conjugates of (a R,7 S)-colchicine with monoterpenoids and investigation of their biological activity. Russ Chem Bull 2023; 72:248-262. [PMID: 36817557 PMCID: PMC9926439 DOI: 10.1007/s11172-023-3730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Conjugates of the natural alkaloid (aR,7S)-colchicine with bicyclic monoterpenoids and their derivatives were synthesized for the first time. Molecular docking of the synthesized agents in the active site of the main viral protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was carried out. The cytotoxic properties of the agents against different cell lines and the ability to inhibit the main viral protease 3CLPro were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Shchegravina
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, k. 2, 23 prosp. Gagarina, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - S. D. Usova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, k. 2, 23 prosp. Gagarina, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - D. S. Baev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 prosp. Akad. Lavrent’eva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - E. S. Mozhaitsev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 prosp. Akad. Lavrent’eva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - D. N. Shcherbakov
- State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russian Federation
| | - S. V. Belenkaya
- State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 ul. Pirogova, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - E. A. Volosnikova
- State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, 630559 Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russian Federation
| | - V. Yu. Chirkova
- Altai State University, 61 Leninsky prosp., 656049 Barnaul, Russian Federation
| | - E. A. Sharlaeva
- Altai State University, 61 Leninsky prosp., 656049 Barnaul, Russian Federation
| | - E. V. Svirshchevskaya
- Department of Immunology, M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 ul. Miklukho-Maklaya, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - I. P. Fonareva
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, k. 2, 23 prosp. Gagarina, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - A. R. Sitdikova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, k. 2, 23 prosp. Gagarina, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - N. F. Salakhutdinov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 prosp. Akad. Lavrent’eva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - O. I. Yarovaya
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 prosp. Akad. Lavrent’eva, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - A. Yu. Fedorov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, k. 2, 23 prosp. Gagarina, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
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8
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Panahi Y, Gorabi AM, Talaei S, Beiraghdar F, Akbarzadeh A, Tarhriz V, Mellatyar H. An overview on the treatments and prevention against COVID-19. Virol J 2023; 20:23. [PMID: 36755327 PMCID: PMC9906607 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to plague the world. While COVID-19 is asymptomatic in most individuals, it can cause symptoms like pneumonia, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), and death in others. Although humans are currently being vaccinated with several COVID-19 candidate vaccines in many countries, however, the world still is relying on hygiene measures, social distancing, and approved drugs. RESULT There are many potential therapeutic agents to pharmacologically fight COVID-19: antiviral molecules, recombinant soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, corticosteroids, interferon therapies, and herbal agents. By an understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 structure and its infection mechanisms, several vaccine candidates are under development and some are currently in various phases of clinical trials. CONCLUSION This review describes potential therapeutic agents, including antiviral agents, biologic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and herbal agents in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. In addition to reviewing the vaccine candidates that entered phases 4, 3, and 2/3 clinical trials, this review also discusses the various platforms that are used to develop the vaccine COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunes Panahi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bagyattallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sona Talaei
- grid.449862.50000 0004 0518 4224Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Beiraghdar
- grid.411521.20000 0000 9975 294XNephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- grid.412888.f0000 0001 2174 8913Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- grid.412888.f0000 0001 2174 8913Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Mellatyar
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bagyattallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sáenz-Aldea M, Salgado-Barreira Á, Taracido Trunk M, Piñeiro-Lamas M, Herdeiro MT, Portela-Romero M, Saez M, Figueiras A. Colchicine and risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19: A population-based study. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28496. [PMID: 36639903 PMCID: PMC10107154 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Colchicine is one of the most widely studied and best-known anti-inflammatory treatments. This study aimed to assess the effect of colchicine on risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19; and its effect on susceptibility to and severity of the virus in patients with COVID-19. We carried out a population-based case-control study. The following groups were applied: (1) to assess risk of hospitalization, cases were patients with a positive PCR who were hospitalized due to COVID-19, and controls without a positive PCR; (2) to assess susceptibility to COVID-19, cases were patients with a positive PCR (hospitalized and non-hospitalized), and the same controls; (3) to determine potential severity, cases were subjects with COVID-19 hospitalized, and controls patients with COVID-19 nonhospitalised. Different electronic, linked, administrative health and clinical databases were used to extract data on sociodemographic variables, comorbidities, and medications dispensed. The study covered 3060 subjects with a positive PCR who were hospitalized, 26 757 with a positive PCR who were not hospitalized, and 56 785 healthy controls. After adjustment for sociodemographic variables, comorbidities and other treatments, colchicine did not modify risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 (adjusted odd ratio [OR] 1.08 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76-1.53]), patients' susceptibility to contracting the disease (adjusted OR 1.12 (95% CI 0.91-1.37)) or the severity of the infection (adjusted OR 1.03 [95% CI 0.67-1.59]). Our results would neither support the prophylactic use of colchicine for prevention of the infection or hospitalization in any type of patient, nor justify the withdrawal of colchicine treatment due to a higher risk of contracting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ángel Salgado-Barreira
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Institute of Health Research of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Margarita Taracido Trunk
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Institute of Health Research of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Piñeiro-Lamas
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria T Herdeiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel Portela-Romero
- Centro de Salud Concepción Arenal, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marc Saez
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS), University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo Figueiras
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Institute of Health Research of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Salehzadeh F, Pourfarzi F, Molatefi R, Davarnia B, Shahbazfar E, Ahmadabadi F. Immunogenic Potential of the Mediterranean Fever Gene in Patients with Coronavirus Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:43-48. [PMID: 36688196 PMCID: PMC9843464 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2022.92802.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a pandemic and caused a global health crisis. This study evaluates the immunogenic potential of the Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene in patients with COVID-19. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2020 in various COVID-19 referral centers in Ardabil, Iran. Blood samples of 50 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 were evaluated for MEFV gene mutation using the amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) and Sanger sequencing. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 22.0. Results Mutations of the MEFV gene were found in 6 (12%) of the patients. All mutations were heterozygous, and no homozygous or compound heterozygous forms were detected. The total mutant allele frequency was 6% and the carrier rate was 12%. The most common allele of the MEFV variant was E148Q, detected in 3 (6%) patients. No mutant variant of the MEFV gene was detected in deceased patients. None of the mutation carriers had familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) symptoms or a family history of FMF. Conclusion MEFV gene mutations may have immunogenic potential in patients with COVID-19. A preprint version of this article has already been published at https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-69373/latest.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Salehzadeh
- Department of Pediatric, Bouali Children’s Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Farhad Pourfarzi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Rasool Molatefi
- Department of Pediatric, Bouali Children’s Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Behzad Davarnia
- Department of Genetic, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ehsan Shahbazfar
- Department of Pediatric, Bouali Children’s Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Farzad Ahmadabadi
- Department of Pediatric, Bouali Children’s Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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11
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Tsiligianni C, Tsiligiannis A, Tsiliyannis C. A stochastic inventory model of COVID-19 and robust, real-time identification of carriers at large and infection rate via asymptotic laws. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 2023; 304:42-56. [PMID: 35035055 PMCID: PMC8741332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2021.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A critical operations management problem in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is cognizance of (a) the number of all carriers at large (CaL) conveying the SARS-CoV-2, including asymptomatic ones and (b) the infection rate (IR). Both are random and unobservable, affecting the spread of the disease, patient arrivals to health care units (HCUs) and the number of deaths. A novel, inventory perspective of COVID-19 is proposed, with random inflow, random losses and retrials (recurrent cases) and delayed/distributed exit, with randomly varying fractions of the exit distribution. A minimal construal, it enables representation of COVID-19 evolution with close fit of national incidence profiles, including single and multiple pattern outbreaks, oscillatory, periodic or non-periodic evolution, followed by retraction, leveling off, or strong resurgence. Furthermore, based on asymptotic laws, the minimum number of variables that must be monitored for identifying CaL and IR is determined and a real-time identification method is presented. The method is data-driven, utilizing the entry rate to HCUs and scaled, or dimensionless variables, including the mean residence time of symptomatic carriers in CaL and the mean residence time in CaL of patients entering HCUs. As manifested by several robust case studies of national COVID-19 incidence profiles, it provides efficient identification in real-time under unbiased monitoring error, without relying on any model. The propagation factor, a stochastic process, is reconstructed from the identified trajectories of CaL and IR, enabling evaluation of control measures. The results are useful towards the design of policies restricting COVID-19 and encumbrance to HCUs and mitigating economic contraction.
