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Pollock NR, Harrison GF, Norman PJ. Immunogenomics of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor (KIR) and HLA Class I: Coevolution and Consequences for Human Health. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:1763-1775. [PMID: 35561968 PMCID: PMC10038757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of killer cell immunoglobin-like receptors (KIR) with human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class I regulate effector functions of key cytotoxic cells of innate and adaptive immunity. The extreme diversity of this interaction is genetically determined, having evolved in the ever-changing environment of pathogen exposure. Diversity of KIR and HLA genes is further facilitated by their independent segregation on separate chromosomes. That fetal implantation relies on many of the same types of immune cells as infection control places certain constraints on the evolution of KIR interactions with HLA. Consequently, specific inherited combinations of receptors and ligands may predispose to specific immune-mediated diseases, including autoimmunity. Combinatorial diversity of KIR and HLA class I can also differentiate success rates of immunotherapy directed to these diseases. Progress toward both etiopathology and predicting response to therapy is being achieved through detailed characterization of the extent and consequences of the combinatorial diversity of KIR and HLA. Achieving these goals is more tractable with the development of integrated analyses of molecular evolution, function, and pathology that will establish guidelines for understanding and managing risks. Here, we present what is known about the coevolution of KIR with HLA class I and the impact of their complexity on immune function and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Pollock
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo
| | - Genelle F Harrison
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo
| | - Paul J Norman
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo.
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Alexandrova M, Manchorova D, Dimova T. Immunity at maternal-fetal interface: KIR/HLA (Allo)recognition. Immunol Rev 2022; 308:55-76. [PMID: 35610960 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Both KIR and HLA are the most variable gene families in the human genome. The recognition of the semi-allogeneic embryo-derived trophoblasts by maternal decidual NK (dNK) cells is essential for the establishment of the functional placenta. This recognition is based on the KIR-HLA interactions and trophoblast expresses a specific HLA profile that constitutes classical polymorphic HLA-C and non-classical oligomorphic HLA-E, HLA-F, and HLA-G molecules. This review highlights some features of the KIR/HLA-C (allo)recognition by decidual NK (dNK) cells as a main immune cell population specifically enriched at maternal-fetal interface during human early pregnancy. How KIR/HLA-C axis operates in pregnancy disorders and in the context of transplacental infections is discussed as well. We summarized old and new data on dNK-cell functional plasticity, their selective expression of KIR and fetal maternal/paternal HLA-C haplotypes present. Results showed that KIR-HLA-C combinations and the corresponding axis operate differently in each pregnancy, determined by the variability of both maternal KIR haplotypes and fetus' maternal/paternal HLA-C allotype combinations. Moreover, the maturation of NK cells strongly depends on if or not HLA allotypes for certain KIR are present. We suggest that the unique KIR/HLA combinations reached in each pregnancy (normal and pathological) should be studied according to well-defined guidelines and unified methodologies to have comparable results ease to interpret and use in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alexandrova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Manchorova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Dimova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Häfliger IM, Spengeler M, Seefried FR, Drögemüller C. Four novel candidate causal variants for deficient homozygous haplotypes in Holstein cattle. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5435. [PMID: 35361830 PMCID: PMC8971413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mendelian variants can determine both insemination success and neonatal survival and thus influence fertility and rearing success of cattle. We present 24 deficient homozygous haplotype regions in the Holstein population of Switzerland and provide an overview of the previously identified haplotypes in the global Holstein breed. This study encompasses massive genotyping, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and phenotype association analyses. We performed haplotype screenings on almost 53 thousand genotyped animals including 114 k SNP data with two different approaches. We revealed significant haplotype associations to several survival, birth and fertility traits. Within haplotype regions, we mined WGS data of hundreds of bovine genomes for candidate causal variants, which were subsequently evaluated by using a custom genotyping array in several thousand breeding animals. With this approach, we confirmed the known deleterious SMC2:p.Phe1135Ser missense variant associated with Holstein haplotype (HH) 3. For two previously reported deficient homozygous haplotypes that show negative associations to female fertility traits, we propose candidate causative loss-of-function variants: the HH13-related KIR2DS1:p.Gln159* nonsense variant and the HH21-related NOTCH3:p.Cys44del deletion. In addition, we propose the RIOX1:p.Ala133_Glu142del deletion as well as the PCDH15:p.Leu867Val missense variant to explain the unexpected low number of homozygous haplotype carriers for HH25 and HH35, respectively. In conclusion, we demonstrate that with mining massive SNP data in combination with WGS data, we can map several haplotype regions and unravel novel recessive protein-changing variants segregating at frequencies of 1 to 5%. Our findings both confirm previously identified loci and expand the spectrum of undesired alleles impairing reproduction success in Holstein cattle, the world's most important dairy breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Häfliger
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | | | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
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Harris HR, Korkes KMN, Li T, Kvaskoff M, Cho E, Carvalho LF, Qureshi AA, Abrao M, Missmer SA. Endometriosis, Psoriasis, and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:1050-1060. [PMID: 35029650 PMCID: PMC9393059 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic inflammatory disorders whose etiologies remain poorly understood but may be correlated, as endometriosis has been associated with other inflammatory disorders. We investigated the bidirectional associations between laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis and physician-diagnosed psoriasis and PsA in the Nurses' Health Study II cohort (n = 116,429, United States, 1991-2013). We confirmed 4,112 incident cases of laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis (mean age at diagnosis = 40.3 years) and 697 validated physician-diagnosed cases of psoriasis (mean age at diagnosis = 43.6 years), 110 of which presented with concomitant PsA. A history of psoriasis with concomitant PsA was associated with a 2-fold higher risk of endometriosis (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.23, 3.30); however, no association was observed between psoriasis without PsA and endometriosis risk (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.26). When endometriosis was the exposure, it was not associated with a risk of subsequent psoriasis (HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.72). The risk of psoriasis with PsA was notably higher; however, the sample size was small and the confidence intervals wide (HR = 1.77, 95% CI: 0.89, 3.52). Our findings suggest that psoriasis with concomitant PsA is associated with greater risk of laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis. In addition, there was a suggestive association between endometriosis diagnosis and subsequent risk of psoriasis with PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Harris
- Correspondence to Dr. Holly Harris, Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N., M4-B859, Seattle, WA 98109-1024 (e-mail: )
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Vollmers S, Lobermeyer A, Körner C. The New Kid on the Block: HLA-C, a Key Regulator of Natural Killer Cells in Viral Immunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113108. [PMID: 34831331 PMCID: PMC8620871 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is a cluster of highly polymorphic genes essential for the proper function of the immune system, and it has been associated with a wide range of diseases. HLA class I molecules present intracellular host- and pathogen-derived peptides to effector cells of the immune system, inducing immune tolerance in healthy conditions or triggering effective immune responses in pathological situations. HLA-C is the most recently evolved HLA class I molecule, only present in humans and great apes. Differentiating from its older siblings, HLA-A and HLA-B, HLA-C exhibits distinctive features in its expression and interaction partners. HLA-C serves as a natural ligand for multiple members of the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family, which are predominately expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are crucial for the early control of viral infections and accumulating evidence indicates that interactions between HLA-C and its respective KIR receptors determine the outcome and progression of viral infections. In this review, we focus on the unique role of HLA-C in regulating NK cell functions and its consequences in the setting of viral infections.
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Behairy OG, El-Shimi OS, Shalan NH, Baghdady SM. Association of the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor genes KIR2DS1 and KIR2DS4 with pediatric autoimmune hepatitis type I in Egypt. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43066-021-00145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are considered to be the key receptors that control the development and function of human natural killer cells which play complex mechanisms in autoimmune diseases. We aimed in this study to assess possible associations between killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR2DS1 and 2DS4) genes and susceptibility to autoimmune hepatitis type I in Egyptian children.
Results
In the case-control study conducted on eighty children diagnosed as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) type I and eighty apparently healthy age and sex-matched control, we found that KIR2DS1, -2DS4, KIR2DS4-full length allele, and homozygous KIR2DS4-full/full variant were significantly associated with AIH-I, while the KIR1D allele and homozygous KIR2DS4-del/del variant were significantly observed in controls (P < 0.05 each). Absence of KIR2DS4 gene was significant among ANA positive AIH-I patients, patients on steroid therapy alone, and patients showing complete disease remission (P < 0.05 each). Higher activity and fibrosis indices were found significantly in patients lacking one or both studied genes.
Conclusions
Children carrying KIR2DS1, -2DS4 genes, KIR2DS4-full length allele, and homozygous KIR2DS4-full/full variant could be more susceptible to develop autoimmune hepatitis type I.
