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Mhmoud NA. Association of Toll-like Receptors 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 10 Genes Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sudanese Patients. Immunotargets Ther 2023; 12:47-75. [PMID: 37051380 PMCID: PMC10085002 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s404915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic factors are important contributors to the development of a wide range of complex disease. Polymorphisms in genes encoding for toll-like receptors (TLRs) usually influence the efficiency of the immune response to infection and are associated with disease susceptibility and progression. Therefore, we aim to describe the first association between TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 TLR6, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10 genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Sudanese patients. Methodology Here we performed a case study which included 160 tuberculosis patients and 220 healthy matched controls from Sudan. In the study population, we evaluated the possible association between 86 markers in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 TLR6, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10 genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to PTB disease in Sudanese population using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results From our results it appeared that in the PTB population the TLR1 (rs5743557, rs4833095, rs5743596), TLR2 (rs5743704, rs5743708, rs3804099), TLR4 (rs4986790, rs4986791), TLR6 (rs5743810), TLR8 (rs3764879, rs3764880), TLR9 (rs352165, rs352167, rs187084) and TLR10 (rs4129009) were significantly more often encountered (p<0.0001) than in the control population and were associated with PTB in the Sudanese population. For the other polymorphisms tested, no association with PTB was found in the population tested. Conclusion The work describes novel mutations in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10 genes and their association with PTB infection in Sudanese population. These results will enhance our ability to determine the risk of developing the disease by targeting specific TLR pathways to reduce the severity of the disease. Future studies are needed in a larger sample to replicate our findings and understand the mechanism of association of TLR polymorphism in PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa A Mhmoud
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- Correspondence: Najwa A Mhmoud, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan, Fax +249-83-383590, Email
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Varshney D, Singh S, Sinha E, Mohanty KK, Kumar S, Kumar Barik S, Patil SA, Katara P. Systematic review and meta-analysis of human Toll-like receptors genetic polymorphisms for susceptibility to tuberculosis infection. Cytokine 2022; 152:155791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wani BA, Shehjar F, Shah S, Koul A, Yusuf A, Farooq M, Mir MI, Singh R, Afroze D. Role of genetic variants of Vitamin D receptor, Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 in extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104911. [PMID: 33991642 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene abnormalities confer susceptibility to tuberculosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as TLR-2, are also important mediators of inflammatory response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We evaluated VDR, TLR-2 and TLR-4 gene polymorphisms in patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). OBJECTIVES To find out a possible association of Vitamin D receptor (VDR) (rs731236), TLR-2 (196-174 Ins > Del) and TLR-4 (Thr399Ile) gene polymorphisms with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in ethnic Kashmiri population. METHODS A total of 100 extrapulmunary tuberculosis cases and 102 healthy controls were analyzed for Vitamin D receptor (VDR) (rs731236), TLR-2 (196-174 ins > del) and TLR-4 (Thr399Ile) gene polymorphisms using PCR-RFLP and Allele-Specific PCR methods. RESULTS We found increased frequency of TLR-4 Thr/Ile heterozygous genotype in cases as compared with healthy controls (22% vs 5.8%). Thus acting as a risk factor for extrapulmonary tuberculosis, as was elucidated from statistical analysis [OR, 4.5; 95% CI (1.74-11.68); P < 0.001]. In case of TLR-2 (196-174 ins > del) we observed significant differences in the homozygous variant (Del/Del) genotype of cases and controls (28% in cases & 2.94% in controls). Thus, TLR-2 (Del/Del) genotype acts as a strong risk factor for extrapulmonary tuberculosis predisposition [OR, 12.2; 95% CI (3.5-42.69); P < 0.001]. We did not find any significant differences in the genotypic distribution of (VDR) (rs731236) T > C SNP between cases and controls (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION TLR-4 (Thr/Ile) and TLR-2 (Del/Del) act as significant risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis predisposition in ethnic Kashmiri population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Wani
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J&K, India; Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Faheem Shehjar
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Sonaullah Shah
- Department of Internal & Pulmonary Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Ajaz Koul
- Department of Internal & Pulmonary Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Adfar Yusuf
- Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Muzamil Farooq
- Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Mohmad Iqbal Mir
- Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Rajni Singh
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Dil Afroze
- Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J&K, India.
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Banerjee U, Baloni P, Singh A, Chandra N. Immune Subtyping in Latent Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:595746. [PMID: 33897680 PMCID: PMC8059438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.595746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) poses a major roadblock in the global effort to eradicate tuberculosis (TB). A deep understanding of the host responses involved in establishment and maintenance of TB latency is required to propel the development of sensitive methods to detect and treat LTBI. Given that LTBI individuals are typically asymptomatic, it is challenging to differentiate latently infected from uninfected individuals. A major contributor to this problem is that no clear pattern of host response is linked with LTBI, as molecular correlates of latent infection have been hard to identify. In this study, we have analyzed the global perturbations in host response in LTBI individuals as compared to uninfected individuals and particularly the heterogeneity in such response, across LTBI cohorts. For this, we constructed individualized genome-wide host response networks informed by blood transcriptomes for 136 LTBI cases and have used a sensitive network mining algorithm to identify top-ranked host response subnetworks in each case. Our analysis indicates that despite the high heterogeneity in the gene expression profiles among LTBI samples, clear patterns of perturbation are found in the immune response pathways, leading to grouping LTBI samples into 4 different immune-subtypes. Our results suggest that different subnetworks of molecular perturbations are associated with latent tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushashi Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Priyanka Baloni
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Singh
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Kamal AHM, Aloor JJ, Fessler MB, Chowdhury SM. Cross-linking Proteomics Indicates Effects of Simvastatin on the TLR2 Interactome and Reveals ACTR1A as a Novel Regulator of the TLR2 Signal Cascade. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1732-1744. [PMID: 31221720 PMCID: PMC6731082 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a pattern recognition receptor that, upon ligation by microbial molecules, interacts with other proteins to initiate pro-inflammatory responses by the cell. Statins (hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors), drugs widely prescribed to reduce hypercholesterolemia, are reported to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects upon cells. Some of these responses are presumed to be driven by effects on signaling proteins at the plasma membrane, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We reasoned that profiling the effect of statins on the repertoire of TLR2-interacting proteins might provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which statins impact inflammation. In order to study the TLR2 interactome, we designed a coimmunoprecipitation (IP)-based cross-linking proteomics study. A hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged-TLR2 transfected HEK293 cell line was used to precipitate the TLR2 interactome upon cell exposure to the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 and simvastatin, singly and in combination. To stabilize protein interactors, we used two different chemical cross-linkers with different spacer chain lengths. Proteomic analysis revealed important combinatorial effects of simvastatin and Pam3CSK4 on the TLR2 interactome. After stringent data filtering, we identified alpha-centractin (ACTR1A), an actin-related protein and subunit of the dynactin complex, as a potential interactor of TLR2. The interaction was validated using biochemical methods. RNA interference studies revealed an important role for ACTR1A in induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, we report that statins remodel the TLR2 interactome, and we identify ACTR1A, a part of the dynactin complex, as a novel regulator of TLR2-mediated immune signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Hena Mostafa Kamal
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas 76019
| | - Jim J Aloor
- §Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Michael B Fessler
- §Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Saiful M Chowdhury
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas 76019.
