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Kshatriya K, Gershenzon J. Disarming the defenses: Insect detoxification of plant defense-related specialized metabolites. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102577. [PMID: 38889616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The ability of certain insects to feed on plants containing toxic specialized metabolites may be attributed to detoxification enzymes. Representatives of a few large families of detoxification enzymes are widespread in insect herbivores acting to functionalize toxins and conjugate them with polar substituents to decrease toxicity, increase water solubility and enhance excretion. Insects have also developed specific enzymes for coping with toxins that are activated upon plant damage. Another source of detoxification potential in insects lies in their microbiomes, which are being increasingly recognized for their role in processing plant toxins. The evolution of insect detoxification systems to resist toxic specialized metabolites in plants may in turn have selected for the great diversity of such metabolites found in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kshatriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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2
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Han WK, Tang FX, Yan YY, Wang Y, Liu ZW. Plasticity of the Gene Transcriptional Level and Microbiota in the Gut Contributes to the Adaptability of the Fall Armyworm to Rice Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18546-18556. [PMID: 37963218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Insects coordinate a variety of mechanisms to overcome the feeding challenges, including gene transcriptional plasticity and stable symbioses in the gut. Here, Spodoptera frugiperda larvae were reared on corn and rice plants for successive generations to obtain two specific strains. The rice strain displayed a longer developmental period, lower female fecundity, and intrinsic growth rate at G1 and G5 but not at G10. KEGG analysis of the G1, G5, and G11 gut transcriptome indicated that detoxification enzymes might play vital roles in host adaptation. RNAi-mediated knockdown of CYP12A2 and UGT41B8, which were highly expressed in the gut of the rice strain, significantly reduced the larval adaptability to rice. Besides, the dsCYP12A2-treated larvae displayed an increased sensitivity to luteolin, a flavonoid phytochemical. The KEGG function prediction of gut microbiota indicated that the high enrichment level of metabolism in the rice strain would play essential roles in rice adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kang Han
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng-Xian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yang-Yang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ze-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
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3
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Ashraf MZ, Mogilicherla K, Sellamuthu G, Siino V, Levander F, Roy A. Comparative gut proteomics study revealing adaptive physiology of Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1157455. [PMID: 38078109 PMCID: PMC10703158 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1157455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.), is a major pest of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.), causing enormous economic losses globally. The adult stage of the I. typographus has a complex life cycle (callow and sclerotized); the callow beetles feed ferociously, whereas sclerotized male beetles are more aggressive and pioneers in establishing new colonies. We conducted a comparative proteomics study to understand male and female digestion and detoxification processes in callow and sclerotized beetles. Proteome profiling was performed using high-throughput liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of >3000 proteins were identified from the bark beetle gut, and among them, 539 were differentially abundant (fold change ±2, FDR <0.05) between callow and sclerotized beetles. The differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) mainly engage with binding, catalytic activity, anatomical activity, hydrolase activity, metabolic process, and carbohydrate metabolism, and hence may be crucial for growth, digestion, detoxification, and signalling. We validated selected DAPs with RT-qPCR. Gut enzymes such as NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CYC), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and esterase (EST) play a crucial role in the I. typographus for detoxification and digesting of host allelochemicals. We conducted enzyme activity assays with them and observed a positive correlation of CYC and GST activities with the proteomic results, whereas EST activity was not fully correlated. Furthermore, our investigation revealed that callow beetles had an upregulation of proteins associated with juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis and chitin metabolism, whereas sclerotized beetles exhibited an upregulation of proteins linked to fatty acid metabolism and the TCA cycle. These distinctive patterns of protein regulation in metabolic and functional processes are specific to each developmental stage, underscoring the adaptive responses of I. typographicus in overcoming conifer defences and facilitating their survival. Taken together, it is the first gut proteomic study comparing males and females of callow and sclerotized I. typographus, shedding light on the adaptive ecology at the molecular level. Furthermore, the information about bark beetle handling of nutritionally limiting and defence-rich spruce phloem diet can be utilized to formulate RNAi-mediated beetle management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair Ashraf
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kanakachari Mogilicherla
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gothandapani Sellamuthu
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Valentina Siino
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Levander
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amit Roy
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
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4
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Mulla JA, Tamhane VA. Novel insights into plant defensin ingestion induced metabolic responses in the polyphagous insect pest Helicoverpa armigera. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3151. [PMID: 36823197 PMCID: PMC9950371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lepidopteran insect pest Helicoverpa armigera is one of the most destructive pests of crop plants and several biotechnological approaches are being developed for its control. Plant defensins are small cationic and cysteine-rich peptides that play a role in plant defense. Ingestion of a defensin from Capsicum annuum (CanDef-20) induced a dose-dependent reduction in larval and pupal mass, delayed metamorphosis and also severely reduced fecundity and fertility in H. armigera. To understand the molecular mechanisms of CanDef-20 ingestion-mediated antibiosis in H. armigera larvae, a comparative transcriptomics analysis was carried out. Predominant downregulation of GOs represents serine-type endopeptidases, structural constituents of ribosomes and integral membrane components and differential upregulation of ATP binding, nucleus and translation, while up-regulation of nucleic acid binding represented by transposable elements, were detected. Different isoforms of lipase, serine endopeptidase, glutathione S-transferase, cadherin, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidases were found to be upregulated as a compensatory response to CanDef-20 ingestion. In vitro enzyme assays and qPCR analysis of some representative genes associated with vital cellular processes like metamorphosis, food digestion and gut membrane indicated adaptive differential regulations in CanDef-20 fed H. armigera larvae. We conclude that CanDef-20 ingestion affects insect metabolism in a number of ways through its interaction with cell membrane, enzymes, cytoplasmic proteins and triggering transposon mobilization which are linked to growth retardation and adaptive strategies in H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed A. Mulla
- grid.32056.320000 0001 2190 9326Department of Biotechnology (Jointly Merged With Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB)), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007 India
| | - Vaijayanti A. Tamhane
- grid.32056.320000 0001 2190 9326Department of Biotechnology (Jointly Merged With Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB)), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007 India
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5
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Drum Z, Lanno S, Gregory SM, Shimshak S, Barr W, Gatesman A, Schadt M, Sanford J, Arkin A, Assignon B, Colorado S, Dalgarno C, Devanny T, Ghandour T, Griffin R, Hogan M, Horowitz E, McGhie E, Multer J, O'Halloran H, Ofori-Darko K, Pokushalov D, Richards N, Sagarin K, Taylor N, Thielking A, Towle P, Coolon J. Genomics analysis of Drosophila sechellia response to Morinda citrifolia fruit diet. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac153. [PMID: 35736356 PMCID: PMC9526069 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila sechellia is an island endemic host specialist that has evolved to consume the toxic fruit of Morinda citrifolia, also known as noni fruit. Recent studies by our group and others have examined genome-wide gene expression responses of fruit flies to individual highly abundant compounds found in noni responsible for the fruit's unique chemistry and toxicity. In order to relate these reductionist experiments to the gene expression responses to feeding on noni fruit itself, we fed rotten noni fruit to adult female D. sechellia and performed RNA-sequencing. Combining the reductionist and more wholistic approaches, we have identified candidate genes that may contribute to each individual compound and those that play a more general role in response to the fruit as a whole. Using the compound specific and general responses, we used transcription factor prediction analyses to identify the regulatory networks and specific regulators involved in the responses to each compound and the fruit itself. The identified genes and regulators represent the possible genetic mechanisms and biochemical pathways that contribute to toxin resistance and noni specialization in D. sechellia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Drum