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Ahn R, Vukcevic D, Motyer A, Nititham J, Squire DM, Hollenbach JA, Norman PJ, Ellinghaus E, Nair RP, Tsoi LC, Oksenberg J, Foerster J, Lieb W, Weidinger S, Franke A, Elder JT, Jorgenson E, Leslie S, Liao W. Large-Scale Imputation of KIR Copy Number and HLA Alleles in North American and European Psoriasis Case-Control Cohorts Reveals Association of Inhibitory KIR2DL2 With Psoriasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:684326. [PMID: 34177931 PMCID: PMC8231283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) regulate immune responses in NK and CD8+ T cells via interaction with HLA ligands. KIR genes, including KIR2DS1, KIR3DL1, and KIR3DS1 have previously been implicated in psoriasis susceptibility. However, these previous studies were constrained to small sample sizes, in part due to the time and expense required for direct genotyping of KIR genes. Here, we implemented KIR*IMP to impute KIR copy number from single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 19 in the discovery cohort (n=11,912) from the PAGE consortium, University of California San Francisco, and the University of Dundee, and in a replication cohort (n=66,357) from Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Stratified multivariate logistic regression that accounted for patient ancestry and high-risk HLA alleles revealed that KIR2DL2 copy number was significantly associated with psoriasis in the discovery cohort (p ≤ 0.05). The KIR2DL2 copy number association was replicated in the Kaiser Permanente replication cohort. This is the first reported association of KIR2DL2 copy number with psoriasis and highlights the importance of KIR genetics in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Damjan Vukcevic
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Allan Motyer
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne Nititham
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David McG. Squire
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jill A. Hollenbach
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Eva Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rajan P. Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jorge Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John Foerster
- College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - James T. Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Dermatology, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Stephen Leslie
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Kucuksezer UC, Aktas Cetin E, Esen F, Tahrali I, Akdeniz N, Gelmez MY, Deniz G. The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:622306. [PMID: 33717125 PMCID: PMC7947192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.622306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, the large granular lymphocytes differentiated from the common lymphoid progenitors, were discovered in early 1970's. They are members of innate immunity and were initially defined by their strong cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells and by their important effector functions in anti-tumoral immune responses. Nowadays, NK cells are classified among the recently discovered innate lymphoid cell subsets and have capacity to influence both innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, they can be considered as innate immune cells that stands between the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. NK cells don't express T or B cell receptors and are recognized by absence of CD3. There are two major subgroups of NK cells according to their differential expression of CD16 and CD56. While CD16+CD56dim subset is best-known by their cytotoxic functions, CD16-CD56bright NK cell subset produces a bunch of cytokines comparable to CD4+ T helper cell subsets. Another subset of NK cells with production of interleukin (IL)-10 was named as NK regulatory cells, which has suppressive properties and could take part in immune-regulatory responses. Activation of NK cells is determined by a delicate balance of cell-surface receptors that have either activating or inhibitory properties. On the other hand, a variety of cytokines including IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 influence NK cell activity. NK-derived cytokines and their cytotoxic functions through induction of apoptosis take part in regulation of the immune responses and could contribute to the pathogenesis of many immune mediated diseases including ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus and type-1 diabetes. Dysregulation of NK cells in autoimmune disorders may occur through multiple mechanisms. Thanks to the rapid developments in biotechnology, progressive research in immunology enables better characterization of cells and their delicate roles in the complex network of immunity. As NK cells stand in between innate and adaptive arms of immunity and "bridge" them, their contribution in inflammation and immune regulation deserves intense investigations. Better understanding of NK-cell biology and their contribution in both exacerbation and regulation of inflammatory disorders is a requisite for possible utilization of these multi-faceted cells in novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Can Kucuksezer
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas Cetin
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fehim Esen
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tahrali
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Akdeniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Yusuf Gelmez
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Macías-Barragán J, Montoya-Buelna M, Enciso-Vargas M, Alvarado-Ruíz L, Oceguera-Contreras E, Guerra-Renteria AS, Graciano-Machuca O. Assessment of the Relationship between Clinical Variants of Psoriasis and Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptor ( KIR) Genes: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Immunol Invest 2020; 51:480-495. [PMID: 33115277 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1840582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis (Ps) is an autoimmune dermatosis. Previous studies have shown an association between KIR genes and susceptibility to some clinical variants of Ps. Therefore, we conducted an exhaustive systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between KIR genes and susceptibility to clinical variants of Ps in the overall population and according to ethnicity. METHODS According to PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic review through PubMed and Web of Science to identify relevant available scientific publications about KIR genes and Ps. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated using random and fixed effect models for the analyzed genes. Heterogeneity was tested using Cochran's Q-Statistic and I2, and the risk of bias was tested using the Begg test and Egger linear regression. RESULTS A total of 10 case-control studies were included, comprising a variable number of KIR typified genes and psoriasis vulgaris (PsV) as the main clinical variant studied. In the total pooled results, the KIR2DS1 gene (OR = 1.518, p = .010, 95%CI: 1.105 to 2.086) was related to higher susceptibility to PsV, while the KIR2DS4 (OR = 0.563, p = .005, 95%CI: 0.376 to 0.842) and KIR3DL1 (OR = 0.602, p = .040, 95%CI: 0.370 to 0.977) genes were related to protection against PsV. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis demonstrates that subjects that carry the KIR2DS1 gene could have a potential risk factor for the development of PsV. Conversely, KIR2DS4 and 3DL1 genes appear to confer protection against PsV.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Macías-Barragán
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Biológicos, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Valles (Cuvalles), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Ameca, México
| | - Margarita Montoya-Buelna
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, UDG, Guadalajara, México
| | - Moisés Enciso-Vargas
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, UDG, Ocotlán, México
| | - Liliana Alvarado-Ruíz
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Zapopan, Universidad del Valle de México, Zapopan, México
| | - Edén Oceguera-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Biológicos, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Valles (Cuvalles), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Ameca, México
| | - Aracely Suggey Guerra-Renteria
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Biológicos, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Valles (Cuvalles), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Ameca, México.,Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Zapopan, Universidad del Valle de México, Zapopan, México
| | - Omar Graciano-Machuca
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Biológicos, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Valles (Cuvalles), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Ameca, México
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Hanson AL, Vukcevic D, Leslie S, Harris J, Lê Cao KA, Kenna TJ, Brown MA. Epistatic interactions between killer immunoglobulin-like receptors and human leukocyte antigen ligands are associated with ankylosing spondylitis. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008906. [PMID: 32804949 PMCID: PMC7451988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), found predominantly on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells and some T-cells, are a collection of highly polymorphic activating and inhibitory receptors with variable specificity for class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands. Fifteen KIR genes are inherited in haplotypes of diverse gene content across the human population, and the repertoire of independently inherited KIR and HLA alleles is known to alter risk for immune-mediated and infectious disease by shifting the threshold of lymphocyte activation. We have conducted the largest disease-association study of KIR-HLA epistasis to date, enabled by the imputation of KIR gene and HLA allele dosages from genotype data for 12,214 healthy controls and 8,107 individuals with the HLA-B*27-associated immune-mediated arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis (AS). We identified epistatic interactions between KIR genes and their ligands (at both HLA subtype and allele resolution) that increase risk of disease, replicating analyses in a semi-independent cohort of 3,497 cases and 14,844 controls. We further confirmed that the strong AS-association with a pathogenic variant in the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase gene ERAP1, known to alter the HLA-B*27 presented peptidome, is not modified by carriage of the canonical HLA-B receptor KIR3DL1/S1. Overall, our data suggests that AS risk is modified by the complement of KIRs and HLA ligands inherited, beyond the influence of HLA-B*27 alone, which collectively alter the proinflammatory capacity of KIR-expressing lymphocytes to contribute to disease immunopathogenesis. Cells of the immune system utilise various cell-surface receptors to differentiate between healthy and infected or malignant cells, enabling targeted inflammatory responses while minimising damage to self-tissue. In instances where the immune system fails to correctly differentiate healthy from diseased tissue, or inflammatory activity is poorly regulated, autoimmune or autoinflammatory conditions can develop. Here we have investigated a possible role for a class of immune-cell activating and inhibitory receptors in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a common but poorly understood inflammatory arthritis in which the immune system causes severe damage to the joints of the pelvis and spine. Using genetic information from 12,214 healthy controls and 8,107 individuals with AS we were able to identify combinations of independently inherited immune cell receptors and their ligands that increase or decrease an individual’s risk of disease. This research provides new insight into the nature of co-inherited genetic factors that may collectively alter the proinflammatory capacity of immune cells, contributing to the immunopathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L. Hanson
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Damjan Vukcevic
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Data Science, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Leslie
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Data Science, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia
| | - Jessica Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kim-Anh Lê Cao
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony J. Kenna
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Brown
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Auer ED, Tong HV, Amorim LM, Malheiros D, Hoan NX, Issler HC, Petzl-Erler ML, Beltrame MH, Boldt ABW, Toan NL, Song LH, Velavan TP, Augusto DG. Natural killer cell receptor variants and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the Vietnamese population. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 96:541-547. [PMID: 32422377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genes of host immunity play an important role in disease pathogenesis and are determinants of clinical courses of infections, including hepatitis B virus (HBV). Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR), expressed on the surface of natural killer cells (NK), regulate NK cell cytotoxicity by interacting with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules and are candidates for influencing the course of HBV. This study evaluated whether variations in KIR gene content and HLA-C ligands are associated with HBV and with the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS A Vietnamese study cohort (HBV n = 511; controls n = 140) was genotyped using multiplex sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP) followed by melting curve analysis. RESULTS The presence of the functional allelic group of KIR2DS4 was associated with an increased risk of chronic HBV (OR = 1.86, pcorr = 0.02), while KIR2DL2+HLA-C1 (OR = 0.62, pcorr = 0.04) and KIR2DL3+HLA-C1 (OR = 0.48, pcorr = 0.04) were associated with a decreased risk. The pair KIR2DL3+HLA-C1 was associated with liver cirrhosis (OR = 0.40, pcorr = 0.01). The presence of five or more activating KIR variants was associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (OR = 0.53, pcorr = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS KIR gene content variation and combinations KIR-HLA influence the outcome of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Delabio Auer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Hoang Van Tong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Vietnamese German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Leonardo Maldaner Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Danielle Malheiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Nghiem Xuan Hoan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hellen Caroline Issler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Márcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Vietnamese German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Song
- Vietnamese German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Vietnamese German Center for Medical Research (VGCARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
| | - Danillo G Augusto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.