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An autophagy-inducing and TLR-2 activating BCG vaccine induces a robust protection against tuberculosis in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:34. [PMID: 31396406 PMCID: PMC6683161 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG is widely used as a vaccine against tuberculosis due to M. tuberculosis (Mtb), which kills millions of people each year. BCG variably protects children, but not adults against tuberculosis. BCG evades phagosome maturation, autophagy, and reduces MHC-II expression of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) affecting T-cell activation. To bypass these defects, an autophagy-inducing, TLR-2 activating C5 peptide from Mtb-derived CFP-10 protein was overexpressed in BCG in combination with Ag85B. Recombinant BCG85C5 induced a robust MHC-II-dependent antigen presentation to CD4 T cells in vitro, and elicited stronger TH1 cytokines (IL-12, IL-1β, and TNFα) from APCs of C57Bl/6 mice increasing phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK. BCG85C5 also enhanced MHC-II surface expression of MΦs by inhibiting MARCH1 ubiquitin ligase that degrades MHC-II. BCG85C5 infected APCs from MyD88 or TLR-2 knockout mice showed decreased antigen presentation. Furthermore, BCG85C5 induced LC3-dependent autophagy in macrophages increasing antigen presentation. Consistent with in vitro effects, BCG85C5 markedly expanded both effector and central memory T cells in C57Bl/6 mice protecting them against both primary aerosol infection with Mtb and reinfection, but was less effective among TLR-2 knockout mice. Thus, BCG85C5 induces stronger and longer lasting immunity, and is better than BCG against tuberculosis of mice. The BCG vaccine is widely used but has highly variable efficacy due at least in part to its inefficient processing by antigen-presenting cells (APC). Chinnaswamy Jagannath and colleagues at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center identify a peptide (C5) derived from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) virulence factor component CFP10 which can efficiently enhance BCG’s ability to activate APC function. C5’s activity in APCs is dependent on both Toll-like receptor 2 signaling and activation of autophagy which together enhances presentation of the Mtb protein Ag85B. A recombinant BCG vaccine over-expressing both Ag85B and C5 (BCG85C5) more strongly activates TH1-like responses which are known to be protective against Mtb infection. Mouse vaccination with BCG85C5 induces a qualitatively and quantitatively superior response to BCG—including greater expansion of Ag85B-specific T cells, more robust memory T cell formation and better control of Mtb in both lung and spleen.
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Bhanothu V, Venkatesan V. Conventional polymerase chain reaction and amplification refractory mutation system-multi-gene/ multi-primer PCR in the diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:267-281. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01631-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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TLR2 Arg753Gln Gene Polymorphism Associated with Tuberculosis Susceptibility: An Updated Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2628101. [PMID: 30733958 PMCID: PMC6348792 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2628101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To date, a series of studies were conducted to investigate the association between TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) Arg753Gln gene polymorphism and tuberculosis (TB). However, the results were inconsistent. This meta-analysis was performed to elucidate the roles of TLR2 Arg753Gln gene polymorphism in TB. Methods All available articles were searched from online databases such as PubMed, Medline, CNKI, and Wanfang. Statistical analyses were performed using the STATA12.0 (Stata Corp LP, College Station, TX, United States) software. Results 32 case-control studies comprising 5943 cases and 5991 controls were identified in this meta-analysis. Overall, the TLR2 Arg753Gln gene polymorphism was associated with high TB risk in allele model (A vs. G: OR=2.20, 95%CI=1.60-3.04, P≤0.01), dominant model (AA+AG vs. GG: OR=2.70, 95%CI=2.00-3.65, P≤0.01), and heterozygote model (AG vs. GG contrast: OR=2.97, 95%CI=2.39-3.69, P≤0.01). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity indicated that the A allele increased susceptibility to TB in Asian (OR=3.35, 95%CI=2.36-4.74) and Caucasian populations (OR=2.62, 95%CI=1.77-3.87), but not in African (2.08, 95%CI=0.62-2.72) or mixed populations (OR=0.76, 95%CI=0.36-1.14). Stratified analysis by sample type suggested that the A allele associated with high pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) risks (OR=2.43, 95%CI=1.66-3.54), but not with extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) (OR=1.84, 95%CI=0.83-4.06). Conclusion this meta-analysis suggested the following: (1) TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism is significantly associated with high TB risk. (2) In subgroup analysis based on ethnicity, TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism elevates the risk of TB in Asian and Caucasian populations, but not in African or mixed populations. (3) Stratified by sample type, TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism is associated with increased PTB risk, but not with EPTB.
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Wang MG, Zhang MM, Wang Y, Wu SQ, Zhang M, He JQ. Association of TLR8 and TLR9 polymorphisms with tuberculosis in a Chinese Han population: a case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:561. [PMID: 30424735 PMCID: PMC6234681 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor (TLR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with regulation of TLR expression and development of active tuberculosis (TB). The objectives of this study were to determine whether TLR8 and TLR9 SNPs were associated with the development of latent TB infection (LTBI) and the subsequent pulmonary TB (PTB) in a Chinese Han population. Methods Two independent samples were enrolled. The first sample contained 584 TB cases and 608 controls; the second sample included 204 healthy controls, 201 LTBI subjects and 209 bacteria-confirmed active PTB patients. Three SNPs (rs3764880, rs187084 and rs5743836) were genotyped. The associations between the SNPs and risk of LTBI or PTB were investigated using unconditional logistic regression analysis. Results The A-allele of TLR8 rs3764880 SNP was protective against the development of TB in males (A vs G, OR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.37–0.91). The AA genotype of rs3764880 SNP was found to increase the risk of PTB among females with an OR of 4.81 (1.11–20.85). The G allele of TLR9 SNP rs187084 was found to increase the risk of PTB (G vs A, P = 0.01, OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.10–2.00), the significance was also observed under dominant genetic models. The GA-genotype of TLR9 rs187084 SNP was found to increase the risk of PTB with an OR of 1.68 (1.07–2.65), but was found to decrease the risk of MTB infection with an OR = 0.64 (0.41–0.98). TLR9_rs5743836 SNP was excluded from the data analyses, because the minimum allele frequency was< 1%. Conclusions Our findings in two independent samples indicated that SNPs in TLR8 and TLR9 were associated with the development of TB, and highlight that SNPs may have different effects on disease pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Gui Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao-Miao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Quan Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Qing He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Devi KR, Mukherjee K, Chelleng PK, Kalita S, Das U, Narain K. Association of VDR gene polymorphisms and 22 bp deletions in the promoter region of TLR2Δ22 (-196-174) with increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis: A case-control study in tea garden communities of Assam. J Clin Lab Anal 2018; 32:e22562. [PMID: 29727015 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high number of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases have been reported from tea garden communities of Assam. Till date, no molecular epidemiological study was performed to investigate the association of candidate gene(s) with the risk PTB in this region. The present case-control study was aimed to investigate the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and 22 bp deletion in the promoter region of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene with the risk of PTB in tea garden communities of Assam. METHODS Genotyping of VDR polymorphisms and TLR2Δ22 (-196-174) gene was carried out for 169 PTB cases and 227 apparently healthy community controls using blood samples by PCR-RFLP followed by DNA sequencing. For association study, both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS This study has shown that BsmI and FokI polymorphisms of VDR gene significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB (AOR = 3.58, 95% CI = 1.64-7.80, P < .01 for B/b genotype of BsmI and AOR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.40-4.24, P < .01 for F/f genotype of FokI polymorphism). No significant association of TaqI and ApaI polymorphism of VDR gene was found with the risk of PTB. Moreover, this study has revealed that person carrying deletion allele in their TLR2Δ22 (-196-174) gene is significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB having b/b or F/f genotypes in BsmI or FokI polymorphisms of VDR gene. CONCLUSION This study has revealed that BsmI and FokI polymorphisms of VDR gene significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simanta Kalita
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Upasana Das
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Schultz TE, Wiesmüller KH, Lucas M, Dobos KM, Baxter AG, Blumenthal A. The N-terminal peptide moiety of theMycobacterium tuberculosis19 kDa lipoprotein harbors RP105-agonistic properties. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:311-319. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma0517-190rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Schultz
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | | | - Megan Lucas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Karen M. Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Alan G. Baxter
- Comparative Genomics Centre; James Cook University; Townsville QLD Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland; Translational Research Institute; Brisbane QLD Australia
