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Cheng X, Liu X, Jordan KW, Yu J, Whitworth RJ, Park Y, Chen MS. Frequent Acquisition of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 32 (GH32) Genes from Bacteria via Horizontal Gene Transfer Drives Adaptation of Invertebrates to Diverse Sources of Food and Living Habitats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8296. [PMID: 39125866 PMCID: PMC11311677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GHs, also called glycosidases) catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides. Numerous GH genes have been identified from various organisms and are classified into 188 families, abbreviated GH1 to GH188. Enzymes in the GH32 family hydrolyze fructans, which are present in approximately 15% of flowering plants and are widespread across microorganisms. GH32 genes are rarely found in animals, as fructans are not a typical carbohydrate source utilized in animals. Here, we report the discovery of 242 GH32 genes identified in 84 animal species, ranging from nematodes to crabs. Genetic analyses of these genes indicated that the GH32 genes in various animals were derived from different bacteria via multiple, independent horizontal gene transfer events. The GH32 genes in animals appear functional based on the highly conserved catalytic blades and triads in the active center despite the overall low (35-60%) sequence similarities among the predicted proteins. The acquisition of GH32 genes by animals may have a profound impact on sugar metabolism for the recipient organisms. Our results together with previous reports suggest that the acquired GH32 enzymes may not only serve as digestive enzymes, but also may serve as effectors for manipulating host plants, and as metabolic enzymes in the non-digestive tissues of certain animals. Our results provide a foundation for future studies on the significance of horizontally transferred GH32 genes in animals. The information reported here enriches our knowledge of horizontal gene transfer, GH32 functions, and animal-plant interactions, which may result in practical applications. For example, developing crops via targeted engineering that inhibits GH32 enzymes could aid in the plant's resistance to animal pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Cheng
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (X.C.); (X.L.); (R.J.W.); (Y.P.)
| | - Xuming Liu
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (X.C.); (X.L.); (R.J.W.); (Y.P.)
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, 4008 Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Katherine W. Jordan
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, 4008 Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Jingcheng Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 141 Chalmers Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Robert J. Whitworth
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (X.C.); (X.L.); (R.J.W.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (X.C.); (X.L.); (R.J.W.); (Y.P.)
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (X.C.); (X.L.); (R.J.W.); (Y.P.)
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, 4008 Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
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Huang HJ, Li LL, Ye ZX, Lu JB, Lou YH, Wei ZY, Sun ZT, Chen JP, Li JM, Zhang CX. Salivary proteins potentially derived from horizontal gene transfer are critical for salivary sheath formation and other feeding processes. Commun Biol 2024; 7:257. [PMID: 38431762 PMCID: PMC10908841 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbivorous insects employ an array of salivary proteins to aid feeding. However, the mechanisms behind the recruitment and evolution of these genes to mediate plant-insect interactions remain poorly understood. Here, we report a potential horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event from bacteria to an ancestral bug of Eutrichophora. The acquired genes subsequently underwent duplications and evolved through co-option. We annotated them as horizontal-transferred, Eutrichophora-specific salivary protein (HESPs) according to their origin and function. In Riptortus pedestris (Coreoidea), all nine HESPs are secreted into plants during feeding. The RpHESP4 to RpHESP8 are recently duplicated and found to be indispensable for salivary sheath formation. Silencing of RpHESP4-8 increases the difficulty of R. pedestris in probing the soybean, and the treated insects display a decreased survivability. Although silencing the other RpHESPs does not affect the salivary sheath formation, negative effects are also observed. In Pyrrhocoris apterus (Pyrrhocoroidea), five out of six PaHESPs are secretory salivary proteins, with PaHESP3 being critical for insect survival. The PaHESP5, while important for insects, no longer functions as a salivary protein. Our results provide insight into the potential origin of insect saliva and shed light on the evolution of salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Li-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zhuang-Xin Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jia-Bao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yi-Han Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Zong-Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Su RR, Pan BQ, Luo YX, Zheng XL, Lu W, Wang XY. Characterization of bacterial diversity and screening of cellulose-degrading bacteria in the gut system of Glenea cantor (Fabricius) larvae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1340168. [PMID: 38456003 PMCID: PMC10919226 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1340168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal bacteria of longhorn beetles would be ideal targets for pest control and lignocellulosic resources by destroying or exploiting their cellulose-degrading function. This article aims to investigate the diversity and community structure of intestinal bacteria the oligophagous longhorn beetle Glenea cantor. Additionally, it seeks to identify the presence of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria in the gut, and explore their role in consuming host kapok trees Bombax malabaricum. In this study, the bacterial community from G. cantor was examined by Illumina sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) targeting the V3 and V4 regions. A total of 563,201 valid sequences and 814 OTUs were obtained. The dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, and the dominant genera were Acinetobacter and Lactococcus. The analysis of microbial diversity revealed a high bacterial diversity in the samples, with the gut bacteria playing a crucial role in the physiological activities of the host, particularly, 9 genera of intestinal bacteria with cellulose degradation function were found, highlighting their vital role in cellulose degradation. Five strains of cellulose-degrading bacteria, belonging to the genus Pseudomonas, were obtained from the intestinal tract of G. cantor larvae using traditional isolation and culture techniques as well as 16S rDNA sequencing. Among these strains, A4 exhibited a cellulase activity of 94.42 ± 0.42 U/mL, while A5 displayed the highest filter paper enzyme activity of 127.46 ± 3.54 U/mL. These results offered valuable insights into potential targets for pest control through internal attack digestion and cellulose-degrading bacteria in longhorn beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Shin NR, Okamura Y, Kirsch R, Pauchet Y. Genome sequencing provides insights into the evolution of gene families encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in longhorned beetles. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:469-483. [PMID: 37119017 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
With more than 36,000 species, the longhorned beetles (family Cerambycidae) are a mega-diverse lineage of mostly xylophagous insects, all of which are represented by the sole sequenced genome of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis; Lamiinae). Their successful radiation has been linked to their ability to degrade plant cell wall components using a range of so-called plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). Our previous analysis of larval gut transcriptomes demonstrated that cerambycid beetles horizontally acquired genes encoding PCWDEs from various microbial donors; these genes evolved through multiple duplication events to form gene families. To gain further insights into the evolution of these gene families during the Cerambycidae radiation, we assembled draft genomes for four beetle species belonging to three subfamilies using long-read nanopore sequencing. All the PCWDE-encoding genes we annotated from the corresponding larval gut transcriptomes were present in these draft genomes. We confirmed that the newly discovered horizontally acquired glycoside hydrolase family 7 (GH7), subfamily 26 of GH43 (GH43_26), and GH53 (all of which are absent from the A. glabripennis genome) were indeed encoded by these beetles' genome. Most of the PCWDE-encoding genes of bacterial origin gained introns after their transfer into the beetle genome. Altogether, we show that draft genome assemblies generated from nanopore long-reads offer meaningful information to the study of the evolution of gene families in insects. We anticipate that our data will support studies aiming to better understand the biology of the Cerambycidae and other beetles in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ra Shin
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yu Okamura
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Shin NR, Pauchet Y. First evidence of a horizontally-acquired GH-7 cellobiohydrolase from a longhorned beetle genome. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:1-14. [PMID: 37533217 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Xylophagous larvae of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera; Cerambycidae) efficiently break down polysaccharides of the plant cell wall, which make the bulk of their food, using a range of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). In this study, we investigated the function and evolutionary history of the first identified example of insect-encoded members of glycoside hydrolase family 7 (GH7) derived from the Lamiinae Exocentrus adspersus. The genome of this beetle contained two genes encoding GH7 proteins located in tandem and flanked by transposable elements. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the GH7 sequences of E. adspersus were closely related to those of Ascomycete fungi, suggesting that they were acquired through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from fungi. However, they were more distantly related to those encoded by genomes of Crustacea and of protist symbionts of termites and cockroaches, supporting that the same enzyme family was recruited several times independently in Metazoa during the course of their evolution. The recombinant E. adspersus GH7 was found to primarily break down cellulose polysaccharides into cellobiose, indicating that it is a cellobiohydrolase, and could also use smaller cellulose oligomers as substrates. Additionally, the cellobiohydrolase activity was boosted by the presence of calcium chloride. Our findings suggest that the combination of GH7 cellobiohydrolases with other previously characterized endo-β-1,4-glucanases and β-glucosidases allows longhorned beetles like E. adspersus to efficiently break down cellulose into monomeric glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ra Shin