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12
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Significance of KIR like natural killer cell receptors in autoimmune disorders. Clin Immunol 2020; 216:108449. [PMID: 32376502 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), act as the regulators for the cytolytic activity of natural killer and certain T cells by interacting with the HLA class I ligands. KIRs have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. However, their specific roles are still not very clear. Autoimmune diseases are multifactorial in nature, highlighting the influence of both genetic and environmental factors. The innate immune response plays an important role in autoimmunity as it alters the self-glycans that mimic molecular patterns found on different intracellular pathogens. Natural killer (NK) cells have an important position in the innate immune response. NK cell receptors are encoded by the leukocyte receptor complex located on the chromosome 19q13.4 and lectin-like receptors on chromosome 12p13. This review focuses on the role of KIRs and their relationship with different autoimmune diseases.
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13
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Graciano-Machuca O, Alvarado-Navarro A, Ramírez-Dueñas MG, Villanueva-Quintero DG, Velarde-de la Cruz EE, Machado-Sulbarán AC, Montoya-Buelna M, Sánchez-Hernández PE. Diversity of KIR/HLA Genotypes and Their Association with Psoriasis Vulgaris in the Western Mexican Population. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E338. [PMID: 32235781 PMCID: PMC7141133 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NK and some T cell functions are regulated by the interaction between KIR and HLA molecules. Several studies have shown an association between activating KIR genes and the development of autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis vulgaris (PsV). Our objective was to determine the association between KIR/HLA genes and genotypes with PsV in the Western mestizo Mexican population. One hundred subjects diagnosed with PsV (SP) and 108 healthy subjects (HS) were genotyped for 14 KIR genes, HLA-Bw4, HLA-C1, and HLA-C2 by PCR-single specific primer (SSP). Positive associations of the KIR3DS1 gene (odds ratio (OR) 1.959, p = 0.021), G11 genotype (OR 19.940, p = 0.008), and KIR3DS1/HLA-ABw4 (OR 2.265, p = 0.009) were found with susceptibility to PsV. In contrast, the G1 genotype (OR 0.448, p = 0.031) and KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4Ile80 (OR 0.522, p = 0.022) were negatively associated with susceptibility to this disease. These results suggest an implication of the KIR3DS1/HLA-ABw4 genotype in PsV pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Graciano-Machuca
- Doctorate in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara, Jal. 44340, Mexico
- Laboratory of Biological Systems, Department of Health Sciences, University Center of the Valleys (CUVALLES), UDG, Ameca, Jal. 4660, Mexico
| | - Anabell Alvarado-Navarro
- Research Center in Immunology and Dermatology, Department of Physiology, CUCS, UDG, Guadalajara, Jal. 44340, Mexico
| | | | - Delfina Guadalupe Villanueva-Quintero
- Jalisco Dermatology Institute "Dr. José Barba Rubio", Ministry of Health; Zapopan, Jal. 45190, Mexico
- Inflammatory Diseases Care Center, Guadalajara, Jal. 44630, Mexico
| | - Erandi Enif Velarde-de la Cruz
- Doctorate in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara, Jal. 44340, Mexico
| | - Andrea Carolina Machado-Sulbarán
- Doctorate in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara, Jal. 44340, Mexico
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14
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Blunt MD, Khakoo SI. Activating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors: Detection, function and therapeutic use. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 47:1-12. [PMID: 31755661 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) have a central role in the control of natural killer (NK) cell function. The functions of the activating KIRs, as compared to those of the inhibitory KIR, have been more difficult to define due to difficulties in antibody-mediated identification and their apparent low affinities for HLA class I. Immunogenetic studies have shown associations of activating KIRs with the outcome of autoimmune diseases, pregnancy-associated disorders, infectious diseases and cancers. Activating KIR are thus thought to have important roles in the control of natural killer cell functions and their role in disease. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on activating KIR, their ligands and, their roles in the pathogenesis and potential therapy of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Blunt
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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15
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Biassoni R, Malnati MS. Human Natural Killer Receptors, Co-Receptors, and Their Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 121:e47. [PMID: 30040219 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, the study of human natural killer (NK) cells has moved from the first molecular characterizations of very few receptor molecules to the identification of a plethora of receptors displaying surprisingly divergent functions. We have contributed to the description of inhibitory receptors and their signaling pathways, important in fine regulation in many cell types, but unknown until their discovery in the NK cells. Inhibitory function is central to regulating NK-mediated cytolysis, with different molecular structures evolving during speciation to assure its persistence. More recently, it has become possible to characterize the NK triggering receptors mediating natural cytotoxicity, unveiling the existence of a network of cellular interactions between effectors of both natural and adaptive immunity. This unit reviews the contemporary history of molecular studies of receptors and ligands involved in NK cell function, characterizing the ligands of the triggering receptor and the mechanisms for finely regulating their expression in pathogen-infected or tumor cells. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biassoni
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro S Malnati
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milan, Italy
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16
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Shahrabi S, Zayeri ZD, Ansari N, Hadad EH, Rajaei E. Flip-flops of natural killer cells in autoimmune diseases versus cancers: Immunologic axis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16998-17010. [PMID: 30864163 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in the immune response to infections, inflammations, and malignancies. Recent studies suggest that NK cell surface receptors and cytokines are the key points of the disease development and protection. We hypothesized that the interactions between NK cell receptors and targeted cells construct an eventual niche, and this niche has an eventual profile in various autoimmune diseases and cancers. The NK cells preactivated with cytokines, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 can have higher cytotoxicity; however, the toxic side effect of IL-2 should be considered. The vicissitudes of NK cell profile and its receptors obey the environmental communications and cell interactions. Our vision around the NK cells as an immune axis remained dual, and we still cannot judge the immune responses based on the NK cell flip-flop. A design of eventual niche to monitor the NK cell and targeted cell interaction is needed to strengthen our ability in diagnosis and treatment approaches based on the NK cells. Here, we have reviewed the shifts in the NK cells and their surface receptors in autoimmune diseases, solid tumors, and leukemia, and also discussed the effective chemokines that affect NK cell activation and proliferation. The main aim of this review is to present a broader vision of the NK cell changes in autoimmune disease and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Shahrabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Zeinab D Zayeri
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Narges Ansari
- Isfahan Bone Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham H Hadad
- Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Rajaei
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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17
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de Winter JJ, Blijdorp IC, de Jong HM, Sauter J, Schmidt AH, van Gaalen FA, van der Heijde D, Poddubnyy D, Yeremenko NG, van de Sande MG, Baeten DL. HLA-C*07 in axial spondyloarthritis: data from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort and the Spondyloarthritis Caught Early cohort. Genes Immun 2019; 20:671-677. [PMID: 30809016 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the mRNA expression of MHC class 1-related molecules in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients vs healthy controls (HCs) and, subsequently, if the absence of HLA-C*07 is associated with genetic susceptibility to axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). HLA-C*07 was assessed in (a) an exploratory cohort of 24 AS patients vs 40 HCs, (b) a confirmatory cohort of 113 AS patients and 83 non-radiographic axSpA patients from the GErman SPondyloarthritis Inception Cohort (GESPIC) vs 134,528 German potential stem cell donors, and (c) an early back pain cohort with 94 early axSpA patients vs 216 chronic back pain (CBP) patients from the SPondyloArthritis Caught Early (SPACE) cohort. In the exploratory cohort, 79% of the AS patients were HLA-C*07 negative compared to 35% of the HCs (p < 0.001). This difference was confirmed in GESPIC with 73% of AS patients being HLA-C*07 negative compared to 50% of the controls (p < 0.0001); 59% of the nr-axSpA patients were HLA-C*07 negative. In the SPACE cohort, 70% of the axSpA patients were HLA-C*07 negative compared to 44% of CBP patients (p < 0.0001); the association between HLA-C*07 negativity and a diagnosis of axSpA was independent from HLA-B*27. In conclusion, the absence of HLA-C*07 is associated with genetic susceptibility to axSpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke J de Winter
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris C Blijdorp
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte M de Jong
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Sauter
- DKMS German Bone Marrow Donor Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Floris A van Gaalen
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Denis Poddubnyy
- Department of Rheumatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nataliya G Yeremenko
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen G van de Sande
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique L Baeten
