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Gebetsberger J, Prüller F. Classic Light Transmission Platelet Aggregometry: Do We Still Need it? Hamostaseologie 2024; 44:304-315. [PMID: 38065556 DOI: 10.1055/a-2117-4614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
For more than 50 years, light transmission aggregometry has been accepted as the gold standard test for diagnosing inherited platelet disorders in platelet-rich plasma, although there are other functional approaches performed in whole blood. In this article, several advantages and disadvantages of this technique over other laboratory approaches are discussed in the view of recent guidelines, and the necessity of functional assays, such as light transmission aggregometry in the era of molecular genetic testing, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Prüller
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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2
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Chan MV, Chen MH, Thibord F, Nkambule BB, Lachapelle AR, Grech J, Schneider ZE, Wallace de Melendez C, Huffman JE, Hayman MA, Allan HE, Armstrong PC, Warner TD, Johnson AD. Factors that modulate platelet reactivity as measured by 5 assay platforms in 3429 individuals. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102406. [PMID: 38813256 PMCID: PMC11135030 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of platelet function is key in diagnosing bleeding disorders and evaluating antiplatelet drug efficacy. However, there is a prevailing "one-size-fits-all" approach in the interpretation of measures of platelet reactivity, with arbitrary cutoffs often derived from healthy volunteer responses. Objectives Our aim was to compare well-used platelet reactivity assays. Methods Blood and platelet-rich plasma obtained from the Framingham Heart Study (N = 3429) were assayed using a range of agonists in 5 platelet assays: light transmission aggregometry, Optimul aggregometry, Multiplate impedance aggregometry (Roche Diagnostics), Total Thrombus-Formation Analysis System, and flow cytometry. Using linear mixed-effect models, we determined the contribution of preanalytical and technical factors that modulated platelet reactivity traits. Results A strong intra-assay correlation of platelet traits was seen in all assays, particularly Multiplate velocity (r = 0.740; ristocetin vs arachidonic acid). In contrast, only moderate interassay correlations were observed (r = 0.375; adenosine diphosphate Optimul Emax vs light transmission aggregometry large area under the curve). As expected, antiplatelet drugs strongly reduced platelet responses, with aspirin use primarily targeting arachidonic acid-induced aggregation, and explained substantial variance (β = -1.735; P = 4.59 × 10-780; variance proportion = 46.2%) and P2Y12 antagonists blocking adenosine diphosphate responses (β = -1.612; P = 6.75 × 10-27; variance proportion = 2.1%). Notably, female sex and older age were associated with enhanced platelet reactivity. Fasting status and deviations from standard venipuncture practices did not alter platelet reactivity significantly. Finally, the agonist batch, phlebotomist, and assay technician (more so for assays that require additional sample manipulation) had a moderate to large effect on measured platelet reactivity. Conclusion Caution must be exercised when extrapolating findings between assays, and the use of standard ranges must be medication-specific and sex-specific at a minimum. Researchers should also consider preanalytical and technical variables when designing experiments and interpreting platelet reactivity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa V. Chan
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florian Thibord
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bongani B. Nkambule
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amber R. Lachapelle
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Grech
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoe E. Schneider
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa A. Hayman
- Centre for Immunobiology, the Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet E. Allan
- Centre for Immunobiology, the Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C. Armstrong
- Centre for Immunobiology, the Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D. Warner
- Centre for Immunobiology, the Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
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Sarıyer RM, Gill K, Needs SH, Hodge D, Reis NM, Jones CI, Edwards AD. Time- and distance-resolved robotic imaging of fluid flow in vertical microfluidic strips: a new technique for quantitative, multiparameter measurement of global haemostasis. SENSORS & DIAGNOSTICS 2023; 2:1623-1637. [PMID: 38013763 PMCID: PMC10633108 DOI: 10.1039/d3sd00162h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the complex processes of blood coagulation, haemostasis and thrombosis that are central to cardiovascular health and disease typically requires a choice between high-resolution low-throughput laboratory assays, or simpler less quantitative tests. We propose combining mass-produced microfluidic devices with open-source robotic instrumentation to enable rapid development of affordable and portable, yet high-throughput and performance haematological testing. A time- and distance-resolved fluid flow analysis by Raspberry Pi imaging integrated with controlled sample addition and illumination, enabled simultaneous tracking of capillary rise in 120 individual capillaries (∼160, 200 or 270 μm internal diameter), in 12 parallel disposable devices. We found time-resolved tracking of capillary rise in each individual microcapillary provides quantitative information about fluid properties and most importantly enables quantitation of dynamic changes in these properties following stimulation. Fluid properties were derived from flow kinetics using a pressure balance model validated with glycerol-water mixtures and blood components. Time-resolved imaging revealed fluid properties that were harder to determine from a single endpoint image or equilibrium analysis alone. Surprisingly, instantaneous superficial fluid velocity during capillary rise was found to be largely independent of capillary diameter at initial time points. We tested if blood function could be measured dynamically by stimulating blood with thrombin to trigger activation of global haemostasis. Thrombin stimulation slowed vertical fluid velocity consistent with a dynamic increase in viscosity. The dynamics were concentration-dependent, with highest doses reducing flow velocity faster (within 10 s) than lower doses (10-30 s). This open-source imaging instrumentation expands the capability of affordable microfluidic devices for haematological testing, towards high-throughput multi-parameter blood analysis needed to understand and improve cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüya Meltem Sarıyer
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6UB UK +44 (0)118 378 4253
| | - Kirandeep Gill