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Feng H, Chen W, Hussain S, Shakir S, Tzin V, Adegbayi F, Ugine T, Fei Z, Jander G. Horizontally transferred genes as RNA interference targets for aphid and whitefly control. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:754-768. [PMID: 36577653 PMCID: PMC10037149 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based technologies are starting to be commercialized as a new approach for agricultural pest control. Horizontally transferred genes (HTGs), which have been transferred into insect genomes from viruses, bacteria, fungi or plants, are attractive targets for RNAi-mediated pest control. HTGs are often unique to a specific insect family or even genus, making it unlikely that RNAi constructs targeting such genes will have negative effects on ladybugs, lacewings and other beneficial predatory insect species. In this study, we sequenced the genome of a red, tobacco-adapted isolate of Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) and bioinformatically identified 30 HTGs. We then used plant-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to show that several HTGs of bacterial and plant origin are important for aphid growth and/or survival. Silencing the expression of fungal-origin HTGs did not affect aphid survivorship but decreased aphid reproduction. Importantly, although there was uptake of plant-expressed RNA by Coccinella septempunctata (seven-spotted ladybugs) via the aphids that they consumed, we did not observe negative effects on ladybugs from aphid-targeted VIGS constructs. To demonstrate that this approach is more broadly applicable, we also targeted five Bemisia tabaci (whitefly) HTGs using VIGS and demonstrated that knockdown of some of these genes affected whitefly survival. As functional HTGs have been identified in the genomes of numerous pest species, we propose that these HTGs should be explored further as efficient and safe targets for control of insect pests using plant-mediated RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Sonia Hussain
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Present address:
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering CollegePakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied SciencesFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Sara Shakir
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Present address:
Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech InstituteThe University of LiegeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Vered Tzin
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Present address:
Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen‐Gurion University of the NegevSede BoqerIsrael
| | - Femi Adegbayi
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNYUSA
- Present address:
Drexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Todd Ugine
- Department of EntomologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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Shin NR, Doucet D, Pauchet Y. Duplication of horizontally acquired GH5_2 enzymes played a central role in the evolution of longhorned beetles. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac128. [PMID: 35763818 PMCID: PMC9246334 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of functional diversity through gene duplication contributed to the adaption of organisms to various environments. Here we investigate the evolution of putative cellulases of the subfamily 2 of glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5_2) in the Cerambycidae (longhorned beetles), a megadiverse assemblage of mostly xylophagous beetles. Cerambycidae originally acquired GH5_2 from a bacterial donor through horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and extant species harbor multiple copies that arose from gene duplication. We ask how these digestive enzymes contributed to the ability of these beetles to feed on wood. We analyzed 113 GH5_2, including the functional characterization of 52 of them, derived from 25 species covering most subfamilies of Cerambycidae. Ancestral gene duplications led to five well-defined groups with distinct substrate specificity, allowing these beetles to break down, in addition to cellulose, polysaccharides that are abundant in plant cell walls (PCWs), namely, xyloglucan, xylan, and mannans. Resurrecting the ancestral enzyme originally acquired by HGT, we show it was a cellulase that was able to break down glucomannan and xylan. Finally, recent gene duplications further expanded the catalytic repertoire of cerambycid GH5_2, giving rise to enzymes that favor transglycosylation over hydrolysis. We suggest that HGT and gene duplication, which shaped the evolution of GH5_2, played a central role in the ability of cerambycid beetles to use a PCW-rich diet and may have contributed to their successful radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ra Shin
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Doucet
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Evolutionary Dynamics of Host Organs for Microbial Symbiosis in Tortoise Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). mBio 2022; 13:e0369121. [PMID: 35073753 PMCID: PMC8787481 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03691-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse insects host specific microbial symbionts that play important roles for their growth, survival, and reproduction. They often develop specialized symbiotic organs for harboring the microbial partners. While such intimate associations tend to be stably maintained over evolutionary time, the microbial symbionts may have been lost or replaced occasionally. How symbiont acquisitions, replacements, and losses are linked to the development of the host's symbiotic organs is an important but poorly understood aspect of microbial symbioses. Cassidine leaf beetles are associated with a specific gammaproteobacterial lineage, Stammera, whose reduced genome is streamlined for producing pectin-degrading enzymes to assist the host's digestion of food plants. We investigated the symbiotic system of 24 Japanese cassidine species and found that (i) most species harbored Stammera within paired symbiotic organs located at the foregut-midgut junction, (ii) the host phylogeny was largely congruent with the symbiont phylogeny, indicating stable host-symbiont association over evolutionary time, (iii) meanwhile, the symbiont was not detected in three distinct host lineages, uncovering recurrent losses of the ancient microbial mutualist, (iv) the symbiotic organs were vestigial but present in the symbiont-free lineages, indicating evolutionary persistence of the symbiotic organs even in the absence of the symbiont, and (v) the number of the symbiotic organs was polymorphic among the cassidine species, either two or four, unveiling a dynamic evolution of the host organs for symbiosis. These findings are discussed as to what molecular mechanisms and evolutionary trajectories underpin the recurrent symbiont losses and the morphogenesis of the symbiotic organs in the herbivorous insect group. IMPORTANCE Insects represent the biodiversity of the terrestrial ecosystem, and their prosperity is attributable to their association with symbiotic microorganisms. By sequestering microbial functionality into their bodies, organs, tissues, or cells, diverse insects have successfully exploited otherwise inaccessible ecological niches and resources, including herbivory enabled by utilization of indigestible plant cell wall components. In leaf beetles of the subfamily Cassininae, an ancient symbiont lineage, Stammera, whose genome is extremely reduced and specialized for encoding pectin-degrading enzymes, is hosted in gut-associated symbiotic organs and contributes to the host's food plant digestion. Here, we demonstrate that multiple symbiont losses and recurrent structural switching of the symbiotic organs have occurred in the evolutionary course of cassidine leaf beetles, which sheds light on the evolutionary and developmental dynamics of the insect's symbiotic organs and provides a model system to investigate how microbial symbionts affect the host's development and morphogenesis and vice versa.
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Okmane L, Nestor G, Jakobsson E, Xu B, Igarashi K, Sandgren M, Kleywegt GJ, Ståhlberg J. Glucomannan and beta-glucan degradation by Mytilus edulis Cel45A: Crystal structure and activity comparison with GH45 subfamily A, B and C. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118771. [PMID: 34893216 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of barley beta-glucan, konjac glucomannan and carboxymethyl cellulose by a β-1,4-D-endoglucanase MeCel45A from blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, which belongs to subfamily B of glycoside hydrolase family 45 (GH45), was compared with GH45 members of subfamilies A (Humicola insolens HiCel45A), B (Trichoderma reesei TrCel45A) and C (Phanerochaete chrysosporium PcCel45A). Furthermore, the crystal structure of MeCel45A is reported. Initial rates and hydrolysis yields were determined by reducing sugar assays and product formation was characterized using NMR spectroscopy. The subfamily B and C enzymes exhibited mannanase activity, whereas the subfamily A member was uniquely able to produce monomeric glucose. All enzymes were confirmed to be inverting glycoside hydrolases. MeCel45A appears to be cold adapted by evolution, as it maintained 70% activity on cellohexaose at 4 °C relative to 30 °C, compared to 35% for TrCel45A. Both enzymes produced cellobiose and cellotetraose from cellohexaose, but TrCel45A additionally produced cellotriose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Okmane
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustav Nestor
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Jakobsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bingze Xu
- Center for Surface Biotechnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerard J Kleywegt
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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New insights in pectinase production development and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:9069-9087. [PMID: 34846574 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pectinase, a group of pectin degrading enzymes, is one of the most influential industrial enzymes, helpful in producing a wide variety of products with good qualities. These enzymes are biocatalysts and are highly specific, non-toxic, sustainable, and eco-friendly. Consequently, both pectin and pectinase are crucially essential biomolecules with extensive applicatory perception in the biotechnological sector. The market demand and application of pectinases in new sectors are continuously increasing. However, due to the high cost of the substrate used for the growth of microbes, the production of pectinase using microorganisms is limited. Therefore, low-cost or no-cost substrates, such as various agricultural biomasses, are emphasized in producing pectinases. The importance and implications of pectinases are rising in diverse areas, including bioethanol production, extraction of DNA, and protoplast isolation from a plant. Therefore, this review briefly describes the structure of pectin, types and source of pectinases, substrates and strategies used for pectinases production, and emphasizes diverse potential applications of pectinases. The review also has included a list of pectinases producing microbes and alternative substrates for commercial production of pectinase applicable in pectinase-based industrial technology.Key points• Pectinase applications are continuously expanding.• Organic wastes can be used as low-cost sources of pectin.• Utilization of wastes helps to reduce pollution.