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Aghaei H, Mostafaei S, Aslani S, Jamshidi A, Mahmoudi M. Association study between KIR polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis disease: an updated meta-analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:24. [PMID: 30696403 PMCID: PMC6352331 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Currently published studies investigating association between the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reported inconsistent and contradictory results. Hence, we aim to carry out this comprehensive meta-analysis of all eligible studies meeting the inclusion criteria to achieve precise and comprehensive relationships between genetic variations in KIR gene cluster and risk of RA. Methods Databases of Medline/PubMed and Scopus were searched to investigate case-control studies prior to May 2018. The associations between KIR gene polymorphisms and RA susceptibility were analyzed by computing the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for each study. Results A total of 11 comparative case-control studies involving 1847 RA patients and 2409 healthy individuals were included in this meta-analysis. Four significant associations of 2DL3 (OR = 0.591, 95% CI = 0.351–0.994; P = 0.047), 2DL5 (OR = 0.716, 95% CI = 0.601–0.853; P < 0.001), 2DS5 (OR = 0.623, 95% CI = 0.393–0.988; P = 0.045), and 3DL3 (OR = 0.324, 95% CI = 0.129–0.814; P = 0.016) genes with decreased RA risk were discovered in this meta-analysis. Although, other KIR receptors including 2DL1, 2DL2, 2DL4, 3DL1, 3DL2, 3DS1, 2DS1-2DS4, and two pseudo gens of 2DP1 and 3DP1 displayed no significant association with predisposition to RA. Conclusions These findings provide reliable evidence that 2DL3, 2DL5, 3DL3, and 2DS5 might have a potential protective role for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Aghaei
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Mostafaei
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 1411713137, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Zitti B, Bryceson YT. Natural killer cells in inflammation and autoimmunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 42:37-46. [PMID: 30122459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
First described 40 years ago, natural killer (NK) cells represent the founding members of the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family. They were initially defined by their ability to kill cancer cells of hematopoietic origin. More recently, NK cells are recognized not only for their ability to kill infected or malignant cells, but also for mediating cytotoxicity against a range of normal immune cells. They thereby play an important physiological role in controlling immune responses and maintaining homeostasis. Besides cytotoxic activity, NK cells activation is accompanied by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hence, NK cells have the potential to act both in driving inflammation and in restricting adaptive immune responses that may otherwise lead to excessive inflammation or even autoimmunity. Here, we highlight how NK cell activity is linked to inflammasome activation and review new molecular insights to the roles of NK cells in inflammation and autoimmunity. Furthermore, in light of new insights to NK cell differentiation and memory, we deliberate on how distinct NK cell subsets may impact immunoregulatory functions. Hypothetically, memory-like or adaptive NK cells could drive NK cell-mediated autoreactive diseases. Together, new findings underscore the complex yet important physiological roles of NK cells in both promoting inflammation and exerting immunoregulation and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Insights raise intriguing questions as to how NK cells themselves maintain self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Zitti
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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20
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a multifactorial disease with a strong genetic background. HLA-Cw6 is one of the most strongly associated psoriasis susceptibility alleles. It is repeatedly observed to affect disease course, phenotypic features, severity, comorbidities and treatment outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, the roles of HLA-Cw6 in psoriasis have not yet been thoroughly reviewed. The worldwide frequency of the HLA-Cw6 allele varies greatly, with it being generally higher in white people than in Asians. The allele is associated with type I early-onset psoriasis. Stress, obesity and streptococcal pharyngitis are commonly observed in HLA-Cw6-positive patients. Phenotypically, HLA-Cw6 has been found to be associated with guttate psoriasis. In addition, patients carrying the allele are more likely to have arm, leg and trunk involvement, and the Koebner phenomenon. Patients with psoriatic arthritis with HLA-Cw6 more often have early onset and tend to show cutaneous symptoms before musculoskeletal symptoms. HLA-Cw6-positive patients have been shown in several studies to be more responsive to methotrexate and ustekinumab. However, this difference in ustekinumab efficacy was only moderate in a post-hoc analysis of a pivotal phase III study. HLA-Cw6 positivity also tends to be less frequent in high-need patients who fail conventional therapy. Small studies have also investigated the role of HLA-Cw6 in remission of psoriasis during pregnancy, and with the comorbidities of photosensitivity and atherosclerosis. Given the diverse nature of psoriasis pathogenesis, as well as the difference of HLA-Cw6 positivity in different ethnic groups, more studies are needed to confirm the role of HLA-Cw6 in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, PA, U.S.A
| | - T-F Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan
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21
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Wiśniewski A, Matusiak Ł, Szczerkowska-Dobosz A, Nowak I, Łuszczek W, Kuśnierczyk P. The association of ERAP1 and ERAP2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and their haplotypes with psoriasis vulgaris is dependent on the presence or absence of the HLA-C*06:02 allele and age at disease onset. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:109-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Mobbs JI, Illing PT, Dudek NL, Brooks AG, Baker DG, Purcell AW, Rossjohn J, Vivian JP. The molecular basis for peptide repertoire selection in the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) C*06:02 molecule. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17203-17215. [PMID: 28855257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.806976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C*06:02 is identified as the allele associated with the highest risk for the development of the autoimmune skin disease psoriasis. However, the diversity and mode of peptide presentation by the HLA-C*06:02 molecule remains unclear. Here, we describe the endogenous peptide repertoire of ∼3,000 sequences for HLA-C*06:02 that defines the peptide-binding motif for this HLA allomorph. We found that HLA-C*06:02 predominantly presents nonamer peptides with dominant arginine anchors at the P2 and P7 positions and a preference for small hydrophobic residues at the C terminus (PΩ). To determine the structural basis of this selectivity, we determined crystal structures of HLA-C*06:02 in complex with two self-peptides (ARTELYRSL and ARFNDLRFV) and an analogue of a melanocyte autoantigen (ADAMTSL5, VRSRR-abu-LRL) implicated in psoriasis. These structures revealed that HLA-C*06:02 possesses a deep peptide-binding groove comprising two electronegative B- and E-pockets that coincide with the preference for P2 and P7 arginine anchors. The ADAMTSL5 autoantigen possessed a P7-Leu instead of the P7-Arg residue, but nevertheless was accommodated within the HLA-C*06:02 antigen-binding cleft. Collectively, our results provide the structural basis for understanding peptide repertoire selection in HLA-C*06:02.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse I Mobbs
- From the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia T Illing
- From the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadine L Dudek
- From the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Daniel G Baker
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Horsham, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19044
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- From the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- From the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia, .,the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia, and.,the Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Julian P Vivian
- From the Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia, .,the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia, and
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23
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Hilton HG, Parham P. Missing or altered self: human NK cell receptors that recognize HLA-C. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:567-579. [PMID: 28695291 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are fast-acting and versatile lymphocytes that are critical effectors of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and placental development. Controlling NK cell function are the interactions between killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C ligands. Due to the extensive polymorphism of both KIR and HLA class I, these interactions are highly diversified and specific combinations correlate with protection or susceptibility to a range of infectious, autoimmune, and reproductive disorders. Evolutionary, genetic, and functional studies are consistent with the interactions between KIR and HLA-C being the dominant control mechanism of human NK cells. In addition to their recognition of the C1 and C2 epitopes, increasing evidence points to KIR having a previously unrecognized selectivity for the peptide presented by HLA-C. This selectivity appears to be a conserved feature of activating KIR and may partly explain the slow progress made in identifying their HLA class I ligands. The peptide selectivity of KIR allows NK cells to respond, not only to changes in the surface expression of HLA-C, but also to the more subtle changes in the HLA-C peptidome, such as occur during viral infection and malignant transformation. Here, we review recent advances in understanding of human-specific KIR evolution and how the inhibitory and activating HLA-C receptors allow NK cells to respond to healthy cells, diseased cells, and the semi-allogeneic cells of the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G Hilton
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Fairchild D-159, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter Parham
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Fairchild D-159, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Chapel A, Garcia-Beltran WF, Hölzemer A, Ziegler M, Lunemann S, Martrus G, Altfeld M. Peptide-specific engagement of the activating NK cell receptor KIR2DS1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2414. [PMID: 28546555 PMCID: PMC5445099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The activating NK cell receptor KIR2DS1 has been shown to be involved in many disorders including autoimmune diseases, malignancies and pregnancy outcomes. However, the precise ligands and functions of this receptor remain unclear. We aimed to gain a better understanding of the factors involved in the binding of KIR2DS1 and its inhibitory counterpart KIR2DL1 to HLA class I molecules, and the consequences for KIR2DS1+ NK-cell function. A systematic screen that assessed binding to 97 HLA-I proteins confirmed that KIR2DS1-binding was narrowly restricted to HLA-C group 2 complexes, while KIR2DL1 showed a broader binding specificity. Using KIR2DS1ζ+ Jurkat reporter-cells and peptide-pulsed 721.221.TAP1KO-HLA-C*06:02 cells, we identified the synthetic peptide SRGPVHHLL presented by HLA-C*06:02 that strongly engaged KIR2DS1- and KIR2DL1-binding. Functional analysis showed that this HLA-C*06:02-presented peptide can furthermore activate primary KIR2DS1(+) NK cell clones. Thus, we demonstrated peptide-dependent binding of the activating NK cell receptor KIR2DS1, providing new insights into the underlying mechanisms involved in KIR2DS1-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Chapel
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Angelique Hölzemer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Ziegler
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gloria Martrus
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.