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6UB UK +44 (0)118 378 4253
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biodevices (CBio), University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Sarah H Needs
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6UB UK +44 (0)118 378 4253
| | - Daniel Hodge
- Reading School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading UK
| | - Nuno M Reis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biodevices (CBio), University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Chris I Jones
- Reading School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading UK
| | - Alexander D Edwards
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading Whiteknights Reading RG6 6UB UK +44 (0)118 378 4253
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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Larsen JB, Hvas AM, Hojbjerg JA. Platelet Function Testing: Update and Future Directions. Semin Thromb Hemost 2023; 49:600-608. [PMID: 36384230 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1757898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelets play a key role in maintaining normal hemostasis and are also recognized as partners in the development of arterial thrombosis. Today, platelet function testing is used for very different clinical purposes; first, for investigation of platelet dysfunction in acute bleeding and diagnosis of platelet disorders in patients with long-lasting bleeding tendency, and second, for testing the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy in patients with increased thromboembolic risk. Moreover, it has been discussed whether platelet function testing can be used for prediction of bleeding risk (e.g., prior to major surgery). Ever since light transmission aggregometry was introduced, laboratories around the world have worked on testing platelet function, and during the last decades a wide range of new methods has emerged. Besides the clinical utility of platelet function testing, the present review summarizes the test principles and advantages and disadvantages of the different methods, depending on the purpose for which it is to be used. A critical step in investigation of platelet function is the preanalytical factors that can substantially affect test results. Therefore, this review also provides an overview of preanalytical variables that range from patient-related factors such as smoking, coffee, and exercise prior to blood sampling to selection of anticoagulant, needle gauge, and time from blood sampling to analyses. Finally, this review outlines further perspectives on platelet function testing for clinical practice and for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Brogaard Larsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Johanne Andersen Hojbjerg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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El Abdallaoui OEA, Tornyos D, Lukács R, Szabó D, Komócsi A. Individualized or Uniform De-Escalation Strategies for Antiplatelet Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Trials with Platelet Function Testing and Genetic Testing-Based Protocols. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109071. [PMID: 37240417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive literature review assessed the effectiveness of precision medicine approaches in individualizing P2Y12 de-escalation strategies, such as platelet function testing guidance, genetic testing guidance, and uniform de-escalation, for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Analyzing six trials with a total of 13,729 patients, the cumulative analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in major adverse cardiac events (MACE), net adverse clinical events (NACE), and major and minor bleeding events with P2Y12 de-escalation. Specifically, the analysis found a 24% reduction of MACE and a 22% reduction of adverse event risk (relative risk (RR) 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71-0.82, and RR: 0.78, 95% CI 0.67-0.92, respectively). Reductions in bleeding events were highest with uniform unguided de-escalation, followed by guided de-escalations, while ischemic event rates were similarly lower across all three strategies. Although the review highlights the potential of individualized P2Y12 de-escalation strategies to offer a safer alternative to the long-term potent P2Y12 inhibitor-based dual antiplatelet therapy, it also indicates that laboratory-guided precision medicine approaches may not yet offer the expected benefits, necessitating further research to optimize individualized strategies and evaluate the potential of precision medicine approaches in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dániel Tornyos
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Réka Lukács
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Szabó
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Komócsi
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Heart Institute, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Effects of DPP4 Inhibitor in Platelet Reactivity and Other Cardiac Risk Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195776. [PMID: 36233642 PMCID: PMC9571017 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) presents several challenges in patients with diabetes, among them the higher rate of recurrent thrombotic events, hyperglycemia and risk of subsequent heart failure (HF). The objective of our study was to evaluate effects of DPP-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) on platelet reactivity (main objective) and cardiac risk markers. Methods: We performed a single-center double-blind randomized trial. A total of 70 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with AMI Killip ≤2 on dual-antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus clopidogrel) were randomized to receive sitagliptin 100 mg or saxagliptin 5 mg daily or matching placebo. Platelet reactivity was assessed at baseline, 4 days (primary endpoint) and 30 days (secondary endpoint) after randomization, using VerifyNow Aspirin™ assay, expressed as aspirin reaction units (ARUs); B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in pg/mL was assessed at baseline and 30 days after (secondary endpoint). Results: Mean age was 62.6 ± 8.8 years, 45 (64.3%) male, and 52 (74.3%) of patients presented with ST-segment elevation MI. For primary endpoint, there were no differences in mean platelet reactivity (p = 0.51) between the DPP-4i (8.00 {−65.00; 63.00}) and placebo (−14.00 {−77.00; 52.00}) groups, as well in mean BNP levels (p = 0.14) between DPP-4i (−36.00 {−110.00; 15.00}) and placebo (−13.00 {−50.00; 27.00}). There was no difference between groups in cardiac adverse events. Conclusions: DPP4 inhibitor did not reduce platelet aggregation among patients with type 2 diabetes hospitalized with AMI. Moreover, the use of DPP-4i did not show an increase in BNP levels or in the incidence of cardiac adverse events. These findings suggests that DPP-4i could be an option for management of T2DM patients with acute MI.