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Aguirre-Rojas LM, Scully ED, Trick HN, Zhu KY, Smith CM. Comparative analyses of transcriptional responses of Dectes texanus LeConte (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae fed on three different host plants and artificial diet. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11448. [PMID: 34075134 PMCID: PMC8169664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dectes texanus is an important coleopteran pest of soybeans and cultivated sunflowers in the Midwestern United States that causes yield losses by girdling stems of their host plants. Although sunflower and giant ragweed are primary hosts of D. texanus, they began colonizing soybeans approximately 50 years ago and no reliable management method has been established to prevent or reduce losses by this pest. To identify genes putatively involved when feeding soybean, we compared gene expression of D. texanus third-instar larvae fed soybean to those fed sunflower, giant ragweed, or artificial diet. Dectes texanus larvae differentially expressed 514 unigenes when fed on soybean compared to those fed the other diet treatments. Enrichment analyses of gene ontology terms from up-regulated unigenes in soybean-fed larvae compared to those fed both primary hosts highlighted unigenes involved in oxidoreductase and polygalacturonase activities. Cytochrome P450s, carboxylesterases, major facilitator superfamily transporters, lipocalins, apolipoproteins, glycoside hydrolases 1 and 28, and lytic monooxygenases were among the most commonly up-regulated unigenes in soybean-fed larvae compared to those fed their primary hosts. These results suggest that D. texanus larvae differentially expressed unigenes involved in biotransformation of allelochemicals, digestion of plant cell walls and transport of small solutes and lipids when feeding in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Aguirre-Rojas
- Deparment of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92506, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS-CGAHR, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Harold N Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - C Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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12
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Insect derived extra oral GH32 plays a role in susceptibility of wheat to Hessian fly. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2081. [PMID: 33483565 PMCID: PMC7822839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hessian fly is an obligate parasite of wheat causing significant economic damage, and triggers either a resistant or susceptible reaction. However, the molecular mechanisms of susceptibility leading to the establishment of the larvae are unknown. Larval survival on the plant requires the establishment of a steady source of readily available nutrition. Unlike other insect pests, the Hessian fly larvae have minute mandibles and cannot derive their nutrition by chewing tissue or sucking phloem sap. Here, we show that the virulent larvae produce the glycoside hydrolase MdesGH32 extra-orally, that localizes within the leaf tissue being fed upon. MdesGH32 has strong inulinase and invertase activity aiding in the breakdown of the plant cell wall inulin polymer into monomers and converting sucrose, the primary transport sugar in plants, to glucose and fructose, resulting in the formation of a nutrient-rich tissue. Our finding elucidates the molecular mechanism of nutrient sink formation and establishment of susceptibility.
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13
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Haeger W, Wielsch N, Shin NR, Gebauer-Jung S, Pauchet Y, Kirsch R. New Players in the Interaction Between Beetle Polygalacturonases and Plant Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Proteins: Insights From Proteomics and Gene Expression Analyses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660430. [PMID: 34149758 PMCID: PMC8213348 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess various defense strategies to counter attacks from microorganisms or herbivores. For example, plants reduce the cell-wall-macerating activity of pathogen- or insect-derived polygalacturonases (PGs) by expressing PG-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs). PGs and PGIPs belong to multi-gene families believed to have been shaped by an evolutionary arms race. The mustard leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae expresses both active PGs and catalytically inactive PG pseudoenzymes. Previous studies demonstrated that (i) PGIPs target beetle PGs and (ii) the role of PG pseudoenzymes remains elusive, despite having been linked to the pectin degradation pathway. For further insight into the interaction between plant PGIPs and beetle PG family members, we combined affinity purification with proteomics and gene expression analyses, and identified novel inhibitors of beetle PGs from Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). A beetle PG pseudoenzyme was not targeted by PGIPs, but instead interacted with PGIP-like proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PGIP-like proteins clustered apart from "classical" PGIPs but together with proteins, which have been involved in developmental processes. Our results indicate that PGIP-like proteins represent not only interesting novel PG inhibitor candidates in addition to "classical" PGIPs, but also fascinating new players in the arms race between herbivorous beetles and plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Haeger
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Na Ra Shin
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffi Gebauer-Jung
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Roy Kirsch,
| | - Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Yannick Pauchet,
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14
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Miyazaki T, Oba N, Park EY. Structural insight into the substrate specificity of Bombyx mori β-fructofuranosidase belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 32. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 127:103494. [PMID: 33132139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose-hydrolyzing enzymes are largely divided into β-fructofuranosidase and sucrose α-glucosidase. The domestic silkworm Bombyx mori possesses both enzymes, BmSUC1 and BmSUH, belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 32 (GH32) and GH13, respectively. BmSUC1 was presumed to be acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria based on phylogenetic analysis and related to tolerance to sugar-mimic alkaloids contained in mulberry latex. Here we investigated the substrate specificity of recombinant BmSUC1 that can hydrolyze not only sucrose but also fructooligosaccharides and fructans, and revealed that the enzyme was competitively inhibited by 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol, one of the alkaloids. Moreover, the crystal structures of BmSUC1 in apo form and complex with sucrose were determined, and the active site pocket was shallow and suitable for shorter substrates but was related to more relaxed substrate specificity than the strict sucrose α-glucosidase BmSUH. Considering together with the distribution of BmSUC1-orthologous genes in many lepidopterans, our results suggest that BmSUC1 contributes to the digestion of fructooligosaccharides and fructans derived from feed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Oba
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
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15
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Gao P, Liu Z, Wen J. Expression Profiling of Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzyme Genes in Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus Midgut. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1111. [PMID: 33013475 PMCID: PMC7500146 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, the wood-boring weevil Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus damages and eventually kills the tree of heaven Ailanthus altissima. To feed and digest the cell wall of A. altissima, E. scrobiculatus requires plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). In the present study, we used next-generation sequencing to analyze the midgut transcriptome of E. scrobiculatus. Using three midgut transcriptomes, we assembled 21,491 unigenes from 167,714,100 clean reads. We identified 25 putative PCWDEs, including 11 cellulases and 14 pectinases. We constructed phylogenetic trees with a maximum likelihood algorithm to elucidate the relationships between sequences of the PCWDE protein families and speculate the functions of the PCWDE genes in E. scrobiculatus. The expression patterns of 17 enzymes in the midgut transcriptome were analyzed in various tissues by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The relative expression levels of 12 genes in the midgut and two genes in the proboscis were significantly higher than those in the other tissues. The proboscis and midgut are the digestive organs of insects, and the high expression level indirectly indicates that these genes are related to digestion. The present study has enabled us to understand the types and numbers of the PCWDEs of E. scrobiculatus and will be helpful for research regarding other weevils’ PCWDEs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenkai Liu
- Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Junbao Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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16
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Ben Guerrero E, Salvador R, Talia P. Evaluation of hydrolytic enzyme activities from digestive fluids of Anthonomus grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21730. [PMID: 32737998 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, is a major pest of cotton crops in South America. In this work, partial biochemical characterizations of (hemi) cellulases and pectinases activities in the digestive system (head- and gut- extracts) of A. grandis were evaluated. Gut extract section from third instar larvae exhibited endoglucanase, xylanase, β-glucosidase, and pectinase activities. The endoglucanase and xylanase activities were localized in the foregut, whereas β-glucosidase activity was mainly detected in the hindgut. In addition, no difference in pectinase activity was observed across the gut sections. Thus, A. grandis digestive system is a potentially interesting reservoir for further lignocellulolytic enzymes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Ben Guerrero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Salvador
- Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Hurlingham, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola Talia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Pauchet Y, Ruprecht C, Pfrengle F. Analyzing the Substrate Specificity of a Class of Long-Horned-Beetle-Derived Xylanases by Using Synthetic Arabinoxylan Oligo- and Polysaccharides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1517-1525. [PMID: 31850611 PMCID: PMC7317733 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Xylophagous long-horned beetles thrive in challenging environments. To access nutrients, they secrete plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes in their gut fluid; among them are cellulases of the subfamily 2 of glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5_2). Recently, we discovered that several beetle-derived GH5_2s use xylan as a substrate instead of cellulose, which is unusual for this family of enzymes. Here, we analyze the substrate specificity of a GH5_2 xylanase from the beetle Apriona japonica (AJAGH5_2-1) using commercially available substrates and synthetic arabinoxylan oligo- and polysaccharides. We demonstrate that AJAGH5_2-1 processes arabinoxylan polysaccharides in a manner distinct from classical xylanase families such as GH10 and GH11. AJAGH5_2-1 is active on long oligosaccharides and cleaves at the non-reducing end of a substituted xylose residue (position +1) only if: 1) three xylose residues are present upstream and downstream of the cleavage site, and 2) xylose residues at positions -1, -2, +2 and +3 are not substituted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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18
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First Comprehensive Study of a Giant Among the Insects, Titanus giganteus: Basic Facts from Its Biochemistry, Physiology, and Anatomy. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020120. [PMID: 32059419 PMCID: PMC7073837 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Titanus giganteus is one of the largest insects in the world, but unfortunately, there is a lack of basic information about its biology. Previous papers have mostly described Titanus morphology or taxonomy, but studies concerning its anatomy and physiology are largely absent. Thus, we employed microscopic, physiological, and analytical methods to partially fill this gap. Our study focused on a detailed analysis of the antennal sensilla, where coeloconic sensilla, grouped into irregularly oval fields, and sensilla trichoidea were found. Further, the inspection of the internal organs showed apparent degeneration of the gut and almost total absence of fat body. The gut was already empty; however, certain activity of digestive enzymes was recorded. The brain was relatively small, and the ventral nerve cord consisted of three ganglia in the thorax and four ganglia in the abdomen. Each testis was composed of approximately 30 testicular follicles filled with a clearly visible sperm. Chromatographic analysis of lipids in the flight muscles showed the prevalence of storage lipids that contained 13 fatty acids, and oleic acid represented 60% of them. Some of our findings indicate that adult Titanus rely on previously accumulated reserves rather than feeding from the time of eclosion.