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Picciani BLS, Domingos TA, Teixeira-Souza T, Santos VDCBD, Gonzaga HFDS, Cardoso-Oliveira J, Gripp AC, Dias EP, Carneiro S. Geographic tongue and psoriasis: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic correlation - a literature review. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 91:410-21. [PMID: 27579734 PMCID: PMC4999097 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Geographic tongue is a chronic, inflammatory, and immune-mediated oral lesion of
unknown etiology. It is characterized by serpiginous white areas around the
atrophic mucosa, which alternation between activity, remission and reactivation
at various locations gave the names benign migratory glossitis and wandering
rash of the tongue. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with frequent
cutaneous involvement and an immunogenetic basis of great importance in clinical
practice. The association between geographic tongue and psoriasis has been
demonstrated in various studies, based on observation of its fundamental
lesions, microscopic similarity between the two conditions and the presence of a
common genetic marker, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) HLA-C*06. The difficulty
however in accepting the diagnosis of geographic tongue as oral psoriasis is the
fact that not all patients with geographic tongue present psoriasis. Some
authors believe that the prevalence of geographic tongue would be much greater
if psoriatic patients underwent thorough oral examination. This study aimed to
develop a literature review performed between 1980 and 2014, in which
consultation of theses, dissertations and selected scientific articles were
conducted through search in Scielo and Bireme databases, from Medline and Lilacs
sources, relating the common characteristics between geographic tongue and
psoriasis. We observed that the frequency of oral lesions is relatively common,
but to establish a correct diagnosis of oral psoriasis, immunohistochemical and
genetic histopathological analyzes are necessary, thus highlighting the
importance of oral examination in psoriatic patients and cutaneous examination
in patients with geographic tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sueli Carneiro
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
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26
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Analysis of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and their human leukocyte antigen-ligands gene polymorphisms in Iranian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2016; 25:1244-53. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203316638931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease. Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders that mainly express killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). The present study was undertaken to determine the association of the KIR alleles, genotypes, and KIR–human leukocyte antigen ( HLA) ligand gene combinations with the susceptibility to SLE. Methods The genotyping of 17 KIR and 5 HLA loci was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) method. The study population consisted of 230 SLE patients and 273 ethnical-, age-, and sex-matched healthy controls. The association of the polymorphisms with the prevalence of 11 clinical criteria in patients was analyzed. Results The carrier frequency of HLA-A-Bw4 was modestly decreased in the SLE patients. The prevalence of hematological and renal disorders was significantly increased in patients with combination of KIR3DL1+; HLA-B-Bw4Thr80+ and KIR2DS1+; HLA-C2+ genes, respectively. Female patients with combination of KIR2DL2+; HLA-C1− genes were more likely to develop serositis. In addition the prevalence of renal disorders, oral ulcer and serositis was significantly increased in male patients with KIR3DP1+, KIR2DS1+, and KIR2DS3+ genotypes respectively. Conclusion Our results showed that the presence of activating KIR receptors alone or in combination with their HLA ligands and the absence of inhibitory KIRs in combination with their HLA ligands may activate NK cells and are significantly correlated with the prevalence of renal disease, hematologic disorders, serositis, and oral ulcer in SLE patients.
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The early onset of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis has a strong genetic influence: role of HLA and KIR genes. Genes Immun 2016; 17:187-92. [PMID: 26890333 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported a strong association between HLA-DRB1*1301 and type 1 pediatric autoimmune hepatitis (PAH) and between HLA-DR*0405 and adult autoimmune hepatitis (AAH). Because human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors are known to be associated with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, we investigated the frequencies of HLA-A, B, C, DRB1 and KIR genes in 144 type 1 PAH and 86 AAH patients, which were compared with 273 healthy controls. We demonstrated in PAH the increased frequency of the functional form of KIR2DS4-Full Length (KIR2DS4-FL), which in combination with HLA-DRB1*1301 revealed a strong synergistic effect (odds ratio=36.5). PAH-KIR2DS4-FL+ subjects have shown an increased frequency of their putative HLA-C*02, 04 and 06 ligands. KIR analysis of PAH also revealed a decreased frequency of KIR2DL2 gene and its ligand. In contrast, AAH cases have shown a weaker increased frequency of KIR2DS4-FL, a lack of synergistic effect with HLA class II antigens and a moderate association with HLA-DRB1*0405. Of note, we demonstrated that liver T cells have a unique pattern of KIR expression. These results show a KIR gene involved in autoimmune hepatitis and suggest a stronger genetic influence for the early onset type I autoimmune hepatitis.
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Dunphy SE, Sweeney CM, Kelly G, Tobin AM, Kirby B, Gardiner CM. Natural killer cells from psoriasis vulgaris patients have reduced levels of cytotoxicity associated degranulation and cytokine production. Clin Immunol 2015; 177:43-49. [PMID: 26477484 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with a strong genetic component and immune system involvement. Although some evidence suggests that Natural Killer (NK) cells may play a part in psoriasis, their role is relatively unstudied and results are controversial. In this current study, NK cells from psoriasis patients exhibited reduced degranulation and produced lower levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. Further investigation found that NK cells from psoriasis patients and healthy controls expressed similar levels of activation markers, NK cell receptors and apoptosis-inducing molecules. In addition, comparable levels of several cytokines important in NK cell biology were found in the serum of psoriasis patients and healthy controls. Genotyping analysis revealed that HLA-C2, which provides a ligand for killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) expressed by NK cells, was strongly associated with psoriasis susceptibility. However, no link between the KIR genes themselves and disease was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dunphy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C M Sweeney
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G Kelly
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A M Tobin
- Department of Dermatology, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - B Kirby
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C M Gardiner
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160 Pearse Street, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Hilton HG, Guethlein LA, Goyos A, Nemat-Gorgani N, Bushnell DA, Norman PJ, Parham P. Polymorphic HLA-C Receptors Balance the Functional Characteristics of KIR Haplotypes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3160-70. [PMID: 26311903 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The human killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) locus comprises two groups of KIR haplotypes, termed A and B. These are present in all human populations but with different relative frequencies, suggesting they have different functional properties that underlie their balancing selection. We studied the genomic organization and functional properties of the alleles of the inhibitory and activating HLA-C receptors encoded by KIR haplotypes. Because every HLA-C allotype functions as a ligand for KIR, the interactions between KIR and HLA-C dominate the HLA class I-mediated regulation of human NK cells. The C2 epitope is recognized by inhibitory KIR2DL1 and activating KIR2DS1, whereas the C1 epitope is recognized by inhibitory KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3. This study shows that the KIR2DL1, KIR2DS1, and KIR2DL2/3 alleles form distinctive phylogenetic clades that associate with specific KIR haplotypes. KIR A haplotypes are characterized by KIR2DL1 alleles that encode strong inhibitory C2 receptors and KIR2DL3 alleles encoding weak inhibitory C1 receptors. In striking contrast, KIR B haplotypes are characterized by KIR2DL1 alleles that encode weak inhibitory C2 receptors and KIR2DL2 alleles encoding strong inhibitory C1 receptors. The wide-ranging properties of KIR allotypes arise from substitutions throughout the KIR molecule. Such substitutions can influence cell surface expression, as well as the avidity and specificity for HLA-C ligands. Consistent with the crucial role of inhibitory HLA-C receptors in self-recognition, as well as NK cell education and response, most KIR haplotypes have both a functional C1 and C2 receptor, despite the considerable variation that occurs in ligand recognition and surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G Hilton
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ana Goyos
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - David A Bushnell
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Paul J Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Li X, Xia Q, Fan D, Cai G, Yang X, Wang L, Xin L, Ding N, Hu Y, Liu L, Xu S, Xu J, Wang K, Pan F. Association between KIR gene polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility: A meta-analysis. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:565-70. [PMID: 26187163 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The results of studies on association between KIR (killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors) polymorphisms and susceptibility to RA (rheumatoid arthritis) are inconsistent. To comprehensively evaluate the effect of KIR polymorphisms on the risk of RA, a meta-analysis was carried out. METHODS The Web of Science, PubMed, the Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were systematically searched to select studies on the association between KIR polymorphisms and RA. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was obtained. RESULTS Nine qualified case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed there were two positive associations of 2DL1, 2DS1 (OR2DL1=2.20, 95%CI=1.20-4.01, Praw=0.01, PFDR=0.03; OR2DS1=1.84, 95%CI=1.19-2.85, Praw=0.006, PFDR=0.018) and one negative association of 2DL3 (OR2DL3=0.42, 95%CI=0.22-0.79, Praw=0.006, PFDR=0.018) with susceptibility to RA in East Asians, but not in Caucasians. CONCLUSION The current meta-analysis provides evidence that 2DL3 might be a potential protective factor and 2DL1, 2DS1 might be risk factors for RA in East Asians but not in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Dazhi Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Guoqi Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lihong Xin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yanting Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Shengqian Xu