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Stephen Lanno
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Sara M Gregory
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Serena Shimshak
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Will Barr
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Austin Gatesman
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Mark Schadt
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Jack Sanford
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Aaron Arkin
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Brynn Assignon
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Sofia Colorado
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Carol Dalgarno
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Trevor Devanny
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Tara Ghandour
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Rose Griffin
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Mia Hogan
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Erica Horowitz
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Emily McGhie
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Jake Multer
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Hannah O'Halloran
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Kofi Ofori-Darko
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Dmitry Pokushalov
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Nick Richards
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Kathleen Sagarin
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Nicholas Taylor
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Acadia Thielking
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Phie Towle
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Joseph Coolon
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, USA
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6
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Breeschoten T, Schranz ME, Poelman EH, Simon S. Family dinner: Transcriptional plasticity of five Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) feeding on three host plant species. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9258. [PMID: 36091341 PMCID: PMC9448971 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphagous insects often show specialization in feeding on different host plants in terms of survival and growth and, therefore, can be considered minor or major pests of particular hosts. Whether polyphagous insects employ a common transcriptional response to cope with defenses from diverse host plants is under‐studied. We focused on patterns of transcriptional plasticity in polyphagous moths (Noctuidae), of which many species are notorious pests, in relation to herbivore performance on different host plants. We compared the transcriptional plasticity of five polyphagous moth species feeding and developing on three different host plant species. Using a comparative phylogenetic framework, we evaluated if successful herbivory, as measured by larval performance, is determined by a shared or lineage‐specific transcriptional response. The upregulated transcriptional activity, or gene expression pattern, of larvae feeding on the different host plants and artificial control diet was highly plastic and moth species‐specific. Specialization, defined as high herbivore success for specific host plants, was not generally linked to a lower number of induced genes. Moths that were more distantly related and showing high herbivore success for certain host plants showed shared expression of multiple homologous genes, indicating convergence. We further observed specific transcriptional responses within phylogenetic lineages. These expression patterns for specific host plant species are likely caused by shared evolutionary histories, for example, symplesiomorphic patterns, and could therefore not be associated with herbivore success alone. Multiple gene families, with roles in plant digestion and detoxification, were widely expressed in response to host plant feeding but again showed highly moth species‐specific. Consequently, high herbivore success for specific host plants is also driven by species‐specific transcriptional plasticity. Thus, potential pest moths display a complex and species‐specific transcriptional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijmen Breeschoten
- Biosystematics Group Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics Group Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
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7
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Dixit S, Widemann E, Bensoussan N, Salehipourshirazi G, Bruinsma K, Milojevic M, Shukla A, Romero LC, Zhurov V, Bernards MA, Chruszcz M, Grbić M, Grbić V. β-Cyanoalanine synthase protects mites against Arabidopsis defenses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1961-1975. [PMID: 35348790 PMCID: PMC9342966 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are antiherbivory chemical defense compounds in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Specialist herbivores that feed on brassicaceous plants have evolved various mechanisms aimed at preventing the formation of toxic isothiocyanates. In contrast, generalist herbivores typically detoxify isothiocyanates through glutathione conjugation upon exposure. Here, we examined the response of an extreme generalist herbivore, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch), to indole glucosinolates. Tetranychus urticae is a composite generalist whose individual populations have a restricted host range but have an ability to rapidly adapt to initially unfavorable plant hosts. Through comparative transcriptomic analysis of mite populations that have differential susceptibilities to Arabidopsis defenses, we identified β-cyanoalanine synthase of T. urticae (TuCAS), which encodes an enzyme with dual cysteine and β-cyanoalanine synthase activities. We combined Arabidopsis genetics, chemical complementation and mite reverse genetics to show that TuCAS is required for mite adaptation to Arabidopsis through its β-cyanoalanine synthase activity. Consistent with the β-cyanoalanine synthase role in detoxification of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), we discovered that upon mite herbivory, Arabidopsis plants release HCN. We further demonstrated that indole glucosinolates are sufficient for cyanide formation. Overall, our study uncovered Arabidopsis defenses that rely on indole glucosinolate-dependent cyanide for protection against mite herbivory. In response, Arabidopsis-adapted mites utilize the β-cyanoalanine synthase activity of TuCAS to counter cyanide toxicity, highlighting the mite's ability to activate resistant traits that enable this extreme polyphagous herbivore to exploit cyanogenic host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolas Bensoussan
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | | | - Kristie Bruinsma
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Maja Milojevic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Akanchha Shukla
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Luis C Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, E-41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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8
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Torres-Banda V, Obregón-Molina G, Viridiana Soto-Robles L, Albores-Medina A, Fernanda López M, Zúñiga G. Gut transcriptome of two bark beetle species stimulated with the same kairomones reveals molecular differences in detoxification pathways. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3080-3095. [PMID: 35782727 PMCID: PMC9233182 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendroctonus bark beetles are the most destructive agents in coniferous forests. These beetles come into contact with the toxic compounds of their host's chemical defenses throughout their life cycle, some of which are also used by the insects as kairomones to select their host trees during the colonization process. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which the insects counteract the toxicity of these compounds. Here, two sibling species of bark beetles, D. valens and D. rhizophagus, were stimulated with vapors of a blend of their main kairomones (α-pinene, β-pinene and 3-carene), in order to compare the transcriptional response of their gut. A total of 48 180 unigenes were identified in D. valens and 43 704 in D. rhizophagus, in response to kairomones blend. The analysis of differential gene expression showed a transcriptional response in D. valens (739 unigenes, 0.58–10.36 Log2FC) related to digestive process and in D. rhizophagus (322 unigenes 0.87–13.08 Log2FC) related to xenobiotics metabolism. The expression profiles of detoxification genes mainly evidenced the up-regulation of COEs and GSTs in D. valens, and the up-regulation of P450s in D. rhizophagus. Results suggest that terpenes metabolism comes accompanied by an integral hormetic response, result of compensatory mechanisms, including the activation of other metabolic pathways, to ensure the supply of energy and the survival of organisms which is specific for each species, according to its life history and ecological strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Torres-Banda
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Obregón-Molina
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, CP 11340, Mexico
| | - L. Viridiana Soto-Robles
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Arnulfo Albores-Medina
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City, CP 07360, Mexico
| | - María Fernanda López
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, CP 11340, Mexico
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Gerardo Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, CP 11340, Mexico
- Corresponding authors.