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19
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McKenna DD, Shin S, Ahrens D, Balke M, Beza-Beza C, Clarke DJ, Donath A, Escalona HE, Friedrich F, Letsch H, Liu S, Maddison D, Mayer C, Misof B, Murin PJ, Niehuis O, Peters RS, Podsiadlowski L, Pohl H, Scully ED, Yan EV, Zhou X, Ślipiński A, Beutel RG. The evolution and genomic basis of beetle diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24729-24737. [PMID: 31740605 PMCID: PMC6900523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909655116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Coleoptera (beetles) is arguably the most speciose group of animals, but the evolutionary history of beetles, including the impacts of plant feeding (herbivory) on beetle diversification, remain poorly understood. We inferred the phylogeny of beetles using 4,818 genes for 146 species, estimated timing and rates of beetle diversification using 89 genes for 521 species representing all major lineages and traced the evolution of beetle genes enabling symbiont-independent digestion of lignocellulose using 154 genomes or transcriptomes. Phylogenomic analyses of these uniquely comprehensive datasets resolved previously controversial beetle relationships, dated the origin of Coleoptera to the Carboniferous, and supported the codiversification of beetles and angiosperms. Moreover, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) obtained from bacteria and fungi via horizontal gene transfers may have been key to the Mesozoic diversification of herbivorous beetles-remarkably, both major independent origins of specialized herbivory in beetles coincide with the first appearances of an arsenal of PCWDEs encoded in their genomes. Furthermore, corresponding (Jurassic) diversification rate increases suggest that these novel genes triggered adaptive radiations that resulted in nearly half of all living beetle species. We propose that PCWDEs enabled efficient digestion of plant tissues, including lignocellulose in cell walls, facilitating the evolution of uniquely specialized plant-feeding habits, such as leaf mining and stem and wood boring. Beetle diversity thus appears to have resulted from multiple factors, including low extinction rates over a long evolutionary history, codiversification with angiosperms, and adaptive radiations of specialized herbivorous beetles following convergent horizontal transfers of microbial genes encoding PCWDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane D McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152;
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Seunggwan Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Dirk Ahrens
- Center for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Arthropoda Department, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Balke
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, 81247 Munich, Germany
| | - Cristian Beza-Beza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Dave J Clarke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Alexander Donath
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hermes E Escalona
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Friedrich
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Letsch
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Wien, Wien 1030, Austria
| | - Shanlin Liu
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - David Maddison
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peyton J Murin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralph S Peters
- Center for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Arthropoda Department, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans Pohl
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Erin D Scully
- Center for Grain and Animal Health, Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502
| | - Evgeny V Yan
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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20
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Kadowaki MAS, Polikarpov I. Structural insights into the hydrolysis pattern and molecular dynamics simulations of GH45 subfamily a endoglucanase from Neurospora crassa OR74A. Biochimie 2019; 165:275-284. [PMID: 31472178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 45 is one of the smallest and poorly studied endoglucanase family with a broad biotechnological application ranging from treatment of textiles to conversion of complex cell wall polysaccharides into simple oligo- and monosaccharides. In a present study, GH45 cellulase from Neurospora crassa OR74A (NcCel45A) was characterized both biochemically and structurally. HPLC analysis of the hydrolytic products confirmed the endo-β(1,4) mode of action of the enzyme. Moreover, such pattern revealed that NcCel45A cannot hydrolyze efficiently oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization smaller than six. The crystal structure of NcCel45A catalytic domain in the apo-form was determined at 1.9 Å resolution and the structure of the enzyme bound to cellobiose was solved and refined to 1.8 Å resolution. Comparative structural analyses and molecular dynamics simulations show that the enzyme dynamics is affected by substrate binding. Taken together, MD simulations and statistical coupling analysis revealed previously unknown correlation of a loop 6 with the breakdown of cellulose substrates by GH45.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Gilbert SF. Developmental symbiosis facilitates the multiple origins of herbivory. Evol Dev 2019; 22:154-164. [PMID: 31332951 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Developmental bias toward particular evolutionary trajectories can be facilitated through symbiosis. Organisms are holobionts, consisting of zygote-derived cells and a consortia of microbes, and the development, physiology, and immunity of animals are properties of complex interactions between the zygote-derived cells and microbial symbionts. Such symbionts can be agents of developmental plasticity, allowing an organism to develop in particular directions. This plasticity can lead to genetic assimilation either through the incorporation of microbial genes into host genomes or through the direct maternal transmission of the microbes. Such plasticity can lead to niche construction, enabling the microbes to remodel host anatomy and/or physiology. In this article, I will focus on the ability of symbionts to bias development toward the evolution of herbivory. I will posit that the behavioral and morphological manifestations of herbivorous phenotypes must be preceded by the successful establishment of a community of symbiotic microbes that can digest cell walls and detoxify plant poisons. The ability of holobionts to digest plant materials can range from being a plastic trait, dependent on the transient incorporation of environmental microbes, to becoming a heritable trait of the holobiont organism, transmitted through the maternal propagation of symbionts or their genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
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22
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Kirsch R, Kunert G, Vogel H, Pauchet Y. Pectin Digestion in Herbivorous Beetles: Impact of Pseudoenzymes Exceeds That of Their Active Counterparts. Front Physiol 2019; 10:685. [PMID: 31191365 PMCID: PMC6549527 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many protein families harbor pseudoenzymes that have lost the catalytic function of their enzymatically active counterparts. Assigning alternative function and importance to these proteins is challenging. Because the evolution toward pseudoenzymes is driven by gene duplication, they often accumulate in multigene families. Plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) are prominent examples of expanded gene families. The pectolytic glycoside hydrolase family 28 (GH28) allows herbivorous insects to break down the PCW polysaccharide pectin. GH28 in the Phytophaga clade of beetles contains many active enzymes but also many inactive counterparts. Using functional characterization, gene silencing, global transcriptome analyses, and recordings of life history traits, we found that not only catalytically active but also inactive GH28 proteins are part of the same pectin-digesting pathway. The robustness and plasticity of this pathway and thus its importance for the beetle is supported by extremely high steady-state expression levels and counter-regulatory mechanisms. Unexpectedly, the impact of pseudoenzymes on the pectin-digesting pathway in Phytophaga beetles exceeds even the influence of their active counterparts, such as a lowered efficiency of food-to-energy conversion and a prolongation of the developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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23
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Busch A, Danchin EGJ, Pauchet Y. Functional diversification of horizontally acquired glycoside hydrolase family 45 (GH45) proteins in Phytophaga beetles. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:100. [PMID: 31077129 PMCID: PMC6509783 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose, a major polysaccharide of the plant cell wall, consists of β-1,4-linked glucose moieties forming a molecular network recalcitrant to enzymatic breakdown. Although cellulose is potentially a rich source of energy, the ability to degrade it is rare in animals and was believed to be present only in cellulolytic microbes. Recently, it has become clear that some animals encode endogenous cellulases belonging to several glycoside hydrolase families (GHs), including GH45. GH45s are distributed patchily among the Metazoa and, in insects, are encoded only by the genomes of Phytophaga beetles. This study aims to understand both the enzymatic functions and the evolutionary history of GH45s in these beetles. RESULTS To this end, we biochemically assessed the enzymatic activities of 37 GH45s derived from five species of Phytophaga beetles and discovered that beetle-derived GH45s degrade three different substrates: amorphous cellulose, xyloglucan and glucomannan. Our phylogenetic and gene structure analyses indicate that at least one gene encoding a putative cellulolytic GH45 was present in the last common ancestor of the Phytophaga, and that GH45 xyloglucanases evolved several times independently in these beetles. The most closely related clade to Phytophaga GH45s was composed of fungal sequences, suggesting this GH family was acquired by horizontal gene transfer from fungi. Besides the insects, other arthropod GH45s do not share a common origin and appear to have emerged at least three times independently. CONCLUSION The rise of functional innovation from gene duplication events has been a fundamental process in the evolution of GH45s in Phytophaga beetles. Both, enzymatic activity and ancestral origin suggest that GH45s were likely an essential prerequisite for the adaptation allowing Phytophaga beetles to feed on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Busch
- Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Yannick Pauchet
- Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Lin S, Yu L, Zhang H. Transcriptomic Responses to Thermal Stress and Varied Phosphorus Conditions in Fugacium kawagutii. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7040096. [PMID: 30987028 PMCID: PMC6517890 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reef-associated Symbiodiniaceae live in tropical and oligotrophic environments and are prone to heat and nutrient stress. How their metabolic pathways respond to pulses of warming and phosphorus (P) depletion is underexplored. Here, we conducted RNA-seq analysis to investigate transcriptomic responses to thermal stress, phosphate deprivation, and organic phosphorus (OP) replacement in Fugacium kawagutii. Using dual-algorithm (edgeR and NOIseq) to remedy the problem of no replicates, we conservatively found 357 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under heat stress, potentially regulating cell wall modulation and the transport of iron, oxygen, and major nutrients. About 396 DEGs were detected under P deprivation and 671 under OP utilization, both mostly up-regulated and potentially involved in photosystem and defensome, despite different KEGG pathway enrichments. Additionally, we identified 221 genes that showed relatively stable expression levels across all conditions (likely core genes), mostly catalytic and binding proteins. This study reveals a wide range of, and in many cases previously unrecognized, molecular mechanisms in F. kawagutii to cope with heat stress and phosphorus-deficiency stress. Their quantitative expression dynamics, however, requires further verification with triplicated experiments, and the data reported here only provide clues for generating testable hypotheses about molecular mechanisms underpinning responses and adaptation in F. kawagutii to temperature and nutrient stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjie Lin
