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Lubkin A, Bernard-Raichon L, DuMont AL, Valero Jimenez AM, Putzel GG, Gago J, Zwack EE, Olusanya O, Boguslawski KM, Dallari S, Dyzenhaus S, Herrmann C, Ilmain JK, Isom GL, Pawline M, Perault AI, Perelman S, Sause WE, Shahi I, St. John A, Tierce R, Zheng X, Zhou C, Noval MG, O'Keeffe A, Podkowik M, Gonzales S, Inglima K, Desvignes L, Hochman SE, Stapleford KA, Thorpe LE, Pironti A, Shopsin B, Cadwell K, Dittmann M, Torres VJ. SARS-CoV-2 infection predisposes patients to coinfection with Staphylococcus aureus. mBio 2024; 15:e0166724. [PMID: 39037272 PMCID: PMC11323729 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01667-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 has been associated with coinfections with bacterial and fungal pathogens. Notably, patients with COVID-19 who develop Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia exhibit higher rates of mortality than those infected with either pathogen alone. To understand this clinical scenario, we collected and examined S. aureus blood and respiratory isolates from a hospital in New York City during the early phase of the pandemic from both SARS-CoV-2+ and SARS-CoV-2- patients. Whole genome sequencing of these S. aureus isolates revealed broad phylogenetic diversity in both patient groups, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 coinfection was not associated with a particular S. aureus lineage. Phenotypic characterization of the contemporary collection of S. aureus isolates from SARS-CoV-2+ and SARS-CoV-2- patients revealed no notable differences in several virulence traits examined. However, we noted a trend toward overrepresentation of S. aureus bloodstream strains with low cytotoxicity in the SARS-CoV-2+ group. We observed that patients coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 and S. aureus were more likely to die during the acute phase of infection when the coinfecting S. aureus strain exhibited high or low cytotoxicity. To further investigate the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and S. aureus infections, we developed a murine coinfection model. These studies revealed that infection with SARS-CoV-2 renders mice susceptible to subsequent superinfection with low cytotoxicity S. aureus. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection sensitizes the host to coinfections, including S. aureus isolates with low intrinsic virulence. IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on healthcare across the globe. Patients who were severely infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, sometimes became infected with other pathogens, which is termed coinfection. If the coinfecting pathogen is the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, there is an increased risk of patient death. We collected S. aureus strains that coinfected patients with SARS-CoV-2 to study the disease outcome caused by the interaction of these two important pathogens. We found that both in patients and in mice, coinfection with an S. aureus strain lacking toxicity resulted in more severe disease during the early phase of infection, compared with infection with either pathogen alone. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection can directly increase the severity of S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashira Lubkin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lucie Bernard-Raichon
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley L. DuMont
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ana Mayela Valero Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory G. Putzel
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, Microbial Genomics Core Lab, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Gago
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Erin E. Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Olufolakemi Olusanya
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, Microbial Genomics Core Lab, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristina M. Boguslawski
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simone Dallari
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sophie Dyzenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christin Herrmann
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juliana K. Ilmain
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Georgia L. Isom
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Miranda Pawline
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew I. Perault
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, Microbial Genomics Core Lab, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sofya Perelman
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - William E. Sause
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ifrah Shahi
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amelia St. John
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca Tierce
- Division of Comparative Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xuhui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria G. Noval
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna O'Keeffe
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Magda Podkowik
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, Microbial Genomics Core Lab, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandra Gonzales
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Inglima
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- High Containment Laboratories, Office of Science and Research, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah E. Hochman
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, Microbial Genomics Core Lab, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lorna E. Thorpe
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alejandro Pironti
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, Microbial Genomics Core Lab, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, Microbial Genomics Core Lab, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meike Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program, Microbial Genomics Core Lab, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
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Ledger EVK, Edwards AM. Host-induced cell wall remodeling impairs opsonophagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by neutrophils. mBio 2024; 15:e0164324. [PMID: 39041819 PMCID: PMC11323798 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01643-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus responds to the host environment by increasing the thickness of its cell wall. However, the impact of cell wall thickening on susceptibility to host defenses is unclear. Using bacteria incubated in human serum, we show that host-induced increases in cell wall thickness led to a reduction in the exposure of bound antibody and complement and a corresponding reduction in phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils. The exposure of opsonins bound to protein antigens or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was most significantly reduced, while opsonization by IgG against wall teichoic acid or peptidoglycan was largely unaffected. Partial digestion of accumulated cell wall using the enzyme lysostaphin restored opsonin exposure and promoted phagocytosis and killing. Concordantly, the antibiotic fosfomycin inhibited cell wall remodeling and maintained the full susceptibility of S. aureus to opsonophagocytic killing by neutrophils. These findings reveal that host-induced changes to the S. aureus cell wall reduce the ability of the immune system to detect and kill this pathogen through reduced exposure of protein- and LTA-bound opsonins. IMPORTANCE Understanding how bacteria adapt to the host environment is critical in determining fundamental mechanisms of immune evasion, pathogenesis, and the identification of targets for new therapeutic approaches. Previous work demonstrated that Staphylococcus aureus remodels its cell envelope in response to host factors and we hypothesized that this may affect recognition by antibodies and thus killing by immune cells. As expected, incubation of S. aureus in human serum resulted in rapid binding of antibodies. However, as bacteria adapted to the serum, the increase in cell wall thickness resulted in a significant reduction in exposure of bound antibodies. This reduced antibody exposure, in turn, led to reduced killing by human neutrophils. Importantly, while antibodies bound to some cell surface structures became obscured, this was not the case for those bound to wall teichoic acid, which may have important implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V. K. Ledger
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Edwards
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Gulati M, Thomas JM, Ennis CL, Hernday AD, Rawat M, Nobile CJ. The bacillithiol pathway is required for biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2024; 191:106657. [PMID: 38649100 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that can cause infections that range from superficial skin and mucosal infections to life threatening disseminated infections. S. aureus can attach to medical devices and host tissues and form biofilms that allow the bacteria to evade the host immune system and provide protection from antimicrobial agents. To counter host-generated oxidative and nitrosative stress mechanisms that are part of the normal host responses to invading pathogens, S. aureus utilizes low molecular weight (LMW) thiols, such as bacillithiol (BSH). Additionally, S. aureus synthesizes its own nitric oxide (NO), which combined with its downstream metabolites may also protect the bacteria against specific host responses. We have previously shown that LMW thiols are required for biofilm formation in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we show that the S. aureus bshC mutant strain, which is defective in the last step of the BSH pathway and lacks BSH, is impaired in biofilm formation. We also identify a possible S-nitrosobacillithiol reductase (BSNOR), similar in sequence to an S-nitrosomycothiol reductase found in M. smegmatis and show that the putative S. aureus bsnoR mutant strain has reduced levels of BSH and decreased biofilm formation. Our studies also show that NO plays an important role in biofilm formation and that acidified sodium nitrite severely reduces biofilm thickness. These studies provide insight into the roles of oxidative and nitrosative stress mechanisms on biofilm formation and indicate that BSH and NO are key players in normal biofilm formation in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Gulati
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Thomas
- Department of Biology, California State University-Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Craig L Ennis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Aaron D Hernday
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Mamta Rawat
- Department of Biology, California State University-Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA.