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12
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Medications Associated with Lower Mortality in a SARS-CoV-2 Positive Cohort of 26,508 Veterans. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:4144-4152. [PMID: 35768681 PMCID: PMC9243908 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive patients take commonly prescribed medications with properties which may affect mortality. OBJECTIVE Assess if common medications postulated to affect clinical outcomes are associated with mortality in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). DESIGN Observational national cohort analysis. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive 26,508 SARS-CoV-2 positive Veterans (7% of 399,290 tested from March 1 to September 10, 2020) constitute the study cohort. MAIN MEASURES The primary outcome was 30-day mortality from the first positive SARS-CoV-2 test date. In patients receiving medications or drug pairs within 2 weeks post-SARS-CoV-2 positive test, 30-day mortality was estimated as relative risk (RR) on the log-binomial scale or using multinomial models with and without adjusting for covariates. KEY RESULTS The 26,508 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were predominantly male (89%) and White (59%), and 82% were overweight/obese. Medications associated with decreased 30-day mortality risk included the following: metformin (aRR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.25-0.43), colchicine, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin II receptor blockers, statins, vitamin D, antihistamines, alpha-blockers, anti-androgens, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aRR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.61-0.78). The effect of co-prescribed medications on 30-day mortality risk revealed the lowest risk for combined statins and metformin (aRR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.15-0.31), followed by ACEi and statins (aRR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.18-0.35), ACEi and metformin (aRR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.17-0.40), antihistamines and NSAIDs (aRR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.32-0.52), and in men, combined alpha-blockers and anti-androgens (aRR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.42-0.64). CONCLUSIONS In this large national cohort, treatment of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients with individual or co-prescribed metformin and statins, ACEi and statins (or metformin) and other medications was associated with a markedly decreased 30-day mortality and can likely be continued safely. Clinical trials may assess their therapeutic benefit.
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13
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Ghaith HS, Gabra MD, Nafady MH, Elshawah HE, Negida A, Mushtaq G, Kamal MA. A Review of the Rational and Current Evidence on Colchicine for COVID-19. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3194-3201. [PMID: 34895117 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666211210142352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has affected millions of individuals worldwide. Despite extensive research efforts, few therapeutic options currently offer direct clinical benefits for COVID-19 patients. Despite the advances in our understanding of COVID-19, the mortality rates remain significantly high owing to the high viral transmission rates in several countries and the rise of various mutations in the SARS-CoV-2. One currently available and widely used drug that combines both anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions is colchicine, which has been proposed as a possible treatment option for COVID-19. Colchicine still did not get much attention from the medical and scientific communities despite its antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of action and positive preliminary data from early trials. This literature review article provides the scientific rationale for repurposing colchicine as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Further, we summarize colchicine's mechanisms of action and possible roles in COVID-19 patients. Finally, we supplement this review with a summary of the doses, side effects, and early efficacy data from clinical trials to date. Despite the promising early findings from multiple observational and clinical trials about the potential of colchicine in COVID-19, the data from the RECOVERY trial, the largest COVID-19 randomized controlled trial (RCT) in the world, showed no evidence of clinical benefits in mortality, hospital stays, or disease progression (n = 11340 patients). However, multiple other smaller clinical trials showed significant clinical benefits. We conclude that while current evidence does not support the use of colchicine for treating COVID-19, the present body of evidence is heterogeneous and inconclusive. The drug cannot be used in clinical practice or abandoned from clinical research without additional large RCTs providing more robust evidence. At present, the drug should not be used except for investigational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed H Nafady
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Misr University of Science and Technology, 6th October City, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Negida
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Gohar Mushtaq
- Center for Scientific Research, Faculty of Medicine, Idlib University, Syria
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.,King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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14
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Wu HHL, Athwal VS, Kalra PA, Chinnadurai R. COVID-19 and hepatorenal syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:5666-5678. [PMID: 36338894 PMCID: PMC9627428 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i39.5666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease which emerged into a global pandemic. Although it primarily causes respiratory symptoms for affected patients, COVID-19 was shown to have multi-organ manifestations. Elevated liver enzymes appear to be commonly observed during the course of COVID-19, and there have been numerous reports of liver injury secondary to COVID-19 infection. It has been established that patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease (CLD) are more likely to have poorer outcomes following COVID-19 infection compared to those without CLD. Co-morbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease frequently co-exist in individuals living with CLD, and a substantial population may also live with some degree of frailty. The mechanisms of how COVID-19 induces liver injury have been postulated. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the occurrence of kidney dysfunction in patients with severe CLD/fulminant liver failure in the absence of another identifiable cause, and is usually a marker of severe decompensated liver disease. Select reports of HRS following acute COVID-19 infection have been presented, although the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms leading to HRS in COVID-19 infection or following COVID-19 treatment remain largely unestablished due to the relative lack and novelty of published data. Evidence discussing the management of HRS in high-dependency care and intensive care contexts is only emerging. In this article, we provide an overview on the speculative pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 induced HRS and propose strategies for clinical diagnosis and management to optimize outcomes in this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H L Wu
- Renal Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney 2065, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Varinder S Athwal
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health (Division of Diabetes, Metabolism & Gastroenterology), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Philip A Kalra
- Department of Renal Medicine, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, United Kingdom
| | - Rajkumar Chinnadurai
- Department of Renal Medicine, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, United Kingdom
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15
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Nas K, Dilek G, Unan MK, Tekeoğlu İ, Kamanlı A. The Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients with Behçet's Disease: A Series of 7 Cases and Brief Review of the Literature. Eurasian J Med 2022; 54:305-309. [PMID: 35950829 PMCID: PMC9797779 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2021.21203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional debates surrounding the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 still continue in the literature. Colchicine is one of the recommended agents in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019, but there are also studies giving negative opinions for the said agent. Some researchers suggest that those patients using colchicine have milder clinic symptoms. Behçet's disease is a multisystemic disease with an uncertain etiopathogenesis that is characterized by chronic inflammatory vasculitis. Autoimmunity is believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Behçet's disease. Immunomodulator, corticosteroid, and immunosuppressive drugs are used in its treatment. Seven Behçet's patients with coronavirus disease 2019 were presented in this study, and the drugs used, prognosis, accompanying diseases, hospitalization, and complications were discussed in the light of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Nas
- Corresponding author: Kemal Nas E-mail:
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16
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Kuzikov M, Woens J, Zaliani A, Hambach J, Eden T, Fehse B, Ellinger B, Riecken K. High-throughput drug screening allowed identification of entry inhibitors specifically targeting different routes of SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron/BA.1. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113104. [PMID: 35643072 PMCID: PMC9108036 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has continuously evolved, resulting in the emergence of several variants of concern (VOCs). To study mechanisms of viral entry and potentially identify specific inhibitors, we pseudotyped lentiviral vectors with different SARS-CoV-2 VOC spike variants (D614G, Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron/BA.1), responsible for receptor binding and membrane fusion. These SARS-CoV-2 lentiviral pseudoviruses were applied to screen 774 FDA-approved drugs. For the assay we decided to use CaCo2 cells, since they equally allow cell entry through both the direct membrane fusion pathway mediated by TMPRSS2 and the endocytosis pathway mediated by cathepsin-L. The active molecules which showed stronger differences in their potency to inhibit certain SARS-CoV-2 VOCs included antagonists of G-protein coupled receptors, like phenothiazine-derived antipsychotic compounds such as Chlorpromazine, with highest activity against the Omicron pseudovirus. In general, our data showed that the various VOCs differ in their preferences for cell entry, and we were able to identify synergistic combinations of inhibitors. Notably, Omicron singled out by relying primarily on the endocytosis pathway while Delta preferred cell entry via membrane fusion. In conclusion, our data provide new insights into different entry preferences of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, which might help to identify new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kuzikov
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany,Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jannis Woens
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Zaliani
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany,Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julia Hambach
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eden
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ellinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany,Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Corresponding author at: Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Schnackenburgallee 114, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany,Correspondence to: Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Bellamkonda N, Lambe UP, Sawant S, Nandi SS, Chakraborty C, Shukla D. Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1464. [PMID: 35884770 PMCID: PMC9312515 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been developed to confer immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prior to the pandemic of COVID-19 which started in March 2020, there was a well-established understanding about the structure and pathogenesis of previously known Coronaviruses from the SARS and MERS outbreaks. In addition to this, vaccines for various Coronaviruses were available for veterinary use. This knowledge supported the creation of various vaccine platforms for SARS-CoV-2. Before COVID-19 there are no reports of a vaccine being developed in under a year and no vaccine for preventing coronavirus infection in humans had ever been developed. Approximately nine different technologies are being researched and developed at various levels in order to design an effective COVID-19 vaccine. As the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for generating substantial adaptive immune response, mostly all the vaccine candidates have been targeting the whole spike protein or epitopes of spike protein as a vaccine candidate. In this review, we have compiled the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and followed by the mechanism of action of various vaccine platforms such as mRNA vaccines, Adenoviral vectored vaccine, inactivated virus vaccines and subunit vaccines in the market. In the end we have also summarized the various adjuvants used in the COVID-19 vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Bellamkonda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | | | - Sonali Sawant
- ICMR-NIV, Mumbai Unit, A. D. Road, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India; (U.P.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Shyam Sundar Nandi
- ICMR-NIV, Mumbai Unit, A. D. Road, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India; (U.P.L.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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18