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Donovan ML, Schultz TE, Duke TJ, Blumenthal A. Type I Interferons in the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis: Molecular Drivers and Immunological Consequences. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1633. [PMID: 29230217 PMCID: PMC5711827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat. Urgent needs in the fight against TB include improved and innovative treatment options for drug-sensitive and -resistant TB as well as reliable biological indicators that discriminate active from latent disease and enable monitoring of treatment success or failure. Prominent interferon (IFN) inducible gene signatures in TB patients and animal models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection have drawn significant attention to the roles of type I IFNs in the host response to mycobacterial infections. Here, we review recent developments in the understanding of the innate immune pathways that drive type I IFN responses in mycobacteria-infected host cells and the functional consequences for the host defense against M. tuberculosis, with a view that such insights might be exploited for the development of targeted host-directed immunotherapies and development of reliable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg L Donovan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas E Schultz
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Taylor J Duke
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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TLR2 2258 G>A single nucleotide polymorphism and the risk of congenital infection with human cytomegalovirus. Virol J 2017; 14:12. [PMID: 28118851 PMCID: PMC5260049 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is responsible for the most common intrauterine infections, which may be acquired congenitally from infected pregnant woman to fetus. The research was aimed to estimate the role of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in TLR2 gene, and the common contribution of TLR2, and previously studied TLR4 and TLR9 SNPs, to the occurrence of congenital HCMV infection in fetuses and newborns. METHODS The study was performed in 20 Polish fetuses and newborns, congenitally infected with HCMV, and in 31 uninfected controls, as well as with participation of pregnant women, the mothers of 16 infected and 14 uninfected offsprings. Genotypes in TLR2 SNPs were determined, using self-designed nested PCR-RFLP assays, and confirmed by sequencing. The genotypes were tested for Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium, and for their relationship with the development of congenital cytomegaly, using a logistic regression model. The common influence of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 SNPs on the occurrence of congenital disease was estimated by multiple-SNP analysis. RESULTS Distribution of the genotypes and alleles in TLR2 1350 T>C and 2029 C>T SNPs was similar between the studied groups of fetuses and neonates. In case of 2258 G>A polymorphism, the GA heterozygotic status was significantly more frequent in the infected cases than among the uninfected individuals (25.0% vs. 3.2%, respectively), and increased the risk of HCMV infection (OR 10.00, 95% CI 1.07-93.44; P ≤ 0.050). Similarly, the A allele within 2258 G>A polymorphism was significantly more frequent among the infected offsprings than in the uninfected ones (12.5% vs. 1.6%; P ≤ 0.050). Complex AA variants for both TLR2 2258 and TLR9 2848 G>A polymorphisms, were estimated to be at increased risk of congenital HCMV infection (OR 11.58, 95% CI 1.19-112.59; P ≤ 0.050). Additionally, significant relationships were observed between the occurrence of complex AA or GA variants for both TLR2 and TLR9 SNPs and the increased viral loads, determined in fetal amniotic fluids and in maternal blood or urine specimens (P ≤ 0.050). CONCLUSIONS Among various TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 polymorphisms, TLR2 2258 G>A SNP seems to be an important factor associated with increased risk of congenital HCMV infection in Polish fetuses and neonates.
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Soydas T, Karaman O, Arkan H, Yenmis G, Ilhan MM, Tombulturk K, Tasan E, Kanigur Sultuybek G. The Correlation of Increased CRP Levels with NFKB1 and TLR2 Polymorphisms in the Case of Morbid Obesity. Scand J Immunol 2017; 84:278-283. [PMID: 27507606 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Morbid obesity (MO) is associated with an increase in circulating levels of systemic acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein (CRP). Toll-like receptor is possible candidate for inflammatory responses which is mainly mediated by NFKB1. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between NFKB1 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 polymorphisms and the risk of MO in a Turkish population in the context of CRP serum levels which may contribute to susceptibility to the disease. We analysed the distribution of NFKB1-94 ins/del ATTG rs28362491 and TLR2 Arg753Gln rs5743708 polymorphisms using PCR-RFLP method and CRP serum levels using ELISA method in 213 MO and 200 healthy controls. The frequency of the ins/ins genotype and ins allele of rs28362491 was significantly higher in the patients compared to control group (P: 0.0309; P: 0.0421, respectively). Additionally, the frequency of GG genotype and G allele of rs5743708 was found to be statistically higher in the patient group (P: 0.0421; P < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, serum CRP levels (>20 mg/l) in MO patients with ins/ins genotype were significantly higher than in patients with del/ins genotype (P: 0.0309). Serum CRP levels were also higher in MO patients with GG genotype and G allele (P: 0.0001). According to combined analysis, the wild type of rs28362491 and rs5743708 polymorphisms (ins/ins/GG genotype) was also significantly higher in the patient group versus the control group when compared with the combined ins/ins/GA and del/ins/GA genotype (P < 0.0001). Therefore, our findings suggest that rs28362491 and rs5743708 polymorphisms were significantly associated with MO disease through acting by modulating serum CRP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Soydas
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - O Karaman
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bezmialem Medical Faculty, Bezmialem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Arkan
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G Yenmis
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - M M Ilhan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K Tombulturk
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Tasan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bezmialem Medical Faculty, Bezmialem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - G Kanigur Sultuybek
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Konowich J, Gopalakrishnan A, Dietzold J, Verma S, Bhatt K, Rafi W, Salgame P. Divergent Functions of TLR2 on Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Cells during Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:741-748. [PMID: 27920273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that TLR2 is crucial for host resistance against chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; however, which cell types are key players in this response remain unknown. This led us to decipher the relative contribution of TLR2 on nonhematopoietic and hematopoietic cells in resistance against chronic M. tuberculosis infection in mice infected with M. tuberculosis Erdman. Consistent with our previous report, at 8 wk of infection, TLR2 knockout (TLR2KO)→TLR2KO bone marrow chimeric mice exhibited increased bacterial burden, disorganized accumulation of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells, and extensive pulmonary immunopathology compared with wild-type (WT)→WT chimeric mice. Bacterial burden and pulmonary immunopathology of chimeric mice lacking TLR2 in the hematopoietic compartment (TLR2KO→WT) was comparable to TLR2KO mice. In contrast, chimeric mice deficient in TLR2 in the nonhematopoietic compartment (WT→TLR2KO) exhibited a marked attenuation in granulomatous inflammation compared with WT mice. Although the latter mice did not exhibit improved pulmonary bacterial control, significant reductions in bacterial burden in the draining lymph nodes, spleen, and liver were observed. These findings establish that the TLR2-mediated hematopoietic response promotes stable control of pulmonary bacterial burden and granuloma integrity, whereas TLR2 signaling on nonhematopoietic cells may partly facilitate granulomatous inflammation and bacterial dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Konowich
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
| | - Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
| | - Jillian Dietzold
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
| | - Sheetal Verma
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
| | - Kamlesh Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
| | | | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101; and
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16
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Su H, Zhu S, Zhu L, Huang W, Wang H, Zhang Z, Xu Y. Recombinant Lipoprotein Rv1016c Derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is a TLR-2 Ligand that Induces Macrophages Apoptosis and Inhibits MHC II Antigen Processing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:147. [PMID: 27917375 PMCID: PMC5114242 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR2-dependent cellular signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages causes apoptosis and inhibits class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecules antigen processing, leading to evasion of surveillance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) lipoproteins are an important class of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand, and identified as specific components that mediate these effects. In this study, we identified and characterized MTB lipoprotein Rv1016c (lpqT) as a cell wall associated-protein that was exposed on the cell surface and enhanced the survival of recombinants M. smegmatis_Rv1016c under stress conditions. We found that Rv1016c lipoprotein was a novel TLR2 ligand and able to induce macrophage apoptosis in a both dose- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, apoptosis induced by Rv1016c was reserved in THP-1 cells blocked with anti-TLR-2 Abs or in TLR2−/− mouse macrophages, indicating that Rv1016c-induced apoptosis is dependent on TLR2. Moreover, we demonstrated that Rv1016c lipoprotein inhibited IFN-γ-induced MHC-II expression and processing of soluble antigens in a TLR2 dependent manner. Class II transactivator (CIITA) regulates MHC II expression. In this context, Rv1016c lipoprotein diminished IFN-γ-induced expression of CIITA IV through TLR2 and MAPK Signaling. TLR2-dependent apoptosis and inhibition of MHC-II Ag processing induced by Rv1016c during mycobacteria infection may promote the release of residual bacilli from apoptotic cells and decrease recognition by CD4+ T cells. These mechanisms may allow intracellular MTB to evade immune surveillance and maintain chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint of School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhou, China