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
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El-Mahdy AM, Alqahtani M, Almukainzi M, Alghoribi MF, Abdel-Rhman SH. Effect of Resveratrol and Curcumin on Gene Expression of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Toxins. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:141-148. [PMID: 37986579 PMCID: PMC10840468 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2309.09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that can lead to a number of potentially terrible community- and hospital-acquired illnesses. Among the diverse set of virulence factors that S. aureus possesses, secreted toxins play a particularly preeminent role in defining its virulence. In this work, we aimed to facilitate the development of novel strategies utilizing natural compounds to lower S. aureus's toxin production and consequently enhance therapeutic approaches. Two natural polyphenols, resveratrol (RSV) and curcumin (CUR), were tested for their effect on reducing toxin gene production of MRSA isolates. Fifty clinical MRSA isolates were gathered from Riyadh and Jeddah. Molecular screening of toxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, seh, lukF, and lukS) harbored by MRSA was performed. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of RSV (50 μg/ml) and CUR (20 μg/ml) were determined to study their effect on the gene expression MRSA's toxin genes. Our findings revealed the presence of the tested genes in MRSA isolates, with lukF being the most prevalent gene and seh the least detected gene. We found that RSV reduced the relative expression of toxin genes, sea, seb, lukF, and lukS, respectively, while CUR decreased the relative expression of sea and seb genes in the examined isolates. Regarding lukF and lukS, CUR downregulated the expression of both genes in some isolates and upregulated the expression in other isolates. From these results, we concluded that RSV and CUR could be used as alternative therapeutic approaches to treat MRSA infections through reducing toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej M. El-Mahdy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Maisa Alqahtani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Almukainzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed F. Alghoribi
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaymaa H Abdel-Rhman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University, AlMadinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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Vinodhini V, Kavitha M. Deciphering agr quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus: insights and therapeutic prospects. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:155. [PMID: 38252331 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of superbugs like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exposed the limitations of treating microbial infections using antibiotics. At present, the discovery of novel and convincing therapeutic methods are being executed increasingly as possible substitutes to conventional antibiotic therapies. The quorum sensing helps Staphylococcus aureus become more viable through their signaling mechanisms. In recent years, targeting the prominent factors of quorum sensing has obtained remarkable attention as a futuristic approach to dealing with bacterial pathogenicity. The standard antibiotic therapy intends to inhibit the organism by targeting specific molecules and afford a chance for the evolution of antibiotic resistance. This prompts the development of novel therapeutic strategies like inhibiting quorum sensing that can limit bacterial virulence by decreasing the selective pressure, thereby restricting antibiotic resistance evolution. This review furnishes new insights into the accessory gene regulator quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus and its inhibition by targeting the genes that regulate the operon. Further, this review comprehensively explores the inhibitors reported up to date and their specific targets and discusses their potentially ineffective alternative therapy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vinodhini
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - M Kavitha
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Gómez-Alonso IS, Betanzos-Cabrera G, Moreno-Lafont MC, Cancino-Diaz ME, García-Pérez BE, Cancino-Diaz JC. Non-biofilm-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis planktonic cell supernatant induces alterations in osteoblast biological function. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1807. [PMID: 38245549 PMCID: PMC10799936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal biofilms significantly contribute to prosthetic joint infection (PJI). However, 40% of S. epidermidis PJI isolates do not produce biofilms, which does not explain the role of biofilms in these cases. We studied whether the supernatant from planktonic S. epidermidis alters osteoblast function. Non-biofilm-forming S. epidermidis supernatants (PJI- clinical isolate, healthy skin isolate (HS), and ATCC12228 reference strain) and biofilm-forming supernatants (PJI+ clinical isolate, ATCC35984 reference strain, and Staphylococcus aureus USA300 reference strain) were included. Osteoblasts stimulated with supernatants from non-biofilm-forming isolates for 3, 7, and 14 days showed significantly reduced cellular DNA content compared with unstimulated osteoblasts, and apoptosis was induced in these osteoblasts. Similar results were obtained for biofilm-forming isolates, but with a greater reduction in DNA content and higher apoptosis. Alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization were significantly reduced in osteoblasts treated with supernatants from non-biofilm-forming isolates compared to the control at the same time points. However, the supernatants from biofilm-forming isolates had a greater effect than those from non-biofilm-forming isolates. A significant decrease in the expression of ATF4, RUNX2, ALP, SPARC, and BGLAP, and a significant increase in RANK-L expression were observed in osteoblasts treated with both supernatants. These results demonstrate that the supernatants of the S. epidermidis isolate from the PJI- and HS (commensal) with a non-biofilm-forming phenotype alter the function of osteoblasts (apoptosis induction, failure of cell differentiation, activation of osteoblasts, and induction of bone resorption), similar to biofilm-forming isolates (PJI+, ATCC35984, and S. aureus USA300), suggesting that biofilm status contributes to impaired osteoblast function and that the planktonic state can do so independently of biofilm production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzia Sidney Gómez-Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Manuel Carpio, Plutarco Elías Calles, Miguel Hidalgo, 11350, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera
- Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan Camino a Tilcuautla S/N., Pueblo San Juan Tilcuautla, 42160, Pachuca Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Martha Cecilia Moreno-Lafont
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Manuel Carpio, Plutarco Elías Calles, Miguel Hidalgo, 11350, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Eugenio Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Manuel Carpio, Plutarco Elías Calles, Miguel Hidalgo, 11350, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Manuel Carpio, Plutarco Elías Calles, Miguel Hidalgo, 11350, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Manuel Carpio, Plutarco Elías Calles, Miguel Hidalgo, 11350, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Chagas RA, Silva CDS, de Cássia Teixeira Birro J, Dos Santos KV. Effects of Vancomycin Subtherapeutic Concentration on Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Hemodialysis Patients with Low Serum Trough Concentrations. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:65. [PMID: 38231442 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Blood bactericidal activity and antimicrobial therapy are crucial against catheter-related infection in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). It is well-known that catheters colonized by biofilm-producing bacteria are a risk factor for bacteremia in HD-patients. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia in HD-patients justify the use of vancomycin as empiric therapy. The recommended vancomycin target for therapeutic efficacy is a minimum serum concentration of 10 µg mL-1 to avoid resistance. However, subtherapeutic concentrations of vancomycin have frequently occurred in HD-patients. Thus, we aim to investigate the effect of subtherapeutic vancomycin concentration on S. aureus growth, susceptibility to antimicrobials, resistance to whole blood activity, and biofilm formation. Seventeen S. aureus strains isolated from bacteremia in HD-patients and two reference strains were exposed to a vancomycin-gradient (0-10 µg mL-1) for five consecutive days to mimic the dosing interval of vancomycin in HD-patients. After that, we observed the following: no effect on growth curve; decreased susceptibility to vancomycin and daptomycin; increased S. aureus survival to whole blood bactericidal action; and a strain-dependent biofilm production after drug exposure. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the subtherapeutic concentration of vancomycin decrease S. aureus susceptibility to vancomycin and daptomycin and increases its survival to whole blood bactericidal action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Altoé Chagas
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Cristiana de Souza Silva
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Kênia Valéria Dos Santos
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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Han S, Moon S, Chung YW, Ryu JH. NADPH Oxidase 4-mediated Alveolar Macrophage Recruitment to Lung Attenuates Neutrophilic Inflammation in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e42. [PMID: 37970233 PMCID: PMC10643333 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