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Toro-Huamanchumo CJ, Benites-Meza JK, Mamani-García CS, Bustamante-Paytan D, Gracia-Ramos AE, Diaz-Vélez C, Barboza JJ. Efficacy of Colchicine in the Treatment of COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2615. [PMID: 35566737 PMCID: PMC9105993 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the efficacy of colchicine in COVID-19 patients through a systematic review. METHODS Six databases were searched until March 2022 for studies assessing colchicine versus control in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The primary outcome was mortality, and secondary outcome was length of hospitalization. Inverse variance and random effect meta-analyses were performed. The strength of evidence was assessed using GRADE. RESULTS Nine studies (five randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and four non-randomized studies of intervention (NRSI); n = 13,478). Colchicine did not reduce mortality in comparison with the standard of care in RCTs (RR 0.99; 95%CI 0.90 to 1.10; p = 0.90); however, it did reduce mortality in NRSI studies (RR 0.45; 95%CI 0.26 to 0.77; p = 0.02). In the analysis of RCTs, colchicine did not reduce the length of hospitalization in comparison with the standard of care (MD: -2.25 days; 95%CI: -9.34 to 4.84; p = 0.15). Most studies were scored as having a high risk of bias. Quality of evidence was very low for primary and secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION Colchicine did not reduce the mortality and length of hospitalization in comparison with the standard of care in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The published evidence is insufficient and of very low quality to recommend treatment in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerry K. Benites-Meza
- Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo 13011, Peru;
| | | | | | - Abraham Edgar Gracia-Ramos
- National Medical Center “La Raza”, Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Cristian Diaz-Vélez
- Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo 13007, Peru;
- Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación, Essalud, Lima 14072, Peru
| | - Joshuan J. Barboza
- Universidad Señor de Sipan, Chiclayo 14000, Peru
- Tau-Relaped Group, Trujillo 13007, Peru
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19
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Sánchez KE, Rosenberg GA. Shared Inflammatory Pathology of Stroke and COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5150. [PMID: 35563537 PMCID: PMC9101120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Though COVID-19 is primarily characterized by symptoms in the periphery, it can also affect the central nervous system (CNS). This has been established by the association between stroke and COVID-19. However, the molecular mechanisms that cause stroke related to a COVID-19 infection have not been fully explored. More specifically, stroke and COVID-19 exhibit an overlap of molecular mechanisms. These similarities provide a way to better understand COVID-19 related stroke. We propose here that peripheral macrophages upregulate inflammatory proteins such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These inflammatory molecules and the SARS-CoV-2 virus have multiple negative effects related to endothelial dysfunction that results in the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Finally, we discuss how the endothelial blood-brain barrier injury alters central nervous system function by leading to astrocyte dysfunction and inflammasome activation. Our goal is to elucidate such inflammatory pathways, which could provide insight into therapies to combat the negative neurological effects of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Sánchez
- Center for Memory and Aging, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA;
| | - Gary A. Rosenberg
- Center for Memory and Aging, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA;
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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20
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Khalil BA, Shakartalla SB, Goel S, Madkhana B, Halwani R, Maghazachi AA, AlSafar H, Al-Omari B, Al Bataineh MT. Immune Profiling of COVID-19 in Correlation with SARS and MERS. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010164. [PMID: 35062368 PMCID: PMC8778004 DOI: 10.3390/v14010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major complication of the respiratory illness coronavirus disease 2019, with a death rate reaching up to 40%. The main underlying cause of ARDS is a cytokine storm that results in a dysregulated immune response. This review discusses the role of cytokines and chemokines in SARS-CoV-2 and its predecessors SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, with particular emphasis on the elevated levels of inflammatory mediators that are shown to be correlated with disease severity. For this purpose, we reviewed and analyzed clinical studies, research articles, and reviews published on PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. This review illustrates the role of the innate and adaptive immune responses in SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 and identifies the general cytokine and chemokine profile in each of the three infections, focusing on the most prominent inflammatory mediators primarily responsible for the COVID-19 pathogenesis. The current treatment protocols or medications in clinical trials were reviewed while focusing on those targeting cytokines and chemokines. Altogether, the identified cytokines and chemokines profiles in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 provide important information to better understand SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and highlight the importance of using prominent inflammatory mediators as markers for disease diagnosis and management. Our findings recommend that the use of immunosuppression cocktails provided to patients should be closely monitored and continuously assessed to maintain the desirable effects of cytokines and chemokines needed to fight the SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The current gap in evidence is the lack of large clinical trials to determine the optimal and effective dosage and timing for a therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariaa A. Khalil
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Sarra B. Shakartalla
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Medani 2667, Sudan
| | - Swati Goel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Bushra Madkhana
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates; (B.A.K.); (S.B.S.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (R.H.); (A.A.M.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Habiba AlSafar
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Emirates Bio-Research Center, Ministry of Interior, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 389, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basem Al-Omari
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- KU Research and Data Intelligence Support Center (RDISC) AW 8474000331, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.A.-O.); (M.T.A.B.)
| | - Mohammad T. Al Bataineh
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; or
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.A.-O.); (M.T.A.B.)
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21
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Romero A, Ramos E, López-Muñoz F, Gil-Martín E, Escames G, Reiter RJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Its Neuroinvasive Capacity: Is It Time for Melatonin? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:489-500. [PMID: 32772307 PMCID: PMC7415199 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The world faces an exceptional new public health concern caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), subsequently termed the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Although the clinical symptoms mostly have been characterized, the scientific community still doesn´t know how SARS-CoV-2 successfully reaches and spreads throughout the central nervous system (CNS) inducing brain damage. The recent detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in frontal lobe sections from postmortem examination has confirmed the presence of the virus in neural tissue. This finding reveals a new direction in the search for a neurotherapeutic strategy in the COVID-19 patients with underlying diseases. Here, we discuss the COVID-19 outbreak in a neuroinvasiveness context and suggest the therapeutic use of high doses of melatonin, which may favorably modulate the immune response and neuroinflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2. However, clinical trials elucidating the efficacy of melatonin in the prevention and clinical management in the COVID-19 patients should be actively encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ramos
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Muñoz
- grid.449750.b0000 0004 1769 4416Faculty of Health Sciences, University Camilo José Cela, C/ Castillo de Alarcón 49, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain ,grid.144756.50000 0001 1945 5329Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i+12), Avda. Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain ,grid.410919.40000 0001 2152 2367Portucalense Institute of Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Neurosciences (INPP), Portucalense University, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 541, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Thematic Network for Cooperative Health Research (RETICS), Addictive Disorders Network, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Gil-Martín
- grid.6312.60000 0001 2097 6738Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Germaine Escames
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain ,grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Physiology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain ,grid.507088.2Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria CIBERFES, IBS. Granada, Granada Hospital Complex, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
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Zafar-Mohammadi K, Poursamimi J, Atabaki M. NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its inhibitory drugs in connection with COVID-19 infection. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [PMCID: PMC9515760 DOI: 10.1177/1721727x221130984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus belongs to the beta coronavirus family that cause the
inflammatory condition, acute pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS). ARDS is the most important reason of mortality in patients,
characterized as a highly increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine
secretion. Inflammasome is a complex, which has an essential role in
inflammatory situation, and NOD, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3
(NLRP3) is the most studied inflammasome that is considered to play vital roles
in the virus infection and its pathogenesis. Our search language was limited to
English and the search was performed in Web of Science, PubMed and Embase. Based
on published articles, our current narrative review first explains the structure
of the SARS-Cov2 virus and then describes the function of the NLRP3 inflammasome
in relation to COVID-19 and drugs effective in controlling it. The NLRP3
inflammasome activation related to the initiation of inflammatory cascade
including important cytokines production and releases such as IL-6, TNF-α and
IL-1β. Thus, targeting the NLRP3 as a member of the innate immune system may be
helpful for the reduction of ARDS clinical symptoms in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javad Poursamimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mahdi Atabaki
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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TUFAN A, MATUCCI CERINIC M. Immune dysfunction in COVID-19 and judicious use of antirheumatic drugs for the treatment of hyperinflammation. Turk J Med Sci 2021; 51:3391-3404. [PMID: 34844296 PMCID: PMC8771052 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2110-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Wuhan province of China, almost two years ago, in December 2019, the novel Coronavirus 2019 has caused a severe involvement of the lower respiratory tract leading to an acute life-threatening respiratory syndrome, coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Subsequently, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread to the entire world causing a pandemic and affected every single person on earth either directly or indirectly with destroying all facets of social life and economy. Since the announcement of COVID-19 as a global pandemic, we have witnessed tremendous scientific work on all aspects of COVID-19 across the globe, which has never been witnessed before. The most remarkable achievement would be the introduction of vaccines, which provide protection from the severe infection and is the only premise for the control of disease. However, despite the tremendous work, the number of treatments either antiviral or immunomodulatory for infected patients are considerably limited, yet disease is causing substantial morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 follows heterogenous disease course among infected individuals, and dysregulated immune system is primarily responsible for the worse outcomes. Immune deficiency, being on corticosteroids for inflammatory diseases, delayed interferon response and advanced age adversely influence prognosis with impairing viral clearance. On the other hand, exuberant immune response with features of cytokine storm is the leading cause of death, which can be alleviated by use of either general immunosuppression with corticosteroids or selective neutralization of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6. Herein, we summarized the potential effective immunomodulatory treatments emphasizing in which patient population it is the most suitable, which dose should be administered, and which is the most appropriate timepoint to administer the drug during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman TUFAN
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gazi University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Marco MATUCCI CERINIC
- Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence , FlorenceItaly
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, MilanItaly
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Li MM, Teng J, Wang Y. Chronic colchicine poisoning with neuromyopathy, gastric ulcers and myelosuppression in a gout patient: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:11050-11055. [PMID: 35047617 PMCID: PMC8678875 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i35.11050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colchicine has been widely used as an anti-gout medication over the past decades. However, it is less commonly used due to its narrow therapeutic range, meaning that its lethal dose is close to its therapeutic dose. The lethal dose of colchicine is considered to be 0.8 mg/kg. As chronic colchicine poisoning has multiple manifestations, it poses a challenge in the clinician’s differential diagnosis. Historically, the drug was important in treating gout; however, clinical studies are currently underway regarding the use of colchicine in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 as well as its use in coronary artery disease, making this drug more important in clinical practice.