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Liying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Nomura T, Iwase H, Saka N, Takahashi N, Mikami B, Mizutani K. High-resolution crystal structures of the glycoside hydrolase family 45 endoglucanase EG27II from the snail Ampullaria crossean. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 75:426-436. [PMID: 30988259 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798319003000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although endogenous animal cellulases have great potential for industrial applications such as bioethanol production, few investigations have focused on these enzymes. In this study, the glycoside hydrolase family 45 (GH45) subfamily B endoglucanase EG27II from the snail Ampullaria crossean was expressed using a Pichia pastoris expression system and the crystal structure of the apo form was determined at 1.00 Å resolution; this is the highest resolution structure of an animal endoglucanase. The results showed that EG27II has a double-ψ six-stranded β-barrel and that the structure of EG27II more closely resembles those of subfamily C enzymes than those of subfamily A enzymes. The structure of EG27II complexed with cellobiose was also determined under cryoconditions and at room temperature at three pH values, pH 4.0, 5.5 and 8.0, and no structural changes were found to be associated with the change in pH. The structural comparison and catalytic activity measurements showed that Asp137 and Asn112 function as the catalytic acid and base, respectively, and that Asp27 is also an important residue for catalysis. These high-resolution structures of EG27II provide a large amount of information for structure-based enzyme modification and cell-surface engineering, which will advance biofuel production using animal-derived cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Nomura
- Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hisamu Iwase
- Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Naoki Saka
- Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Bunzo Mikami
- Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kimihiko Mizutani
- Laboratory of Applied Structural Biology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Tsuji A, Yuasa K, Asada C. Cellulose-binding activity of a 21-kDa endo-ß-1,4-glucanase lacking cellulose-binding domain and its synergy with other cellulases in the digestive fluid of Aplysia kurodai. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205915. [PMID: 30412581 PMCID: PMC6226162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endo-ß-1,4-glucanase AkEG21 belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 45 (GHF45) is the most abundant cellulase in the digestive fluid of sea hare (Aplysia kurodai). The specific activity of this 21-kDa enzyme is considerably lower than those of other endo ß-1,4-glucanases in the digestive fluid of A. kurodai, therefore its role in whole cellulose hydrolysis by sea hare is still uncertain. Although AkEG21 has a catalytic domain without a cellulose binding domain, it demonstrated stable binding to cellulose fibers, similar to that of fungal cellobiohydrolase (CBH) 1 and CBH 2, which is strongly inhibited by cellohexaose, suggesting the involvement of the catalytic site in cellulose binding. Cellulose-bound AkEG21 hydrolyzed cellulose to cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetraose, but could not digest an external substrate, azo-carboxymethyl cellulose. Cellulose hydrolysis was considerably stimulated by the synergistic action of cellulose-bound AkEG21 and AkEG45, another ß-1,4-endoglucanase present in the digestive fluid of sea hare; however no synergy in carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis was observed. When AkEG21 was removed from the digestive fluid by immunoprecipitation, the cellulose hydrolyzing activity of the fluid was significantly reduced, indicating a critical role of AkEG21 in cellulose hydrolysis by A. kurodai. These findings suggest that AkEG21 is a processive endoglucanase functionally equivalent to the CBH, which provides a CBH-independent mechanism for the mollusk to digest seaweed cellulose to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Tsuji
- Department of Biomolecular Function and Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience & Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keizo Yuasa
- Department of Biomolecular Function and Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience & Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chikako Asada
- Department of Bioresource Chemistry and Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience & Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
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Luo C, Li Y, Liao H, Yang Y. De novo transcriptome assembly of the bamboo snout beetle Cyrtotrachelus buqueti reveals ability to degrade lignocellulose of bamboo feedstock. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:292. [PMID: 30386429 PMCID: PMC6204003 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bamboo weevil Cyrtotrachelus buqueti, which is considered a pest species, damages bamboo shoots via its piercing-sucking mode of feeding. C. buqueti is well known for its ability to transform bamboo shoot biomass into nutrients and energy for growth, development and reproduction with high specificity and efficacy of bioconversion. Woody bamboo is a perennial grass that is a potential feedstock for lignocellulosic biomass because of its high growth rate and lignocellulose content. To verify our hypothesis that C. buqueti efficiently degrades bamboo lignocellulose, we assessed the bamboo lignocellulose-degrading ability of this insect through RNA sequencing for identifying a potential route for utilisation of bamboo biomass. RESULTS Analysis of carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZyme) family genes in the developmental transcriptome of C. buqueti revealed 1082 unigenes, including 55 glycoside hydrolases (GH) families containing 309 GHs, 51 glycosyltransferases (GT) families containing 329 GTs, 8 carbohydrate esterases (CE) families containing 174 CEs, 6 polysaccharide lyases (PL) families containing 11 PLs, 8 auxiliary activities (AA) families containing 131 enzymes with AAs and 17 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM) families containing 128 CBMs. We used weighted gene co-expression network analysis to analyse developmental RNA sequencing data, and 19 unique modules were identified in the analysis. Of these modules, the expression of MEyellow module genes was unique and the module included numerous CAZyme family genes. CAZyme genes in this module were divided into two groups depending on whether gene expression was higher in the adult/larval stages or in the egg/pupal stages. Enzyme assays revealed that cellulase activity was highest in the midgut whereas lignin-degrading enzyme activity was highest in the hindgut, consistent with findings from intestinal gene expression studies. We also analysed the expression of CAZyme genes in the transcriptome of C. buqueti from two cities and found that several genes were also assigned to CAZyme families. The insect had genes and enzymes associated with lignocellulose degradation, the expression of which differed with developmental stage and intestinal region. CONCLUSION Cyrtotrachelus buqueti exhibits lignocellulose degradation-related enzymes and genes, most notably CAZyme family genes. CAZyme family genes showed differences in expression at different developmental stages, with adults being more effective at cellulose degradation and larvae at lignin degradation, as well as at different regions of the intestine, with the midgut being more cellulolytic than the hindgut. This degradative system could be utilised for the bioconversion of bamboo lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobing Luo
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 China
| | - Yuanqiu Li
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 China
| | - Yaojun Yang
- Bamboo Diseases and Pests Control and Resources Development Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, No. 778, Riverside Road, Central District, Leshan, 614000 China
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Busch A, Kunert G, Wielsch N, Pauchet Y. Cellulose degradation in Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): functional characterization of two CAZymes belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 45 reveals a novel enzymatic activity. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:633-650. [PMID: 29774620 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is a major component of the primary and secondary cell walls in plants. Cellulose is considered to be the most abundant biopolymer on Earth and represents a large potential source of metabolic energy. Yet, cellulose degradation is rare and mostly restricted to cellulolytic microorganisms. Recently, various metazoans, including leaf beetles, have been found to encode their own cellulases, giving them the ability to degrade cellulose independently of cellulolytic symbionts. Here, we analyzed the cellulosic capacity of the leaf beetle Gastrophysa viridula, which typically feeds on Rumex plants. We identified three putative cellulases member of two glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, namely GH45 and GH9. Using heterologous expression and functional assays, we demonstrated that both GH45 proteins are active enzymes, in contrast to the GH9 protein. One GH45 protein acted on amorphous cellulose as an endo-β-1,4-glucanase, whereas the other evolved to become an endo-β-1,4-xyloglucanase. We successfully knocked down the expression of both GH45 genes using RNAi, but no changes in weight gain or mortality were observed compared to control insects. Our data indicated that the breakdown of these polysaccharides in G. viridula may facilitate access to plant cell content, which is rich in nitrogen and simple sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Busch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - G Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - N Wielsch
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Y Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Scully ED, Geib SM, Mason CJ, Carlson JE, Tien M, Chen HY, Harding S, Tsai CJ, Hoover K. Host-plant induced changes in microbial community structure and midgut gene expression in an invasive polyphage (Anoplophora glabripennis). Sci Rep 2018; 8:9620. [PMID: 29942001 PMCID: PMC6018227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphagous insect herbivores possess diverse mechanisms to overcome challenges of feeding in multiple plant species including, but not limited to, transcriptional plasticity and associations with obligate or facultative symbionts. The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) is a polyphagous wood-feeder capable of developing on over 100 tree species and, like other polyphages, its genome contains amplifications of digestive and detoxification genes. This insect also possesses a diverse gut microbial community, which has the metabolic potential to augment digestive physiology. While the genomic repertoires of A. glabripennis and its microbial community have been studied previously, comparatively less is known about how the gut transcriptome and community change in response to feeding in different hosts. In this study, we show that feeding in two suitable hosts (Acer spp. and Populus nigra) altered the expression levels of multicopy genes linked to digestion and detoxification. However, feeding in a host with documented resistance (Populus tomentosa) induced changes in the transcriptome and community beyond what was observed in insects reared in P. nigra, including the downregulation of numerous β-glucosidases, odorant binding proteins, and juvenile hormone binding proteins, the upregulation of several cuticular genes, and the loss of one major bacterial family from the gut community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA.