When the lungs are infected with bacteria, alveolar macrophages (AMs) are recruited to the site and play a crucial role in protecting the host by reducing excessive lung inflammation. However, the regulatory mechanisms that trigger the recruitment of AMs to lung alveoli during an infection are still not fully understood. In this study, we identified a critical role for NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in the recruitment of AMs during Staphylococcus aureus lung infection. We found that NOX4 knockout (KO) mice showed decreased recruitment of AMs and increased lung neutrophils and injury in response to S. aureus infection compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Interestingly, the burden of S. aureus in the lungs was not different between NOX4 KO and WT mice. Furthermore, we observed that depletion of AMs in WT mice during S. aureus infection increased the number of neutrophils and lung injury to a similar level as that observed in NOX4 KO mice. Additionally, we found that expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) in NOX4 KO mice-derived lung endothelial cells was lower than that in WT mice-derived endothelial cells. Therefore, we conclude that NOX4 plays a crucial role in inducing the recruitment of AMs by controlling ICAM1 expression in lung endothelial cells, which is responsible for resolving lung inflammation during acute S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghan Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sungmin Moon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Youn Wook Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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9
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Hsieh RC, Liu R, Burgin DJ, Otto M. Understanding mechanisms of virulence in MRSA: implications for antivirulence treatment strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:911-928. [PMID: 37501364 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2242585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a widespread pathogen, often causing recurrent and deadly infections in the hospital and community. Many S. aureus virulence factors have been suggested as potential targets for antivirulence therapy to decrease the threat of diminishing antibiotic availability. Antivirulence methods hold promise due to their adjunctive and prophylactic potential and decreased risk for selective pressure. AREAS COVERED This review describes the dominant virulence mechanisms exerted by MRSA and antivirulence therapeutics that are currently undergoing testing in clinical or preclinical stages. We also discuss the advantages and downsides of several investigational antivirulence approaches, including the targeting of bacterial transporters, host-directed therapy, and quorum-sensing inhibitors. For this review, a systematic search of literature on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for relevant search terms was performed in April and May 2023. EXPERT OPINION Vaccine and antibody strategies have failed in clinical trials and could benefit from more basic science-informed approaches. Antivirulence-targeting approaches need to be set up better to meet the requirements of drug development, rather than only providing limited results to provide 'proof-of-principle' translational value of pathogenesis research. Nevertheless, there is great potential of such strategies and potential particular promise for novel probiotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Hsieh
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dylan J Burgin
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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10
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Tasneem M, Gupta SD, Momin MB, Hossain KM, Osman TB, Rabbi MF. In silico annotation of a hypothetical protein from Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e unfolds a toxin protein of the type II secretion system. Genomics Inform 2023; 21:e7. [PMID: 37037465 PMCID: PMC10085738 DOI: 10.5808/gi.22071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne intracellular pathogen that is widespread in the environment. The functions of hypothetical proteins (HP) from various pathogenic bacteria have been successfully annotated using a variety of bioinformatics strategies. In this study, a HP Imo0888 (NP_464414.1) from the Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e strain was annotated using several bioinformatics tools. Various techniques, including CELLO, PSORTb, and SOSUIGramN, identified the candidate protein as cytoplasmic. Domain and motif analysis revealed that the target protein is a PemK/MazF-like toxin protein of the type II toxin-antitoxin system (TA) which was consistent with BLASTp analysis. Through secondary structure analysis, we found the random coil to be the most frequent. The Alpha Fold 2 Protein Structure Prediction Database was used to determine the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the HP using the template structure of a type II TA PemK/MazF family toxin protein (DB ID_AFDB: A0A4B9HQB9) with 99.1% sequence identity. Various quality evaluation tools, such as PROCHECK, ERRAT, Verify 3D, and QMEAN were used to validate the 3D structure. Following the YASARA energy minimization method, the target protein's 3D structure became more stable. The active site of the developed 3D structure was determined by the CASTp server. Most pathogens that harbor TA systems create a crucial risk to human health. Our aim to annotate the HP Imo088 found in Listeria could offer a chance to understand bacterial pathogenicity and identify a number of potential targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisha Tasneem
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Shipan Das Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Monira Binte Momin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Modasser Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnim Binta Osman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Fazley Rabbi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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11
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Fleeman R. Repurposing Inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase as Adjuvant Therapeutics for Bacterial Infections. FRONTIERS IN ANTIBIOTICS 2023; 2:1135485. [PMID: 38983593 PMCID: PMC11233138 DOI: 10.3389/frabi.2023.1135485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistance and the decline in new antibiotics has created a great need for novel approaches to treat drug resistant bacterial infections. Increasing the burden of antimicrobial resistance, bacterial virulence factors allow for survival within the host, where they can evade host killing and antimicrobial therapy within their intracellular niches. Repurposing host directed therapeutics has great potential for adjuvants to allow for more effective bacterial killing by the host and antimicrobials. To this end, phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors are FDA approved for cancer therapy, but also have potential to eliminate intracellular survival of pathogens. This review describes the PI3K pathway and its potential as an adjuvant target to treat bacterial infections more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Fleeman
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida. Orlando, FL 32837
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12
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Scutera S, Sparti R, Comini S, Menotti F, Musso T, Cuffini AM, Allizond V, Banche G. Dalbavancin Boosts the Ability of Neutrophils to Fight Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032541. [PMID: 36768864 PMCID: PMC9917267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the most important cell type involved in the early nonspecific host response to bacterial pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus has evolved mechanisms to evade immune responses that contribute to its persistence in PMNs, and acquired resistance to several antimicrobials. Additionally, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common causes of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ABSSSIs). Dalbavancin (DBV), a lipoglycopeptide, is indicated for the treatment of ABSSSIs, and has a broad spectrum of action against most microorganisms. Here, we sought to determine the effect of DBV on the neutrophil killing of MRSA and its potential immunomodulating activity. Our results revealed that DBV boosts MRSA killing by acting on both bacteria and PMNs. DBV pre-treatment of PMNs did not change the respiratory burst or degranulation, while an increased trend in neutrophil extracellular traps-associated elastase and in the production of TNFα and CXCL8 was revealed. In parallel, DBV caused a delay in the apoptosis of MRSA-infected neutrophils. In conclusion, we demonstrated a cooperative effect between the antimicrobial properties of PMNs and DBV, thus owing to their immunomodulatory activity. In the choice of the treatment management of serious S. aureus infections, DBV should be considered as an outstanding option since it reinforces PMNs pathogen clearance capability by exerting its effect directly, not only on MRSA but also on neutrophils.
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13
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Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus Virulence and Application of Nanotherapeutics to Eradicate S. aureus Infection. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020310. [PMID: 36839634 PMCID: PMC9960757 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile pathogen known to cause hospital- and community-acquired, foodborne, and zoonotic infections. The clinical infections by S. aureus cause an increase in morbidity and mortality rates and treatment costs, aggravated by the emergence of drug-resistant strains. As a multi-faceted pathogen, it is imperative to consolidate the knowledge on its pathogenesis, including the mechanisms of virulence regulation, development of antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation, to make it amenable to different treatment strategies. Nanomaterials provide a suitable platform to address this challenge, with the potential to control intracellular parasitism and multidrug resistance where conventional therapies show limited efficacy. In a nutshell, the first part of this review focuses on the impact of S. aureus on human health and the role of virulence factors and biofilms during pathogenesis. The second part discusses the large diversity of nanoparticles and their applications in controlling S. aureus infections, including combination with antibiotics and phytochemicals and the incorporation of antimicrobial coatings for biomaterials. Finally, the limitations and prospects using nanomaterials are highlighted, aiming to foster the development of novel nanotechnology-driven therapies against multidrug-resistant S. aureus.