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9
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Salehipourshirazi G, Bruinsma K, Ratlamwala H, Dixit S, Arbona V, Widemann E, Milojevic M, Jin P, Bensoussan N, Gómez-Cadenas A, Zhurov V, Grbic M, Grbic V. Rapid specialization of counter defenses enables two-spotted spider mite to adapt to novel plant hosts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2608-2622. [PMID: 34618096 PMCID: PMC8644343 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic adaptation, occurring over a long evolutionary time, enables host-specialized herbivores to develop novel resistance traits and to efficiently counteract the defenses of a narrow range of host plants. In contrast, physiological acclimation, leading to the suppression and/or detoxification of host defenses, is hypothesized to enable broad generalists to shift between plant hosts. However, the host adaptation mechanisms used by generalists composed of host-adapted populations are not known. Two-spotted spider mite (TSSM; Tetranychus urticae) is an extreme generalist herbivore whose individual populations perform well only on a subset of potential hosts. We combined experimental evolution, Arabidopsis thaliana genetics, mite reverse genetics, and pharmacological approaches to examine mite host adaptation upon the shift of a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)-adapted population to Arabidopsis. We showed that cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are required for mite adaptation to Arabidopsis. We identified activities of two tiers of P450s: general xenobiotic-responsive P450s that have a limited contribution to mite adaptation to Arabidopsis and adaptation-associated P450s that efficiently counteract Arabidopsis defenses. In approximately 25 generations of mite selection on Arabidopsis plants, mites evolved highly efficient detoxification-based adaptation, characteristic of specialist herbivores. This demonstrates that specialization to plant resistance traits can occur within the ecological timescale, enabling the TSSM to shift to novel plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristie Bruinsma
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Huzefa Ratlamwala
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Sameer Dixit
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, E-12071, Spain
| | - Emilie Widemann
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Maja Milojevic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Pengyu Jin
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bensoussan
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, E-12071, Spain
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y el Vino (CSIC, UR, Gobiernode La Rioja), Logrono 26006, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
- Author for communication:
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10
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Gu X, Chen W, Perry T, Batterham P, Hoffmann AA. Genomic knockout of hsp23 both decreases and increases fitness under opposing thermal extremes in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 139:103652. [PMID: 34562590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Under exposure to harmful environmental stresses, organisms exhibit a general stress response involving upregulation of the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) which is thought to be adaptive. Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are key components of this response, although shsp genes may have other essential roles in development. However, the upregulation of expression of a suite of genes under stress may not necessarily be evidence of an adaptive response to stress that involves those genes. To explore this issue, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to investigate pleiotropic effects of the hsp23 gene in Drosophila melanogaster. Transgenic flies carrying a pCFD5 plasmid containing sgRNAs were created to generate a complete knockout of the hsp23 gene. The transgenic line lacking hsp23 showed an increased hatch rate and no major fitness costs under an intermediate temperature used for culturing the flies. In addition, hsp23 knockout affected tolerance to hot and cold temperature extremes but in opposing directions; knockout flies had reduced tolerance to cold, but increased tolerance to heat. Despite this, hsp23 expression (in wild type flies) was increased under both hot and cold conditions. The hsp23 gene was required for heat hardening at the pupal stage, but not at the 1st-instar larval stage, even though the gene was upregulated in wild type controls at that life stage. The phenotypic effects of hsp23 were not compensated for by expression changes in other shsps. Our study shows that the fitness consequences of an hsp gene knockout depends on environmental conditions, with potential fitness benefits of gene loss even under conditions when the gene is normally upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Gu
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Wei Chen
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trent Perry
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Manivannan A, Israni B, Luck K, Götz M, Seibel E, Easson MLAE, Kirsch R, Reichelt M, Stein B, Winter S, Gershenzon J, Vassão DG. Identification of a Sulfatase that Detoxifies Glucosinolates in the Phloem-Feeding Insect Bemisia tabaci and Prefers Indolic Glucosinolates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:671286. [PMID: 34149771 PMCID: PMC8212129 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.671286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cruciferous plants in the order Brassicales defend themselves from herbivory using glucosinolates: sulfur-containing pro-toxic metabolites that are activated by hydrolysis to form compounds, such as isothiocyanates, which are toxic to insects and other organisms. Some herbivores are known to circumvent glucosinolate activation with glucosinolate sulfatases (GSSs), enzymes that convert glucosinolates into inactive desulfoglucosinolates. This strategy is a major glucosinolate detoxification pathway in a phloem-feeding insect, the silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci, a serious agricultural pest of cruciferous vegetables. In this study, we identified and characterized an enzyme responsible for glucosinolate desulfation in the globally distributed B. tabaci species MEAM1. In in vitro assays, this sulfatase showed a clear preference for indolic glucosinolates compared with aliphatic glucosinolates, consistent with the greater representation of desulfated indolic glucosinolates in honeydew. B. tabaci might use this detoxification strategy specifically against indolic glucosinolates since plants may preferentially deploy indolic glucosinolates against phloem-feeding insects. In vivo silencing of the expression of the B. tabaci GSS gene via RNA interference led to lower levels of desulfoglucosinolates in honeydew. Our findings expand the knowledge on the biochemistry of glucosinolate detoxification in phloem-feeding insects and suggest how detoxification pathways might facilitate plant colonization in a generalist herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhawana Israni
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Monika Götz
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Elena Seibel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Roy Kirsch
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Beate Stein
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Winter
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Aguirre-Rojas LM, Scully ED, Trick HN, Zhu KY, Smith CM. Comparative analyses of transcriptional responses of Dectes texanus LeConte (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae fed on three different host plants and artificial diet. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11448. [PMID: 34075134 PMCID: PMC8169664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90932-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dectes texanus is an important coleopteran pest of soybeans and cultivated sunflowers in the Midwestern United States that causes yield losses by girdling stems of their host plants. Although sunflower and giant ragweed are primary hosts of D. texanus, they began colonizing soybeans approximately 50 years ago and no reliable management method has been established to prevent or reduce losses by this pest. To identify genes putatively involved when feeding soybean, we compared gene expression of D. texanus third-instar larvae fed soybean to those fed sunflower, giant ragweed, or artificial diet. Dectes texanus larvae differentially expressed 514 unigenes when fed on soybean compared to those fed the other diet treatments. Enrichment analyses of gene ontology terms from up-regulated unigenes in soybean-fed larvae compared to those fed both primary hosts highlighted unigenes involved in oxidoreductase and polygalacturonase activities. Cytochrome P450s, carboxylesterases, major facilitator superfamily transporters, lipocalins, apolipoproteins, glycoside hydrolases 1 and 28, and lytic monooxygenases were among the most commonly up-regulated unigenes in soybean-fed larvae compared to those fed their primary hosts. These results suggest that D. texanus larvae differentially expressed unigenes involved in biotransformation of allelochemicals, digestion of plant cell walls and transport of small solutes and lipids when feeding in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Aguirre-Rojas
- Deparment of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92506, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS-CGAHR, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Harold N Trick
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - C Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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13
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Malka O, Feldmesser E, van Brunschot S, Santos‐Garcia D, Han W, Seal S, Colvin J, Morin S. The molecular mechanisms that determine different degrees of polyphagy in the Bemisia tabaci species complex. Evol Appl 2021; 14:807-820. [PMID: 33767754 PMCID: PMC7980310 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a closely related group of >35 cryptic species that feed on the phloem sap of a broad range of host plants. Species in the complex differ in their host-range breadth, but the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. We investigated, therefore, how six different B. tabaci species cope with the environmental unpredictability presented by a set of four common and novel host plants. Behavioral studies indicated large differences in performances on the four hosts and putative specialization of one of the species to cassava plants. Transcriptomic analyses revealed two main insights. First, a large set of genes involved in metabolism (>85%) showed differences in expression between the six species, and each species could be characterized by its own unique expression pattern of metabolic genes. However, within species, these genes were constitutively expressed, with a low level of environmental responsiveness (i.e., to host change). Second, within each species, sets of genes mainly associated with the super-pathways "environmental information processing" and "organismal systems" responded to the host switching events. These included genes encoding for proteins involved in sugar homeostasis, signal transduction, membrane transport, and immune, endocrine, sensory and digestive responses. Our findings suggested that the six B. tabaci species can be divided into four performance/transcriptomic "Types" and that polyphagy can be achieved in multiple ways. However, polyphagy level is determined by the specific identity of the metabolic genes/pathways that are enriched and overexpressed in each species (the species' individual metabolic "tool kit").