| | - Shenglin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint of School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Honghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University Shanghai, China
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17
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Familial risk of tuberculosis (TB) has been recognized for centuries. Largely through studies of mono- and dizygotic twin concordance rates, studies of families with Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease, and candidate gene studies performed in the 20th century, it was recognized that susceptibility to TB disease has a substantial host genetic component. Limitations in candidate gene studies and early linkage studies made the robust identification of specific loci associated with disease challenging, and few loci have been convincingly associated across multiple populations. Genome-wide and transcriptome-wide association studies, based on microarray (commonly known as genechip) technologies, conducted in the past decade have helped shed some light on pathogenesis but only a handful of new pathways have been identified. This apparent paradox, of high heritability but few replicable associations, has spurred a new wave of collaborative global studies. This review aims to comprehensively review the heritability of TB, critically review the host genetic and transcriptomic correlates of disease, and highlight current studies and future prospects in the study of host genomics in TB. An implicit goal of elucidating host genetic correlates of susceptibility to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection or TB disease is to identify pathophysiological features amenable to translation to new preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic interventions. The translation of genomic insights into new clinical tools is therefore also discussed.
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18
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Leifer CA, Medvedev AE. Molecular mechanisms of regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:927-941. [PMID: 27343013 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0316-117rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TLRs play a critical role in the detection of microbes and endogenous "alarmins" to initiate host defense, yet they can also contribute to the development and progression of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. To avoid pathogenic inflammation, TLR signaling is subject to multilayer regulatory control mechanisms, including cooperation with coreceptors, post-translational modifications, cleavage, cellular trafficking, and interactions with negative regulators. Nucleic acid-sensing TLRs are particularly interesting in this regard, as they can both recognize host-derived structures and require internalization of their ligand as a result of intracellular sequestration of the nucleic acid-sensing TLRs. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of TLRs, including regulation of their access to ligands, receptor folding, intracellular trafficking, and post-translational modifications, as well as how altered control mechanism could contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and
| | - Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Heath Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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19
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Gopalakrishnan A, Salgame P. Toll-like receptor 2 in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: to be or not to be-that is the question. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:76-82. [PMID: 27326654 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 is expressed on immune cells and respiratory epithelial cells lining the lung. TLR2 is not critical for protection during acute Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection but it has a significant multi-faceted role in containing chronic infection. This review highlights the contribution of TLR2 to host protection, immune evasion by Mtb and immune regulation during chronic Mtb infection. The TLR2-triggered pro-inflammatory cytokines initiate protective mechanisms and limit Mtb replication while the immune evasion pathways counterattack anti-bacterial effector mechanisms. The immune regulation pathways that are activated dampen TLR2 signaling. The combinatorial effect of these functional responses is persistence of Mtb with minimal immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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20
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Rahman S, Shering M, Ogden NH, Lindsay R, Badawi A. Toll-like receptor cascade and gene polymorphism in host-pathogen interaction in Lyme disease. J Inflamm Res 2016; 9:91-102. [PMID: 27330321 PMCID: PMC4898433 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) risk occurs in North America and Europe where the tick vectors of the causal agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato are found. It is associated with local and systemic manifestations, and has persistent posttreatment health complications in some individuals. The innate immune system likely plays a critical role in both host defense against B. burgdorferi and disease severity. Recognition of B. burgdorferi, activation of the innate immune system, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and modulation of the host adaptive responses are all initiated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). A number of Borrelia outer-surface proteins (eg, OspA and OspB) are recognized by TLRs. Specifically, TLR1 and TLR2 were identified as the receptors most relevant to LD. Several functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in TLR genes, and are associated with varying cytokines types and synthesis levels, altered pathogen recognition, and disruption of the downstream signaling cascade. These single-nucleotide polymorphism-related functional alterations are postulated to be linked to disease development and posttreatment persistent illness. Elucidating the role of TLRs in LD may facilitate a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and can provide an insight into novel therapeutic targets during active disease or postinfection and posttreatment stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusmita Rahman
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Shering
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas H Ogden
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Robbin Lindsay
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alaa Badawi
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Rizvi I, Garg RK, Jain A, Malhotra HS, Singh AK, Prakash S, Kumar N, Garg R, Verma R, Mahdi AA, Sharma PK. Vitamin D status, vitamin D receptor and toll like receptor-2 polymorphisms in tuberculous meningitis: a case–control study. Infection 2016; 44:633-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-016-0907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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753 G/A polymorphism of TLR2 in the susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in the Lur population of Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)61046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Ma Y, Han F, Liang J, Yang J, Shi J, Xue J, Yang L, Li Y, Luo M, Wang Y, Wei J, Liu X. A species-specific activation of Toll-like receptor signaling in bovine and sheep bronchial epithelial cells triggered by Mycobacterial infections. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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24
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Jaeger M, Stappers MHT, Joosten LAB, Gyssens IC, Netea MG. Genetic variation in pattern recognition receptors: functional consequences and susceptibility to infectious disease. Future Microbiol 2016; 10:989-1008. [PMID: 26059622 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system are equipped with surface and cytoplasmic receptors for microorganisms called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and as such are crucial for the activation of the immune system. Currently, five different classes of PRRs have been described: Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and absent in melanoma 2-like receptors. Following their discovery, many sequence variants in PRR genes have been uncovered and shown to be implicated in human infectious diseases. In this review, we will discuss the effect of genetic variation in PRRs and their signaling pathways on susceptibility to infectious diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark H T Stappers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Medicine, Research group of Immunology & Biochemistry, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge C Gyssens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Medicine, Research group of Immunology & Biochemistry, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
Through thousands of years of reciprocal coevolution, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become one of humanity's most successful pathogens, acquiring the ability to establish latent or progressive infection and persist even in the presence of a fully functioning immune system. The ability of M. tuberculosis to avoid immune-mediated clearance is likely to reflect a highly evolved and coordinated program of immune evasion strategies that interfere with both innate and adaptive immunity. These include the manipulation of their phagosomal environment within host macrophages, the selective avoidance or engagement of pattern recognition receptors, modulation of host cytokine production, and the manipulation of antigen presentation to prevent or alter the quality of T-cell responses. In this article we review an extensive array of published studies that have begun to unravel the sophisticated program of specific mechanisms that enable M. tuberculosis and other pathogenic mycobacteria to persist and replicate in the face of considerable immunological pressure from their hosts. Unraveling the mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis evades or modulates host immune function is likely to be of major importance for the development of more effective new vaccines and targeted immunotherapy against tuberculosis.