| | - Scott M Geib
- Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS Daniel K. Inouye Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - John E Carlson
- The Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology (World Class University), Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Han-Yi Chen
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2152, USA
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Scott Harding
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2152, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7223, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2152, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7223, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Wybouw N, Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W. A massive incorporation of microbial genes into the genome of Tetranychus urticae, a polyphagous arthropod herbivore. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:333-351. [PMID: 29377385 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A number of horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) have been identified in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, a chelicerate herbivore. However, the genome of this mite species has at present not been thoroughly mined for the presence of HGT genes. Here, we performed a systematic screen for HGT genes in the T. urticae genome using the h-index metric. Our results not only validated previously identified HGT genes but also uncovered 25 novel HGT genes. In addition to HGT genes with a predicted biochemical function in carbohydrate, lipid and folate metabolism, we also identified the horizontal transfer of a ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase and a pantoate β-alanine ligase gene. In plants and bacteria, both genes are essential for vitamin B5 biosynthesis and their presence in the mite genome strongly suggests that spider mites, similar to Bemisia tabaci and nematodes, can synthesize their own vitamin B5. We further show that HGT genes were physically embedded within the mite genome and were expressed in different life stages. By screening chelicerate genomes and transcriptomes, we were able to estimate the evolutionary histories of these HGTs during chelicerate evolution. Our study suggests that HGT has made a significant and underestimated impact on the metabolic repertoire of plant-feeding spider mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wybouw
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - T Van Leeuwen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - W Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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The pectinases from Sphenophorus levis: Potential for biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:499-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Salem H, Bauer E, Kirsch R, Berasategui A, Cripps M, Weiss B, Koga R, Fukumori K, Vogel H, Fukatsu T, Kaltenpoth M. Drastic Genome Reduction in an Herbivore's Pectinolytic Symbiont. Cell 2017; 171:1520-1531.e13. [PMID: 29153832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, an integral component of the plant cell wall, is a recalcitrant substrate against enzymatic challenges by most animals. In characterizing the source of a leaf beetle's (Cassida rubiginosa) pectin-degrading phenotype, we demonstrate its dependency on an extracellular bacterium housed in specialized organs connected to the foregut. Despite possessing the smallest genome (0.27 Mb) of any organism not subsisting within a host cell, the symbiont nonetheless retained a functional pectinolytic metabolism targeting the polysaccharide's two most abundant classes: homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan I. Comparative transcriptomics revealed pectinase expression to be enriched in the symbiotic organs, consistent with enzymatic buildup in these structures following immunostaining with pectinase-targeting antibodies. Symbiont elimination results in a drastically reduced host survivorship and a diminished capacity to degrade pectin. Collectively, our findings highlight symbiosis as a strategy for an herbivore to metabolize one of nature's most complex polysaccharides and a universal component of plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Salem
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30320, USA.
| | - Eugen Bauer
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette 4365, Luxembourg
| | - Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Aileen Berasategui
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30320, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Michael Cripps
- AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Weiss
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Ryuichi Koga
- National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kayoko Fukumori
- National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55128, Germany
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Busch A, Kunert G, Heckel DG, Pauchet Y. Evolution and functional characterization of CAZymes belonging to subfamily 10 of glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5_10) in two species of phytophagous beetles. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184305. [PMID: 28854242 PMCID: PMC5576741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicelluloses, such as xyloglucan, xylan and mannans, consist of a heterogeneous array of plant-derived polysaccharides that form the plant cell wall. These polysaccharides differ from each other in their structure and physiochemical properties, but they share a β-(1,4)-linked sugar backbone. Hemicelluloses can be hydrolyzed by plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), which are widely distributed in phytopathogenic microbes. Recently, it has become apparent that phytophagous beetles also produce their own PCWDEs. Our previous work identified genes encoding putative mannanases belonging to the subfamily 10 of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 5 (GH5_10) in the genomes of the leaf beetle, Gastrophysa viridula (Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae; one gene), and of the bean beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae; four genes). In contrast to proteins from other GH5 subfamilies, GH5_10 proteins are patchily distributed within the tree of life and have so far hardly been investigated. We addressed the following questions: Are beetle-derived GH5_10s active PCWDEs? How did they evolve? What is their physiological function? Using heterologous protein expression and enzymatic assays, we show that the G. viridula GH5_10 protein is an endo-β-1,4-mannanase. We also demonstrate that only one out of four C. maculatus GH5_10 proteins is an endo-β-1,4-mannanase, which has additional activity on carboxymethyl cellulose. Unexpectedly, another C. maculatus GH5_10 protein has evolved to use xylan instead of mannans as a substrate. RNAi experiments in G. viridula indicate (i) that the sole GH5_10 protein is responsible for breaking down mannans in the gut and (ii) that this breakdown may rather be accessory and may facilitate access to plant cell content, which is rich in nitrogen and simple sugars. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that coleopteran-derived GH5_10 proteins cluster together with Chelicerata-derived ones. Interestingly, other insect-derived GH5_10 proteins cluster elsewhere, suggesting insects have several independent evolutionary origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Busch
- Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - David G. Heckel
- Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kanwal Q, Anwar A, Akbar S, Iqbal M, Najaf Iqbal D, Nisar N, Hussain I. An eco-friendly approach to control Oxya velox infestation: Mangifera indica exoglucanase and endoglucanase cellulose ingestion inhibition activity. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Stoller JR, Wagschal K, Lee CC, Jordan DB. A general correction to catalytic rates determined for nonprocessive exo-depolymerases acting on both substrate and product in the initial-rate measurement. Anal Biochem 2017; 523:46-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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McKenna DD, Scully ED, Pauchet Y, Hoover K, Kirsch R, Geib SM, Mitchell RF, Waterhouse RM, Ahn SJ, Arsala D, Benoit JB, Blackmon H, Bledsoe T, Bowsher JH, Busch A, Calla B, Chao H, Childers AK, Childers C, Clarke DJ, Cohen L, Demuth JP, Dinh H, Doddapaneni H, Dolan A, Duan JJ, Dugan S, Friedrich M, Glastad KM, Goodisman MAD, Haddad S, Han Y, Hughes DST, Ioannidis P, Johnston JS, Jones JW, Kuhn LA, Lance DR, Lee CY, Lee SL, Lin H, Lynch JA, Moczek AP, Murali SC, Muzny DM, Nelson DR, Palli SR, Panfilio KA, Pers D, Poelchau MF, Quan H, Qu J, Ray AM, Rinehart JP, Robertson HM, Roehrdanz R, Rosendale AJ, Shin S, Silva C, Torson AS, Jentzsch IMV, Werren JH, Worley KC, Yocum G, Zdobnov EM, Gibbs RA, Richards S. Genome of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), a globally significant invasive species, reveals key functional and evolutionary innovations at the beetle-plant interface. Genome Biol 2016; 17:227. [PMID: 27832824 PMCID: PMC5105290 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively little is known about the genomic basis and evolution of wood-feeding in beetles. We undertook genome sequencing and annotation, gene expression assays, studies of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, and other functional and comparative studies of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, a globally significant invasive species capable of inflicting severe feeding damage on many important tree species. Complementary studies of genes encoding enzymes involved in digestion of woody plant tissues or detoxification of plant allelochemicals were undertaken with the genomes of 14 additional insects, including the newly sequenced emerald ash borer and bull-headed dung beetle. RESULTS The Asian longhorned beetle genome encodes a uniquely diverse arsenal of enzymes that can degrade the main polysaccharide networks in plant cell walls, detoxify plant allelochemicals, and otherwise facilitate feeding on woody plants. It has the metabolic plasticity needed to feed on diverse plant species, contributing to its highly invasive nature. Large expansions of chemosensory genes involved in the reception of pheromones and plant kairomones are consistent with the complexity of chemical cues it uses to find host plants and mates. CONCLUSIONS Amplification and functional divergence of genes associated with specialized feeding on plants, including genes originally obtained via horizontal gene transfer from fungi and bacteria, contributed to the addition, expansion, and enhancement of the metabolic repertoire of the Asian longhorned beetle, certain other phytophagous beetles, and to a lesser degree, other phytophagous insects. Our results thus begin to establish a genomic basis for the evolutionary success of beetles on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane D. McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Ave., Memphis, TN 38152 USA
- Feinstone Center for Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Erin D. Scully