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Malka
- Department of EntomologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Department of Biological ServicesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Sharon van Brunschot
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
- School of Biological Sciencesthe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | | | - Wen‐Hao Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Susan Seal
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
| | - Shai Morin
- Department of EntomologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
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14
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Vandenhole M, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. Short term transcriptional responses of P450s to phytochemicals in insects and mites. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:117-127. [PMID: 33373700 PMCID: PMC8082277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play a key role in the detoxification of phytochemicals in arthropod herbivores. We present here an overview of recent progress in understanding the breadth and specificity of gene expression plasticity of P450s in response to phytochemicals. We discuss experimental setups and new findings in mechanisms of P450 regulation. Whole genome transcriptomic analysis of arthropod herbivores, either after direct administration of phytochemicals or after host plant shifts, allowed to integrate various levels of chemical complexity and lead to the unbiased identification of responsive P450 genes. However, despite progress in identification of inducible P450s, the link between induction and metabolism is still largely unexplored, and to what extent the overall response is biologically functional should be further investigated. In the near future, such studies will be more straightforward as forward and reverse genetic tools become more readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Vandenhole
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Iinks 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Iinks 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Iinks 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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Glucosinolate induces transcriptomic and metabolic reprogramming in Helicoverpa armigera. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:26. [PMID: 33442524 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates protect plants from herbivory. Lepidopteran insects have developed resistance to glucosinolates which is well studied. However, the molecular effects of glucosinolate intake on insects are unexplored. To elucidate this, we performed transcriptomics and metabolomics of sinigrin-fed Helicoverpa armigera. Transcriptomics exhibits significant dysregulation of 2375 transcripts, of which 1575 are upregulated and 800 downregulated. Gene Ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes reveals that key hydrolases, oxidoreductases, and transferases are majorly affected. The negative impact of sinigrin is significant and localized in the endomembrane system and mitochondria. It also disturbs various biological processes such as regulation of protein metabolism and cytoskeletal organization. Furthermore, H. armigera putative myrosinase-like enzymes may catalyze the breakdown of sinigrin to allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). AITC targets the electron transport chain causing oxidative stress. KEGG pathway enrichment shows significant upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation, glutathione metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Activation of these pathways induces glutathione synthesis for sinigrin detoxification. Differential gene expression indicates upregulation of glutathione S-transferase and succinate dehydrogenase suggesting mitochondrial impact. Transcriptomics data correlated with metabolomics show changes in serine, methionine, ornithine, and other metabolite levels. It corroborates well with the transcript alterations supporting the increased glutathione production. Thus, our data suggest that sinigrin generates oxidative stress in H. armigera and insects alter their metabolic wiring to overcome sinigrin-mediated deleterious effects. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02596-5.
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16
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Näsvall K, Wiklund C, Mrazek V, Künstner A, Talla V, Busch H, Vila R, Backström N. Host plant diet affects growth and induces altered gene expression and microbiome composition in the wood white (Leptidea sinapis) butterfly. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:499-516. [PMID: 33219534 PMCID: PMC7839524 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In a time with decreasing biodiversity, especially among insects, a detailed understanding about specific resource utilization strategies is crucial. The physiological and behavioural responses to host switches in phytophagous insects are poorly understood. Earlier studies indicate that a host plant switch might be associated with distinctive molecular and physiological responses in different lineages. Expanding the assessment of such associations across Lepidoptera will reveal if there are general patterns in adaptive responses, or if each switch event is more of a unique character. We investigated host plant preference, fitness consequences, effects on expression profiles and gut microbiome composition in two common wood white (Leptidea sinapis) populations with different host plant preferences from the extremes of the species distribution area (Sweden and Catalonia). Our results show that female Catalonian wood whites lack preference for either host plant (Lotus corniculatus or L. dorycnium), while Swedish females laid significantly more eggs on L. corniculatus. Individuals from both populations reared on L. dorycnium had longer developmental times and smaller body size as adults. This indicates that both environmental and genetic factors determine the choice to use a specific host plant. Gene expression analysis revealed a more pronounced response to host plant in the Catalonian compared to the Swedish population. In addition, host plant treatment resulted in a significant shift in microbiome community structure in the Catalonian population. Together, this suggests that population specific plasticity associated with local conditions underlies host plant utilisation in wood whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Näsvall
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology: Division of Ecology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronika Mrazek
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Axel Künstner
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Venkat Talla
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hauke Busch
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roger Vila
- Butterfly Diversity and Evolution Lab, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niclas Backström
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Huang HJ, Cui JR, Hong XY. Comparative analysis of diet-associated responses in two rice planthopper species. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:565. [PMID: 32807078 PMCID: PMC7437935 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Host adaptation is the primary determinant of insect diversification. However, knowledge of different host ranges in closely related species remains scarce. The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH) and the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH) are the most destructive insect pests within the family Delphacidae. These two species differ in their host range (SBPH can well colonize rice and wheat plants, whereas BPH survives on only rice plants), but the underlying mechanism of this difference remains unknown. High-throughput sequencing provides a powerful approach for analyzing the association between changes in gene expression and the physiological responses of insects. Therefore, gut transcriptomes were performed to elucidate the genes associated with host adaptation in planthoppers. The comparative analysis of planthopper responses to different diets will improve our knowledge of host adaptation regarding herbivorous insects. Results In the present study, we analyzed the change in gene expression of SBPHs that were transferred from rice plants to wheat plants over the short term (rSBPH vs tSBPH) or were colonized on wheat plants over the long term (rSBPH vs wSBPH). The results showed that the majority of differentially expressed genes in SBPH showed similar changes in expression for short-term transfer and long-term colonization. Based on a comparative analysis of BPH and SBPH after transfer, the genes associated with sugar transporters and heat-shock proteins showed similar variation. However, most of the genes were differentially regulated between the two species. The detoxification-related genes were upregulated in SBPH after transfer from the rice plants to the wheat plants, but these genes were downregulated in BPH under the same conditions. In contrast, ribosomal-related genes were downregulated in SBPH after transfer, but these genes were upregulated in BPH under the same conditions. Conclusions The results of this study provide evidence that host plants played a dominant role in shaping gene expression and that the low fitness of BPH on wheat plants might be determined within 24 h after transfer. This study deepens our understanding of different host ranges for the two planthopper species, which may provide a potential strategy for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Rong Cui