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14
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Hawkins NC, Kizziah JL, Hatoum-Aslan A, Dokland T. Structure and host specificity of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteriophage Andhra. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade0459. [PMID: 36449623 PMCID: PMC9710869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen of the human skin, often associated with infections of implanted medical devices. Staphylococcal picoviruses are a group of strictly lytic, short-tailed bacteriophages with compact genomes that are attractive candidates for therapeutic use. Here, we report the structure of the complete virion of S. epidermidis-infecting phage Andhra, determined using high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy, allowing atomic modeling of 11 capsid and tail proteins. The capsid is a T = 4 icosahedron containing a unique stabilizing capsid lining protein. The tail includes 12 trimers of a unique receptor binding protein (RBP), a lytic protein that also serves to anchor the RBPs to the tail stem, and a hexameric tail knob that acts as a gatekeeper for DNA ejection. Using structure prediction with AlphaFold, we identified the two proteins that comprise the tail tip heterooctamer. Our findings elucidate critical features for virion assembly, host recognition, and penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N’Toia C. Hawkins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - James L. Kizziah
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Asma Hatoum-Aslan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Terje Dokland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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15
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Alamri A, Alafnan A, Huwaimel B, Abouzied AS, Alanazi J, Alghamdi A, Alrofaidi MA, Alanazi MS, Alshehri A, Hagbani TA, Alobaida A, Younes KM, Farghaly TA. Synthesis of novel series of heterocyclic compounds having two azoles against Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Tian L, Jackson K, Chan M, Saif A, He L, Didar TF, Hosseinidoust Z. Phage display for the detection, analysis, disinfection, and prevention of Staphylococcus aureus. SMART MEDICINE 2022; 1:e20220015. [PMID: 39188734 PMCID: PMC11235639 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20220015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization has designated Staphylococcus aureus as a global health concern. This designation stems from the emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains that already account for hundreds of thousands of deaths globally. The development of novel treatment strategies to eradicate S. aureus or mitigate its pathogenic potential is desperately needed. In the effort to develop emerging strategies to combat S. aureus, phage display is uniquely positioned to assist in this endeavor. Leveraging bacteriophages, phage display enables researchers to better understand interactions between proteins and their antagonists. In doing so, researchers have the capacity to design novel inhibitors, biosensors, disinfectants, and immune modulators that can target specific S. aureus strains. In this review, we highlight how phage display can be leveraged to design novel solutions to combat S. aureus. We further discuss existing uses of phage display as a detection, intervention, and prevention platform against S. aureus and provide outlooks on how this technology can be optimized for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Kyle Jackson
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Michael Chan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Ahmed Saif
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Leon He
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Tohid F. Didar
- School of Biomedical EngineeringMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Zeinab Hosseinidoust
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- School of Biomedical EngineeringMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease ResearchMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
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17
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Andrés CMC, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Juan CA, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101735. [PMID: 36298601 PMCID: PMC9609844 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of reactive species RS (of oxygen ROS, nitrogen RNS and halogen RHS) on innate immunity. The importance of these species in innate immunity was first recognized in phagocytes that underwent a “respiratory burst” after activation. The anion superoxide •O2− and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 are detrimental to the microbial population. NADPH oxidase NOx, as an •O2− producer is essential for microbial destruction, and patients lacking this functional oxidase are more susceptible to microbial infections. Reactive nitrogen species RNS (the most important are nitric oxide radical -•NO, peroxynitrite ONOO— and its derivatives), are also harmful to microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Hypochlorous acid HOCl and hypothiocyanous acid HOSCN synthesized through the enzyme myeloperoxidase MPO, which catalyzes the reaction between H2O2 and Cl− or SCN−, are important inorganic bactericidal molecules, effective against a wide range of microbes. This review also discusses the role of antimicrobial peptides AMPs and their induction of ROS. In summary, reactive species RS are the heart of the innate immune system, and they are necessary for microbial lysis in infections that can affect mammals throughout their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra
- Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Celia Andrés Juan
- Cinquima Institute and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Valladolid University, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Egle K, Skadins I, Grava A, Micko L, Dubniks V, Salma I, Dubnika A. Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin as a Drug Carrier Increases the Antibacterial Susceptibility of Antibiotic—Clindamycin Phosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137407. [PMID: 35806408 PMCID: PMC9266531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the change in clindamycin phosphate antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria using the platelet-rich fibrin as a carrier matrix, and evaluate the changes in the antibiotic within the matrix. The antibacterial properties of CLP and its combination with PRF were tested in a microdilution test against reference cultures and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) or Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was done to evaluate the changes in the PRF_CLP matrix. Release kinetics of CLP was defined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). According to FTIR data, the use of PRF as a carrier for CLP ensured the structural changes in the CLP toward a more active form of clindamycin. A significant decrease in minimal bactericidal concentration values (from 1000 µg/mL to 62 µg/mL) against reference cultures and clinical isolates of S. aureus and S. epidermidis was observed for the CLP and PRF samples if compared to pure CLP solution. In vitro cell viability tests showed that PRF and PRF with CLP have higher cell viability than 70% after 24 h and 48 h time points. This article indicates that CLP in combination with PRF showed higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis compared to pure CLP solution. This modified PRF could be used as a novel method to increase drug delivery and efficacy, and to reduce the risk of postoperative infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Egle
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.E.); (A.G.); (V.D.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (I.S.); (L.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Ingus Skadins
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (I.S.); (L.M.); (I.S.)
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Andra Grava
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.E.); (A.G.); (V.D.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (I.S.); (L.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Lana Micko
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (I.S.); (L.M.); (I.S.)
- Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Viktors Dubniks
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.E.); (A.G.); (V.D.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (I.S.); (L.M.); (I.S.)
| | - Ilze Salma
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (I.S.); (L.M.); (I.S.)
- Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arita Dubnika
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.E.); (A.G.); (V.D.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (I.S.); (L.M.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-67089605
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19
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Masumi M, Noormohammadi F, Kianisaba F, Nouri F, Taheri M, Taherkhani A. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Docking-Based Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Identify Potential Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a Inhibitors from Natural Flavonoids. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:9130700. [PMID: 35571353 PMCID: PMC9095385 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9130700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is responsible for several disorders including skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia, pulmonary infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, gastroenteritis, toxic-shock syndrome, and urinary tract infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) contains penicillin-binding protein 2a (SauPBP2a) responsible for catalyzing the peptidoglycan production within the bacterial cell wall. The binding affinity of SauPBP2a to beta-lactam antibiotics is low, and thus, it is necessary to discover new effective SauPBP2a inhibitors to combat mortality and morbidity in patients affected by MRSA. The binding affinity of 46 natural flavonoids to the SauPBP2a active site was examined via molecular docking analysis. The stability of docked poses associated with the top-ranked flavonoids was tested by performing molecular dynamics (MD) in 10 nanoseconds (ns) computer simulations. Kaempferol 3-rutinoside-7-sophoroside and rutin demonstrated a considerable binding affinity to the SauPBP2a active site (ΔG binding < -11 kcal/mol). Their docked poses were found to be stable for 10 ns MD simulations. Kaempferol 3-rutinoside-7-sophoroside and rutin also exhibited salient binding affinity to the enzyme's allosteric site. This study suggests that kaempferol 3-rutinoside-7-sophoroside and rutin may be considered as drug candidates for therapeutic aims in several human infections associated with MRSA. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo confirmations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Masumi
- Students Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Kianisaba
- Students Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Taherkhani
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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20
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The Influence of Antibiotic Resistance on Innate Immune Responses to Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050542. [PMID: 35625186 PMCID: PMC9138074 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a broad range of infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. S. aureus produces a diverse range of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to resist immune attack. In recent years, increasing resistance to last-line anti-staphylococcal antibiotics daptomycin and vancomycin has been observed. Resistant strains of S. aureus are highly efficient in invading a variety of professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and are able to survive inside host cells. Eliciting immune protection against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infection is a global challenge, requiring both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DC), which sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immune responses, are central to the induction of immune protection against S. aureus. However, it has been observed that S. aureus has the capacity to develop further antibiotic resistance and acquire increased resistance to immunological recognition by the innate immune system. In this article, we review the strategies utilised by S. aureus to circumvent antibiotic and innate immune responses, especially the interaction between S. aureus and DC, focusing on how this relationship is perturbed with the development of antibiotic resistance.