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26
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Stamm CE, Collins AC, Shiloh MU. Sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and consequences to both host and bacillus. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:204-19. [PMID: 25703561 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the primary causative agent of human tuberculosis, has killed more people than any other bacterial pathogen in human history and remains one of the most important transmissible diseases worldwide. Because of the long-standing interaction of Mtb with humans, it is no surprise that human mucosal and innate immune cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to detect Mtb during initial contact. To that end, the cell surface of human cells is decorated with numerous pattern recognition receptors for a variety of mycobacterial ligands. Furthermore, once Mtb is ingested into professional phagocytes, other host molecules are engaged to report on the presence of an intracellular pathogen. In this review, we discuss the role of specific mycobacterial products in modulating the host's ability to detect Mtb. In addition, we describe the specific host receptors that mediate the detection of mycobacterial infection and the role of individual receptors in mycobacterial pathogenesis in humans and model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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27
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Schurz H, Daya M, Möller M, Hoal EG, Salie M. TLR1, 2, 4, 6 and 9 Variants Associated with Tuberculosis Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139711. [PMID: 26430737 PMCID: PMC4592262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating the influence of toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility have yielded varying and often contradictory results in different ethnic groups. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between TLR variants and susceptibility to tuberculosis, both across and within specific ethnic groups. METHODS An extensive database search was performed for studies investigating the relationship between TLR and tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility. Data was subsequently extracted from included studies and statistically analysed. RESULTS 32 articles involving 18907 individuals were included in this meta-analysis, and data was extracted for 14 TLR polymorphisms. Various genetic models were employed. An increased risk of TB was found for individuals with the TLR2 rs3804100 CC and the TLR9 rs352139 GA and GG genotypes, while decreased risk was identified for those with the AG genotype of TLR1 rs4833095. The T allele of TLR6 rs5743810 conferred protection across all ethnic groups. TLR2 rs5743708 subgroup analysis identified the A allele to increase susceptibility to TB in the Asian ethnic group, while conferring protection in the Hispanic group. The T allele of TLR4 rs4986791 was also found to increase the risk of TB in the Asian subgroup. All other TLR gene variants investigated were not found to be associated with TB in this meta-analysis. DISCUSSION Although general associations were identified, most TLR variants showed no significant association with TB, indicating that additional studies investigating a wider range of pattern recognition receptors is required to gain a better understanding of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiko Schurz
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Michelle Daya
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Marlo Möller
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Eileen G. Hoal
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Muneeb Salie
- SA MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research and the DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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28
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Güven M, Batar B, Mutlu T, Bostancı M, Mete M, Aras C, Ünal M. Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Polymorphisms in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:856-61. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1067326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Güven
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Bahadır Batar
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Tuba Mutlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Merve Bostancı
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Meltem Mete
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Cengiz Aras
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey and
| | - Mustafa Ünal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Antalya, Turkey
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29
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Sequence comparison of six human microRNAs genes between tuberculosis patients and healthy individuals. Int J Mycobacteriol 2015; 4:341-6. [PMID: 26964819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in diseases development. Therefore, human miRNAs may be able to inhibit the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the human host by targeting critical genes of the pathogen. Mutations within miRNAs can alter their target selection, thereby preventing them from inhibiting Mtb genes, thus increasing host susceptibility to the disease. METHODS This study was undertaken to investigate the genetic association of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with six human miRNAs genes, namely, hsa-miR-370, hsa-miR-520d, hsa-miR-154, hsa-miR-497, hsa-miR-758, and hsa-miR-593, which have been predicted to interact with Mtb genes. The objective of the study was to determine the possible sequence variation of selected miRNA genes that are potentially associated with the inhibition of critical Mtb genes in TB patients. RESULTS The study did not show differences in the sequences compared with healthy individuals without antecedents of TB. CONCLUSION This result could have been influenced by the sample size and the selection of miRNA genes, which need to be addressed in future studies.
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30
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Wu H, Yang L. Arg753Gln Polymorphisms in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Gene are Associated with Tuberculosis Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Med Sci Monit 2015. [PMID: 26220088 PMCID: PMC4523069 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous epidemiological studies have reported the association between polymorphisms of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB). However, the results remain inconclusive. Therefore, we performed a quantitative meta-analysis to evaluate associations between the polymorphism of Arg753Gln of the TLR2 gene and susceptibility to TB. Material/Methods Three databases (PubMed, CNKI and Embase) were systematically searched for eligible studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as our index were used to assess the relation between the TLR2 gene Arg753Gln polymorphism and risk of TB. Overall and subgroup analyses were conducted according to the available information. Results With a detailed selection, 7 eligible studies with 1486 cases and 1322 controls were identified in our meta-analysis. There was a significant difference between TLR2 gene Arg753Gln polymorphism and the risk of TB (additive model: P<0.01, OR=2.89, 95% CI: 2.13–3.91; GA vs. GG: P<0.01, OR=2.92, 95% CI: 2.09–4.08). Interestingly, subgroup analysis based on ethnicity indicated that TB risk was significantly increased in Asians (additive model: P<0.01, OR=3.17, 95% CI: 2.31–4.35; GA vs. GG: P<0.01, OR=3.29, 95% CI: 2.32–4.68); by contrast, there was no association found in whites (additive model: P=0.40, OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.15–2.13; GA vs. GG: P=0.40, OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.15–2.13). Conclusions Our meta-analysis provides evidence that the TLR2 gene Arg753Gln polymorphism is a risk factor to TB, especially in Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Wu
- Department of Medicine, The General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Bhanothu V, Lakshmi V, Theophilus JP, Rozati R, Badhini P, Vijayalaxmi B. Investigation of Toll-Like Receptor-2 (2258G/A) and Interferon Gamma (+874T/A) Gene Polymorphisms among Infertile Women with Female Genital Tuberculosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130273. [PMID: 26114934 PMCID: PMC4483232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) coordinate with a diverse array of cellular programs through the transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes and play an important role in immune system, reproductive physiology and basic pathology. Alterations in the functions of TLR2 2258G (guanine)/ A, IFN-γ (+874T/A) and signalling molecules that result from polymorphisms are often associated with susceptibility or resistance, which may, in turn, establish the innate host response to various infectious diseases. Presently, we proposed to investigate the risk of common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of TLR2 and IFN-γ genes, for their effect on infertility in women with female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) and healthy women as controls. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Genotyping of TLR2 and IFN-γ gene polymorphisms was performed by amplification refractory mutation system multi-gene/multi-primer polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism in 175 FGTB patients and 100 healthy control women (HCW). The TLR2 polymorphism [adenine (A) allele] was observed in 57.7 and 58.0% of FGTB patients and HCW, respectively. The IFN-γ (+874T/A) polymorphism (A allele) was significant in 74.3 and 71.0% of FGTB patients and HCW, respectively, while the odds ratios for the AA and TA genotypes for predisposition of FGTB were found to be 0.304 and 1.650 in HCW, respectively. The SNP of TLR2 was not associated with FGTB but the SNP of IFN-γ was found to be associated with mycobacteria infections and to induce infertility. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE At present, we hypothesize that infertile women with FGTB and HCW without tuberculosis (TB) have identical frequency of TLR variants, which may be adequate in the production of IFN-γ in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Thus, the study appears to be the first of its kind reporting a mutation in the IFN-γ gene [+874 T (thymine) to A] responsible for susceptibility to TB infections and further inducing infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkanna Bhanothu