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Sikorska-Zimny K, Beneduce L. The glucosinolates and their bioactive derivatives in Brassica: a review on classification, biosynthesis and content in plant tissues, fate during and after processing, effect on the human organism and interaction with the gut microbiota. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2544-2571. [PMID: 32584172 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1780193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study is a systematic review of the scientific literature reporting content, composition and biosynthesis of glucosinolates (GLS), and their derivative compounds in Brassica family. An amended classification of brassica species, varieties and their GLS content, organized for the different plant organs and in uniformed concentration measure unit, is here reported for the first time in a harmonized and comparative manner. In the last years, the studies carried out on the effect of processing on vegetables and the potential benefits for human health has increased rapidly and consistently the knowledge on the topic. Therefore, there was the need for an updated revision of the scientific literature of pre- and post-harvest modifications of GLS content, along with the role of gut microbiota in influencing their bioavailability once they are ingested. After analyzing and standardizing over 100 articles and the related data, the highest GLS content in Brassica, was declared in B. nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch (201.95 ± 53.36 µmol g-1), followed by B. oleracea Alboglabra group (180.9 ± 70.3 µmol g-1). The authors also conclude that food processing can influence significantly the final content of GLS, considering the most popular methods: boiling, blanching, steaming, the latter can be considered as the most favorable to preserve highest level of GLS and their deriviatives. Therefore, a mild-processing strategic approach for GLS or their derivatives in food is recommended, in order to minimize the loss of actual bioactive impact. Finally, the human gut microbiota is influenced by Brassica-rich diet and can contribute in certain conditions to the increasing of GLS bioavailability but further studies are needed to assess the actual role of microbiomes in the bioavailability of healthy glucosinolate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Sikorska-Zimny
- Fruit and Vegetables Storage and Processing Department, Storage and Postharvest Physiology of Fruit and Vegetables Laboratory, Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland.,Stefan Batory State University, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Luciano Beneduce
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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19
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Paniagua Voirol LR, Weinhold A, Johnston PR, Fatouros NE, Hilker M. Legacy of a Butterfly's Parental Microbiome in Offspring Performance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00596-20. [PMID: 32276976 PMCID: PMC7267186 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00596-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An insect's phenotype can be influenced by the experiences of the parental generation. However, the effects of the parental symbiotic microbiome and host plant use on the offspring are unclear. We addressed this gap of knowledge by studying Pieris brassicae, a multivoltine butterfly species feeding on different brassicaceous plants across generations. We investigated how disturbance of the parental bacterial community by antibiotic treatment affects F1 larval traits. We tested the effects depending on whether F1 larvae are feeding on the same plant species as their parents or on a different one. The parental treatment alone had no impact on the biomass of F1 larvae feeding on the parental plant species. However, the parental treatment had a detrimental effect on F1 larval biomass when F1 larvae had a different host plant than their parents. This effect was linked to higher larval prophenoloxidase activity and greater downregulation of the major allergen gene (MA), a glucosinolate detoxification gene of P. brassicae Bacterial abundance in untreated adult parents was high, while it was very low in F1 larvae from either parental type, and thus unlikely to directly influence larval traits. Our results suggest that transgenerational effects of the parental microbiome on the offspring's phenotype become evident when the offspring is exposed to a transgenerational host plant shift.IMPORTANCE Resident bacterial communities are almost absent in larvae of butterflies and thus are unlikely to affect their host. In contrast, adult butterflies contain conspicuous amounts of bacteria. While the host plant and immune state of adult parental butterflies are known to affect offspring traits, it has been unclear whether also the parental microbiome imposes direct effects on the offspring. Here, we show that disturbance of the bacterial community in parental butterflies by an antibiotic treatment has a detrimental effect on those offspring larvae feeding on a different host plant than their parents. Hence, the study indicates that disturbance of an insect's parental microbiome by an antibiotic treatment shapes how the offspring individuals can adjust themselves to a novel host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Paniagua Voirol
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Weinhold
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul R Johnston
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research (BeGenDiv), Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Department of Plant Sciences, Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Bakhtiari M, Rasmann S. Variation in Below-to Aboveground Systemic Induction of Glucosinolates Mediates Plant Fitness Consequences under Herbivore Attack. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:317-329. [PMID: 32060668 DOI: 10.1101/810432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against herbivore attack by constitutively producing toxic secondary metabolites, as well as by inducing them in response to herbivore feeding. Induction of secondary metabolites can cross plant tissue boundaries, such as from root to shoot. However, whether the potential for plants to systemically induce secondary metabolites from roots to shoots shows genetic variability, and thus, potentially, is under selection conferring fitness benefits to the plants is an open question. To address this question, we induced 26 maternal plant families of the wild species Cardamine hirsuta belowground (BG) using the wound-mimicking phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA). We measured resistance against a generalist (Spodoptera littoralis) and a specialist (Pieris brassicae) herbivore species, as well as the production of glucosinolates (GSLs) in plants. We showed that BG induction increased AG resistance against the generalist but not against the specialist, and found substantial plant family-level variation for resistance and GSL induction. We further found that the systemic induction of several GSLs tempered the negative effects of herbivory on total seed set production. Using a widespread natural system, we thus confirm that BG to AG induction has a strong genetic component, and can be under positive selection by increasing plant fitness. We suggest that natural variation in systemic induction is in part dictated by allocation trade-offs between constitutive and inducible GSL production, as well as natural variation in AG and BG herbivore attack in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Bakhtiari
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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21
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Variation in Below-to Aboveground Systemic Induction of Glucosinolates Mediates Plant Fitness Consequences under Herbivore Attack. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:317-329. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Sun R, Jiang X, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Pandit SS, Giddings Vassão D. Tritrophic metabolism of plant chemical defenses and its effects on herbivore and predator performance. eLife 2019; 8:e51029. [PMID: 31841109 PMCID: PMC6934381 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores are frequently reported to metabolize plant defense compounds, but the physiological and ecological consequences are not fully understood. It has rarely been studied whether such metabolism is genuinely beneficial to the insect, and whether there are any effects on higher trophic levels. Here, we manipulated the detoxification of plant defenses in the herbivorous pest diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) to evaluate changes in fitness, and additionally examined the effects on a predatory lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea). Silencing glucosinolate sulfatase genes resulted in the systemic accumulation of toxic isothiocyanates in P. xylostella larvae, impairing larval development and adult reproduction. The predatory lacewing C. carnea, however, efficiently degraded ingested isothiocyanates via a general conjugation pathway, with no negative effects on survival, reproduction, or even prey preference. These results illustrate how plant defenses and their detoxification strongly influence herbivore fitness but might only subtly affect a third trophic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Sun
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Xingcong Jiang
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Sagar Subhash Pandit
- Molecular and Chemical Ecology LabIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPuneIndia
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23
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Gene Expression and Diet Breadth in Plant-Feeding Insects: Summarizing Trends. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 35:259-277. [PMID: 31791830 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomic studies lend insights into the role of transcriptional plasticity in adaptation and specialization. Recently, there has been growing interest in understanding the relationship between variation in herbivorous insect gene expression and the evolution of diet breadth. We review the studies that have emerged on insect gene expression and host plant use, and outline the questions and approaches in the field. Many candidate genes underlying herbivory and specialization have been identified, and a few key studies demonstrate increased transcriptional plasticity associated with generalist compared with specialist species. Addressing the roles that transcriptional variation plays in insect diet breadth will have important implications for our understanding of the evolution of specialization and the genetic and environmental factors that govern insect-plant interactions.