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21
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Lambey P, Otun O, Cong X, Hoh F, Brunel L, Verdié P, Grison CM, Peysson F, Jeannot S, Durroux T, Bechara C, Granier S, Leyrat C. Structural insights into recognition of chemokine receptors by Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxins. eLife 2022; 11:72555. [PMID: 35311641 PMCID: PMC9005193 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) leukocidin ED (LukED) belongs to a family of bicomponent pore forming toxins that play important roles in SA immune evasion and nutrient acquisition. LukED targets specific G protein-coupled chemokine receptors to lyse human erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells). The first recognition step of receptors is critical for specific cell targeting and lysis. The structural and molecular bases for this mechanism are not well understood but could constitute essential information to guide antibiotic development. Here, we characterized the interaction of LukE with chemokine receptors ACKR1, CCR2, and CCR5 using a combination of structural, pharmacological, and computational approaches. First, crystal structures of LukE in complex with a small molecule mimicking sulfotyrosine side chain (p-cresyl sulfate) and with peptides containing sulfotyrosines issued from receptor sequences revealed the location of receptor sulfotyrosine binding sites in the toxins. Then, by combining previous and novel experimental data with protein docking, classical and accelerated weight histogram (AWH) molecular dynamics we propose models of the ACKR1-LukE and CCR5-LukE complexes. This work provides novel insights into chemokine receptor recognition by leukotoxins and suggests that the conserved sulfotyrosine binding pocket could be a target of choice for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lambey
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Omolade Otun
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Xiaojing Cong
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - François Hoh
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Brunel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Verdié
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire M Grison
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Fanny Peysson
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Jeannot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cherine Bechara
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Granier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Leyrat
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Kim DH, Kang SM, Baek SM, Yoon HJ, Jang DM, Kim H, Lee S, Lee BJ. OUP accepted manuscript. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:2319-2333. [PMID: 35141752 PMCID: PMC8887465 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious and globally distributed pathogenic bacterium. New strategies to develop novel antibiotics based on intrinsic bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems have been recently reported. Because TA systems are present only in bacteria and not in humans, these distinctive systems are attractive targets for developing antibiotics with new modes of action. S. aureus PemIK is a type II TA system, comprising the toxin protein PemK and the labile antitoxin protein PemI. Here, we determined the crystal structures of both PemK and the PemIK complex, in which PemK is neutralized by PemI. Our biochemical approaches, including fluorescence quenching and polarization assays, identified Glu20, Arg25, Thr48, Thr49, and Arg84 of PemK as being important for RNase function. Our study indicates that the active site and RNA-binding residues of PemK are covered by PemI, leading to unique conformational changes in PemK accompanied by repositioning of the loop between β1 and β2. These changes can interfere with RNA binding by PemK. Overall, PemK adopts particular open and closed forms for precise neutralization by PemI. This structural and functional information on PemIK will contribute to the discovery and development of novel antibiotics in the form of peptides or small molecules inhibiting direct binding between PemI and PemK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung-Min Baek
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Man Jang
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Sook Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jae Lee
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Sang Jae Lee. Tel: +82 54 279 1490;
| | - Bong-Jin Lee
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +82 2 880 7869;
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Chen H, Yin Y, van Dorp L, Shaw LP, Gao H, Acman M, Yuan J, Chen F, Sun S, Wang X, Li S, Zhang Y, Farrer RA, Wang H, Balloux F. Drivers of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineage replacement in China. Genome Med 2021; 13:171. [PMID: 34711267 PMCID: PMC8555231 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00992-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen subdivided into lineages termed sequence types (STs). Since the 1950s, successive waves of STs have appeared and replaced previously dominant lineages. One such event has been occurring in China since 2013, with community-associated (CA-MRSA) strains including ST59 largely replacing the previously dominant healthcare-associated (HA-MRSA) ST239. We previously showed that ST59 isolates tend to have a competitive advantage in growth experiments against ST239. However, the underlying genomic and phenotypic drivers of this replacement event are unclear. METHODS Here, we investigated the replacement of ST239 using whole-genome sequencing data from 204 ST239 and ST59 isolates collected in Chinese hospitals between 1994 and 2016. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of each ST and considered two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses for ST59 replacing ST239: antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile and/or ability to colonise and persist in the environment through biofilm formation. We also investigated the differences in cytolytic activity, linked to higher virulence, between STs. We performed an association study using the presence and absence of accessory virulence genes. RESULTS ST59 isolates carried fewer AMR genes than ST239 and showed no evidence of evolving towards higher AMR. Biofilm production was marginally higher in ST59 overall, though this effect was not consistent across sub-lineages so is unlikely to be a sole driver of replacement. Consistent with previous observations of higher virulence in CA-MRSA STs, we observed that ST59 isolates exhibit significantly higher cytolytic activity than ST239 isolates, despite carrying on average fewer putative virulence genes. Our association study identified the chemotaxis inhibitory protein (chp) as a strong candidate for involvement in the increased virulence potential of ST59. We experimentally validated the role of chp in increasing the virulence potential of ST59 by creating Δchp knockout mutants, confirming that ST59 can carry chp without a measurable impact on fitness. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the ongoing replacement of ST239 by ST59 in China is not associated to higher AMR carriage or biofilm production. However, the increase in ST59 prevalence is concerning since it is linked to a higher potential for virulence, aided by the carriage of the chp gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yuyao Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Liam P Shaw
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Hua Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Mislav Acman
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jizhen Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
- The No. 971 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Navy, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Fengning Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Shijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Shuguang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Rhys A Farrer
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Francois Balloux
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Lee YW, Bae S, Yang E, Chung H, Kim E, Jung J, Kim MJ, Chong YP, Kim SH, Choi SH, Lee SO, Kim YS. Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics of Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Caused by a Community-Associated PVL-Negative Strain. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab424. [PMID: 34676275 PMCID: PMC8527597 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ST72-SCCmecIV, a community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strain in Korea, originated in the community and has been spreading in health care settings. Herein, we describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients with hospital-acquired MRSA bacteremia (MRSAB) caused by community-associated strains. Methods We analyzed hospital-acquired MRSAB cases caused by ST72-SCCmecIV using a prospective cohort of patients with SAB in a tertiary hospital in Korea from July 2008 to December 2018. We compared the clinical and microbiological characteristics of ST72-SCCmecIV with ST5-SCCmecII, a representative hospital-associated genotype strain. Results Of the 1782 S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) cases, 628 (35.2%) were hospital-acquired MRSAB. Of the 628 isolates, 431 (68.6%) were ST5-SCCmecII and 152 (24.2%) were ST72-SCCmecIV. Patients with ST72-SCCmecIV were younger than those with ST5-SCCmecII and less likely to have a history of recent surgery, antibiotic treatment, nasal MRSA colonization, and central venous catheter placement. Compared with ST5-SCCmecII, ST72-SCCmecIV isolates were more likely to have vancomycin MICs ≤1.0 mg/L (P < .001). Osteoarticular infection as the site of infection (7.2% [11/152] vs 1.4% [6/431]) was more common in patients with ST72-SCCmecIV. There were no significant differences in the rate of recurrence (≤90 days), persistent bacteremia (≥7 days), or 30- and 90-day mortality rates between the 2 groups. Conclusions Osteoarticular infections were more prevalent in ST72-SCCmecIV MRSAB. Mortality rates between the ST72-SCCmecIV and ST5-SCCmecII groups were not significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Woo Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongman Bae
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsil Kim
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genetics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pil Chong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Oh Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Soo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genetics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Xu HG, Tian M, Pan SY. Clinical utility of procalcitonin and its association with pathogenic microorganisms. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 59:93-111. [PMID: 34663176 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1988047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the relationship of PCT with pathogens, evaluate the clinical utility of PCT in the diagnosis of clinical diseases, condition monitoring and evaluation, and guiding medical decision-making, and explore current knowledge on the mechanisms by which pathogens cause changes in PCT levels. The lipopolysaccharides of the microorganisms stimulate cytokine production in host cells, which in turn stimulates production of serum PCT. Pathogens have different virulence mechanisms that lead to variable host inflammatory responses, and differences in the specific signal transduction pathways result in variable serum PCT concentrations. The mechanisms of signal transduction have not been fully elucidated. Further studies are necessary to ascertain the PCT fluctuation range of each pathogen. PCT levels are helpful in distinguishing between certain pathogens, in deciding if antibiotics are indicated, and in monitoring response to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Guo Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Yang Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Husain DR, Wardhani R. Antibacterial activity of endosymbiotic bacterial compound from Pheretima sp. earthworms inhibit the growth of Salmonella Typhi and Staphylococcus aureus: in vitro and in silico approach. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 13:537-543. [PMID: 34557283 PMCID: PMC8421580 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v13i4.6981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Earthworms coexist with various pathogenic microorganisms; thus, their immunity mechanisms have developed through a long process of adaptation, including through endogenous bacterial symbionts. This study aims to identify earthworm endosymbiont bacteria compounds and their antibacterial activity through an in vitro approach supported by an in silico approach. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted using the in vitro inhibition test through agar diffusion and the in silico test using molecular docking applications, namely, PyRx and Way2Drugs Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS). Results: The in vitro results showed a potent inhibition activity with a clear zone diameter of 21.75 and 15.5 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhi, respectively. These results are supported by chromatography and in silico tests, which showed that several compounds in endosymbiotic bacteria, cyclo (phenylalanyl-prolyl) and sedanolide, have high binding affinity values with several antibiotic-related target proteins in both pathogenic bacteria. Cyclo (phenylalanyl-prolyl) has the highest binding affinity of −6.0 to dihydropteroate synthase, −8.2 to topoisomerase, and −8.2 to the outer membrane, whereas sedanolide has the highest binding affinity to DNA gyrase with approximately −7.3. This antibiotic activity was also clarified through the Way2Drugs PASS application. Conclusion: Ten active compounds of endosymbiont bacteria, Cyclo (phenylalanyl-prolyl) and sedanolide were potential candidates for antibacterial compounds based on the inhibition test of the agar diffusion method and the results of reverse docking and Way2Drugs PASS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirayah Rauf Husain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Riuh Wardhani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Elhakim YA, Ali AE, Hosny AEDMS, Abdeltawab NF. Zinc Deprivation as a Promising Approach for Combating Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Pilot Study. Pathogens 2021; 10:1228. [PMID: 34684179 PMCID: PMC8540720 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are a global health burden with an urgent need for antimicrobial agents. Studies have shown that host immune responses limit essential metals such as zinc during infection, leading to the limitation of bacterial virulence. Thus, the deprivation of zinc as an important co-factor for the activity of many S. aureus enzymes can be a potential antimicrobial approach. However, the effect of zinc deprivation on S. aureus and MRSA is not fully understood. Therefore, the current study aimed to dissect the effects of zinc deprivation on S. aureus hemolytic activity and biofilm formation through employing biochemical and genetic approaches to study the effect of zinc deprivation on S. aureus growth and virulence. Chemically defined media (CDM) with and without ZnCl2, was used to assess the effect of zinc deprivation on growth, biofilm formation, and hemolytic activity in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) RN6390 and MRSA N315 strains. Zinc deprivation decreased the growth of RN6390 and N315 S. aureus strains significantly by 1.5-2 folds, respectively compared to the zinc physiological range encountered by the bacteria in the human body (7-20 µM) (p < 0.05). Zinc deprivation significantly reduced biofilm formation by 1.5 folds compared to physiological levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, the hemolytic activity of RN6390 and N315 S. aureus strains was significantly decreased by 20 and 30 percent, respectively compared to physiological zinc levels (p < 0.05). Expression of biofilm-associated transcripts levels at late stage of biofilm formation (20 h) murein hydrolase activator A (cidA) and cidB were downregulated by 3 and 5 folds, respectively (p < 0.05) suggested an effect on extracellular DNA production. Expression of hemolysins-associated genes (hld, hlb, hla) was downregulated by 3, 5, and 10 folds, respectively, in absence of zinc (p < 0.001). Collectively the current study showed that zinc deprivation in vitro affected growth, biofilm formation, and hemolytic activity of S. aureus. Our in vitro findings suggested that zinc deprivation can be a potential supportive anti-biofilm formation and antihemolytic approach to contain MRSA topical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna A. Elhakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (Y.A.E.); (A.E.-D.M.S.H.)
| | - Amal E. Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 12311, Egypt;
| | - Alaa El-Dien M. S. Hosny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (Y.A.E.); (A.E.-D.M.S.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo 12055, Egypt
| | - Nourtan F. Abdeltawab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; (Y.A.E.); (A.E.-D.M.S.H.)
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Patient-specific effects of soluble factors from Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms on osteogenic differentiation of primary human osteoblasts. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17282. [PMID: 34446785 PMCID: PMC8390505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the frequency of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in orthopedics, it is crucial to understand the interaction between the soluble factors produced by prokaryotes and their effects on eukaryotes. Our knowledge concerning the effect of soluble biofilm factors (SBF) and their virulence potential on osteogenic differentiation is limited to few studies, particularly when there is no direct contact between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. SBF were produced by incubating biofilm from S. aureus and S. epidermidis in osteogenic media. Osteoblasts of seven donors were included in this study. Our results demonstrate that the detrimental effects of these pathogens do not require direct contact between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. SBF produced by S. aureus and S. epidermidis affect the metabolic activity of osteoblasts. However, the effect of SBF derived from S. aureus seems to be more pronounced compared to that of S. epidermidis. The influence of SBF of S. aureus and S. epidermidis on gene expression of COL1A1, ALPL, BGLAP, SPP1, RUNX2 is bacteria-, patient-, concentration-, and incubation time dependent. Mineralization was monitored by staining the calcium and phosphate deposition and revealed that the SBF of S. epidermidis markedly inhibits calcium deposition; however, S. aureus shows a less inhibitory effect. Therefore, these new findings support the hypotheses that soluble biofilm factors affect the osteogenic processes substantially, particularly when there is no direct interaction between bacteria and osteoblast.
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Jin Y, Yu X, Chen Y, Chen W, Shen P, Luo Q, Zhang S, Kong X, Zheng B, Xiao Y. Characterization of highly virulent community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST9-SCC mec XII causing bloodstream infection in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:2526-2535. [PMID: 33174510 PMCID: PMC7717876 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1848354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that livestock (LA)-MRSA ST398 evolved from a human-adapted methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) clone. However, detailed information regarding ST9 is still unclear. Here, we characterized a community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) ST9-SCCmec XII isolate that has not been previously reported to cause serious disease in China. We obtained whole-genome sequences of one ST9-t899-XII isolate—ZY462471—from a patient with bloodstream infection without livestock contact. The antibiotic susceptibilities of ZY462471 were determined and the clinical information was extracted from medical notes and compared with twenty-seven previously sequenced genomes. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed to investigate the probable host evolutionary origins of ZY462471, and the difference in resistome and virulence factors were investigated. Virulence assay was performed to evaluate the high virulence potential of ZY462471 and compare the virulence between the closest ST9 MSSA neighbours. Clinical data suggested that ZY462471 is a CA-MRSA. Phylogenetic analysis showed a much closer relationship of ZY462471 with human-associated MSSA ST9 isolates than other LA-MRSA ST9 isolates, suggesting that ZY462471 probably evolved from ST9 MSSA predecessors by acquiring an SCCmec cassette. Importantly, virulence assays indicated that ZY462471 was highly virulent and compared with the MSSA ST9 predecessors, ZY462471 did not show attenuated virulence. Finally, we found that ZY462471 harboured an immune evasion cluster (IEC)-carrying βC-Φ, which is typically found in human clinical S. aureus rather than LA-MRSA isolates, suggesting that ZY4762471 obtained the IEC-carrying βC-Φs from human clinical S. aureus strains. Considering its high virulence potential, this strain should be monitored to prevent more widespread dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qixia Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuntian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beiwen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Innate Immune Mechanisms Control Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Virulence in the Drosophila Larval Model. mBio 2021; 12:e0027621. [PMID: 34126772 PMCID: PMC8262968 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00276-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains constitute a major public health concern worldwide and are responsible for both health care- and community-associated infections. Here, we establish a robust and easy-to-implement model of oral S. aureus infection using Drosophila melanogaster larvae that allowed us to follow the fate of S. aureus at the whole-organism level as well as the host immune responses. Our study demonstrates that S. aureus infection triggers H2O2 production by the host via the Duox enzyme, thereby promoting antimicrobial peptide production through activation of the Toll pathway. Staphylococcal catalase mediates H2O2 neutralization, which not only promotes S. aureus survival but also minimizes the host antimicrobial response, hence reducing bacterial clearance in vivo. We show that while catalase expression is regulated in vitro by the accessory gene regulatory system (Agr) and the general stress response regulator sigma B (SigB), it no longer depends on these two master regulators in vivo. Finally, we confirm the versatility of this model by demonstrating the colonization and host stimulation capabilities of S. aureus strains belonging to different sequence types (CC8 and CC5) as well as of two other bacterial pathogens, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri. Thus, the Drosophila larva can be a general model to follow in vivo the innate host immune responses triggered during infection by human pathogens.
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Jang KO, Lee YW, Kim H, Chung DK. Complement Inactivation Strategy of Staphylococcus aureus Using Decay-Accelerating Factor and the Response of Infected HaCaT Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4015. [PMID: 33924622 PMCID: PMC8070078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a species of Gram-positive staphylococcus. It can cause sinusitis, respiratory infections, skin infections, and food poisoning. Recently, it was discovered that S. aureus infects epithelial cells, but the interaction between S. aureus and the host is not well known. In this study, we confirmed S. aureus to be internalized by HaCaT cells using the ESAT-6-like protein EsxB and amplified within the host over time by escaping host immunity. S. aureus increases the expression of decay-accelerating factor (CD55) on the surfaces of host cells, which inhibits the activation of the complement system. This mechanism makes it possible for S. aureus to survive in host cells. S. aureus, sufficiently amplified within the host, is released through the initiation of cell death. On the other hand, the infected host cells increase their surface expression of UL16 binding protein 1 to inform immune cells that they are infected and try to be eliminated. These host defense systems seem to involve the alteration of tight junctions and the induction of ligand expression to activate immune cells. Taken together, our study elucidates a novel aspect of the mechanisms of infection and immune system evasion for S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ok Jang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (K.O.J.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Youn Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (K.O.J.); (Y.W.L.)
| | - Hangeun Kim
- Research and Development Center, Skin Biotechnology Center Inc., Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Dae Kyun Chung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (K.O.J.); (Y.W.L.)