- Department of Zoology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Vemu Lakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Jane P. Theophilus
- Department of Zoology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Roya Rozati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Owaisi Hospital & Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Prabhakar Badhini
- Department of Genetics, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Boda Vijayalaxmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Owaisi Hospital & Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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Pöyhönen L, Nuolivirta K, Vuononvirta J, Kröger L, Huhtala H, Mertsola J, He Q, Korppi M. Toll-like receptor 2 subfamily gene polymorphisms are associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin osteitis following newborn vaccination. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:485-90. [PMID: 25605403 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM Toll-like receptor (TLR) 1, 2, 6 and 10, the TLR2 subfamily, are known to be associated with immunity against tuberculosis. We evaluated whether polymorphisms in genes encoding TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 were associated with osteitis in infants who received the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination soon after birth. METHODS Blood samples from 132 adults aged 21-49 who had BCG osteitis in early childhood were analysed in a controlled study for TLR1 T1805G (rs5743618), TLR2 G2258A (rs5743708) and TLR6 C745T (rs5743810) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms. RESULTS The frequencies of the variant genotypes differed between the cases and controls: 11.4% versus 5.7% for TLR2 G2258A (p = 0.033) and 77.3% versus 61.6% for TLR6 C745T (p = 0.001). The TLR2 and TLR6 variant genotypes were associated with a higher risk of BCG osteitis, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 2.154 (95%CI 1.026-4.521) and 1.907 (95%CI 1.183-3.075), respectively. The frequency of the TLR1 T1805G variant genotype was 19.7% in the cases and 33.6% in the controls (p = 0.003). The TLR1 variant genotype was associated with a lower risk of BCG osteitis (aOR 0.554, 95%CI 0.336-0.911). CONCLUSION Gene polymorphisms that regulate the function of the TLR2 subfamily play a role in the development of BCG osteitis in vaccinated infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pöyhönen
- Center for Child Health Research; University of Tampere and University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - Kirsi Nuolivirta
- Department of Pediatrics; Seinäjoki Central Hospital; Seinäjoki Finland
| | - Juho Vuononvirta
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Turku Finland
| | - Liisa Kröger
- Department of Pediatrics; University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- School of Health Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Turku and University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control; National Institute for Health and Welfare; Turku Finland
| | - Matti Korppi
- Center for Child Health Research; University of Tampere and University Hospital; Tampere Finland
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Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility: A comprehensive meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 35:157-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-015-1405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Screening toll-like receptor markers to predict latent tuberculosis infection and subsequent tuberculosis disease in a Chinese population. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:19. [PMID: 25928077 PMCID: PMC4421918 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background We investigated whether polymorphisms in the toll-like receptor genes or gene–gene interactions are associated with susceptibility to latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) or subsequent pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a Chinese population. Methods Two matched case–control studies were undertaken. Previously reported polymorphisms in the toll-like receptors (TLRs) were compared between 422 healthy controls (HC) and 205 LTBI patients and between 205 LTBI patients and 109 PTB patients, to assess whether these polymorphisms and their interactions are associated with LTBI or PTB. A PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to detect genetic polymorphisms in the TLR genes. Nonparametric multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to analyze the effects of interactions between complex disease genes and other genes or environmental factors. Results Sixteen markers in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR8, TLR9, and TIRAP were detected. In TLR2, the frequencies of the CC genotype (OR = 2.262; 95% CI: 1.433–3.570) and C allele (OR = 1.566; 95% CI: 1.223–1.900) in single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3804100 were significantly higher in the LTBI group than in the HC group, whereas the GA genotype of SNP rs5743708 was associated with PTB (OR = 6.087; 95% CI: 1.687–21.968). The frequencies of the GG genotype of SNP rs7873784 in TLR4 (OR = 2.136; 95% CI: 1.312–3.478) and the CC genotype of rs3764879 in TLR8 (OR = 1.982; 95% CI: 1.292-3.042) were also significantly higher in the PTB group than in the HC group. The TC genotype frequency of SNP rs5743836 in TLR9 was significantly higher in the LTBI group than in the HC group (OR = 1.664; 95% CI: 1.201–2.306). An MDR analysis of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions identified three SNPs (rs10759932, rs7873784, and rs10759931) that predicted LTBI with 84% accuracy (p = 0.0004) and three SNPs (rs3804100, rs1898830, and rs10759931) that predicted PTB with 80% accuracy (p = 0.0001). Conclusions Our results suggest that genetic variation in TLR2, 4, 8 and 9, implicating TLR-related pathways affecting the innate immunity response, modulate LTBI and PTB susceptibility in Chinese. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-015-0166-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Association of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and TIRAP polymorphisms with disease susceptibility. Immunol Res 2015; 62:234-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Unckless RL, Rottschaefer SM, Lazzaro BP. The complex contributions of genetics and nutrition to immunity in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005030. [PMID: 25764027 PMCID: PMC4357385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both malnutrition and undernutrition can lead to compromised immune defense in a diversity of animals, and "nutritional immunology" has been suggested as a means of understanding immunity and determining strategies for fighting infection. The genetic basis for the effects of diet on immunity, however, has been largely unknown. In the present study, we have conducted genome-wide association mapping in Drosophila melanogaster to identify the genetic basis for individual variation in resistance, and for variation in immunological sensitivity to diet (genotype-by-environment interaction, or GxE). D. melanogaster were reared for several generations on either high-glucose or low-glucose diets and then infected with Providencia rettgeri, a natural bacterial pathogen of D. melanogaster. Systemic pathogen load was measured at the peak of infection intensity, and several indicators of nutritional status were taken from uninfected flies reared on each diet. We find that dietary glucose level significantly alters the quality of immune defense, with elevated dietary glucose resulting in higher pathogen loads. The quality of immune defense is genetically variable within the sampled population, and we find genetic variation for immunological sensitivity to dietary glucose (genotype-by-diet interaction). Immune defense was genetically correlated with indicators of metabolic status in flies reared on the high-glucose diet, and we identified multiple genes that explain variation in immune defense, including several that have not been previously implicated in immune response but which are confirmed to alter pathogen load after RNAi knockdown. Our findings emphasize the importance of dietary composition to immune defense and reveal genes outside the conventional "immune system" that can be important in determining susceptibility to infection. Functional variation in these genes is segregating in a natural population, providing the substrate for evolutionary response to pathogen pressure in the context of nutritional environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Unckless
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan M Rottschaefer