CASE SUMMARY A 61-year-old male with a history of gout and chronic colchicine intake was admitted to our Emergency Department due to numbness and weakness of the lower limbs. The patient reported a history of colchicine intake for 23 years. After thorough examination, he was diagnosed with colchicine poisoning, manifesting as neuromyopathy, multiple gastric ulcers and myelosuppression. We advised him to stop taking colchicine and drinking alcohol. We also provided a prescription of lansoprazole and mecobalamin, and then asked him to return to the clinic for re-examination. The patient was followed up for 3-mo during which time his gout symptoms were controlled to the point where he was asymptomatic.
CONCLUSION Colchicine overdose can mimic the clinical manifestations of several conditions. Physicians easily pay attention to the disease while ignoring the cause of the disease. Thus, the patient’s medication history should never be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Mei Li
- Department of Emergency, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun Teng
- Department of Emergency, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Emergency, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, Shandong Province, China
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Kumar B, Misra A, Singh SP, Dhar YV, Rawat P, Chattopadhyay D, Barik SK, Srivastava S. In-silico efficacy of potential phytomolecules from Ayurvedic herbs as an adjuvant therapy in management of COVID-19. J Food Drug Anal 2021; 29:559-580. [PMID: 35649148 PMCID: PMC9931022 DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has sparked a new spectrum of investigations, research and studies in multifarious directions. Efforts are being made around the world for discovery of effective vaccines/drugs against COVID-19. In this context, Ayurveda, an alternative traditional system of medicine in India may work as an adjuvant therapy in compromised patients. We selected 40 herbal leads on the basis of their traditional applications. The phytomolecules from these leads were further screened through in-silico molecular docking against two main targets of SARS-CoV-2 i.e. the spike protein (S; structural protein) and the main protease (MPRO; non-structural protein). Out of the selected 40, 12 phytomolecules were able to block or stabilize the major functional sites of the main protease and spike protein. Among these, Ginsenoside, Glycyrrhizic acid, Hespiridin and Tribulosin exhibited high binding energy with both main protease and spike protein. Etoposide showed good binding energy only with Spike protein and Teniposide had high binding energy only with main protease. The above phytocompounds showed promising binding efficiency with target proteins indicating their possible applications against SARS-CoV-2. However, these findings need to be validated through in vitro and in vivo experiments with above mentioned potential molecules as candidate drugs for the management of COVID-19. In addition, there is an opportunity for the development of formulations through different permutations and combinations of these phytomolecules to harness their synergistic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Kumar
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P. 226001,
India
| | - Ankita Misra
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P. 226001,
India
| | - Satyendra Pratap Singh
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P. 226001,
India
| | - Yogeshwar Vikram Dhar
- Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P. 226001,
India
| | - Poonam Rawat
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P. 226001,
India
| | | | - Saroj Kanta Barik
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P. 226001,
India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Pharmacognosy Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P. 226001,
India
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Colchicine in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2021; 9:1419-1426. [PMID: 34672950 PMCID: PMC8523117 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colchicine has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 based on its anti-inflammatory actions. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of colchicine in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. METHODS In this streamlined, randomised, controlled, open-label trial, underway at 177 hospitals in the UK, two hospitals in Indonesia, and two hospitals in Nepal, several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. Patients were eligible for inclusion in the study if they were admitted to hospital with clinically suspected or laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and had no medical history that might, in the opinion of the attending clinician, put the patient at significant risk if they were to participate in the trial. Eligible and consenting adults were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either usual standard of care alone (usual care group) or usual standard of care plus colchicine (colchicine group) using web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment. Participants received colchicine 1 mg after randomisation followed by 500 μg 12 h later and then 500 μg twice a day by mouth or nasogastric tube for 10 days in total or until discharge. Dose frequency was halved for patients receiving a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor (eg, diltiazem), patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 30 mL/min per 1·73m2, and those with an estimated bodyweight of less than 70 kg. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality, secondary endpoints included time to discharge, the proportion of patients discharged from hospital within 28 days, and, in patients not on invasive mechanical ventilation at randomisation, a composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death. All analyses were by intention-to-treat. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936. FINDINGS Between Nov 27, 2020, and March 4, 2021, 11 340 (58%) of 19 423 patients enrolled into the RECOVERY trial were eligible to receive colchicine; 5610 (49%) patients were randomly assigned to the colchicine group and 5730 (51%) to the usual care group. Overall, 1173 (21%) patients in the colchicine group and 1190 (21%) patients in the usual care group died within 28 days (rate ratio 1·01 [95% CI 0·93 to 1·10]; p=0·77). Consistent results were seen in all prespecified subgroups of patients. Median time to discharge alive (10 days [IQR 5 to >28]) was the same in both groups, and there was no significant difference in the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days (3901 [70%] patients in the colchicine group and 4032 [70%] usual care group; rate ratio 0·98 [95% CI 0·94 to 1·03]; p=0·44). In those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, there was no significant difference in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (1344 [25%] in the colchicine group vs 1343 [25%] patients in the usual care group; risk ratio 1·02 [95% CI 0·96 to 1·09]; p=0·47). INTERPRETATION In adults hospitalised with COVID-19, colchicine was not associated with reductions in 28-day mortality, duration of hospital stay, or risk of progressing to invasive mechanical ventilation or death. FUNDING UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council), National Institute of Health Research, and Wellcome Trust.
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SARS-CoV-2, Zika viruses and mycoplasma: Structure, pathogenesis and some treatment options in these emerging viral and bacterial infectious diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166264. [PMID: 34481867 PMCID: PMC8413106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The molecular evolution of life on earth along with changing environmental, conditions has rendered mankind susceptible to endemic and pandemic emerging infectious diseases. The effects of certain systemic viral and bacterial infections on morbidity and mortality are considered as examples of recent emerging infections. Here we will focus on three examples of infections that are important in pregnancy and early childhood: SARS-CoV-2 virus, Zika virus, and Mycoplasma species. The basic structural characteristics of these infectious agents will be examined, along with their general pathogenic mechanisms. Coronavirus infections, such as caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, likely evolved from zoonotic bat viruses to infect humans and cause a pandemic that has been the biggest challenge for humanity since the Spanish Flu pandemic of the early 20th century. In contrast, Zika Virus infections represent an expanding infectious threat in the context of global climate change. The relationship of these infections to pregnancy, the vertical transmission and neurological sequels make these viruses highly relevant to the topics of this special issue. Finally, mycoplasmal infections have been present before mankind evolved, but they were rarely identified as human pathogens until recently, and they are now recognized as important coinfections that are able to modify the course and prognosis of various infectious diseases and other chronic illnesses. The infectious processes caused by these intracellular microorganisms are examined as well as some general aspects of their pathogeneses, clinical presentations, and diagnoses. We will finally consider examples of treatments that have been used to reduce morbidity and mortality of these infections and discuss briefly the current status of vaccines, in particular, against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is important to understand some of the basic features of these emerging infectious diseases and the pathogens involved in order to better appreciate the contributions of this special issue on how infectious diseases can affect human pregnancy, fetuses and neonates.