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Nakahara H, Sarker T, Dean CL, Skukalek SL, Sniecinski RM, Cawley CM, Guarner J, Duncan A, Maier CL. A Sticky Situation: Variable Agreement Between Platelet Function Tests Used to Assess Anti-platelet Therapy Response. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:899594. [PMID: 35845048 PMCID: PMC9283921 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.899594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platelet function testing to monitor antiplatelet therapy is important for reducing thromboembolic complications, yet variability across testing methods remains challenging. Here we evaluated the agreement of four different testing platforms used to monitor antiplatelet effects of aspirin (ASA) or P2Y12 inhibitors (P2Y12-I). Methods Blood and urine specimens from 20 patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy were analyzed by light transmission aggregometry (LTA), whole blood aggregometry (WBA), VerifyNow PRUTest and AspirinWorks. Result interpretation based on pre-defined cutoff values was used to calculate raw agreement indices, and Pearson's correlation coefficient determined using individual units of measure. Results Agreement between LTA and WBA for P2Y12-I-response was 60% (r = 0.65, high-dose ADP; r = 0.75, low-dose ADP). VerifyNow agreed with LTA in 75% (r = 0.86, high-dose ADP; r = 0.75, low-dose ADP) and WBA in 55% (r = 0.57) of cases. Agreement between LTA and WBA for ASA-response was 45% (r = 0.09, high-dose collagen WBA; r = 0.19, low-dose collagen WBA). AspirinWorks agreed with LTA in 60% (r = 0.32) and WBA in 35% (r = 0.02, high-dose collagen WBA; r = 0.08, low-dose collagen WBA) of cases. Conclusions Overall agreement varied from 35 to 75%. LTA and VerifyNow demonstrated the highest agreement for P2Y12-I-response, followed by moderate agreement between LTA and WBA. LTA and AspirinWorks showed moderate agreement for aspirin response, while WBA showed the weakest agreement with both LTA and AspirinWorks. The results from this study support the continued use of LTA for monitoring dual antiplatelet therapy, with VerifyNow as an appropriate alternative for P2Y12-I-response. Integration of results obtained from these varied testing platforms with patient outcomes remains paramount for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Nakahara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tania Sarker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina L. Dean
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Susana L. Skukalek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Roman M. Sniecinski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - C. Michael Cawley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jeannette Guarner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alexander Duncan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Maier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Cheryl L. Maier
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Zhang Y, Jiang F, Chen Y, Ju LA. Platelet Mechanobiology Inspired Microdevices: From Hematological Function Tests to Disease and Drug Screening. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:779753. [PMID: 35126120 PMCID: PMC8811026 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.779753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet function tests are essential to profile platelet dysfunction and dysregulation in hemostasis and thrombosis. Clinically they provide critical guidance to the patient management and therapeutic evaluation. Recently, the biomechanical effects induced by hemodynamic and contractile forces on platelet functions attracted increasing attention. Unfortunately, the existing platelet function tests on the market do not sufficiently incorporate the topical platelet mechanobiology at play. Besides, they are often expensive and bulky systems that require large sample volumes and long processing time. To this end, numerous novel microfluidic technologies emerge to mimic vascular anatomies, incorporate hemodynamic parameters and recapitulate platelet mechanobiology. These miniaturized and cost-efficient microfluidic devices shed light on high-throughput, rapid and scalable platelet function testing, hematological disorder profiling and antiplatelet drug screening. Moreover, the existing antiplatelet drugs often have suboptimal efficacy while incurring several adverse bleeding side effects on certain individuals. Encouraged by a few microfluidic systems that are successfully commercialized and applied to clinical practices, the microfluidics that incorporate platelet mechanobiology hold great potential as handy, efficient, and inexpensive point-of-care tools for patient monitoring and therapeutic evaluation. Hereby, we first summarize the conventional and commercially available platelet function tests. Then we highlight the recent advances of platelet mechanobiology inspired microfluidic technologies. Last but not least, we discuss their future potential of microfluidics as point-of-care tools for platelet function test and antiplatelet drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Fengtao Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lining Arnold Ju,
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Van Den Helm S, Yaw HP, Letunica N, Barton R, Weaver A, Newall F, Horton SB, Chiletti R, Johansen A, Best D, McKittrick J, Butt W, d'Udekem Y, MacLaren G, Linden MD, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P. Platelet Phenotype and Function Changes With Increasing Duration of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Crit Care Med 2022; 50:1236-1245. [PMID: 35020670 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate platelet pathophysiology associated with pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). DESIGN Prospective observational study of neonatal and pediatric ECMO patients from September 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. SETTING The PICU in a large tertiary referral pediatric ECMO center. PATIENTS Eighty-seven neonates and children (< 18 yr) supported by ECMO. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Arterial blood samples were collected on days 1, 2, and 5 of ECMO and were analyzed by whole blood flow cytometry. Corresponding clinical data for each patient was also recorded. A total of 87 patients were recruited (median age, 65 d; interquartile range [IQR], 7 d to 4 yr). The median duration of ECMO was 5 days (IQR, 3-8 d) with a median length of stay in PICU and hospital of 18 days (IQR, 10-29 d) and 35 days (IQR, 19-75 d), respectively. Forty-two patients (48%) had at least one major bleed according to a priori determined definitions, and 12 patients (14%) had at least one thrombotic event during ECMO. Platelet fibrinogen receptor expression decreased (median fluorescence intensity [MFI], 29,256 vs 26,544; p = 0.0005), while von Willebrand Factor expression increased (MFI: 7,620 vs 8,829; p = 0.0459) from day 2 to day 5 of ECMO. Platelet response to agonist, Thrombin Receptor Activator Peptide 6, also decreased from day 2 to day 5 of ECMO, as measured by binding with anti-P-selectin, PAC-1 (binds activated GPIIb/IIIa), and anti-CD63 monoclonal antibodies (P-selectin area under the curve [AUC]: 63.46 vs 42.82, respectively, p = 0.0022; PAC-1 AUC: 93.75 vs 74.46, p = 0.0191; CD63 AUC: 55.69 vs 41.76, p = 0.0020). CONCLUSIONS The loss of platelet response over time may contribute to bleeding during ECMO. These novel insights may be useful in understanding mechanisms of bleeding in pediatric ECMO and monitoring platelet markers clinically could allow for prediction or early detection of bleeding and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelyn Van Den Helm