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24
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Breeschoten T, Ros VID, Schranz ME, Simon S. An influential meal: host plant dependent transcriptional variation in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:845. [PMID: 31722664 PMCID: PMC6854893 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the genetic mechanisms of insect herbivory, the transcriptional response of insects feeding on different host plant species has to be studied. Here, we generated gene expression data of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) feeding on three selected host plant species and a control (artificial diet). The host plant species used in this study -cabbage (Brassica oleracea), maize (Zea mays) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)- are members of different plant families that each employ specific defence mechanisms and toxins. RESULTS Spodoptera exigua larvae had a higher growth rate, indicator for herbivore success, when feeding on Z. mays compared to larvae feeding on B. oleracea or N. tabacum. Larvae feeding on the different host plant species showed divergent transcriptional responses. We identified shared and unique gene expression patterns dependent of the host plant species the larvae fed on. Unique gene expression patterns, containing uniquely upregulated transcripts including specific detoxification genes, were found for larvae feeding on either B. oleracea or N. tabacum. No diet-specific gene cluster was identified for larvae feeding on the host for which larvae showed optimal herbivore success, Z. mays, or artificial diet. In contrast, for larvae feeding on hosts for which they showed low herbivore success, specific diet-dependent gene clusters were identified. Functional annotation of these clusters indicates that S. exigua larvae deploy particular host plant-specific genes for digestion and detoxification. CONCLUSIONS The lack of a host plant-specific gene activity for larvae feeding on Z. mays and the artificial diet suggest a general and non-specific gene activity for host plants with optimal herbivore success. Whereas the finding of specific gene clusters containing particular digestion and detoxifying genes expressed in larvae feeding on B. oleracea and N. tabacum, with low herbivore success, imply a host plant-specific gene activity for larvae feeding on host plants with suboptimal herbivore success. This observation leads to the conclusion that a polyphagous herbivore is able to feed on a large variation of host plants due to the flexibility and diversity of genes involved in digestion and detoxification that are deployed in response to particular host plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijmen Breeschoten
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Okamura Y, Sato A, Tsuzuki N, Murakami M, Heidel‐Fischer H, Vogel H. Molecular signatures of selection associated with host plant differences in
Pieris
butterflies. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4958-4970. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Okamura
- Department of Entomology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
- Community Ecology Lab Faculty of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Ai Sato
- Community Ecology Lab Faculty of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Natsumi Tsuzuki
- Community Ecology Lab Faculty of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Community Ecology Lab Faculty of Science Chiba University Chiba Japan
| | - Hanna Heidel‐Fischer
- Department of Entomology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute (HKI) Jena Germany
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
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26
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Tan W, Acevedo T, Harris EV, Alcaide TY, Walters JR, Hunter MD, Gerardo NM, Roode JC. Transcriptomics of monarch butterflies (
Danaus plexippus
) reveals that toxic host plants alter expression of detoxification genes and down‐regulate a small number of immune genes. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4845-4863. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Hao Tan
- Department of Biology Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Tarik Acevedo
- Department of Biology Emory University Atlanta GA USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management Pennsylvania State University State College PA USA
| | | | - Tiffanie Y. Alcaide
- Department of Biology Emory University Atlanta GA USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management Pennsylvania State University State College PA USA
| | - James R. Walters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
| | - Mark D. Hunter
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
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27
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Pan Y, Zhao SW, Tang XL, Wang S, Wang X, Zhang XX, Zhou JJ, Xi JH. Transcriptome analysis of maize reveals potential key genes involved in the response to belowground herbivore Holotrichia parallela larvae feeding. Genome 2019; 63:1-12. [PMID: 31533014 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2019-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of Holotrichia parallela, a destructive belowground herbivore, causes tremendous damages to maize plants. However, little is known if there are any defense mechanisms in maize roots to defend themselves against this herbivore. In the current research, we carried out RNA-sequencing to investigate the changes in gene transcription level in maize roots after H. parallela larvae infestation. A total of 644 up-regulated genes and 474 down-regulated genes was found. In addition, Gene ontology (GO) annotation analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that peroxidase genes may be the hub genes that regulate maize defenses to H. parallela larvae attack. We also found 105 transcription factors, 44 hormone-related genes, and 62 secondary metabolism-related genes within differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Furthermore, the expression profiles of 12 DEGs from the transcriptome analysis were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR experiments. This transcriptome analysis provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of the underground defense in maize roots to H. parallela larvae attack and will help to select target genes of maize for defense against belowground herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Wen Zhao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Long Tang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Shang Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Hui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China.,College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, P.R. China
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28
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Oberländer J, Lortzing V, Hilker M, Kunze R. The differential response of cold-experienced Arabidopsis thaliana to larval herbivory benefits an insect generalist, but not a specialist. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:338. [PMID: 31375063 PMCID: PMC6679549 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In native environments plants frequently experience simultaneous or sequential unfavourable abiotic and biotic stresses. The plant's response to combined stresses is usually not the sum of the individual responses. Here we investigated the impact of cold on plant defense against subsequent herbivory by a generalist and specialist insect. RESULTS We determined transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to low temperature stress (4 °C) and subsequent larval feeding damage by the lepidopteran herbivores Mamestra brassicae (generalist), Pieris brassicae (specialist) or artificial wounding. Furthermore, we compared the performance of larvae feeding upon cold-experienced or untreated plants. Prior experience of cold strongly affected the plant's transcriptional anti-herbivore and wounding response. Feeding by P. brassicae, M. brassicae and artificial wounding induced transcriptional changes of 1975, 1695, and 2239 genes, respectively. Of these, 125, 360, and 681 genes were differentially regulated when cold preceded the tissue damage. Overall, prior experience of cold mostly reduced the transcriptional response of genes to damage. The percentage of damage-responsive genes, which showed attenuated transcriptional regulation when cold preceded the tissue damage, was highest in M. brassicae damaged plants (98%), intermediate in artificially damaged plants (89%), and lowest in P. brassicae damaged plants (69%). Consistently, the generalist M. brassicae performed better on cold-treated than on untreated plants, whereas the performance of the specialist P. brassicae did not differ. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptional defense response of Arabidopsis leaves to feeding by herbivorous insects and artificial wounding is attenuated by a prior exposure of the plant to cold. This attenuation correlates with improved performance of the generalist herbivore M. brassicae, but not the specialist P. brassicae, a herbivore of the same feeding guild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Oberländer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology - Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Present address: University of Bern, Molecular Plant Physiology, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vivien Lortzing
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology - Applied Zoology / Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology - Applied Zoology / Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kunze
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology - Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Okamura Y, Sato A, Tsuzuki N, Sawada Y, Hirai MY, Heidel-Fischer H, Reichelt M, Murakami M, Vogel H. Differential regulation of host plant adaptive genes in Pieris butterflies exposed to a range of glucosinolate profiles in their host plants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7256. [PMID: 31076616 PMCID: PMC6510735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialist herbivores have often evolved highly sophisticated mechanisms to counteract defenses mediated by major plant secondary-metabolites. Plant species of the herbivore host range often display high chemical diversity and it is not well understood how specialist herbivores respond to this chemical diversity. Pieris larvae overcome toxic products from glucosinolate hydrolysis, the major chemical defense of their Brassicaceae hosts, by expressing nitrile-specifier proteins (NSP) in their gut. Furthermore, Pieris butterflies possess so-called major allergen (MA) proteins, which are multi-domain variants of a single domain major allergen (SDMA) protein expressed in the guts of Lepidopteran larvae. Here we show that Pieris larvae fine-tune NSP and MA gene expression depending on the glucosinolate profiles of their Brassicaceae hosts. Although the role of MA is not yet fully understood, the expression levels of NSP and MA in larvae that fed on plants whose glucosinolate composition varied was dramatically changed, whereas levels of SDMA expression remained unchanged. In addition, we found a similar regulation pattern among these genes in larvae feeding on Arabidopsis mutants with different glucosinolate profiles. Our results demonstrate that Pieris larvae appear to use different host plant adaptive genes to overcome a wide range of glucosinolate profiles in their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Okamura
- Community Ecology Lab., Faculty of Science, Chiba University, 263-8522, Chiba, Japan.