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian P Lazzaro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Schoffelen T, Ammerdorffer A, Hagenaars JCJP, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Wegdam-Blans MC, Wever PC, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Sprong T, Netea MG, van Deuren M, van de Vosse E. Genetic Variation in Pattern Recognition Receptors and Adaptor Proteins Associated With Development of Chronic Q Fever. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:818-29. [PMID: 25722298 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Q fever is an infection caused by Coxiella burnetii. Persistent infection (chronic Q fever) develops in 1%-5% of patients. We hypothesize that inefficient recognition of C. burnetii and/or activation of host-defense in individuals carrying genetic variants in pattern recognition receptors or adaptors would result in an increased likelihood to develop chronic Q fever. METHODS Twenty-four single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding Toll-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor-2, αvβ3 integrin, CR3, and adaptors myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88), and Toll interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) were genotyped in 139 patients with chronic Q fever and in 220 controls with cardiovascular risk-factors and previous exposure to C. burnetii. Associations between these single-nucleotide polymorphisms and chronic Q fever were assessed by means of univariate logistic regression models. Cytokine production in whole-blood stimulation assays was correlated with relevant genotypes. RESULTS Polymorphisms in TLR1 (R80T), NOD2 (1007fsX1), and MYD88 (-938C>A) were associated with chronic Q fever. No association was observed for polymorphisms in TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, TLR8, ITGAV, ITGB3, ITGAM, and TIRAP. No correction for multiple testing was performed because only genes with a known role in initial recognition of C. burnetii were included. In the whole-blood assays, individuals carrying the TLR1 80R-allele showed increased interleukin 10 production with C. burnetii exposure. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphisms in TLR1 (R80T), NOD2 (L1007fsX1), and MYD88 (-938C>A) are associated with predisposition to development of chronic Q fever. For TLR1, increased interleukin 10 responses to C. burnetii in individuals carrying the risk allele may contribute to the increased risk of chronic Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teske Schoffelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center
| | | | | | | | - Marjolijn C Wegdam-Blans
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory for Pathology and Medical Microbiology, Veldhoven
| | - Peter C Wever
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center
| | | | - Tom Sprong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center
| | | | - Esther van de Vosse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Webster AS, Shandera WX. The extrapulmonary dissemination of tuberculosis: A meta-analysis. Int J Mycobacteriol 2014; 3:9-16. [PMID: 26786217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The epidemiology of the forty percent of tuberculosis patients who present with disseminated and/or extrapulmonary disease is in need of further study. Further study of such dissemination using published data from international indices may provide data which assist with control of tuberculosis. METHODS For each clinical or epidemiologic factor studied, summary odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated showing associations between such factors and documented extrapulmonary dissemination of tuberculosis. RESULTS Eighteen studies fulfilled criteria for study of the clinical factors and nine for the cytokine studies. Significant factors associated with a greater risk of extrapulmonary dissemination were female gender (summary odds ratio, 1.92 (95% confidence intervals, 1.72-2.13), I-squared 86.9), age under 45 (1.37, 1.18-1.60, 63.7), and as well the absence of smoking, drinking and diabetes but not HIV infection (1.10, 0.91-1.32, 80.5). Among cytokines, the macrophage receptor protein P2X7 was associated most strongly associated with extrapulmonary dissemination of tuberculosis (2.28, 0.88-5.90, 92.9). CONCLUSION Young age, female gender, and the macrophage purinergic receptor protein P2X7 were major factors associated with extrapulmonary dissemination of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne Xavier Shandera
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Stappers MHT, Thys Y, Oosting M, Plantinga TS, Ioana M, Reimnitz P, Mouton JW, Netea MG, Joosten LAB, Gyssens IC. TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6 Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated With Increased Susceptibility to Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:311-8. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Khalilullah SA, Harapan H, Hasan NA, Winardi W, Ichsan I, Mulyadi M. Host genome polymorphisms and tuberculosis infection: What we have to say? EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2013; 63:173-185. [PMID: 26966339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiology studies suggest that host genetic factors play important roles in susceptibility, protection and progression of tuberculosis infection. Here we have reviewed the implications of some genetic polymorphisms in pathways related to tuberculosis susceptibility, severity and development. Large case-control studies examining single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes have been performed in tuberculosis patients in some countries. Polymorphisms in natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-10, vitamin D receptor (VDR), dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), nucleotide oligomerization binding domain 2 (NOD2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and surfactant proteins A (SP-A) have been reviewed. These genes have been variably associated with tuberculosis infection and there is strong evidence indicating that host genetic factors play critical roles in tuberculosis susceptibility, severity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Center, School of Medicine Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Nabeeh A Hasan
- Research Affiliate, Centre for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wira Winardi
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ichsan Ichsan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Tropical Disease Center, School of Medicine Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Institute of Medical Microbiology and National Reference Center for Systemic Mycosis, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mulyadi Mulyadi
- Pulmonology Department, School of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Pothlichet J, Quintana-Murci L. The genetics of innate immunity sensors and human disease. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:157-208. [PMID: 23570315 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.777064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, innate immunity microbial sensors have been increasingly studied and shown to play a critical role in innate responses to microbes in several experimental in vitro, ex vivo, and animal models. However, their role in the human response to infection in natural conditions has just started to be deciphered, by means of clinical studies of primary immunodeficiencies and epidemiological genetic studies. Here, we summarize the major findings concerning the genetic diversity of the various families of microbial sensors in humans, and of other molecules involved in the signaling pathways they trigger. Specifically, we review the genetic associations, revealed by both clinical and epidemiological genetics studies, of microbial sensors from five different families: Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and cytosolic DNA sensors. In particular, we consider the relationships between variation at the genes encoding these molecules and susceptibility to and the severity of infectious diseases and other clinical conditions associated with immune dysfunction, including autoimmunity, inflammation, allergy, and cancer. Despite the fact that the genetic links between innate immunity sensors and human disorders remain still limited, human genetics studies are increasingly improving our understanding of the genuine functions of microbial sensors and downstream signaling molecules in the natural setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pothlichet
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris, France
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Haerynck F, Mahachie John JM, Van Steen K, Schelstraete P, Van daele S, Loeys B, Van Thielen M, De Canck I, Nuytinck L, De Baets F. Genetic variations in toll-like receptor pathway and lung function decline in Cystic fibrosis patients. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1649-55. [PMID: 23994582 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.08.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The toll-like receptor (TLR) family maintains pulmonary homeostasis by pathogen recognition, clearance and regulation of inflammation. Genes affecting inflammation response play a key role in modifying Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease severity. We assessed the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR genes (TLR1 to TLR10, CD14, lipopolyssacharide-binding protein (LBP)) on lung function in CF patients. Each SNP was tested for time-dependent effect on FEV1, using six genetic models. In addition, we investigated associations between SNP genotypes and extreme subject specific slopes of FEV1 decline. Variant alleles of polymorphisms of TLR2 rs1898830, rs5743708, and rs3804100 demonstrated a consistent association with lung disease severity (p = 0.008, p = 0.006 and p = 0.029 respectively). Patients homozygous for variant C allele of TLR5 polymorphism rs5744174 are more frequently associated with extreme fast FEV1 decline (OR: 20 (95% Confidence Interval:1.85-216.18)). Patients homozygous AA for TLR1 polymorphism rs5743551 are more frequently associated with faster decline of FEV1 compared to heterozygous genotype (OR:7.33 (95% CI:1.63-33.11). Our findings indicate that variations in TLR1, TLR2 and TLR5 genes may influence CF lung function decline. Further functional analysis is required to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of TLRs in CF lung disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Haerynck
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Gent, Belgium.