- Haematology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Department of Clinical Haematology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Department of Intensive Care, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Paediatric Intensive Care Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children's National Heart Institute, Washington, DC. Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit, National University Health System, Singapore. School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia. Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Alvitigala BY, Gooneratne LV, Constantine GR, Wijesinghe RANK, Arawwawala LDAM. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic assays to monitor clopidogrel therapy. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00686. [PMID: 33200888 PMCID: PMC7670852 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel is the most common and widely used antiplatelet agent for patients with coronary artery disease following confirmation by electrocardiographic studies. The nonresponsiveness of patients to clopidogrel and the possibility of testing for clopidogrel resistance by platelet function assays (PFA) are contentious issues. Light transmission aggregometry (LTA) is considered as the gold standard test among all PFA. In this review, the most commonly used PFA used for monitoring the effect of clopidogrel, LTA, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein assay phosphorylation, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) delta and ROTEM platelet, thromboelastography, PFA-100, VerifyNow P2Y12 assay, Multiplate analyzer, Plateletworks assay and pharmacogenetic studies, are comparatively discussed including their principles of action, advantages, and disadvantages. VerifyNow P2Y12 assay can be accepted as the ideal point of care test out of the discussed assays. However, modified assays are required which could overcome the limitations associated with currently available assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawani Yasassri Alvitigala
- Department of Medical Laboratory ScienceFaculty of Health SciencesThe Open University of Sri LankaNugegodaSri Lanka
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11
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Spurgeon BE, Naseem KM. Phosphoflow cytometry and barcoding in blood platelets: Technical and analytical considerations. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2020; 98:123-130. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E.J. Spurgeon
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Dana‐Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders CenterHarvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Khalid M. Naseem
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of Leeds Leeds UK
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12
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Barale C, Bonomo K, Frascaroli C, Morotti A, Guerrasio A, Cavalot F, Russo I. Platelet function and activation markers in primary hypercholesterolemia treated with anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody: A 12-month follow-up. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:282-291. [PMID: 31653513 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the association between hypercholesterolemia (HC) and thrombotic risk platelet hyper-reactivity plays an important role. The inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) to reduce plasma LDL-cholesterol merges as effective therapeutic strategy to prevent cardiovascular (CV) events. Aim of this study was to verify whether a treatment up to 12 months with the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) anti-PCSK9 influences platelet function in primary HC. METHODS AND RESULTS In patients affected by primary HC (n = 24), all on background of statin and 17 on acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), platelet function parameters were evaluated at baseline up to 12 months of treatment with the mAb anti-PCSK9 alirocumab or evolocumab. From baseline, the treatment with anti-PCSK9 mAbs: i) in ASA HC patients, significantly decreased platelet aggregation detected in platelet-rich plasma by light transmission aggregometry and in whole blood Platelet Function Analyzer-100 assay; ii) in all HC patients, significantly decreased platelet membrane expression of CD62P and plasma levels of the in vivo platelet activation markers soluble CD40 Ligand, Platelet Factor-4, and soluble P-Selectin. Furthermore, CD62P expression, and sP-Selectin, PF-4, sCD40L levels significantly correlated with serum PCSK9. CONCLUSION Besides markedly lowering LDL-c levels, our results suggest that HC patients benefit from anti-PCSK9 mAb treatment also for reducing platelet reactivity and increasing platelet sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of aspirin. These effects on platelets could play a role in the reduction of CV event incidence in patients treated with PCSK9 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Barale
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of Turin University, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Katia Bonomo
- Metabolic Disease and Diabetes Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Frascaroli
- Metabolic Disease and Diabetes Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morotti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of Turin University, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo Guerrasio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of Turin University, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Franco Cavalot
- Metabolic Disease and Diabetes Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Isabella Russo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of Turin University, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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13
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Caiazzo E, Bilancia R, Rossi A, Ialenti A, Cicala C. Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase-1/CD39 Affects the Response to ADP of Female Rat Platelets. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1689. [PMID: 32082171 PMCID: PMC7005199 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that an imbalance of extracellular purine levels may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Platelets play a pivotal role in vascular homeostasis and thrombosis and are important source of purine nucleotides and nucleosides. Hydrolysis of nucleotides ATP and ADP is regulated by two ectonucleotidases, triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase-1/CD39) and ecto-5’-nucleotidase (ecto-5’-NT/CD73). CD39 enzyme is expressed on the endothelium, circulating blood cells, and smooth muscle cells; there is evidence that changes in CD39 expression and activity affects the potential thrombogenic of a tissue. Gender difference in the cardiovascular risk has been extensively observed; however, while the age-dependent difference in the prevalence of cardiovascular events between men and women has been attributed to the loss of the protective effect of estrogens in the postmenopausal period, the physiological mechanism behind gender disparity is still unclear. Here, we evaluated comparatively male and female rat platelet reactivity and considered the possible role of CD39 at the basis of difference observed. We found a reduced in vitro response to ADP (1–30 µM) of female compared to male platelets, associated to increased platelet CD39 expression and activity. Platelet response to ADP was strongly increased by incubation (10 min) with the CD39 inhibitor, ARL67156 (100 µM), while male platelet response was unaffected. Rat treatment with clopidogrel (30 mg/kg, per os) inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation. Bleeding time was prolonged in female compared to male. Taken together, our results suggest that platelet ATPase and ADPase activity might be a reliable predictor of platelet reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Bilancia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Ialenti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Cicala
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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14