- Research and Development Center, Skin Biotechnology Center Inc., Yongin 17104, Korea
- Skin Biotechnology Center, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 16229, Korea
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32
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Bonavita R, Laukkanen MO. Common Signal Transduction Molecules Activated by Bacterial Entry into a Host Cell and by Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:486-503. [PMID: 32600071 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significance: An increasing number of pathogens are acquiring resistance to antibiotics. Efficient antimicrobial drug regimens are important even for the most advanced therapies, which range from cutting-edge invasive clinical protocols, such as robotic surgeries, to the treatment of harmless bacterial diseases and to minor scratches to the skin. Therefore, there is an urgent need to survey alternative antimicrobial drugs that can reinforce or replace existing antibiotics. Recent Advances: Bacterial proteins that are critical for energy metabolism, promising novel anticancer thiourea derivatives, and the use of synthetic molecules that increase the sensitivity of currently used antibiotics are among the recently discovered antimicrobial drugs. Critical Issues: In the development of new drugs, serious consideration should be given to the previous bacterial evolutionary selection caused by antibiotics, by the high proliferation rate of bacteria, and by the simple prokaryotic structure of bacteria. Future Directions: The survey of drug targets has mainly focused on bacterial proteins, although host signaling molecules involved in the treatment of various pathologies may have unknown antimicrobial characteristics. Recent data have suggested that small molecule inhibitors might enhance the effect of antibiotics, for example, by limiting bacterial entry into host cells. Phagocytosis, the mechanism by which host cells internalize pathogens through β-actin cytoskeletal rearrangement, induces calcium signaling, small GTPase activation, and phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-serine/threonine-specific protein kinase B pathway. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 486-503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bonavita
- Experimental Institute of Endocrinology and Oncology G. Salvatore, IEOS CNR, Naples, Italy
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Fuscaldi LL, de Avelar Júnior JT, dos Santos DM, Boff D, de Oliveira VLS, Gomes KAGG, Cruz RDC, de Oliveira PL, Magalhães PP, Cisalpino PS, Farias LDM, de Souza-Fagundes EM, Delp J, Leist M, Resende JM, Amaral FA, Pimenta AMDC, Fernandes SOA, Cardoso VN, de Lima ME. Shortened derivatives from native antimicrobial peptide LyeTx I: In vitro and in vivo biological activity assessment. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:414-425. [PMID: 33175610 PMCID: PMC7885047 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220966963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the continuing search for novel antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides are promising molecules, due to different mechanisms of action compared to classic antibiotics and to their selectivity for interaction with microorganism cells rather than with mammalian cells. Previously, our research group has isolated the antimicrobial peptide LyeTx I from the venom of the spider Lycosa erythrognatha. Here, we proposed to synthesize three novel shortened derivatives from LyeTx I (LyeTx I mn; LyeTx I mnΔK; LyeTx I mnΔKAc) and to evaluate their toxicity and biological activity as potential antimicrobial agents. Peptides were synthetized by Fmoc strategy and circular dichroism analysis was performed, showing that the three novel shortened derivatives may present membranolytic activity, like the original LyeTx I, once they folded as an alpha helix in 2.2.2-trifluorethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate. In vitro assays revealed that the shortened derivative LyeTx I mnΔK presents the best score between antimicrobial (↓ MIC) and hemolytic (↑ EC50) activities among the synthetized shortened derivatives, and LUHMES cell-based NeuriTox test showed that it is less neurotoxic than the original LyeTx I (EC50 [LyeTx I mnΔK] ⋙ EC50 [LyeTx I]). In vivo data, obtained in a mouse model of septic arthritis induced by Staphylococcus aureus, showed that LyeTx I mnΔK is able to reduce infection, as demonstrated by bacterial recovery assay (∼10-fold reduction) and scintigraphic imaging (less technetium-99m labeled-Ceftizoxime uptake by infectious site). Infection reduction led to inflammatory process and pain decreases, as shown by immune cells recruitment reduction and threshold nociception increment, when compared to positive control group. Therefore, among the three shortened peptide derivatives, LyeTx I mnΔK is the best candidate as antimicrobial agent, due to its smaller amino acid sequence and toxicity, and its greater biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lima Fuscaldi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Teixeira de Avelar Júnior
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Daniel Moreira dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Daiane Boff
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vívian Louise Soares de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Karla Aparecida Guimarães Gusmão Gomes
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rosana de Carvalho Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Luciana de Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Paula Prazeres Magalhães
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Patricia Silva Cisalpino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz de Macêdo Farias
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria de Souza-Fagundes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Johannes Delp
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany
- Cooperative Doctorate College InViTe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Jarbas Magalhães Resende
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Flávio Almeida Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriano Monteiro de Castro Pimenta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, R. Domingos Vieira, 590, Belo Horizonte, MG 30150-242, Brazil
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Naorem RS, Blom J, Fekete C. Genome-wide comparison of four MRSA clinical isolates from Germany and Hungary. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10185. [PMID: 33520430 PMCID: PMC7811285 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a drug-resistant pathogen, capable of colonizing diverse ecological niches and causing a broad spectrum of infections related to a community and healthcare. In this study, we choose four methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates from Germany and Hungary based on our previous polyphasic characterization finding. We assumed that the selected strains have a different genetic background in terms of the presence of resistance and virulence genes, prophages, plasmids, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes that may play a crucial role in niche adaptation and pathogenesis. To clarify these assumptions, we performed a comparative genome analysis of these strains and observed many differences in their genomic compositions. The Hungarian isolates (SA H27 and SA H32) with ST22-SCCmec type IVa have fewer genes for multiple-drug resistance, virulence, and prophages reported in Germany isolates. Germany isolate, SA G6 acquires aminoglycoside (ant(6)-Ia and aph(3’)-III) and nucleoside (sat-4) resistance genes via phage transduction and may determine its pathogenic potential. The comparative genome study allowed the segregation of isolates of geographical origin and differentiation of the clinical isolates from the commensal isolates. This study suggested that Germany and Hungarian isolates are genetically diverse and showing variation among them due to the gain or loss of mobile genetic elements (MGEs). An interesting finding is the addition of SA G6 genome responsible for the drastic decline of the core/pan-genome ratio curve and causing the pan-genome to open wider. Functional characterizations revealed that S. aureus isolates survival are maintained by the amino acids catabolism and favor adaptation to growing in a protein-rich medium. The dispersible and singleton genes content of S. aureus genomes allows us to understand the genetic variation among the CC5 and CC22 groups. The strains with the same genetic background were clustered together, which suggests that these strains are highly alike; however, comparative genome analysis exposed that the acquisition of phage elements, and plasmids through the events of MGEs transfer contribute to differences in their phenotypic characters. This comparative genome analysis would improve the knowledge about the pathogenic S. aureus strain’s characterization, and responsible for clinically important phenotypic differences among the S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romen Singh Naorem
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Dramatic Changes in Oligomerization Property Caused by Single Residue Deletion in Staphylococcus aureus Enolase. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:125-139. [PMID: 33385272 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to understand the role of C-terminal lysine residues in the catalytic activity, structural stability and oligomeric properties of Staphylococcus aureus enolase. Interestingly, the S. aureus enolase, in solution, shows its presence as a stable dimer as well as the catalytically active fragile octamer. Compared to the hexa-histidine tagged S. aureus enolase (rSaeno), the deletion mutant showed the negligible difference in Km, but approximately 20-25% reduction in maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) and 2% reduction in turnover number were observed. These kinetic parameters indicate that K-434Δ deletion mutation does not drastically compromise the enzyme efficiency. The secondary structure and the octameric conformation of both the rSaeno and the K-434Δ mutant are very much stable between pH ranging from 6 to 9, temperatures ranging from 20 to 40 °C and in the presence of divalent metal ions Mg2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+. Under these conditions, the recombinant enzyme and the mutant are also catalytically very active. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence (320-380 nm) and CD spectral (195-260 nm) analysis revealed that the secondary structure and the surface architecture of the proteins are not majorly altered by the mutation. But, a significant correlation was observed between the time-dependent decrease in the catalytic activity and the oligomeric stability of rSaeno and K-434Δ mutant. The C-terminal lysine residues in the inter-dimer groove aid in folding and oligomerization of S. aureus enolase.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacteria causing purulent skin and soft tissue infections. Many disease-causing S aureus strains are methicillin resistant; thus, empiric therapy should be given to cover methicillin-resistant S aureus. Bacterial wound cultures are important for characterizing local susceptibility patterns. Definitive antibiotic therapy is warranted, although there are no compelling data demonstrating superiority of any one antibiotic over another. Antibiotic choice is predicated by the infection severity, local susceptibility patterns, and drug-related safety, tolerability, and cost. Response to therapy is expected within the first days; 5 to 7 days of therapy is typically adequate to achieve cure.