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Tiwari V, Kumar M, Tiwari A, Sahoo BM, Singh S, Kumar S, Saharan R. Current trends in diagnosis and treatment strategies of COVID-19 infection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64987-65013. [PMID: 34601675 PMCID: PMC8487330 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are terrifically precise and adapted towards specialized respiratory epithelial cells, observed in organ culture and human volunteers both. This virus is found to possess an unpredictable anti-viral T-cell response which in turn results in T-cell activation and finally apoptosis, leading to cytokine storm and collapse of the whole immune system. The present review provides comprehensive information regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection, mutant strains, and the impact of SARS-COV-2 on vital organs, the pathophysiology of the disease, diagnostic tests available, and possible treatments. It also includes all the vaccines developed so far throughout the world to control this pandemic. Until now, 18 vaccines have been approved by the WHO and further 22 vaccines are in the third trial. This study also provides up-to-date information regarding the drugs repurposed in clinical trials and the recent status of allopathic drugs along with its result. Although vaccines are available, specific treatment is not available for the disease. Furthermore, the effect of vaccines on new variants is a new area of research at this time. Therefore, a preventive attitude is the best approach to fight against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacy, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur (U.S. Nagar), Uttrakhand, Rudrapur, 236148, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Abhishek Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacy, Devsthali Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Lalpur (U.S. Nagar), Uttrakhand, Rudrapur, 236148, India.
| | - Biswa Mohan Sahoo
- Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Odisha, ha-760010, Berhampur, India
| | - Sunil Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Sai College of Pharmacy, Handia, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 221503, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Bharat Institute of Pharmacy, Pehladpur, Babain, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136156, India
| | - Renu Saharan
- M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
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González Rockmore D, Tung-Chen Y, Gómez Nicolás C, Díaz de Santiago A. Importance of point-of-care ultrasound in early diagnosis of COVID-19 complications. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e246311. [PMID: 34764124 PMCID: PMC8587469 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David González Rockmore
- Unidad docente Noroeste Madrid, Centro de Salud Villanueva del Pardillo, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Yale Tung-Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Claudia Gómez Nicolás
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital universitario Puerta de Hierro, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Alberto Díaz de Santiago
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
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Vrachatis DA, Papathanasiou KA, Giotaki SG, Raisakis K, Kossyvakis C, Kaoukis A, Kolokathis F, Deftereos G, Iliodromitis KE, Avramides D, Bogossian H, Siasos G, Giannopoulos G, Reimers B, Lansky A, Tardif JC, Deftereos S. Immunologic Dysregulation and Hypercoagulability as a Pathophysiologic Background in COVID-19 Infection and the Immunomodulating Role of Colchicine. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5128. [PMID: 34768648 PMCID: PMC8584586 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, SARS-COV-2 put health systems under unprecedented resource and manpower pressure leading to significant number of deaths. Expectedly, researchers sought to shed light on the pathophysiologic background of this novel disease (COVID-19) as well as to facilitate the design of effective therapeutic modalities. Indeed, early enough the pivotal role of inflammatory and thrombotic pathways in SARS-COV-2 infection has been illustrated. The purpose of this article is to briefly present the epidemiologic and clinical features of COVID-19, analyze the pathophysiologic importance of immunologic dysregulation and hypercoagulability in developing disease complications and finally to present an up-to-date systematic review of colchicine's immunomodulating capacity in view of hindering coronavirus complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios A. Vrachatis
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.A.V.); (K.A.P.); (S.G.G.); (F.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Konstantinos A. Papathanasiou
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.A.V.); (K.A.P.); (S.G.G.); (F.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Sotiria G. Giotaki
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.A.V.); (K.A.P.); (S.G.G.); (F.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Konstantinos Raisakis
- Department of Cardiology, “G. Gennimatas” General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.R.); (C.K.); (A.K.); (G.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Charalampos Kossyvakis
- Department of Cardiology, “G. Gennimatas” General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.R.); (C.K.); (A.K.); (G.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Andreas Kaoukis
- Department of Cardiology, “G. Gennimatas” General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.R.); (C.K.); (A.K.); (G.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Fotis Kolokathis
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.A.V.); (K.A.P.); (S.G.G.); (F.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Gerasimos Deftereos
- Department of Cardiology, “G. Gennimatas” General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.R.); (C.K.); (A.K.); (G.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Konstantinos E. Iliodromitis
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hagen-Haspe, Clinic for Cardiology and Electrophysiology, 58135 Hagen, Germany; (K.E.I.); (H.B.)
- Department of Cardiology, University of Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Avramides
- Department of Cardiology, “G. Gennimatas” General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.R.); (C.K.); (A.K.); (G.D.); (D.A.)
| | - Harilaos Bogossian
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hagen-Haspe, Clinic for Cardiology and Electrophysiology, 58135 Hagen, Germany; (K.E.I.); (H.B.)
- Department of Cardiology, University of Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.A.V.); (K.A.P.); (S.G.G.); (F.K.); (G.S.)
| | - George Giannopoulos
- Medical School, Artistotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - Alexandra Lansky
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
| | - Spyridon Deftereos
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.A.V.); (K.A.P.); (S.G.G.); (F.K.); (G.S.)
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Mikolajewska A, Fischer AL, Piechotta V, Mueller A, Metzendorf MI, Becker M, Dorando E, Pacheco RL, Martimbianco ALC, Riera R, Skoetz N, Stegemann M. Colchicine for the treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 10:CD015045. [PMID: 34658014 PMCID: PMC8521385 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and poor clinical outcomes are associated with hyperinflammation and a complex dysregulation of the immune response. Colchicine is an anti-inflammatory medicine and is thought to improve disease outcomes in COVID-19 through a wide range of anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Patients and healthcare systems need more and better treatment options for COVID-19 and a thorough understanding of the current body of evidence. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of Colchicine as a treatment option for COVID-19 in comparison to an active comparator, placebo, or standard care alone in any setting, and to maintain the currency of the evidence, using a living systematic review approach. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register (comprising CENTRAL, MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and medRxiv), Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded and Emerging Sources Citation Index), and WHO COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease to identify completed and ongoing studies without language restrictions to 21 May 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials evaluating colchicine for the treatment of people with COVID-19, irrespective of disease severity, age, sex, or ethnicity. We excluded studies investigating the prophylactic effects of colchicine for people without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection but at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. We used the Cochrane risk of bias tool (ROB 2) to assess bias in included studies and GRADE to rate the certainty of evidence for the following prioritised outcome categories considering people with moderate or severe COVID-19: all-cause mortality, worsening and improvement of clinical status, quality of life, adverse events, and serious adverse events and for people with asymptomatic infection or mild disease: all-cause mortality, admission to hospital or death, symptom resolution, duration to symptom resolution, quality of life, adverse events, serious adverse events. MAIN RESULTS We included three RCTs with 11,525 hospitalised participants (8002 male) and one RCT with 4488 (2067 male) non-hospitalised participants. Mean age of people treated in hospital was about 64 years, and was 55 years in the study with non-hospitalised participants. Further, we identified 17 ongoing studies and 11 studies completed or terminated, but without published results. Colchicine plus standard care versus standard care (plus/minus placebo) Treatment of hospitalised people with moderate to severe COVID-19 All-cause mortality: colchicine plus standard care probably results in little to no difference in all-cause mortality up to 28 days compared to standard care alone (risk ratio (RR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 1.08; 2 RCTs, 11,445 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Worsening of clinical status: colchicine plus standard care probably results in little to no difference in worsening of clinical status assessed as new need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death compared to standard care alone (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.09; 2 RCTs, 10,916 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Improvement of clinical status: colchicine plus standard care probably results in little to no difference in improvement of clinical status, assessed as number of participants discharged alive up to day 28 without clinical deterioration or death compared to standard care alone (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.01; 1 RCT, 11,340 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Quality of life, including fatigue and neurological status: we identified no studies reporting this outcome. Adverse events: the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of colchicine on adverse events compared to placebo (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.78; 1 RCT, 72 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Serious adverse events: the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of colchicine plus standard care on serious adverse events compared to standard care alone (0 events observed in 1 RCT of 105 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Treatment of non-hospitalised people with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection or mild COVID-19 All-cause mortality: the evidence is uncertain about the effect of colchicine on all-cause mortality at 28 days (Peto odds ratio (OR) 0.57, 95% CI 0.20 to 1.62; 1 RCT, 4488 participants; low-certainty evidence). Admission to hospital or death within 28 days: colchicine probably slightly reduces the need for hospitalisation or death within 28 days compared to placebo (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.03; 1 RCT, 4488 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Symptom resolution: we identified no studies reporting this outcome. Quality of life, including fatigue and neurological status: we identified no studies reporting this outcome. Adverse events: the evidence is uncertain about the effect of colchicine on adverse events compared to placebo . Results are from one RCT reporting treatment-related events only in 4412 participants (low-certainty evidence). Serious adverse events: colchicine probably slightly reduces serious adverse events (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.00; 1 RCT, 4412 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Colchicine versus another active treatment (e.g. corticosteroids, anti-viral drugs, monoclonal antibodies) No studies evaluated this comparison. Different formulations, doses, or schedules of colchicine No studies assessed this. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on the current evidence, in people hospitalised with moderate to severe COVID-19 the use of colchicine probably has little to no influence on mortality or clinical progression in comparison to placebo or standard care alone. We do not know whether colchicine increases the risk of (serious) adverse events. We are uncertain about the evidence of the effect of colchicine on all-cause mortality for people with asymptomatic infection or mild disease. However, colchicine probably results in a slight reduction of hospital admissions or deaths within 28 days, and the rate of serious adverse events compared with placebo. None of the studies reported data on quality of life or compared the benefits and harms of colchicine versus other drugs, or different dosages of colchicine. We identified 17 ongoing and 11 completed but not published RCTs, which we expect to incorporate in future versions of this review as their results become available. Editorial note: due to the living approach of this work, we monitor newly published results of RCTs on colchicine on a weekly basis and will update the review when the evidence or our certainty in the evidence changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Mikolajewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Fischer
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive care, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anika Mueller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria-Inti Metzendorf
- Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group, Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marie Becker
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Dorando
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rafael L Pacheco
- Center of Health Technology Assessment, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde Baseada em Evidências e Avaliação Tecnológica em Saúde (NEP-Sbeats), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Cochrane Affiliate Rio de Janeiro, Cochrane, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza C Martimbianco
- Center of Health Technology Assessment, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
- Cochrane Affiliate Rio de Janeiro, Cochrane, Petrópolis, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde Baseada em Evidências e Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (NEP-Sbeats), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rachel Riera
- Cochrane Affiliate Rio de Janeiro, Cochrane, Petrópolis, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa em Saúde Baseada em Evidências e Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (NEP-Sbeats), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centre of Health Technology Assessment, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Stegemann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Tejada Cifuentes F, Lloret Callejo Á, Tirado Pérez MJ, Romero Candel G. Perfil de efectividad y seguridad de la colchicina en pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 en un área sanitaria. REVISTA CLÍNICA DE MEDICINA DE FAMILIA 2021. [DOI: 10.55783/rcmf.140304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo: describir la evolución y la seguridad de la utilización de colchicina en pacientes no ingresados con diagnóstico de COVID-19 leve-moderado en la Gerencia de Atención Integrada (GAI) de Albacete.