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Jahr JS, Searle S, McCallum S, Mack R, Minger K, Freyer A, Du W, Hobson S. Platelet Function: Meloxicam Intravenous in Whole Blood Samples From Healthy Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 9:841-848. [PMID: 31961516 PMCID: PMC7587000 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective treatments for pain but may induce bleeding events due to platelet dysfunction associated with inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 impairing thromboxane production. An intravenous nanocrystal formulation of meloxicam, a COX‐2 preferential nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, is under development for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. This single‐center ex vivo study evaluated the effect of meloxicam intravenous and ketorolac on platelet function in whole blood samples from healthy volunteers. Each whole blood sample was aliquoted to allow analysis using a platelet function analyzer under negative control (untreated), positive control (2 therapeutic ketorolac concentrations), and meloxicam intravenous (1 therapeutic, 3 supratherapeutic concentrations) using both collagen with epinephrine and collagen with adenosine diphosphate reagent cartridges. The platelet function analyzer determines closure time by simulating platelet adhesion and aggregation following vascular injury. The final analysis set included data from 8 subjects. The collagen with adenosine diphosphate analysis (sensitive to thrombocytopathies) showed no significant differences in closure time for meloxicam‐ or ketorolac‐treated samples and untreated control. The collagen with epinephrine analysis (sensitive to aspirin‐induced platelet abnormalities) produced no significant difference in closure time between any meloxicam concentration and untreated control. Ketorolac was associated with significantly longer closure times vs untreated control at both the 2.5‐ and 5‐µg/mL concentrations (P = .003 and .0257, respectively) and vs meloxicam at several concentrations. Similar results were observed when all analyzed samples were included. Meloxicam intravenous had no significant effect on closure times at therapeutic or supratherapeutic concentrations in this ex vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Jahr
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center/UCLA Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Stewart McCallum
- Baudax Bio (formerly Recro Pharma, Inc.), Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Randall Mack
- Baudax Bio (formerly Recro Pharma, Inc.), Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kim Minger
- Baudax Bio (formerly Recro Pharma, Inc.), Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex Freyer
- Baudax Bio (formerly Recro Pharma, Inc.), Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Clinical Statistics Consulting, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sue Hobson
- Baudax Bio (formerly Recro Pharma, Inc.), Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Methods for measurement of platelet function in the assessment of nonclinical drug safety and implications for translatability. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Sun P, McMillan‐Ward E, Mian R, Israels SJ. Comparison of light transmission aggregometry and multiple electrode aggregometry for the evaluation of patients with mucocutaneous bleeding. Int J Lab Hematol 2018; 41:133-140. [DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Department of Pathology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Eileen McMillan‐Ward
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology CancerCare Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Rajibul Mian
- Population Health Research Institute McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada
| | - Sara J. Israels
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology CancerCare Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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17
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Cowman J, Richter L, Walsh R, Keegan N, Tinago W, Ricco AJ, Hennessy BT, Kenny D, Dunne E. Dynamic platelet function is markedly different in patients with cancer compared to healthy donors. Platelets 2018; 30:737-742. [PMID: 30252557 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1513475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite a fivefold increased risk of thromboembolism in patients with cancer, the mechanism of arterial thromboembolism is poorly understood. To address this, we investigated platelet function in cancer patients and healthy controls using an assay that mimics the arterial vasculature. Blood samples from cancer patients (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 22) were perfused through custom-made parallel-plate flow chambers coated with von Willebrand factor (VWF) under arterial shear (1,500 s-1). Multiparameter measurements of platelet interactions with the immobilized VWF surface were recorded by digital-image microscopy and analyzed using custom-designed platelet-tracking software. Six measured parameters that characterize in detail the surface motion and surface binding of several hundred platelets per blood sample differed significantly in those with cancer from the healthy donors. In particular, it was found that patients with cancer had decreased numbers of platelets interacting, translocating and adhering to VWF. There were also reductions in the speed and distances that platelets traveled on VWF in comparison to healthy controls. Platelet function differed between those with early-stage cancer compared to those with later stage cancer. Patients with advanced cancer had an increased number of platelets stably adhering to VWF and greater platelet surface coverage after a given time of interaction. To the best of our knowledge, our results demonstrate for the first time that dynamic platelet function is markedly different in patients with cancer compared to healthy donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cowman
- a Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics , The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Louis Richter
- a Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics , The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Roisin Walsh
- a Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics , The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Niamh Keegan
- b Department of Medical Oncology , Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Willard Tinago
- c HIV Molecular Research Group , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Antonio J Ricco
- d The Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Bryan T Hennessy
- b Department of Medical Oncology , Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Dermot Kenny
- a Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics , The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Eimear Dunne
- a Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics , The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin , Ireland
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18
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Rand ML, Reddy EC, Israels SJ. Laboratory diagnosis of inherited platelet function disorders. Transfus Apher Sci 2018; 57:485-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Harrison P, Bethel MA, Kennedy I, Dinsdale R, Coleman R, Holman RR. Comparison of nine platelet function tests used to determine responses to different aspirin dosages in people with type 2 diabetes. Platelets 2018; 30:521-529. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1478402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Irene Kennedy
- Diabetes Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Dinsdale
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruth Coleman
- Diabetes Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Rury R. Holman
- Diabetes Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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20
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Shearer JA, Coker SJ, Carswell HVO. Detrimental effects of 2-arachidonoylglycerol on whole blood platelet aggregation and on cerebral blood flow after a focal ischemic insult in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H967-H977. [PMID: 29351454 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00299.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a major modulator of blood flow and platelet aggregation and a potential neuroprotectant. The present study investigated, for the first time, the effects of 2-AG on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the first critical hours during middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and on platelet aggregation in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 30) underwent permanent MCAO under isoflurane anesthesia and were randomly assigned to receive either 2-AG (6 mg/kg iv), monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL-184 (10 mg/kg iv), or vehicle ( n = 6 rats/group) treatment. CBF and cardiovascular responses were measured, by a blinded investigator, for up to 4 h. In separate experiments, platelet aggregation by 2-AG (19-300 µM) was assessed by whole blood aggregometry ( n = 40). 