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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Ayo CM, Reis PG, Dalalio MMDO, Visentainer JEL, Oliveira CDF, de Araújo SM, de Oliveira Marques DS, Sell AM. Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors and Their HLA Ligands are Related with the Immunopathology of Chagas Disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003753. [PMID: 25978047 PMCID: PMC4433128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes and their human leucocyte antigen (HLA) ligands in the susceptibility of chronic Chagas disease. This case-control study enrolled 131 serologically-diagnosed Chagas disease patients (59 men and 72 women, mean age of 60.4 ± 9.8 years) treated at the University Hospital of Londrina and the Chagas Disease Laboratory of the State University of Maringa. A control group was formed of 165 healthy individuals - spouses of patients or blood donors from the Regional Blood Bank in Maringa (84 men and 81 women, with a mean age of 59.0 ± 11.4 years). Genotyping of HLA and KIR was performed by PCR-SSOP. KIR2DS2-C1 in the absence of KIR2DL2 (KIR2DS2+/2DL2-/C1+) was more frequent in Chagas patients (P = 0.020; Pc = 0.040; OR = 2.14) and, in particular, those who manifested chronic chagasic cardiopathy—CCC (P = 0.0002; Pc = 0.0004; OR = 6.64; 95% CI = 2.30–18.60) when compared to the control group, and when CCC group was compared to the patients without heart involvement (P = 0.010; Pc = 0.020; OR = 3.97). The combination pair KIR2DS2+/2DL2-/KIR2DL3+/C1+ was also positively associated with chronic chagasic cardiopathy. KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 were related to immunopathogenesis in Chagas disease. The combination of KIR2DS2 activating receptor with C1 ligand, in the absence of KIR2DL2, may be related to a risk factor in the chronic Chagas disease and chronic chagasic cardiopathy. Chagas disease is an infection caused by the haemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It is one of the most important public health problems in Latin America, and was first described by Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro das Chagas, a Brazilian physician and scientist, in 1909. It is mostly vector-borne transmitted to humans by contact with faeces of triatomine bugs. The World Health Organization estimates that about 6 to 7 million people are currently infected with T. cruzi worldwide. The disease is characterised by acute and chronic phases. The immune response during disease development is crucial for protection because immunological imbalances can lead to heart and digestive tract lesions in chagasic patients. In this work we analysed the role of receptors of immune cells known as Natural Killer cells (killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor—KIR) and their ligands (Human leukocyte antigens—HLA) in chagasic patients compared to healthy individuals. The uncontrolled activation of NK cells can lead to tissue damage, which, in turn, leads to the development of serious chronic illness. We found that KIR-HLA complex may be related to a risk factor in the chronic Chagas disease and chronic chagasic cardiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Maria Ayo
- Post Graduation Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Analysis Clinical and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Guimarães Reis
- Post Graduation Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Analysis Clinical and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila de Freitas Oliveira
- Post Graduation Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Analysis Clinical and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Sell
- Basic Health Sciences, Maringa State University, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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32
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A deep look at KIR–HLA in Amerindians: Comprehensive meta-analysis reveals limited diversity of KIR haplotypes. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:272-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fruci D, Romania P, D'Alicandro V, Locatelli F. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 function and its pathogenic role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity in cancer and major histocompatibility complex class I-associated autoimmune diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 84:177-86. [PMID: 25066018 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present antigenic peptides on the cell surface to alert natural killer (NK) cells and CD8(+) T cells for the presence of abnormal intracellular events, such as virus infection or malignant transformation. The generation of antigenic peptides is a multistep process that ends with the trimming of N-terminal extensions in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by aminopeptidases ERAP1 and ERAP2. Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of ERAP1 in reprogramming the immunogenicity of tumor cells in order to elicit innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses, and in conferring susceptibility to autoimmune diseases in predisposed individuals. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current knowledge about the role of ERAP1 in MHC class I antigen processing and how its manipulation may constitute a promising tool for cancer immunotherapy and treatment of MHC class I-associated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fruci
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Department, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00165, Rome, Italy
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34
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Beltrame LM, Sell AM, Moliterno RA, Clementino SL, Cardozo DM, Dalalio MM, Fonzar UJ, Visentainer JE. Influence of KIR genes and their HLA ligands in susceptibility to dengue in a population from southern Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 82:397-404. [PMID: 24498996 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) form a group of regulatory molecules that specifically recognise human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules, modulating the cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of KIR genes and their class I HLA ligands in susceptibility to dengue fever in a population from southern Brazil through a case-control study. One hundred four subjects with confirmed diagnoses of dengue participated in this study, along with a control group of 172 individuals from the same geographic area. HLA and KIR genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (PCR-SSOP) and with sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) techniques, respectively. Data analysis showed significant differences for the KIR2DS1 (54.8% vs 40.7%, P = 0.03), KIR2DS5 (50.0% vs 36.0%, P = 0.03) and KIR2DL5 (76.0% vs 56.4%, P = 0.001) genes. With regard to KIR-ligand pairs, positive associations with dengue were observed in KIR3DS1-Bw4 (45.2% vs 29.7%, P = 0.01), KIR3DL1-Bw4 (80.7% vs 65.1%, P < 0.001), KIR2DL1-C2 (75.0% vs 62.2%, P = 0.03) and KIR2DS1-C2 (40.4% vs 25.6%, P = 0.01) interactions, and a negative association in KIR2DL3-C1/C1 (18.2% vs 33.1%, P = 0.01). Furthermore, the analysis of KIR haplogroups showed a possible protective factor against dengue fever in individuals with the AA genotype. Taken together, these results suggest the existence of genetic predisposition to dengue fever in the population from southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Beltrame
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Laboratório de Imunogenética, Av. Colombo 5790, Zona 07, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Falco M, Moretta L, Moretta A, Bottino C. KIR and KIR ligand polymorphism: a new area for clinical applications? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 82:363-73. [PMID: 24498992 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) play an essential role in the regulation of natural killer (NK) activity, allowing NK cells to sense and respond to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I downregulation, an important hallmark for viral infections and tumor transformation. KIR and HLA genes are located on different chromosomes and KIR/HLA class I interaction represents an example of genetic epistasis in which the presence of receptor/ligand pairs is necessary for the induction of functional activity, while the presence of one in the absence of the other is not sufficient to influence NK cell function. Due to the high degree of HLA class I and KIR gene variability, KIR/KIR-ligand (KIR-L) interactions are extraordinarily diverse. KIR polymorphism arises from both haplotypic and allelic variations and was shaped by natural selection. KIR variability affects NK cell education influencing the KIR repertoire, KIR expression, the strength of KIR/KIR-L interactions and the capability to deliver signals. Moreover, it may influence NK cell function during infections, autoimmune diseases, pregnancy and allogeneic transplantation. This review summarizes the genetic and functional features of KIR/KIR-L interactions and gives an overview of their potential relevance in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Falco
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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Picciani BLS, Carneiro S, Sampaio ALB, Santos BM, Santos VCB, Gonzaga HFS, Oliveira JC, Porto LC, Dias EP. A possible relationship of human leucocyte antigens with psoriasis vulgaris and geographic tongue. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 29:865-74. [PMID: 25176018 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographic tongue (GT) is the most frequent oral lesion in psoriatic patients (PP), and genetic involvement in these conditions has been described. The association of psoriasis with GT is still not clear, and the study of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) may help clarify this relation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association of HLA alleles with psoriasis vulgaris and GT. METHODS Fifty-eight Brazilian PP, 29 GT patients and 125 healthy controls individuals were selected. Information on demographic and clinical characteristics was collected. All patients underwent an oral examination and blood collection for HLA typing. RESULTS HLA-A did not show significant differences in frequencies among the groups. HLA-B*57 allele was more frequently found in PP and was not found in GT. HLA-B*58 allele was more frequently found in GT. HLA-C*06 and -C*18 alleles were associated with psoriasis. No significant differences in HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 were observed. CONCLUSION HLA-B*58 was associated with GT and HLA-B*57 was possibly associated with psoriasis. This suggested that some GT cases may represent true oral psoriasis and some may represent only GT. Therefore, it is necessary to make this distinction and increase our sample size to improve the correct diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L S Picciani