Métodos: estudio observacional retrospectivo. De los 389 participantes incluidos en el primer reclutamiento, se seleccionaron 315 con datos válidos. La variable principal del estudio ha sido el fallecimiento o ingreso hospitalario en pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 y tratamiento con colchicina. Se registraron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y tratamientos y comorbilidades concomitantes.
Resultados: fallecieron 6 (1,90%) pacientes y 49 (15,5%) requirieron ingreso hospitalario. A un 58,4% se les prescribió un antibiótico, siendo la azitromicina el más utilizado y el responsable en un 32,7% de las posibles interacciones. Un 34,5% y un 43% de pacientes recibieron heparinas de bajo peso molecular (HBPM) y corticosteroides respectivamente. En el 42,3% de pacientes no se tuvo en cuenta el valor del aclaramiento de creatinina al dosificar la colchicina. La edad elevada muestra una relación estadísticamente significativa con la gravedad de la clínica (68,5 versus 58,9) y con la variable recaída (ingreso + urgencias) (63,25 versus 58,54).
Conclusiones: en nuestra muestra, la utilización de colchicina en pacientes ambulatorios no ha modificado el curso de la enfermedad en pacientes diagnosticados de COVID-19.
Palabras clave: colchicina, COVID-19, coronavirus, tratamiento.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tejada Cifuentes
- Servicio de Farmacia de Atención Primaria. Gerencia de Atención Integrada de Albacete. Albacete (España)
| | - Ángeles Lloret Callejo
- Servicio de Farmacia de Atención Primaria. Gerencia de Atención Integrada de Albacete. Albacete (España)
| | - María José Tirado Pérez
- Servicio de Farmacia de Atención Primaria. Gerencia de Atención Integrada de Albacete. Albacete (España)
| | - Gregorio Romero Candel
- Servicio de Farmacia. Hospital de Hellín. Gerencia de Atención Integrada de Hellín. Albacete (España)
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Johny D, Subramanyam K, Baikunje N, Hosmane GB. Cardiac tamponade and massive pleural effusion in a young COVID-19-positive adult. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e244518. [PMID: 34518185 PMCID: PMC8438857 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has a broad spectrum of cardiac manifestations, and cardiac tamponade leading to cardiogenic shock is a rare presentation. A 30-year-old man with a history of COVID-19-positive, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) done 1 week ago and who was home-quarantined, came to the emergency department with palpitations, breathlessness and orthopnoea. His ECG showed sinus tachycardia with low-voltage complexes, chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly and left pleural effusion and two-dimensional echocardiography showed large pericardial effusion with features suggestive of cardiac tamponade. He was taken up for emergency pericardiocentesis which showed haemorrhagic pericardial fluid. Intercostal drainage insertion was done for left-sided large pleural effusion. After ruling out all the other causes for haemorrhagic pericardial effusion, the patient was started on colchicine, steroids, ibuprofen and antibiotics to which he responded. Both pericardial and pleural effusions resolved completely on follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Johny
- Cardiology, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Tammam SN, El Safy S, Ramadan S, Arjune S, Krakor E, Mathur S. Repurpose but also (nano)-reformulate! The potential role of nanomedicine in the battle against SARS-CoV2. J Control Release 2021; 337:258-284. [PMID: 34293319 PMCID: PMC8289726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) has taken the world by surprise. To date, a worldwide approved treatment remains lacking and hence in the context of rapid viral spread and the growing need for rapid action, drug repurposing has emerged as one of the frontline strategies in the battle against SARS-CoV2. Repurposed drugs currently being evaluated against COVID-19 either tackle the replication and spread of SARS-CoV2 or they aim at controlling hyper-inflammation and the rampaged immune response in severe disease. In both cases, the target for such drugs resides in the lungs, at least during the period where treatment could still provide substantial clinical benefit to the patient. Yet, most of these drugs are administered systemically, questioning the percentage of administered drug that actually reaches the lung and as a consequence, the distribution of the remainder of the dose to off target sites. Inhalation therapy should allow higher concentrations of the drug in the lungs and lower concentrations systemically, hence providing a stronger, more localized action, with reduced adverse effects. Therefore, the nano-reformulation of the repurposed drugs for inhalation is a promising approach for targeted drug delivery to lungs. In this review, we critically analyze, what nanomedicine could and ought to do in the battle against SARS-CoV2. We start by a brief description of SARS-CoV2 structure and pathogenicity and move on to discuss the current limitations of repurposed antiviral and immune-modulating drugs that are being clinically investigated against COVID-19. This account focuses on how nanomedicine could address limitations of current therapeutics, enhancing the efficacy, specificity and safety of such drugs. With the appearance of new variants of SARS-CoV2 and the potential implication on the efficacy of vaccines and diagnostics, the presence of an effective therapeutic solution is inevitable and could be potentially achieved via nano-reformulation. The presence of an inhaled nano-platform capable of delivering antiviral or immunomodulatory drugs should be available as part of the repertoire in the fight against current and future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma N. Tammam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt,Corresponding author
| | - Sara El Safy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shahenda Ramadan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo (GUC), 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sita Arjune
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Krakor
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, , University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sanjay Mathur
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, , University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
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Vrachatis DA, Giannopoulos GV, Giotaki SG, Raisakis K, Kossyvakis C, Iliodromitis KE, Reimers B, Tousoulis D, Cleman M, Stefanadis C, Lansky A, Deftereos SG. Impact of colchicine on mortality in patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Hellenic J Cardiol 2021; 62:374-377. [PMID: 33421583 PMCID: PMC7833703 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios A Vrachatis
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - George V Giannopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Raisakis
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Bernhard Reimers
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michael Cleman
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Lansky
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Calado MB, da Silva Santana CE, Crovella S. Do inflammasome impact COVID-19 severity? Virusdisease 2021; 32:410-420. [PMID: 34337108 PMCID: PMC8312707 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be a dramatic challenge, introducing huge clinical differences that demand extensive investigations. Severe and critical patients may present coagulopathies and microthrombi, which results in varied complications, or acute respiratory distress syndrome that leads to fatality. Although the lung to be the major site of clinical manifestations, COVID-19 has shown extrapulmonary manifestations, especially on the heart and kidney, directly linked to worse disease outcomes. According to the fast-moving of clinical description and scientific publications, the injuries in multiple organs and systemic inflammation appear to be caused by a deregulated immune response, and the NLRP3 inflammasome could be a relevant influencer in this imbalance. However, until now, the precise drivers of the pathophysiology of these injuries remain unknown. In this review, we discuss how inflammasome seems to be directly involved in the clinical profile of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and shed light on the mechanisms that lead to fatality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, State of Qatar
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Fiorino S, Tateo F, Biase DD, Gallo CG, Orlandi PE, Corazza I, Budriesi R, Micucci M, Visani M, Loggi E, Hong W, Pica R, Lari F, Zippi M. SARS-CoV-2: lessons from both the history of medicine and from the biological behavior of other well-known viruses. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:1105-1133. [PMID: 34468163 PMCID: PMC8412036 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of the current pandemic worldwide and its associated disease COVID-19. In this review, we have analyzed SARS-CoV-2 characteristics and those ones of other well-known RNA viruses viz. HIV, HCV and Influenza viruses, collecting their historical data, clinical manifestations and pathogenetic mechanisms. The aim of the work is obtaining useful insights and lessons for a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2. These pathogens present a distinct mode of transmission, as SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza viruses are airborne, whereas HIV and HCV are bloodborne. However, these viruses exhibit some potential similar clinical manifestations and pathogenetic mechanisms and their understanding may contribute to establishing preventive measures and new therapies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital, Budrio (Bologna), Azienda USL, Bologna, 40054, Italy
| | - Fabio Tateo
- Institute of Geosciences & Earth Resources, CNR, c/o Department of Geosciences, Padova University, 35127, Italy
| | - Dario De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Claudio G Gallo
- Fisiolaserterapico Emiliano, Castel San Pietro Terme, Bologna, 40024, Italy
| | | | - Ivan Corazza
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic & Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Matteo Micucci
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Michela Visani
- Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Loggi
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang, 325035, PR China
| | - Roberta Pica
- Unit of Gastroenterology & Digestive Endoscopy, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, 00157, Italy
| | - Federico Lari
- Internal Medicine Unit, Budrio Hospital, Budrio (Bologna), Azienda USL, Bologna, 40054, Italy
| | - Maddalena Zippi
- Unit of Gastroenterology & Digestive Endoscopy, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, 00157, Italy