2-AG and JZL-184 significantly increased the severity of the CBF deficit versus vehicle (20.2 ± 8.8% and 22.7 ± 6.4% vs. 56.4 ± 12.1% of pre-MCAO baseline, respectively, P < 0.05) but had no effect on blood pressure or heart rate. While JZL-184 significantly increased the number of thrombi after MCAO, this did not reach significance by 2-AG. 2-AG induced platelet aggregation in rat whole blood in a similar manner to arachidonic acid and was significantly reduced by the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and flurbiprofen and the thromboxane receptor antagonist ICI 192,605 ( P < 0.05). This is the first study showing that 2-AG increases the severity of the CBF deficit during MCAO, and further interrogation confirmed 2-AG-induced platelet aggregation in rats. These findings are important because 2-AG had previously been shown to exert neuroprotective actions and therefore force us to reevaluate the circumstances under which 2-AG is beneficial. NEW & NOTEWORTHY 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) has neuroprotective properties; however, the present study revealed that 2-AG increases the severity of the cerebral blood flow deficit during middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Further interrogation showed that 2-AG induces platelet aggregation in rats. These findings force us to reevaluate the circumstances under which 2-AG is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Shearer
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Susan J Coker
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingom
| | - Hilary V O Carswell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingom
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21
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Interventional Spine and Pain Procedures in Patients on Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Medications (Second Edition). Reg Anesth Pain Med 2017; 43:225-262. [DOI: 10.1097/aap.0000000000000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Fritsche-Polanz S, Quehenberger P, Schörgenhofer C, Bartko J, Ristl R, Jilma B. Evaluation of between-, within- and day-to-day variation of coagulation measured by rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM). Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2017; 77:651-657. [DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1394487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Jilma-Stohlawetz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Peter Quehenberger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johann Bartko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robin Ristl
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Yeom E. Different adhesion behaviors of platelets depending on shear stress around stenotic channels. J Vis (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12650-017-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Thrombosis in diabetes: a shear flow effect? Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1245-1260. [PMID: 28592700 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular events are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). This condition is associated with heightened platelet reactivity, contributing to increased atherothrombotic risk. Indeed, individuals with diabetes respond inadequately to standard antiplatelet therapy. Furthermore, they often experience recurrent events as well as side effects that include excess bleeding. This highlights the need for identification of novel regulators of diabetes-associated thrombosis to target for therapeutic intervention. It is well established that platelet aggregation, a process essential for thrombus formation, is tightly regulated by shear stress; however, the mechanisms underlying shear activation of platelets, particularly in the setting of diabetes, are still poorly understood. This review will address the limitations of current diagnostic systems to assess the importance of shear stress in the regulation of thrombus formation in T2D, and the inability to recapitulate the pro-thrombotic phenotype seen clinically in the setting of T2D. Moreover, we will discuss recent findings utilizing new technologies to define the importance of shear stress in thrombus formation and their potential application to the setting of diabetes. Finally, we will discuss the potential of targeting shear-dependent mechanisms of thrombus formation as a novel therapeutic approach in the setting of T2D.
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Abstract
Analysis of platelet function is widely used for diagnostic work-up in patients with increased bleeding tendency. During the last decades, platelet function testing has also been introduced for evaluation of antiplatelet therapy, but this is still recommended for research purposes only. Platelet function can also be assessed for hyper-aggregability, but this is less often evaluated. Light transmission aggregometry (LTA) was introduced in the early 1960s and has since been considered the gold standard. This optical detection system is based on changes in turbidity measured as a change in light transmission, which is proportional to the extent of platelet aggregation induced by addition of an agonist. LTA is a flexible method, as different agonists can be used in varying concentrations, but performance of the test requires large blood volumes and experienced laboratory technicians as well as specialized personal to interpret results. In the present chapter, a protocol for LTA is described including all steps from pre-analytical preparation to interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mette Hvas
- Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Haematology Department, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
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26
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Ponschab M, van Griensven M, Heitmeier S, Laux V, Schlimp CJ, Calatzis A, Bahrami S, Redl H, Schöchl H. Platelet function in baboons and humans - A comparative study of whole blood using impedance platelet aggregometry (Multiplate®). Thromb Res 2016; 147:115-121. [PMID: 27736703 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets play a pivotal role in coagulation, inflammation and wound healing. Suitable animal models that have the potential to mimic human platelet function are limited. The objective of the current study was to compare platelet aggregation response in the whole blood of baboons and humans using impedance aggregometry. METHODS Blood was drawn from 24 anesthetised male baboons and 25 healthy volunteers. The platelet aggregation response was determined by impedance aggregometry (Multiplate®). Platelets in the hirudinised whole blood samples were stimulated with four different activators: adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen (COL), thrombin receptor activating peptide-6 (TR1AP), and activation of PAR-4 thrombin receptor subtype (TR4AP) at standard concentrations. Higher than standard concentrations were tested in a subgroup of the animals. RESULTS The cell counts showed no differences between baboons and humans. The platelet aggregation response was significantly lower in baboons compared to humans when stimulated with the platelet agonists ADP (p<0.0001), COL (p=0.021) and TR4AP (p<0.0001). TR1AP did not stimulate platelet aggregation in the baboon blood. Doubling the concentration of ADP and of TR4AP significantly increased the AUC compared to the standard concentration. In contrast, increased COL levels did not further increase the AUC. CONCLUSION The current study revealed that testing the platelet function in baboon blood by impedance aggregometry is feasible with ADP, COL and TR4AP, but not with TR1AP. Compared to humans, the aggregation response is lower in baboons. Considering the limitations in accordance to these results, baboons might represent a potential species for further platelet research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ponschab
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, AUVA Trauma Hospital Linz, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Volker Laux
- Bayer Pharma AG, Acute Care Research, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Christoph J Schlimp
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Soheyl Bahrami
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Herbert Schöchl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, AUVA Trauma Centre, Salzburg, Austria.