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Patel F, Marusina AI, Duong C, Adamopoulos IE, Maverakis E. NKG2C, HLA-E and their association with psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:797-9. [PMID: 24279916 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell activation is regulated by the integration of signals from inhibitory and activating cell surface receptors. Both NKG2A and NKG2C pair with CD94 to form inhibitory and activating receptors specific for the HLA-E-canonical peptide complex. HLA-E is a non-classical MHC class Ib molecule with limited polymorphism. It preferentially binds to and presents leader sequence peptides derived from classical MHC class I molecules. Wilson et al. have identified an association between NKG2C deficiency and psoriasis. They have also discovered an HLA-C-dependent association between HLA-E and psoriasis. Their research highlights the importance of NK cells in the pathophysiology of psoriasis. Herein, we propose two different models to explain the association between NKG2C, HLA-E and psoriasis. In the first model, we hypothesize that NKG2C deficiency and/or HLA-E O1:01 can inhibit the ability of NK cells to regulate autoreactive T cells, predisposing to psoriasis. The second model proposes that HLA-E 01:03 can disrupt the presentation of the psoriasis-inducing self-determinant by HLA-C, thereby protecting against psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forum Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Prakash S, Alam S, Bharadwaj U, Aggarwal A, Mishra RN, Agrawal S. Associations of killer cell immunoglobulin like receptors with rheumatoid arthritis among North Indian population. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:802-7. [PMID: 24912006 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) expressed on surface of natural killer cells and CD28 null T-cells which are present in synovial membrane of RA. The present study has evaluated associations of KIR genes with RA among North Indian population from Uttar Pradesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS KIR genotypes were determined in 100 RA cases and 100 healthy controls using sequence specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP) method. RESULTS RA cases positive for KIR3DS1 (OR = 1.17, p-value = 0.0498) and KIR2DS2 (OR = 2.21, p-value = 0.0120) showed risk associations. While, KIR2DL2 (OR = 0.40, p-value = 0.0026), KIR2DL3 (OR = 0.44, p-value = 0.0283) and KIR3DL1 (OR=0.32, p-value = 0.0012) showed protective associations. Increased incidence of BB genotype (45%) was revealed among cases. Risk association was noted against telomeric region (OR = 2.12, p = 0.0120) genes for RA. Pair-wise linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis among RA cases revealed KIR2DS1-2DL1 (D' = 0.83, r(2) = 0.36), KIR3DL1-3DS1 (D' = 1, r(2) = 0.58) and KIR2DL1-2DL2 (D' = 1, r(2)=0.61) to be in significant LD. KIR3DS1 and KIR2DS3 genes showed significant risk associations among RA patients with extra-articular manifestations (OR = 5.14, p-value = 0.0018; OR = 3.79, p-value = 0.0106) and in limited range of motion in affected joints (OR = 14.91, p-value = 0.0001; OR = 2.95, p-value=0.0126). CONCLUSION The KIR activating genes have risk association with RA in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raibareily Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shahnawaz Alam
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raibareily Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Uddalak Bharadwaj
- Margaret M. and Albert B. Alkek Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raibareily Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Nath Mishra
- Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raibareily Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suraksha Agrawal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raibareily Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Dastmalchi R, Farazmand A, Noshad S, Mozafari M, Mahmoudi M, Esteghamati A, Amirzargar A. Polymorphism of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their HLA ligands in Graves' disease. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5367-74. [PMID: 24852304 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) play a pivotal role in commencement of both innate and adaptive immunity. Dysregulation of KIRs is associated with an increased risk of autoimmune disorders. This study was designed to assess whether polymorphisms in KIR gene family and their respective HLA class I ligands confer protection or susceptibly to Graves' disease (GD). Eighty patients with confirmed GD (cases) and 176 healthy unrelated subjects (controls) were recruited. Using a polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primer directed method (PCR-SSP), presence or absence of KIR genes and their HLA ligands were determined. No significant differences were observed between case and control groups regarding individual KIR gene frequencies (p > 0.05 in all cases). The frequency of group A haplotype (the most common KIR haplotype, encompassing 2DL1/2DL3/3DL1/2DS4/2DP1/3DP1/2DL4/3DL2/3DL3), was not different between individuals with and without GD. Moreover, among all other haplotypes (group Bx), no significant differences regarding distribution of centromeric and telomeric gene clusters were identifiable. Inhibitory/activatory gene contents were also comparable between the two groups. Four models of KIR-HLA interaction (inhibition, activation, unrestrained inhibition, and unrestrained activation) were constructed. No combination proved to confer susceptibility to, or offer protection against GD. It seems that the contribution of KIR gene polymorphism to natural killer cell dysfunction and other autoimmune abnormalities observed in GD is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Dastmalchi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran,
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Ryan C, Kelleher J, Fagan MF, Rogers S, Collins P, Barker JNWN, Allen M, Hagan R, Renfro L, Kirby B. Genetic markers of treatment response to tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors in the treatment of psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39:519-24. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Ryan
- Department of Dermatology; Baylor University Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
| | - J. Kelleher
- National Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Service for Solid Organ Transplantation; Beaumont Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - M. F. Fagan
- National Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Reference Laboratory; Irish Blood Transfusion Service; Dublin Ireland
| | - S. Rogers
- Department of Dermatology; St Vincent's University Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - P. Collins
- Department of Dermatology; St Vincent's University Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - J. N. W. N. Barker
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; King's College; London UK
| | - M. Allen
- St John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; King's College; London UK
| | - R. Hagan
- National Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Reference Laboratory; Irish Blood Transfusion Service; Dublin Ireland
| | - L. Renfro
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - B. Kirby
- Department of Dermatology; St Vincent's University Hospital; Dublin Ireland
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Ivarsson MA, Michaëlsson J, Fauriat C. Activating killer cell Ig-like receptors in health and disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:184. [PMID: 24795726 PMCID: PMC4001058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of non-rearranged HLA class I-binding receptors characterizes human and mouse NK cells. The postulation of the missing-self hypothesis some 30 years ago triggered the subsequent search and discovery of inhibitory MHC-receptors, both in humans and mice. These receptors have two functions: (i) to control the threshold for NK cell activation, a process termed “licensing” or “education,” and (ii) to inhibit NK cell activation during interactions with healthy HLA class I-expressing cells. The discovery of activating forms of KIRs (aKIR) challenged the concept of NK cell tolerance in steady state, as well as during immune challenge: what is the biological role of the activating KIR, in particular when NK cells express aKIRs in the absence of inhibitory receptors? Recently it was shown that aKIRs also participate in the education of NK cells. However, instead of lowering the threshold of activation like iKIRs, the expression of aKIRs has the opposite effect, i.e., rendering NK cells hyporesponsive. These findings may have consequences during NK cell response to viral infection, in cancer development, and in the initial stages of pregnancy. Here we review the current knowledge of activating KIRs, including the biological concept of aKIR-dependent NK cell education, and their impact in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Ivarsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Cyril Fauriat
- U1068, CRCM, Immunity and Cancer, INSERM , Marseille , France ; Institut Paoli-Calmettes , Marseille , France ; UM 105, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France ; UMR 7258, CNRS , Marseille , France ; U1068, CRCM, Plateforme d'Immunomonitoring en Cancérologie, INSERM , Marseille , France
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42
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Chandran V, Bull SB, Pellett FJ, Ayearst R, Pollock RA, Gladman DD. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 53:233-9. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Zeng X, Chen H, Gupta R, Paz-Altschul O, Bowcock AM, Liao W. Deletion of the activating NKG2C receptor and a functional polymorphism in its ligand HLA-E in psoriasis susceptibility. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:679-81. [PMID: 24079744 PMCID: PMC3813441 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory, immune-mediated disease of the skin. Several studies have suggested that natural killer (NK) cells and their receptors may be important for its pathogenesis. Here, we examined whether deletion of the activating natural killer receptor gene NKG2C, which has a frequency of 20% in the European population, was associated with psoriasis susceptibility. The NKG2C deletion and a functional polymorphism in its ligand HLA-E were genotyped in a Caucasian cohort of 611 psoriasis cases and 493 controls. We found that the NKG2C deletion was significantly increased in cases compared with controls [0.258 vs 0.200, P = 0.0012, OR = 1.43 (1.15-1.79)]. The low-expressing HLA-E*01:01 allele was associated with psoriasis (P = 0.0018), although this association was dependent on HLA-C. Our findings support a potential immunoregulatory role for NK cells in psoriasis and suggest the importance of future studies to investigate the contribution of NK cells and their regulatory receptors to the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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44
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Niepiekło-Miniewska W, Majorczyk E, Matusiak L, Gendzekhadze K, Nowak I, Narbutt J, Lesiak A, Kuna P, Ponińska J, Pietkiewicz-Sworowska A, Samoliński B, Płoski R, Szepietowski JC, Senitzer D, Kuśnierczyk P. Protective effect of the KIR2DS1 gene in atopic dermatitis. Gene 2013; 527:594-600. [PMID: 23831511 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease of complex etiology including affected humoral and cellular immune responses. The role of NK cells in development of this disease has been recently postulated, but is still poorly documented. The current study was undertaken to determine the impact of genes for the most polymorphic NK cell receptors, known as killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), on the development of AD. We compared 240 patients suffering from AD with 570 healthy controls. Frequencies of the great majority of KIR genes did not differ between patients and controls, except for KIR2DS1, whose frequency was significantly (OR=0.629, CI95% (0.45; 0.87), pcorr=0.0454) lower in patients than in controls. These results were confirmed in a second cohort of 201 patients. When both patient groups were combined and compared to the control group, the result for KIR2DS1 achieved even higher significance (OR=0.658, CI95% (0.5; 0.86), pcorr=0.0158). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on KIR gene contribution to AD, and to allergy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Niepiekło-Miniewska