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Lu W, Wu P, He L, Meng Y, Wu P, Ding W, Liu J. Dynamic Antibody Responses in Patients with Different Severity of COVID-19: A Retrospective Study. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:1379-1390. [PMID: 34050885 PMCID: PMC8164053 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious public health event and poses a global health threat. To study the specific antibody responses would contribute to a better understanding of COVID-19. METHODS We collected complete follow-up data from 777 patients with pathogen-confirmed COVID-19 with corresponding immunoglobulin G and M (IgG/IgM) testing results. RESULTS Overall, the positive rates of IgG and IgM in severe patients were slightly higher than those in non-severe patients. In addition, higher IgG levels were detected in severe patients compared to non-severe patients (P = 0.026). Through further analysis, differences in IgG were only significant in serum samples taken in the first 14 days of disease onset (P < 0.001). On the basis of analysis of antibody expression levels at different time points in 74 patients who had undergone more than three detection tests, we found that the differences in IgG levels between the severe/non-severe patients were more pronounced than those of IgM. On multivariate logistic regression, after adjusting for cofactors, the higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) IgG levels observed in the first 14 days of disease onset were independently associated with severe COVID-19 disease (odds ratio (OR) = 1.368, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.138-1.645). CONCLUSION We observed differences in antibody responses among patients with different severity of COVID-19. A high IgG level in the first 14 days of disease may be positively associated with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanrong Lu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang He
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Meng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wencheng Ding
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Sivandzadeh GR, Askari H, Safarpour AR, Ejtehadi F, Raeis-Abdollahi E, Vaez Lari A, Abazari MF, Tarkesh F, Bagheri Lankarani K. COVID-19 infection and liver injury: Clinical features, biomarkers, potential mechanisms, treatment, and management challenges. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:6178-6200. [PMID: 34434987 PMCID: PMC8362548 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i22.6178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that liver impairment caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection might play a central role in severe clinical presentations. Liver injury is closely associated with severe disease and, even with antiviral drugs, have a poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients. In addition to the common hepatobiliary disorders caused by COVID-19, patients with pre-existing liver diseases demand special considerations during the current pandemic. Thus, it is vital that upon clinical presentation, patients with concurrent pre-existing liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction and COVID-19 be managed properly to prevent liver failure. Careful monitoring and early detection of liver damage through biomarkers after hospitalization for COVID-19 is underscored in all cases, particularly in those with pre-existing metabolic liver injury. The purpose of this study was to determine most recent evidence regarding causality, potential risk factors, and challenges, therapeutic options, and management of COVID-19 infection in vulnerable patients with pre-existing liver injury. This review aims to highlight the current frontier of COVID-19 infection and liver injury and the direction of liver injury in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193635899, Iran
| | - Hassan Askari
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193635899, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Safarpour
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193635899, Iran
| | - Fardad Ejtehadi
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193635899, Iran
| | - Ehsan Raeis-Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Qom Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom 1417613151, Iran
| | - Armaghan Vaez Lari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran
| | - Mohammad Foad Abazari
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Firoozeh Tarkesh
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193635899, Iran
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40
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Giardino G, Romano R, Coppola E, Cillo F, Borzachiello C, De Luca M, Palamaro L, Toriell E, Prencipe R, Cirillo E, Pignata C. SARS-CoV-2 infection in the immunodeficient host: necessary and dispensable immune pathways. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:3237-3248. [PMID: 34273582 PMCID: PMC8279920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since its outbreak in late December 2019 in Wuhan, coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has posed a therapeutic challenge for the world population, with a plenty of clinical pictures and a broad spectrum of severity of the manifestations. In spite of initial speculations on a direct role of primary or acquired immune deficiency in determining a worse disease outcome, recent studies have provided evidence that specific immune defects may either serve as an experimentum naturae entailing this risk or may not be relevant enough to impact the host defense against the virus. Taken together, these observations may help unveil pathogenetic mechanisms of the infection and suggest new therapeutic strategies. Thus, in this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and clinical manifestations with a special focus on children and patients presenting with congenital or acquired immune deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Giardino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Emma Coppola
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Cillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Borzachiello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina De Luca
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Palamaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Toriell
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Prencipe
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Cirillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy;.
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41
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Repurposing colchicine's journey in view of drug-to-drug interactions. A review. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1389-1393. [PMID: 34285885 PMCID: PMC8280530 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colchicine's medical evolution is historically bound to the Mediterranean basin, since remarkable researchers from this region underscored its valuable properties. With the passing of years colchicine became an essential pharmaceutical substance for the treatment of rheumatologic and cardiovascular diseases. In light of recent findings, the therapeutic value of colchicine has grown. In clinical practice, colchicine remains underutilized in view of its proven efficacy and safety. Its complex pharmacokinetics and multifaceted anti-inflammatory role remain under investigation. The current review addresses the safe administration of colchicine in view of key drug to drug interactions. Finally, we are briefly presenting colchicine's future potential applications.
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Magdy Beshbishy A, Oti VB, Hussein DE, Rehan IF, Adeyemi OS, Rivero-Perez N, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Shah MA, Abouelezz K, Hetta HF, Cruz-Martins N, Batiha GES. Factors Behind the Higher COVID-19 Risk in Diabetes: A Critical Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:591982. [PMID: 34307267 PMCID: PMC8292635 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.591982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are public health issues worldwide, and their comorbidities trigger the progress to severe disease and even death in such patients. Globally, DM has affected an estimated 9.3% adults, and as of April 18, 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) has confirmed 141,727,940 COVID-19 confirmed cases. The virus is spread via droplets, aerosols, and direct touch with others. Numerous predictive factors have been linked to COVID-19 severity, including impaired immune response and increased inflammatory response, among others. Angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 have also been identified as playing a boosting role in both susceptibility and severity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Specifically, in DM patients, both their control and management during this pandemic is herculean as the restriction periods have markedly hampered the maintenance of means to control glycemia, hypertension, and neuroendocrine and kidney diseases. In addition, as a result of the underlyin cardio-metabolic and immunological disorders, DM patients are at a higher risk of developing the severe form of COVID-19 despite other comorbidities, such as hypertension, also potentially boosting the development of higher COVID-19 severity. However, even in non-DM patients, SARS-CoV-2 may also cause transient hyperglycemia through induction of insulin resistance and/or pancreatic β-cell injury. Therefore, a strict glucose monitoring of DM patients with COVID-19 is mandatory to prevent life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Victor B. Oti
- Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
| | - Diaa E. Hussein
- Researcher, Department of Food Hygiene, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Port of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim F. Rehan
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menofa University, Shebin Alkom, Egypt
| | - Oluyomi S. Adeyemi
- Medicinal Biochemistry, Infectious Diseases, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | - Nallely Rivero-Perez
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Mexico
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tulancingo, Mexico
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khaled Abouelezz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Sagris M, Theofilis P, Antonopoulos AS, Tsioufis C, Oikonomou E, Antoniades C, Crea F, Kaski JC, Tousoulis D. Inflammatory Mechanisms in COVID-19 and Atherosclerosis: Current Pharmaceutical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6607. [PMID: 34205487 PMCID: PMC8234423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been associated with excess mortality worldwide. The cardiovascular system is the second most common target of SARS-CoV-2, which leads to severe complications, including acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism, as well as other major thrombotic events because of direct endothelial injury and an excessive systemic inflammatory response. This review focuses on the similarities and the differences of inflammatory pathways involved in COVID-19 and atherosclerosis. Anti-inflammatory agents and immunomodulators have recently been assessed, which may constitute rational treatments for the reduction of cardiovascular events in both COVID-19 and atherosclerotic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Sagris
- 1st Cardiology Department, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (P.T.); (A.S.A.); (C.T.); (E.O.)
| | - Panagiotis Theofilis
- 1st Cardiology Department, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (P.T.); (A.S.A.); (C.T.); (E.O.)
| | - Alexios S. Antonopoulos
- 1st Cardiology Department, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (P.T.); (A.S.A.); (C.T.); (E.O.)
| | - Costas Tsioufis
- 1st Cardiology Department, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (P.T.); (A.S.A.); (C.T.); (E.O.)