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Medvedev AE. Toll-like receptor polymorphisms, inflammatory and infectious diseases, allergies, and cancer. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:467-84. [PMID: 23675778 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germ-line-encoded innate immune sensors that recognize conserved microbial structures and host alarmins and signal expression of MHC proteins, costimulatory molecules, and inflammatory mediators by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and other cell types. These processes activate immediate and early mechanisms of innate host defense, as well as initiate and orchestrate adaptive immune responses. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the TLR genes have been associated with altered susceptibility to infectious, inflammatory, and allergic diseases, and have been found to play a role in tumorigenesis. Critical advances in our understanding of innate immune functions and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered complex interactions of genetic polymorphisms within TLRs and environmental factors. However, conclusions obtained in the course of such analyses are restricted by limited power of many studies that is likely to explain controversial findings. Further, linkages to certain ethnic backgrounds, gender, and the presence of multigenic effects further complicate the interpretations of how the TLR SNPs affect immune responses. For many TLRs, the molecular mechanisms by which SNPs impact receptor functions remain unknown. In this review, I have summarized current knowledge about the TLR polymorphisms, their impact on TLR signaling, and associations with various inflammatory, infectious, allergic diseases and cancers, and discussed the directions of future scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
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Zhang Y, Jiang T, Yang X, Xue Y, Wang C, Liu J, Zhang X, Chen Z, Zhao M, Li JC. Toll-like receptor -1, -2, and -6 polymorphisms and pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63357. [PMID: 23691034 PMCID: PMC3653945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large number of studies have investigated whether polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes are implicated in susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) in different populations. However, the results are inconsistent and inconclusive. Methods A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, EMBASE, Medline (Ovid), ISI Web of Knowledge and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). A meta-analysis on the associations between the TLR1 G1805T, TLR2 T597C, T1350C, G2258A, and TLR6 C745T polymorphisms and TB risk was carried out by comparison using different genetic models. Results In total, 16 studies from 14 articles were included in this review. In meta-analysis, significant associations were observed between the TLR2 2258AA (AA vs. AG+AG, OR 5.82, 95% CI 1.30–26.16, P = 0.02) and TLR6 745TT (TT vs. CT+CC, OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39–0.97, P = 0.04) polymorphisms and TB risk. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, Africans and American Hispanic subjects with the TLR1 1805T allele had an increased susceptibility, whereas Asian and European subjects with the TLR2 2258A allele had an increased susceptibility to TB. Conclusions The meta-analysis indicated that TLR2 G2258A is associated with increased TB risk, especially in Asians and Europeans. TLR1 G1805T is associated with increased TB in Africans and American Hispanics. TLR6 C745T is associated with decreased TB risk. Our systematic review and meta-analysis reported an interesting preliminary conclusion, but this must be validated by future large-scale and functional studies in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuyun Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Xue
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongliang Chen
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhao
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Li
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Kim SK, Park HJ, Hong IK, Chung JH, Eun YG. A missense polymorphism (rs11466653, Met326Thr) of toll-like receptor 10 (TLR10) is associated with tumor size of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the Korean population. Endocrine 2013; 43:161-9. [PMID: 23124277 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of innate immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate whether TLR gene cluster (TLR10-TLR1-TLR6) polymorphisms are associated with the etiology of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and its clinicopathologic characteristics. We recruited 94 PTC patients and 325 control subjects. Genotypes for each SNP were determined by direct sequencing. SNPStats and SPSS 18.0 were used to evaluate odds ratios (ORs), 95 % confidence intervals (CIs), and P values. Multiple logistic regression analyzes of genetic data were performed. The missense SNP rs11466653 was associated with small tumor size (<1 cm) in PTC. The frequency of the rs11466653 T allele was higher in PTC patients with tumors <1 cm in size than in the control group (95.8 vs. 87.2 %; P = 0.021, OR = 0.30, 95 % CI = 0.11-0.83). The T allele of rs11466653 (T/C, Met326Thr) in TLR10 may be a risk factor for the development of tumors in PTC in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kang Kim
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause worldwide of human mortality attributable to a single infectious agent. Recent studies targeting candidate genes and "case-control" association have revealed numerous polymorphisms implicated in host susceptibility to TB. Here, we review current progress in the understanding of causative polymorphisms in host innate immune genes associated with TB pathogenesis. We discuss genes encoding several types of proteins: macrophage receptors, such as the mannose receptor (MR, CD206), dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN, CD209), Dectin-1, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement receptor 3 (CR3, CD11b/CD18), nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and NOD2, CD14, P2X7, and the vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR); soluble C-type lectins, such as surfactant protein-A (SP-A), SP-D, and mannose-binding lectin (MBL); phagocyte cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-18; chemokines, such as IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), RANTES, and CXCL10; and other important innate immune molecules, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and solute carrier protein 11A1 (SLC11A1). Polymorphisms in these genes have been variably associated with susceptibility to TB among different populations. This apparent variability is probably accounted for by evolutionary selection pressure as a result of long-term host-pathogen interactions in certain regions or populations and, in part, by lack of proper study design and limited knowledge of molecular and functional effects of the implicated genetic variants. Finally, we discuss genomic technologies that hold promise for resolving questions regarding the evolutionary paths of the human genome, functional effects of polymorphisms, and corollary impacts of adaptation on human health, ultimately leading to novel approaches to controlling TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul K. Azad
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology
| | - Wolfgang Sadee
- Department of Pharmacology, Program in Pharmacogenomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology
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Munawwar A, Singh S. AIDS associated tuberculosis: a catastrophic collision to evade the host immune system. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:384-7. [PMID: 22795795 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a causative agent of AIDS while Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes human tuberculosis, independently. HIV and M. tuberculosis co-infection is an intriguing immunopathological phenomenon. The effect is not simply an additive but far more than that. This review gives an account of how various host and pathogen specific factors interplay to make this co-infection one of the worst co-infection, rightly named as medical "double jeopardy". We have attempted to recount some of the immune mechanisms how both these pathogens disturb the balance of host immune system resulting into defects in the host phagocytic response, leading to apoptosis and chemokine dysregulation. The HIV provides protected shelter to the M. tuberculosis and M. tuberculosis provides conducive atmosphere through the interplay of various chemokines. We also touch upon the treatment associated complications like Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) these patients face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Munawwar
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Genetic Diversity of Toll-Like Receptors and Immunity to M. leprae Infection. J Trop Med 2012; 2012:415057. [PMID: 22529866 PMCID: PMC3317006 DOI: 10.1155/2012/415057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic association studies of leprosy cohorts across the world have identified numerous polymorphisms which alter susceptibility and outcome to infection with Mycobacterium leprae. As expected, many of the polymorphisms reside within genes that encode components of the innate and adaptive immune system. Despite the preponderance of these studies, our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie these genetic associations remains sparse. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as an essential family of innate immune pattern recognition receptors which play a pivotal role in host defense against microbes, including pathogenic strains of mycobacteria. This paper will highlight studies which have uncovered the association of specific TLR gene polymorphisms with leprosy or tuberculosis: two important diseases resulting from mycobacterial infection. This analysis will focus on the potential influence these polymorphic variants have on TLR expression and function and how altered TLR recognition or signaling may contribute to successful antimycobacterial immunity.
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Sánchez D, Lefebvre C, Rioux J, García LF, Barrera LF. Evaluation of Toll-like receptor and adaptor molecule polymorphisms for susceptibility to tuberculosis in a Colombian population. Int J Immunogenet 2012; 39:216-23. [PMID: 22221660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Immunological studies have supported the idea that innate immunity is critical for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans. Despite the overwhelming evidence showing the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the in vitro recognition of Mtb, the in vivo significance of individual TLRs has been more difficult to demonstrate consistently. We were interested in examining the role of genes of TLRs and molecules involved in their signalling cascades, and a case-control study was designed to test the association of polymorphisms of these innate immune genes with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in a Colombian population. In this study, we did not find an association with TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, MyD88 or MAL/TIRAP polymorphic variants. These findings suggest that those genes are not involved as risk factors for pulmonary TB in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sánchez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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50
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Ruan W, Wu Y, An J, Cui D, Li H, Zheng S. Toll-like receptor 2 type 1 and type 2 polymorphisms in different chicken breeds. Poult Sci 2012; 91:101-6. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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