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ai Sato
- Community Ecology Lab., Faculty of Science, Chiba University, 263-8522, Chiba, Japan
| | - Natsumi Tsuzuki
- Community Ecology Lab., Faculty of Science, Chiba University, 263-8522, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuji Sawada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hanna Heidel-Fischer
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenberg-Str. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Community Ecology Lab., Faculty of Science, Chiba University, 263-8522, Chiba, Japan
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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30
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Lortzing V, Oberländer J, Lortzing T, Tohge T, Steppuhn A, Kunze R, Hilker M. Insect egg deposition renders plant defence against hatching larvae more effective in a salicylic acid-dependent manner. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1019-1032. [PMID: 30252928 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants can improve their antiherbivore defence by taking insect egg deposition as cue of impending feeding damage. Previous studies showed that Pieris brassicae larvae feeding upon egg-deposited Brassicaceae perform worse and gain less weight than larvae on egg-free plants. We investigated how P. brassicae oviposition on Arabidopsis thaliana affects the plant's molecular and chemical responses to larvae. A transcriptome comparison of feeding-damaged leaves without and with prior oviposition revealed about 200 differently expressed genes, including enhanced expression of PR5, which is involved in salicylic acid (SA)-signalling. SA levels were induced by larval feeding to a slightly greater extent in egg-deposited than egg-free plants. The adverse effect of egg-deposited wild-type (WT) plants on larval weight was absent in an egg-deposited PR5-deficient mutant or other mutants impaired in SA-mediated signalling, that is, sid2/ics1, ald1, and pad4. In contrast, the adverse effect of egg-deposited WT plants on larvae was retained in egg-deposited npr1 and wrky70 mutants impaired further downstream in SA-signalling. Oviposition induced accumulation of flavonols in WT plants with and without feeding damage, but not in the PR5-deficient mutant. We demonstrated that egg-mediated improvement of A. thaliana's antiherbivore defence involves SA-signalling in an NPR1-independent manner and is associated with accumulation of flavonols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Lortzing
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Oberländer
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department Secondary Metabolism, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kunze
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Snoeck S, Wybouw N, Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W. Transcriptomic Plasticity in the Arthropod Generalist Tetranychus urticae Upon Long-Term Acclimation to Different Host Plants. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:3865-3879. [PMID: 30333191 PMCID: PMC6288829 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is an important pest with an exceptionally broad host plant range. This generalist rapidly acclimatizes and adapts to a new host, hereby overcoming nutritional challenges and a novel pallet of constitutive and induced plant defenses. Although recent studies reveal that a broad transcriptomic response upon host plant transfer is associated with a generalist life style in arthropod herbivores, it remains uncertain to what extent these transcriptional changes are general stress responses or host-specific. In the present study, we analyzed and compared the transcriptomic changes that occur in a single T. urticae population upon long-term transfer from Phaseolus vulgaris to a similar, but chemically defended, host (cyanogenic Phaseolus lunatus) and to multiple economically important crops (Glycine max, Gossypium hirsutum, Solanum lycopersicum and Zea mays). These long-term host plant transfers were associated with distinct transcriptomic responses with only a limited overlap in both specificity and directionality, suggestive of a fine-tuned transcriptional plasticity. Nonetheless, analysis at the gene family level uncovered overlapping functional processes, recruiting genes from both well-known and newly discovered detoxification families. Of note, our analyses highlighted a possible detoxification role for Tetranychus-specific short-chain dehydrogenases and single PLAT domain proteins, and manual genome annotation showed that both families are expanded in T. urticae Our results shed new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the remarkable adaptive potential for host plant use of generalist arthropods and set the stage for functional validation of important players in T. urticae detoxification of plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Snoeck
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 1012 Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
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32
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Braak N, Neve R, Jones AK, Gibbs M, Breuker CJ. The effects of insecticides on butterflies - A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:507-518. [PMID: 30005263 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides, in particular insecticides, can be very beneficial but have also been found to have harmful side effects on non-target insects. Butterflies play an important role in ecosystems, are well monitored and are recognised as good indicators of environmental health. The amount of information already known about butterfly ecology and the increased availability of genomes make them a very valuable model for the study of non-target effects of pesticide usage. The effects of pesticides are not simply linear, but complex through their interactions with a large variety of biotic and abiotic factors. Furthermore, these effects manifest themselves at a variety of levels, from the molecular to metapopulation level. Research should therefore aim to dissect these complex effects at a number of levels, but as we discuss in this review, this is seldom if ever done in butterflies. We suggest that in order dissect the complex effects of pesticides on butterflies we need to integrate detailed molecular studies, including characterising sequence variability of relevant target genes, with more classical evolutionary ecology; from direct toxicity tests on individual larvae in the laboratory to field studies that consider the potentiation of pesticides by ecologically relevant environmental biotic and abiotic stressors. Such integration would better inform population-level responses across broad geographical scales and provide more in-depth information about the non-target impacts of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Braak
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Rebecca Neve
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Andrew K Jones
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Melanie Gibbs
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Casper J Breuker
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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33
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Bakhtiari M, Glauser G, Rasmann S. Root JA Induction Modifies Glucosinolate Profiles and Increases Subsequent Aboveground Resistance to Herbivore Attack in Cardamine hirsuta. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1230. [PMID: 30186300 PMCID: PMC6110943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alteration and induction of plant secondary metabolites after herbivore attack have been shown in almost all the studied plant species. Induction can be at the local site of damage, or systemic, such as from roots to shoots. In addition to immediate induction, previous herbivore bouts have been shown to "prime" the plants for a stronger and faster response only after a subsequent attack happens. Whereas several studies revealed a link between root herbivory and increased resistance against aboveground (AG) herbivory, the evidence of root defense priming against subsequent AG herbivory is currently lacking. To address this gap, we induced Cardamine hirsuta roots by applying jasmonic acid (JA), and, after a time lag, we subjected both control and JA-treated plants to AG herbivory by the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We addressed the effect of root JA addition on AG herbivore resistance by measuring larval weight gain and tested the effect of root induction on abundance and composition of glucosinolates (GSLs) in shoots, prior, and after subsequent herbivory. We observed a strong positive effect of root induction on the resistance against AG herbivory. The overall abundance and identity of GSLs was globally affected by JA induction and by herbivore feeding, independently, and we found a significant correlation between larval growth and the shoot GSL profiles only after AG herbivory, 11 days after induction in roots. Contrary to expectations of priming, we observed that JA induction in roots altered the GSLs profile in the leaves that was maintained through time. This initial modification was sufficient to maintain a lower caterpillar weight gain, even 11 days post-root induction. Altogether, we show that prior root defense induction increases AG insect resistance by modifying and maintaining variation in GSL profiles during insect feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Bakhtiari