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Cardiology Department, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (P.T.); (A.S.A.); (C.T.); (E.O.)
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
- Oxford Centre of Research Excellence, British Heart Foundation, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute of Health Research, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Sciences, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Juan Carlos Kaski
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK;
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Cardiology Department, ‘Hippokration’ General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.S.); (P.T.); (A.S.A.); (C.T.); (E.O.)
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44
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Kobak S. The Perfect Storm: A Rheumatologist's Point of View on COVID-19 Infection. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2021; 17:141-152. [PMID: 33121412 DOI: 10.2174/1573397116666201029155105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The new coronavirus infection (Covid-19) is a pandemic that has affected the whole world and progresses with high morbidity and mortality. It has a high contagion rate and a course capable of rapid lung involvement with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary insufficiency. A severe clinical picture develops as a result of a "perfect cytokine storm" which results from possible immunological mechanisms triggered by the viral infection. Immune system dysregulation and possible autoinflammatory and autoimmune mechanisms are responsible for a higher amount of cytokines release from immune cells. Although no clear treatment of Covid-19 infection has emerged yet, it is argued that some disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) may be effective in addition to anti-viral treatments. These drugs (anti-malarial drugs, colchicum dispert, biologics) have been well known to rheumatologists for years because they are used in the treatment of many inflammatory rheumatologic diseases. Another important issue is whether DMARDs, which can cause severe immunosuppression, pose a risk for Covid-19 infection and whether they have been discontinued beforehand. Although there are insufficient data on this subject, considering the risk of disease reactivation, patients may continue their DMARDs treatment under the supervision of a rheumatologist. In this article, the possible immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Covid-19 infection and the efficacy and safety of various DMARDs used in the treatment are discussed from a rheumatologist's perspective in the light of recent literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senol Kobak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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45
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Torabi-Rahvar M, Rezaei N. Storm at the Time of Corona: A Glimpse at the Current Understanding and Therapeutic Opportunities of the SARS-CoV-2 Cytokine Storm. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1549-1552. [PMID: 33238863 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201125102649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may lead to severe disease in some cases, leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and death. This severe phenotype seems to be associated with a cytokine storm and immune dysregulation. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes, lymphopenia, and decreased levels of regulatory T cells are some of the immunological features that are seen in patients with SARS-CoV-2. As the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 is influenced by both viral virulence and dysregulated inflammatory response, a combination therapy approach using antiviral drugs plus anti-inflammatory treatments, such as corticosteroids, monoclonal antibodies against the IL-6 and IL-1β pathways, and JAK inhibitors are under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Torabi-Rahvar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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46
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Karatza E, Ismailos G, Karalis V. Colchicine for the treatment of COVID-19 patients: efficacy, safety, and model informed dosage regimens. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:643-656. [PMID: 33845715 PMCID: PMC8054498 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1909782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Colchicine is widely investigated for cardioprotection of COVID-19 patients since it can prevent the phenomenon of 'cytokine storm' and may reduce the complications arising from COVID-19. Despite the potentially beneficial effects of colchicine, there is no consensus on the appropriate dosage regimen and numerous schemes are currently used.In this study, simulations were performed to identify the ability of dosage regimens to attain plasma levels in CVOID-19 patients, known to be generally safe and efficacious. Since renal and hepatic impairment, as well as, drug-drug interactions have been identified to be the most significant factors increasing colchicine toxicity, the impact of these interactions was assessed in the simulations.Some dosage regimens lead to high colchicine concentrations, while others result in sub-therapeutic levels. Additional dosage schemes were proposed in this study aiming to be applied in patients with clearance insufficiency. Colchicine administration of 0.5 mg twice daily, can be considered safe and effective. In cases of clearance impairment, doses as low as 0.25 mg thrice or twice daily should be applied.Colchicine is a narrow therapeutic index drug and dosage regimens tailored to patients' needs should be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Karatza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Ismailos
- Experimental-Research Center ELPEN, ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Pikermi, Greece
| | - Vangelis Karalis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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47
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Elemam NM, Maghazachi AA, Hannawi S. COVID-19 infection and rheumatoid arthritis: mutual outburst cytokines and remedies. Curr Med Res Opin 2021; 37:929-938. [PMID: 33754931 PMCID: PMC8040489 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2021.1906637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In March 2020, COVID-19 infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been declared to be a global pandemic, where its complications, severity and mortality are reported to be due to the released inflammatory cytokines or the so-called cytokine storm. This is quite similar to that observed in the autoimmune and chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It was hypothesized that RA patients are at a higher risk of acquiring COVID-19; however, recent studies reported that they are not when compared to the rest of the population. In this review, we aim to highlight the mutual pathological features, cytokine profiles and risk factors between COVID-19 and RA. Also, many researchers are currently working to explore therapeutic agents that could aid in the eradication of COVID-19 infection. Due to the similarity between the inflammation status in COVID-19 and RA, many anti-rheumatic drugs such as hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, baricitinib and anakinra were proposed to be therapeutic modalities for COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Suad Hannawi
- Department of Rheumatology, Ministry of Health and Prevention, Dubai, UAE
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48
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Vassileva S, Mateeva V, Drenovska K. Drug repurposing of dermatologic medications to treat coronavirus disease 2019: Science or fiction? Clin Dermatol 2021; 39:430-445. [PMID: 34518001 PMCID: PMC7959882 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
No pharmaceutical products have been demonstrated to be safe and effective to specifically treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); therefore, the therapy administered to infected patients remains symptomatic and empiric. Alongside the development of new, often high-cost drugs, a different tactic is being applied in parallel, investigating long-established, inexpensive medications originally designed for a variety of diseases to study their potential in treating COVID-19. The skin is the largest organ of the human body. With more than 3,000 skin conditions identified, the specialty of dermatology offers a rich armamentarium of systemic therapeutic agents aimed to treat the various chronic immunologically mediated, metabolic, infectious, occupational, inherited, or paraneoplastic dermatoses. Dermatologists have extensive experience with many drugs that have demonstrated promising in vitro antiviral action (directly targeting the viral replication). Many of these drugs have been used as nonspecific immunosuppressive strategies, such as glucocorticoids, synthetic antimalarials, colchicine, or other immunomodulators, and a number of targeted therapeutics have been directed at controlling hyperinflammatory processes similar to the "cytokine storm" associated with COVID-19 infection. We discuss several dermatologic drugs that have already been used or may have a promising role in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snejina Vassileva
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Valeria Mateeva
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kossara Drenovska
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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49
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Fouladseresht H, Doroudchi M, Rokhtabnak N, Abdolrahimzadehfard H, Roudgari A, Sabetian G, Paydar S. Predictive monitoring and therapeutic immune biomarkers in the management of clinical complications of COVID-19. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 58:32-48. [PMID: 33199179 PMCID: PMC7544568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), appears with a wide spectrum of mild-to-critical clinical complications. Many clinical and experimental findings suggest the role of inflammatory mechanisms in the immunopathology of COVID-19. Hence, cellular and molecular mediators of the immune system can be potential targets for predicting, monitoring, and treating the progressive complications of COVID-19. In this review, we assess the latest cellular and molecular data on the immunopathology of COVID-19 according to the pathological evidence (e.g., mucus and surfactants), dysregulations of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines), and impairments of innate and acquired immune system functions (e.g., mononuclear cells, neutrophils and antibodies). Furthermore, we determine the significance of immune biomarkers for predicting, monitoring, and treating the progressive complications of COVID-19. We also discuss the clinical importance of recent immune biomarkers in COVID-19, and at the end of each section, recent clinical trials in immune biomarkers for COVID-19 are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Fouladseresht
- Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Rokhtabnak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Abdolrahimzadehfard
- Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Roudgari
- Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Golnar Sabetian
- Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahram Paydar
- Trauma Research Center, Shahid Rajaee (Emtiaz) Trauma Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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50
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Tousoulis D. Lights back on the mitral valve. Hellenic J Cardiol 2021; 62:1-3. [PMID: 33771729 DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1(st) Cardiology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens University Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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