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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45
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Matusiak Ł, Białynicki-Birula R, Szepietowski JC. Emerging role for the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors genotype, in the susceptibility of skin diseases. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 71:3-11. [PMID: 23642663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are a major group of immune cells responsible for the phenomenon of natural, innate cytotoxicity. One of the better studied receptors of human NK cells are killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) responsible for checking the presence of MHC class I molecules, which serve as their ligands. Although previously treated as specific for NK cells, nowadays these receptors are known to also occur on T cells. Genetics of KIR molecules is very complicated, what create a great variability of haplotypes in various populations world-wide. In addition, some KIR are known to recognize HLA-C (epitopes C1 or C2), HLA-B (Bw4) or HLA-A (A3 and/or A11) molecules. Therefore, this makes a huge diversity of reactions among individuals, depending on the presence or absence of given KIR and their ligands, hence differential susceptibility to several diseases, including various dermatoses. This paper underlines the important role of both KIR genotypes and HLA class I genes with reference to the various skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Matusiak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology of Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Kuśnierczyk P. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene associations with autoimmune and allergic diseases, recurrent spontaneous abortion, and neoplasms. Front Immunol 2013; 4:8. [PMID: 23372569 PMCID: PMC3557723 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are a family of cell surface inhibitory or activating receptors expressed on natural killer cells and some subpopulations of T lymphocytes. KIR genes are clustered in the 19q13.4 region and are characterized by both allelic (high numbers of variants) and haplotypic (different numbers of genes for inhibitory and activating receptors on individual chromosomes) polymorphism. This contributes to diverse susceptibility to diseases and other clinical situations. Associations of KIR genes, as well as of genes for their ligands, with selected diseases such as psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, recurrent spontaneous abortion, and non-small cell lung cancer are discussed in the context of NK and T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kuśnierczyk
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences Wrocław, Poland
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47
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Moesta AK, Parham P. Diverse functionality among human NK cell receptors for the C1 epitope of HLA-C: KIR2DS2, KIR2DL2, and KIR2DL3. Front Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23189078 PMCID: PMC3504360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their HLA-A, -B, and -C ligands diversify the functions of human natural killer cells. Consequently, combinations of KIR and HLA genotypes affect resistance to infection and autoimmunity, success of reproduction and outcome of hematopoietic cell transplantation. HLA-C, with its C1 and C2 epitopes, evolved in hominids to be specialized KIR ligands. The system’s foundation was the C1 epitope, with C2 a later addition, by several million years. The human inhibitory receptor for C1 is encoded by KIR2DL2/3, a gene having two divergent allelic lineages: KIR2DL2 is a B KIR haplotype component and KIR2DL3 an A KIR haplotype component. Although KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 exhibit quantitative differences in specificity and avidity for HLA-C, they qualitatively differ in their genetics, functional effect, and clinical influence. This is due to linkage disequilibrium between KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2, a closely related activating receptor that was selected for lost recognition of HLA-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim K Moesta
- Genome Analysis Unit, Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco , CA, USA
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48
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Killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor gene association with tuberculosis. Hum Immunol 2012; 74:85-92. [PMID: 23073291 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are vital components of innate immune system and are the first cells which come into picture mediating resistance against intracellular pathogens. NK cell cytotoxicity is modulated by a wide variety of cell surface receptors that recognize and respond towards infected cells. Activation of NK cells are controlled by both inhibitory and activating receptors, encoded by KIR genes and bind to HLA ligands. Not much is known about KIR genes and their influence on the pathogenesis with M. tuberculosis infection. Our study aimed at detecting the presence of 14 KIR genes, their distribution and their association with tuberculosis. Total 77 different genotype combinations were observed which belonged to B-haplotype. Fifteen genotypes were similar to those reported in other world populations while remaining 62 were unique to this study group. Inhibitory genes KIR3DL1, KIR2DL3 and activating genes KIR2DS1, KIR2DS5 conferred susceptibility towards TB either individually or in haplotype combinations. The complimentary MHC ligands need to be tested for the functional relevance of the associated genes.
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Torres AR, Westover JB, Gibbons C, Johnson RC, Ward DC. Activating killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their cognate HLA ligands are significantly increased in autism. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:1122-7. [PMID: 22884899 PMCID: PMC3469320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) proteins are expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and appear important in innate and adaptive immunity. There are about 14 KIR genes on chromosome 19q13.4, composed of those that inhibit and those that activate NK cell killing. Haplotypes have different combinations of these genes meaning that not all genes are present in a subject. There are two main classes of cognate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands (HLA-Bw4 and HLA-C1/C2) that bind to the inhibitory/activating receptors. As a general rule, the inhibitory state is maintained except when virally infected or tumor cells are encountered; however, both increased activation and inhibition states have been associated with susceptibility and protection against numerous disease states including cancer, arthritis, and psoriasis. Utilizing DNA from 158 Caucasian subjects with autism and 176 KIR control subjects we show for the first time a highly significant increase in four activating KIR genes (2DS5, 3DS1, 2DS1 and 2DS4) as measured by chi square values and odds ratios. In addition, our data suggests a highly significant increase in the activating KIR gene 2DS1 and its cognate HLA-C2 ligand (2DS1+C2; p = 0.00003 [Odds ratio = 2.87]). This information ties together two major immune gene complexes, the human leukocyte complex and the leukocyte receptor complex, and may partially explain immune abnormalities observed in many subjects with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Torres
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-6804, USA.
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50
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Nowak I, Magott-Procelewska M, Kowal A, Miazga M, Wagner M, Niepiekło-Miniewska W, Kamińska M, Wiśniewski A, Majorczyk E, Klinger M, Łuszczek W, Pawlik A, Płoski R, Barcz E, Senitzer D, Kuśnierczyk P. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and HLA genotypes affect the outcome of allogeneic kidney transplantation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44718. [PMID: 23028591 PMCID: PMC3441441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recipient NK cells may detect the lack of recipient's (i.e., self) HLA antigens on donor renal tissue by means of their killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). KIR genes are differently distributed in individuals, possibly contributing to differences in response to allogeneic graft. Methodology/Principal Findings We compared frequencies of 10 KIR genes by PCR-SSP in 93 kidney graft recipients rejecting allogeneic renal transplants with those in 190 recipients accepting grafts and 690 healthy control individuals. HLA matching results were drawn from medical records. We observed associations of both a full-length KIR2DS4 gene and its variant with 22-bp deletion with kidney graft rejection. This effect was modulated by the HLA-B,-DR matching, particularly in recipients who did not have glomerulonephritis but had both forms of KIR2DS4 gene. In contrast, in recipients with glomerulonephritis, HLA compatibility seemed to be much less important for graft rejection than the presence of KIR2DS4 gene. Simultaneous presence of both KIR2DS4 variants strongly increased the probability of rejection. Interestingly, KIR2DS5 seemed to protect the graft in the presence of KIR2DS4fl but in the absence of KIR2DS4del. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest a protective role of KIR2DS5 in graft rejection and an association of KIR2DS4 with kidney rejection, particularly in recipients with glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Nowak
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maria Magott-Procelewska
- Department and Clinic of Nephrology and Transplant Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kowal
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Miazga
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Wagner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wanda Niepiekło-Miniewska
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kamińska
- Health Care Center at the Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wiśniewski
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Majorczyk
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marian Klinger
- Department and Clinic of Nephrology and Transplant Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wioleta Łuszczek
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Barcz
- 1st Chair and Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Senitzer
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Piotr Kuśnierczyk
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Tissue Immunology, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
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