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health, Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Scott M. Geib
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - Robert F. Mitchell
- Center for Insect Science and Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA
| | - Robert M. Waterhouse
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211 Switzerland
- The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Deanna Arsala
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA
| | - Heath Blackmon
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Tiffany Bledsoe
- Center for Insect Science and Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Julia H. Bowsher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - André Busch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Bernarda Calla
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Anna K. Childers
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Christopher Childers
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Dave J. Clarke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Ave., Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Lorna Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Jeffery P. Demuth
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Amanda Dolan
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Jian J. Duan
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research, Newark, DE 19713 USA
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Karl M. Glastad
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | | | - Stephanie Haddad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Ave., Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Daniel S. T. Hughes
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211 Switzerland
| | - J. Spencer Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Jeffery W. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Leslie A. Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Computers Science and Engineering, and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - David R. Lance
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Pest and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Otis Laboratory, Buzzards Bay, MA 02542 USA
| | - Chien-Yueh Lee
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Sandra L. Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Han Lin
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jeremy A. Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Armin P. Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Blomington, IN 47405 USA
| | - Shwetha C. Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Subba R. Palli
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Kristen A. Panfilio
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674 Germany
| | - Dan Pers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Monica F. Poelchau
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Honghu Quan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Ann M. Ray
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH 45207 USA
| | - Joseph P. Rinehart
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Hugh M. Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Richard Roehrdanz
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Andrew J. Rosendale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA
| | - Seunggwan Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3700 Walker Ave., Memphis, TN 38152 USA
| | - Christian Silva
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Alex S. Torson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | | | - John H. Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - Kim C. Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - George Yocum
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Evgeny M. Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211 Switzerland
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Contrasting diets reveal metabolic plasticity in the tree-killing beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae). Sci Rep 2016; 6:33813. [PMID: 27654346 PMCID: PMC5031968 DOI: 10.1038/srep33813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood-feeding insects encounter challenging diets containing low protein quantities, recalcitrant carbohydrate sources, and plant defensive compounds. The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) is a wood-feeding insect that attacks and kills a diversity of hardwood tree species. We compared gene expression of midguts collected from larvae feeding in a preferred tree, sugar maple, to those consuming a nutrient-rich artificial diet, to identify genes putatively involved in host plant utilization. Anoplophora glabripennis larvae exhibited differential expression of ~3600 genes in response to different diets. Genes with predicted capacity for plant and microbial carbohydrate usage, detoxification, nutrient recycling, and immune-related genes relevant for facilitating interactions with microbial symbionts were upregulated in wood-feeding larvae compared to larvae feeding in artificial diet. Upregulation of genes involved in protein degradation and synthesis was also observed, suggesting that proteins incur more rapid turnover in insects consuming wood. Additionally, wood-feeding individuals exhibited elevated expression of several mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase genes, suggesting increased aerobic respiration compared to diet-fed larvae. These results indicate that A. glabripennis modulates digestive and basal gene expression when larvae are feeding in a nutrient-poor, yet suitable host plant compared to a tractable and nutrient-rich diet that is free of plant defensive compounds.
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Wielkopolan B, Obrępalska-Stęplowska A. Three-way interaction among plants, bacteria, and coleopteran insects. PLANTA 2016; 244:313-32. [PMID: 27170360 PMCID: PMC4938854 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Coleoptera, the largest and the most diverse Insecta order, is characterized by multiple adaptations to plant feeding. Insect-associated microorganisms can be important mediators and modulators of interactions between insects and plants. Interactions between plants and insects are highly complex and involve multiple factors. There are various defense mechanisms initiated by plants upon attack by herbivorous insects, including the development of morphological structures and the synthesis of toxic secondary metabolites and volatiles. In turn, herbivores have adapted to feeding on plants and further sophisticated adaptations to overcome plant responses may continue to evolve. Herbivorous insects may detoxify toxic phytocompounds, sequester poisonous plant factors, and alter their own overall gene expression pattern. Moreover, insects are associated with microbes, which not only considerably affect insects, but can also modify plant defense responses to the benefit of their host. Plants are also frequently associated with endophytes, which may act as bioinsecticides. Therefore, it is very important to consider the factors influencing the interaction between plants and insects. Herbivorous insects cause considerable damage to global crop production. Coleoptera is the largest and the most diverse order in the class Insecta. In this review, various aspects of the interactions among insects, microbes, and plants are described with a focus on coleopteran species, their bacterial symbionts, and their plant hosts to demonstrate that many factors contribute to the success of coleopteran herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Wielkopolan
- Department of Agrophages' Forecasting Methods and Agricultural Economic, Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute, Poznan, Poland
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Wybouw N, Pauchet Y, Heckel DG, Van Leeuwen T. Horizontal Gene Transfer Contributes to the Evolution of Arthropod Herbivory. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1785-801. [PMID: 27307274 PMCID: PMC4943190 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Within animals, evolutionary transition toward herbivory is severely limited by the hostile characteristics of plants. Arthropods have nonetheless counteracted many nutritional and defensive barriers imposed by plants and are currently considered as the most successful animal herbivores in terrestrial ecosystems. We gather a body of evidence showing that genomes of various plant feeding insects and mites possess genes whose presence can only be explained by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). HGT is the asexual transmission of genetic information between reproductively isolated species. Although HGT is known to have great adaptive significance in prokaryotes, its impact on eukaryotic evolution remains obscure. Here, we show that laterally transferred genes into arthropods underpin many adaptations to phytophagy, including efficient assimilation and detoxification of plant produced metabolites. Horizontally acquired genes and the traits they encode often functionally diversify within arthropod recipients, enabling the colonization of more host plant species and organs. We demonstrate that HGT can drive metazoan evolution by uncovering its prominent role in the adaptations of arthropods to exploit plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Wybouw
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Expression and Characterization of Hyperthermostable Exo-polygalacturonase TtGH28 from Thermotoga thermophilus. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:509-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Kirsch R, Heckel DG, Pauchet Y. How the rice weevil breaks down the pectin network: Enzymatic synergism and sub-functionalization. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 71:72-82. [PMID: 26899322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is the most complex polysaccharide in nature and highly abundant in plant cell walls and middle lamellae, where it functions in plant growth and development. Phytopathogens utilize plant pectin as an energy source through enzyme-mediated degradation. These pectolytic enzymes include polygalacturonases (PGs) of the GH28 family and pectin methylesterases (PMEs) of the CE8 family. Recently, PGs were also identified in herbivorous insects of the distantly related plant bug, stick insect and Phytophaga beetle lineages. Unlike all other insects, weevils possess PMEs in addition to PGs. To investigate pectin digestion in insects and the role of PMEs in weevils, all PME and PG family members of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae were heterologously expressed and functionally characterized. Enzymatically active and inactive PG and PME family members were identified. The loss of activity can be explained by a lack of substrate binding correlating with substitutions of functionally important amino acid residues. We found subfunctionalization in both enzyme families, supported by expression pattern and substrate specificities as well as evidence for synergistic pectin breakdown. Our data suggest that the rice weevil might be able to use pectin as an energy source, and illustrates the potential of both PG and PME enzyme families to functionally diversify after horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany.
| | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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Showmaker KC, Bednářová A, Gresham C, Hsu CY, Peterson DG, Krishnan N. Insight into the Salivary Gland Transcriptome of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147197. [PMID: 26789269 PMCID: PMC4720363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) is a polyphagous, phytophagous insect that has emerged as a major pest of cotton, alfalfa, fruits, and vegetable crops in the eastern United States and Canada. Using its piercing-sucking mouthparts, TPB employs a “lacerate and flush” feeding strategy in which saliva injected into plant tissue degrades cell wall components and lyses cells whose contents are subsequently imbibed by the TPB. It is known that a major component of TPB saliva is the polygalacturonase enzymes that degrade the pectin in the cell walls. However, not much is known about the other components of the saliva of this important pest. In this study, we explored the salivary gland transcriptome of TPB using Illumina sequencing. After in silico conversion of RNA sequences into corresponding polypeptides, 25,767 putative proteins were discovered. Of these, 19,540 (78.83%) showed significant similarity to known proteins in the either the NCBI nr or Uniprot databases. Gene ontology (GO) terms were assigned to 7,512 proteins, and 791 proteins in the sialotranscriptome of TPB were found to collectively map to 107 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database pathways. A total of 3,653 Pfam domains were identified in 10,421 sialotranscriptome predicted proteins resulting in 12,814 Pfam annotations; some proteins had more than one Pfam domain. Functional annotation revealed a number of salivary gland proteins that potentially facilitate degradation of host plant tissues and mitigation of the host plant defense response. These transcripts/proteins and their potential roles in TPB establishment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt C. Showmaker
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
| | - Andrea Bednářová
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budĕjovice, Czech Republic
| | - Cathy Gresham
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
| | - Chuan-Yu Hsu
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Peterson
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
- Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
| | - Natraj Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu J, Song K, Teng H, Zhang B, Li W, Xue H, Yang X. Endogenous cellulolytic enzyme systems in the longhorn beetle Mesosa myops (Insecta: Coleoptera) studied by transcriptomic analysis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:741-8. [PMID: 26319402 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cerambycidae (longhorn beetle) is a large family of Coleoptera with xylophagous feeding habits. Cellulose digestion plays an important role in these wood-feeding insects. In this study, transcriptomic technology was used to obtain one glycoside hydrolase family 45 (GH45) cellulase and seven GH5 cellulases from Mesosa myops, a typical longhorn beetle. Analyses of expression dynamics and evolutionary relationships provided a complete description of the cellulolytic system. The expression dynamics related to individual development indicated that endogenous GH45 and GH5 cellulases dominate cellulose digestion in M. myops. Evolutionary analyses suggested that GH45 cellulase gene is a general gene in the Coleoptera Suborder Polyphaga. Evolutionary analyses also indicated that the GH5 cellulase group in Lamiinae longhorn beetles is closely associated with wood feeding. This study demonstrated that there is a complex endogenous cellulolytic system in M. myops that is dominated by cellulases belonging to two glycoside hydrolase families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Keqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huajing Teng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenzhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huaijun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xingke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Scully ED, Geib SM, Carlson JE, Tien M, McKenna D, Hoover K. Functional genomics and microbiome profiling of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) reveal insights into the digestive physiology and nutritional ecology of wood feeding beetles. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1096. [PMID: 25495900 PMCID: PMC4299006 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wood-feeding beetles harbor an ecologically rich and taxonomically diverse assemblage of gut microbes that appear to promote survival in woody tissue, which is devoid of nitrogen and essential nutrients. Nevertheless, the contributions of these apparent symbionts to digestive physiology and nutritional ecology remain uncharacterized in most beetle lineages. Results Through parallel transcriptome profiling of beetle- and microbial- derived mRNAs, we demonstrate that the midgut microbiome of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), a member of the beetle family Cerambycidae, is enriched in biosynthetic pathways for the synthesis of essential amino acids, vitamins, and sterols. Consequently, the midgut microbiome of A. glabripennis can provide essential nutrients that the beetle cannot obtain from its woody diet or synthesize itself. The beetle gut microbiota also produce their own suite of transcripts that can enhance lignin degradation, degrade hemicellulose, and ferment xylose and wood sugars. An abundance of cellulases from several glycoside hydrolase families are expressed endogenously by A. glabripennis, as well as transcripts that allow the beetle to convert microbe-synthesized essential amino acids into non-essential amino acids. A. glabripennis and its gut microbes likely collaborate to digest carbohydrates and convert released sugars and amino acid intermediates into essential nutrients otherwise lacking from their woody host plants. Conclusions The nutritional provisioning capabilities of the A. glabripennis gut microbiome may contribute to the beetles’ unusually broad host range. The presence of some of the same microbes in the guts of other Cerambycidae and other wood-feeding beetles suggests that partnerships with microbes may be a facilitator of evolutionary radiations in beetles, as in certain other groups of insects, allowing access to novel food sources through enhanced nutritional provisioning. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1096) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology and Center for Chemical Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, 501 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Shelomi M, Jasper WC, Atallah J, Kimsey LS, Johnson BR. Differential expression of endogenous plant cell wall degrading enzyme genes in the stick insect (Phasmatodea) midgut. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:917. [PMID: 25331961 PMCID: PMC4221708 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) are an exclusively leaf-feeding order of insects with no record of omnivory, unlike other "herbivorous" Polyneoptera. They represent an ideal system for investigating the adaptations necessary for obligate folivory, including plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). However, their physiology and internal anatomy is poorly understood, with limited genomic resources available. RESULTS We de novo assembled transcriptomes for the anterior and posterior midguts of six diverse Phasmatodea species, with RNA-Seq on one exemplar species, Peruphasma schultei. The latter's assembly yielded >100,000 transcripts, with over 4000 transcripts uniquely or more highly expressed in specific midgut sections. Two to three dozen PCWDE encoding gene families, including cellulases and pectinases, were differentially expressed in the anterior midgut. These genes were also found in genomic DNA from phasmid brain tissue, suggesting endogenous production. Sequence alignments revealed catalytic sites on most PCWDE transcripts. While most phasmid PCWDE genes showed homology with those of other insects, the pectinases were homologous to bacterial genes. CONCLUSIONS We identified a large and diverse PCWDE repertoire endogenous to the phasmids. If these expressed genes are translated into active enzymes, then phasmids can theoretically break plant cell walls into their monomer components independently of microbial symbionts. The differential gene expression between the two midgut sections provides the first molecular hints as to their function in living phasmids. Our work expands the resources available for industrial applications of animal-derived PCWDEs, and facilitates evolutionary analysis of lower Polyneopteran digestive enzymes, including the pectinases whose origin in Phasmatodea may have been a horizontal transfer event from bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Shelomi
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - W Cameron Jasper
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Joel Atallah
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Lynn S Kimsey
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Brian R Johnson
- />Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Kirsch R, Gramzow L, Theißen G, Siegfried BD, Ffrench-Constant RH, Heckel DG, Pauchet Y. Horizontal gene transfer and functional diversification of plant cell wall degrading polygalacturonases: Key events in the evolution of herbivory in beetles. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 52:33-50. [PMID: 24978610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are the largest reservoir of organic carbon on earth. To breach and utilize this carbohydrate-rich protective barrier, microbes secrete plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) targeting pectin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. There is a growing body of evidence that genomes of some herbivorous insects also encode PCWDEs, raising questions about their evolutionary origins and functions. Among herbivorous beetles, pectin-degrading polygalacturonases (PGs) are found in the diverse superfamilies Chrysomeloidea (leaf beetles, long-horn beetles) and Curculionoidea (weevils). Here our aim was to test whether these arose from a common ancestor of beetles or via horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and whether PGs kept their ancestral function in degrading pectin or evolved novel functions. Transcriptome data derived from 10 beetle species were screened for PG-encoding sequences and used for phylogenetic comparisons with their bacterial, fungal and plant counterparts. These analyses revealed a large family of PG-encoding genes of Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea sharing a common ancestor, most similar to PG genes of ascomycete fungi. In addition, 50 PGs from beetle digestive systems were heterologously expressed and functionally characterized, showing a set of lineage-specific consecutively pectin-degrading enzymes, as well as conserved but enzymatically inactive PG proteins. The evidence indicates that a PG gene was horizontally transferred ∼200 million years ago from an ascomycete fungus to a common ancestor of Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea. This has been followed by independent duplications in these two lineages, as well as independent replacement in two sublineages of Chrysomeloidea by two other subsequent HGTs. This origin, leading to subsequent functional diversification of the PG gene family within its new hosts, was a key event promoting the evolution of herbivory in these beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kirsch
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lydia Gramzow
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Blair D Siegfried
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 312A Entomology Hall, Lincoln, 68583-0816 NE, United States
| | | | - David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Wada N, Sunairi M, Anzai H, Iwata R, Yamane A, Nakajima M. Glycolytic Activities in the Larval Digestive Tract of Trypoxylus dichotomus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). INSECTS 2014; 5:351-63. [PMID: 26462688 PMCID: PMC4592593 DOI: 10.3390/insects5020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The larvae of the Japanese horned beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), are an example of a saprophage insect. Generally, Scarabaeid larvae, such as T. dichotomus, eat dead plant matter that has been broken down by fungi, such as Basidiomycota. It is thought that β-1,3-glucan, a constituent polysaccharide in microbes, is abundant in decayed plant matter. Studies of the degradation mechanism of β-1,3-glucan under these circumstances are lacking. In the current study, we sought to clarify the relationship between the capacity to degrade polysaccharides and the food habits of the larvae. The total activities and optimum pH levels of several polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from the larvae were investigated. The foregut, midgut and hindgut of final instar larvae were used. Enzymatic activities were detected against five polysaccharides (soluble starch, β-1,4-xylan, β-1,3-glucan, pectin and carboxymethyl cellulose) and four glycosides (p-nitrophenyl (PNP)-β-N-acetylglucosaminide, PNP-β-mannoside, PNP-β-glucoside and PNP-β-xyloside). Our results indicate that the digestive tract of the larvae is equipped with a full enzymatic system for degrading β-1,3-glucan and β-1,4-xylan to monomers. This finding elucidates the role of the polysaccharide-digesting enzymes in the larvae, and it is suggested that the larvae use these enzymes to enact their decomposition ability in the forest environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Wada
- Laboratory of Forest Zoology, Department of Forest Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Applied Biological Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Michio Sunairi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Applied Biological Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Hirosi Anzai
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Bioresource Science, Junior College, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Ryûtarô Iwata
- Laboratory of Forest Zoology, Department of Forest Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Akiomi Yamane
- Laboratory of Forest Zoology, Department of Forest Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Mutsuyasu Nakajima
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Applied Biological Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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