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27
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Lordkipanidzé M, So D, Tanguay JF. Platelet function testing as a biomarker for efficacy of antiplatelet drugs. Biomark Med 2016; 10:903-18. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming evidence in support of the efficacy of dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel, it is also obvious that not all patients benefit from these drugs to the same extent. This interindividual variability in platelet responses may underlie clinical differences in drug efficacy, with potential for optimization of antiplatelet therapy to prevent ischemic events without excessively increasing bleeding risk. This review presents the current evidence regarding platelet function testing for monitoring of antiplatelet therapy, with emphasis on the prognostic value of platelet function testing to predict ischemic and bleeding events. The potential of platelet function testing to provide personalized antiplatelet therapy is also discussed, with an outlook toward the future of platelet function testing in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lordkipanidzé
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 rue Bélanger, Montréal, QC, H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Derek So
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Tanguay
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 rue Bélanger, Montréal, QC, H1T 1C8, Canada
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28
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Microfluidics for simultaneous quantification of platelet adhesion and blood viscosity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24994. [PMID: 27118101 PMCID: PMC4846989 DOI: 10.1038/srep24994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet functions, including adhesion, activation, and aggregation have an influence on thrombosis and the progression of atherosclerosis. In the present study, a new microfluidic-based method is proposed to estimate platelet adhesion and blood viscosity simultaneously. Blood sample flows into an H-shaped microfluidic device with a peristaltic pump. Since platelet aggregation may be initiated by the compression of rotors inside the peristaltic pump, platelet aggregates may adhere to the H-shaped channel. Through correlation mapping, which visualizes decorrelation of the streaming blood flow, the area of adhered platelets (APlatelet) can be estimated without labeling platelets. The platelet function is estimated by determining the representative index IA·T based on APlatelet and contact time. Blood viscosity is measured by monitoring the flow conditions in the one side channel of the H-shaped device. Based on the relation between interfacial width (W) and pressure ratio of sample flows to the reference, blood sample viscosity (μ) can be estimated by measuring W. Biophysical parameters (IA·T, μ) are compared for normal and diabetic rats using an ex vivo extracorporeal model. This microfluidic-based method can be used for evaluating variations in the platelet adhesion and blood viscosity of animal models with cardiovascular diseases under ex vivo conditions.
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29
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Israels SJ. Laboratory testing for platelet function disorders. Int J Lab Hematol 2016; 37 Suppl 1:18-24. [PMID: 25976956 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Platelet function testing is both complex and labor intensive. A stepwise approach to the evaluation of patients with suspected platelet disorders will optimize the use of laboratory resources, beginning with an appropriate clinical evaluation to determine whether the bleeding is consistent with a defect of primary hemostasis. Bleeding assessment tools, evaluation of platelet counts, and review of peripheral blood cell morphology can aid the initial assessment. For patients requiring further laboratory testing, platelet aggregometry, secretion assays, and von Willebrand factor assays are the most useful next steps and will direct further specialized testing including flow cytometry, electron microscopy, and molecular diagnostics. Guidelines and recommendations for standardizing platelet function testing, with a particular focus on light transmission aggregometry, are available and can provide a template for clinical laboratories in establishing procedures that will optimize diagnosis and assure quality results. This review outlines an approach to platelet function testing and reviews testing methods available to clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Israels
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Ratzinger F, Schörgenhofer C, Jilma B, Quehenberger P. Effect of preanalytical time-delay on platelet function as measured by multiplate, PFA-100 and VerifyNow. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2016; 76:249-55. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2016.1143115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Lippi G, Pasalic L, Favaloro EJ. Detection of mild inherited disorders of blood coagulation: current options and personal recommendations. Expert Rev Hematol 2015; 8:527-42. [DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2015.1039978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Interventional Spine and Pain Procedures in Patients on Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Medications. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2015; 40:182-212. [DOI: 10.1097/aap.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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33
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Favaloro EJ, Bodó I, Israels SJ, Brown SA. von Willebrand disease and platelet disorders. Haemophilia 2014; 20 Suppl 4:59-64. [PMID: 24762277 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis and management of bleeding disorders is made difficult by the complexity and variety of disorders, clinical symptoms and bleeding type and severity. von Willebrand disease (VWD) and platelet disorders are disorders of primary haemostasis and together represent the most common inherited bleeding disorders. In this article, we describe the diagnosis of VWD and platelet disorders and the treatment options for VWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Favaloro
- Diagnostic Haemostasis, Haematology Department, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Sánchez-Guiu I, Torregrosa JM, Velasco F, Antón AI, Lozano ML, Vicente V, Rivera J. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Overview of clinical and molecular features and case report of a new HPS-1 variant. Hamostaseologie 2014; 34:301-9. [PMID: 25117010 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-06-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder affecting lysosome-related organelles (LRO), including dense platelet granules. HPS causes oculocutaneous hypopigmentation, bleeding diathesis and granulomatous colitis or pulmonary fibrosis. To date, there is no curative treatment and the clinical management depends on the severity of symptoms. A prompt diagnosis of HPS patients could improve their quality of life and clinical management. However, the absence of a specific platelet function test, the wide molecular heterogeneity, and the lack of phenotype-genotype correlations hamper the rapid diagnosis. Nine subtypes of HPS have been identified as a result of mutations in nine genes that codify for proteins involved in formation and shuttle of the LRO. The molecular characterization of patients and knowledge derived from animal models of HPS contribute to the understanding of biogenesis and function of the LRO. This paper describes a patient with a novel homozygous nonsense mutation causing HPS and provides a review of the literature focusing on recent advances in the molecular characterization and physiopathology of HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - J Rivera
- José Rivera, PhD., Centro Regional de Hemodonación, C/ Ronda de Garay s/n, Murcia, 30003, Spain, Tel. +34/968/34 19 90; Fax +34/968/261 91, E-mail:
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Abstract
While platelet activation is essential to maintain blood vessel patency and minimize loss of blood upon injury, untimely or excessive activity can lead to unwanted platelet activation and aggregation. Resultant thrombosis has the potential to block blood vessels, causing myocardial infarction or stroke. To tackle this major cause of mortality, clinical therapies that target platelet responsiveness (antiplatelet therapy) can successfully reduce cardiovascular events, especially in people at higher risk; however, all current antiplatelet therapies carry an increased probability of bleeding. This review will evaluate new and emerging targets for antithrombotics, focusing particularly on platelet glycoprotein VI, as blockade or depletion of this platelet-specific receptor conveys benefits in experimental models of thrombosis and thromboinflammation without causing major bleeding complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Andrews
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane F Arthur
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Gardiner
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Choi JL, Li S, Han JY. Platelet function tests: a review of progresses in clinical application. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:456569. [PMID: 24895576 PMCID: PMC4034486 DOI: 10.1155/2014/456569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The major goal of traditional platelet function tests has been to screen and diagnose patients who present with bleeding problems. However, as the central role of platelets implicated in the etiology of arterial thrombotic diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke became widely known, platelet function tests are now being promoted to monitor the efficacy of antiplatelet drugs and also to potentially identify patients at increased risk of thrombosis. Beyond hemostasis and thrombosis, an increasing number of studies indicate that platelets play an integral role in intercellular communication, are mediators of inflammation, and have immunomodulatory activity. As new potential biomarkers and technologies arrive at the horizon, platelet functions testing appears to take on a new aspect. This review article discusses currently available clinical application of platelet function tests, placing emphasis on essential characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Lim Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 1,3-Ga, Dongdaesin-dong, Seo-gu, Busan 602-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 1,3-Ga, Dongdaesin-dong, Seo-gu, Busan 602-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yeong Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 1,3-Ga, Dongdaesin-dong, Seo-gu, Busan 602-715, Republic of Korea
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37
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McTaggart RA, Choudhri OA, Marcellus ML, Brennan T, Steinberg GK, Dodd RL, Do HM, Marks MP. Use of thromboelastography to tailor dual-antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the Pipeline embolization device. J Neurointerv Surg 2014; 7:425-30. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-011089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Characterization of multiple platelet activation pathways in patients with bleeding as a high-throughput screening option: use of 96-well Optimul assay. Blood 2014; 123:e11-22. [PMID: 24408324 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-520387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 1% of the population have mild bleeding disorders, but these remain poorly characterized, particularly with regard to the roles of platelets. We have compared the usefulness of Optimul, a 96-well plate-based assay of 7 distinct pathways of platelet activation to characterize inherited platelet defects in comparison with light transmission aggregometry (LTA). Using Optimul and LTA, concentration-response curves were generated for arachidonic acid, ADP, collagen, epinephrine, Thrombin receptor activating-peptide, U46619, and ristocetin in samples from (1) healthy volunteers (n = 50), (2) healthy volunteers treated with antiplatelet agents in vitro (n = 10), and (3) patients with bleeding of unknown origin (n = 65). The assays gave concordant results in 82% of cases (κ = 0.62, P < .0001). Normal platelet function results were particularly predictive (sensitivity, 94%; negative predictive value, 91%), whereas a positive result was not always substantiated by LTA (specificity, 67%; positive predictive value, 77%). The Optimul assay was significantly more sensitive at characterizing defects in the thromboxane pathway, which presented with normal responses with LTA. The Optimul assay is sensitive to mild platelet defects, could be used as a rapid screening assay in patients presenting with bleeding symptoms, and detects changes in platelet function more readily than LTA. This trial was registered at www.isrctn.org as #ISRCTN 77951167.
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Benzon H, Avram M, Green D, Bonow R. New oral anticoagulants and regional anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2013; 111 Suppl 1:i96-113. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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40
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Jennings LK, Kotha J. The Utility of Platelet and Coagulation Testing of Antithrombotics: Fusing Science with Patient Care. Drug Dev Res 2013; 74:587-593. [PMID: 24489427 PMCID: PMC3902984 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
[Table: see text] There is an increasing need for the standardization of platelet function and coagulation testing for the assessment of antithrombotic therapies. Investigators continue to strive to identify ideal laboratory testing and monitoring procedures for acquired and inherited platelet function defects as well as for evaluating patient status when treated with existing or emerging antithrombotics. These therapies are used primarily in the treatment of ischemic complications. In patients receiving antithrombotic therapy, the balance between hemostasis and thrombosis is a challenge as there is an ongoing risk for bleeding when patients are receiving antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants to lessen their risk for secondary thrombotic events. There are several diverse tests for monitoring anticoagulant therapy; however, as new agents are developed, more specific tests will be required to directly assess these agents in relationship to overall coagulation status. Research in the platelet biology field is ongoing to provide point-of-care methodologies for the assessment of platelet reactivity in terms of both bleeding and thrombosis risk. Currently there are no instruments that reliably assess the risk of bleeding. The challenges that routinely faced are the complexity of physiology, the need for standardization of platelet testing methodology, and the necessity for appropriate interpretation of the test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Jennings
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center and CirQuest Labs Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jayaprakash Kotha
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center and CirQuest Labs Memphis, TN, USA
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41
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Beyan C, Beyan E. Letter to the editor: Mean platelet volume and diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251:2839-40. [PMID: 24150705 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Beyan
- Department of Hematology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik, 06018, Ankara, Turkey,
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42
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Mean platelet volume and amyloidosis in patients with familial Mediterranean fever. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 32:1245-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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