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Nallu S, Hill JA, Don K, Sahagun C, Zhang W, Meslin C, Snell-Rood E, Clark NL, Morehouse NI, Bergelson J, Wheat CW, Kronforst MR. The molecular genetic basis of herbivory between butterflies and their host plants. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1418-1427. [PMID: 30076351 PMCID: PMC6149523 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between herbivorous insects and their host-plants are a central component of terrestrial food webs and a critical topic in agriculture, where a substantial fraction of potential crop yield is lost annually to pests. Important insights into plant-insect interactions have come from research on specific plant defenses and insect detoxification mechanisms. Yet, much remains unknown about the molecular mechanisms that mediate plant-insect interactions. Here we use multiple genome-wide approaches to map the molecular basis of herbivory from both plant and insect perspectives, focusing on butterflies and their larval host-plants. Parallel genome-wide association studies in the Cabbage White butterfly, Pieris rapae, and its host-plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, pinpointed a small number of butterfly and plant genes that influenced herbivory. These genes, along with much of the genome, were regulated in a dynamic way over the time course of the feeding interaction. Comparative analyses, including diverse butterfly/plant systems, showed a variety of genome-wide responses to herbivory, yet a core set of highly conserved genes in butterflies as well as their host-plants. These results greatly expand our understanding of the genomic causes and evolutionary consequences of ecological interactions across two of nature’s most diverse taxa, butterflies and flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitha Nallu
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason A Hill
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristine Don
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carlos Sahagun
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Camille Meslin
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (IEES-Paris), Versailles , France
| | - Emilie Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nathan L Clark
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathan I Morehouse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joy Bergelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Marcus R Kronforst
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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35
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Dermauw W, Pym A, Bass C, Van Leeuwen T, Feyereisen R. Does host plant adaptation lead to pesticide resistance in generalist herbivores? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:25-33. [PMID: 29764657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Most herbivorous arthropods feed on one or a few closely related plant species; however, certain insect and mite species have a greatly expanded host range. Several of these generalists also show a remarkable propensity to evolve resistance to chemical pesticides. In this review, we ask if the evolution of mechanisms to tolerate the diversity of plant secondary metabolites that generalist herbivores encounter, has pre-adapted them to resist synthetic pesticides. Critical examination of the evidence suggests that a generalist life-style per se is not a predictor of rapid resistance evolution to pesticides. Rather the prevalence of pesticide resistance in generalist herbivores probably reflects their economic importance as pests and thus the strong selection imposed by intensive pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Dermauw
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Adam Pym
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Feyereisen
- Department or Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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36
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Stahl E, Hilfiker O, Reymond P. Plant-arthropod interactions: who is the winner? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:703-728. [PMID: 29160609 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous arthropods have interacted with plants for millions of years. During feeding they release chemical cues that allow plants to detect the attack and mount an efficient defense response. A signaling cascade triggers the expression of hundreds of genes, which encode defensive proteins and enzymes for synthesis of toxic metabolites. This direct defense is often complemented by emission of volatiles that attract beneficial parasitoids. In return, arthropods have evolved strategies to interfere with plant defenses, either by producing effectors to inhibit detection and downstream signaling steps, or by adapting to their detrimental effect. In this review, we address the current knowledge on the molecular and chemical dialog between plants and herbivores, with an emphasis on co-evolutionary aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hilfiker
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Birnbaum SSL, Rinker DC, Gerardo NM, Abbot P. Transcriptional profile and differential fitness in a specialist milkweed insect across host plants varying in toxicity. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6742-6761. [PMID: 29110382 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and herbivorous insects have been models for theories of specialization and co-evolution for over a century. Phytochemicals govern many aspects of these interactions and have fostered the evolution of adaptations by insects to tolerate or even specialize on plant defensive chemistry. While genomic approaches are providing new insights into the genes and mechanisms insect specialists employ to tolerate plant secondary metabolites, open questions remain about the evolution and conservation of insect counterdefences, how insects respond to the diversity defences mounted by their host plants, and the costs and benefits of resistance and tolerance to plant defences in natural ecological communities. Using a milkweed-specialist aphid (Aphis nerii) model, we test the effects of host plant species with increased toxicity, likely driven primarily by increased secondary metabolites, on aphid life history traits and whole-body gene expression. We show that more toxic plant species have a negative effect on aphid development and lifetime fecundity. When feeding on more toxic host plants with higher levels of secondary metabolites, aphids regulate a narrow, targeted set of genes, including those involved in canonical detoxification processes (e.g., cytochrome P450s, hydrolases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and ABC transporters). These results indicate that A. nerii marshal a variety of metabolic detoxification mechanisms to circumvent milkweed toxicity and facilitate host plant specialization, yet, despite these detoxification mechanisms, aphids experience reduced fitness when feeding on more toxic host plants. Disentangling how specialist insects respond to challenging host plants is a pivotal step in understanding the evolution of specialized diet breadths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Rinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole M Gerardo
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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38
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Wang H, Holloway JD, Janz N, Braga MP, Wahlberg N, Wang M, Nylin S. Polyphagy and diversification in tussock moths: Support for the oscillation hypothesis from extreme generalists. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7975-7986. [PMID: 29043049 PMCID: PMC5632610 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Theory on plasticity driving speciation, as applied to insect-plant interactions (the oscillation hypothesis), predicts more species in clades with higher diversity of host use, all else being equal. Previous support comes mainly from specialized herbivores such as butterflies, and plasticity theory suggests that there may be an upper host range limit where host diversity no longer promotes diversification. The tussock moths (Erebidae: Lymantriinae) are known for extreme levels of polyphagy. We demonstrate that this system is also very different from butterflies in terms of phylogenetic signal for polyphagy and for use of specific host orders. Yet we found support for the generality of the oscillation hypothesis, in that clades with higher diversity of host use were found to contain more species. These clades also consistently contained the most polyphagous single species. Comparing host use in Lymantriinae with related taxa shows that the taxon indeed stands out in terms of the frequency of polyphagous species. Comparative evidence suggests that this is most probably due to its nonfeeding adults, with polyphagy being part of a resulting life history syndrome. Our results indicate that even high levels of plasticity can drive diversification, at least when the levels oscillate over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshuai Wang
- Department of EntomologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Niklas Janz
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of BiologyLaboratory of GeneticsUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Min Wang
- Department of EntomologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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