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Crandall H, Kapusta A, Killpack J, Heyrend C, Nilsson K, Dickey M, Daly JA, Ampofo K, Pavia AT, Mulvey MA, Yandell M, Hulten KG, Blaschke AJ. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection in Utah children; continued dominance of MSSA over MRSA. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238991. [PMID: 32946486 PMCID: PMC7500648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in children. In the early 2000's the proportion of infections due the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) increased rapidly. We described the clinical and molecular epidemiology of invasive S. aureus disease in a pediatric population. METHODS We prospectively identified children in Utah with invasive S. aureus infections. Medical records were reviewed to determine diagnosis and clinical characteristics. Isolates were genotyped using multi-locus sequence typing. The presence of genes encoding the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) was determined using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Over a 4-year period between January 2009 and December 2012, we identified 357 children, hospitalized at Primary Children's Hospital, with invasive S. aureus infections and isolates available for the study. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) caused 79% of disease, while MRSA caused only 21% of disease. Mortality associated with invasive S. aureus infection was 3.6%. The most common diagnoses were osteoarticular infections (38%) followed by central line associated blood stream infections (19%) and pneumonia (12%). We identified 41 multi-locus sequence types. The majority of isolates belonged to 6 predominant clonal complexes (CC5, CC8, CC15, CC30, CC45, CC59). PVL was present in a minority (16%) of isolates, of which most were ST8 MRSA. CONCLUSIONS MSSA was the primary cause of invasive S. aureus infections at our institution throughout the study period. A limited number of predominant strains accounted for the majority of invasive disease. The classic virulence factor PVL was uncommon in MSSA isolates. Further study is needed to improve our understanding of S. aureus virulence and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Crandall
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Aurélie Kapusta
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jarrett Killpack
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Carly Heyrend
- Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kody Nilsson
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Mandy Dickey
- Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Judy A. Daly
- Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Krow Ampofo
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Pavia
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Mulvey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, USTAR Center for Genetic Discovery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kristina G. Hulten
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anne J. Blaschke
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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38
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Divya KP, Dharuman V. Electrochemical label free sensing of human IgG - Protein A interaction. Food Chem 2020; 339:127881. [PMID: 32866703 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel and rapid Electrochemical Immunosensing platform was developed for the direct sensing of antibody human immuno globulin gamma (IgG) interaction with virulence factor of S. aureus, staphylococcal protein A (SpA) in the presence of electroactive redox couple ferri/ferro cyanide (K3/K4[Fe(CN)6]). The receptor SpA was attached to BioPE-DOTAP binary lipid bilayer tethered on alkane thiol molecular cushions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), High-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques were used to study the molecular interactions. The AFM images showed array like formation of BioPE-DOTAP on the monolayer surface. The IgG sensor showed a linear range from 10-21 M to 10-16 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karutha Pandian Divya
- Molecular Electronics Laboratory, Department of Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India; Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Venkataraman Dharuman
- Molecular Electronics Laboratory, Department of Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India.
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Pokhrel S, Triplett KD, Daly SM, Joyner JA, Sharma G, Hathaway HJ, Prossnitz ER, Hall PR. Complement Receptor 3 Contributes to the Sexual Dimorphism in Neutrophil Killing of Staphylococcus aureus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1593-1600. [PMID: 32769122 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported sex differences in innate susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus skin infection and that bone marrow neutrophils (BMN) from female mice have an enhanced ability to kill S. aureus ex vivo compared with those of male mice. However, the mechanism(s) driving this sex bias in neutrophil killing have not been reported. Given the role of opsonins such as complement, as well as their receptors, in S. aureus recognition and clearance, we investigated their contribution to the enhanced bactericidal capacity of female BMN. We found that levels of C3 in the serum and CR3 (CD11b/CD18) on the surface of BMN were higher in female compared with male mice. Consistent with increased CR3 expression following TNF-α priming, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important bactericidal effector, was also increased in female versus male BMN in response to serum-opsonized S. aureus Furthermore, blocking CD11b reduced both ROS levels and S. aureus killing by murine BMN from both sexes. However, at the same concentration of CD11b blocking Ab, S. aureus killing by female BMN was greatly reduced compared with those from male mice, suggesting CR3-dependent differences in bacterial killing between sexes. Overall, this work highlights the contributions of CR3, C3, and ROS to innate sex bias in the neutrophil response to S. aureus Given that neutrophils are crucial for S. aureus clearance, understanding the mechanism(s) driving the innate sex bias in neutrophil bactericidal capacity could identify novel host factors important for host defense against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Pokhrel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Kathleen D Triplett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Seth M Daly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Jason A Joyner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Geetanjali Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Helen J Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Pamela R Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131;
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Pittet LF, Curtis N. Are decontamination measures effective in preventing recurrent staphylococcal skin infection in children? Arch Dis Child 2020; 105:603-607. [PMID: 32424036 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure F Pittet
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia .,Infectious Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Allen ER, Lempke SL, Miller MM, Bush DM, Braswell BG, Estes CL, Benedict EL, Mahon AR, Sabo SL, Greenlee-Wacker MC. Effect of extracellular vesicles from S. aureus-challenged human neutrophils on macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1841-1850. [PMID: 32450612 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0320-156r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus enhances neutrophil extracellular vesicle (EV) production. To investigate whether S. aureus viability influences EV biogenesis, EVs were isolated from human neutrophils incubated with viable bacteria (bEVs) or heat-killed bacteria (heat-killed EVs). Protein analysis, nanoparticle tracking and transmission electron microscopy showed comparable EV production between subsets, and both viable and nonviable bacteria were also detected in respective EV subsets. As anticipated, S. aureus, as well as bEVs with viable bacteria, were proinflammatory, and killing bacteria with gentamicin reduced cytokine production to baseline levels. Although heat-killed bacteria induced macrophage IL-6 production, heat-killed EVs did not. Additionally, we found that human and bacterial DNA associated with bEVs, but not heat-killed EVs, and that the DNA association could be partially decreased by disrupting electrostatic interactions. We investigated the potential for DNA isolated from EVs (EV-DNA) or EVs to cause inflammation. Although liposomal encapsulation of EV-DNA increased IL-6 production from baseline by 7.5-fold, treatment of bEVs with DNase I had no effect on IL-6 and IL-1β production, suggesting that the DNA did not contribute to the inflammatory response. Filtered EVs, which lacked DNA and associated bacteria, exhibited less proinflammatory activity relative to bEVs, and enhanced macrophage expression of CD86 and HLA-DR. Ultimately, we show that bEVs isolated by differential centrifugation co-purify with bacteria and DNA, and studying their concerted activity and relative contribution to immune response is important to the study of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina R Allen
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Samantha L Lempke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michaela M Miller
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Delaney M Bush
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Brandyn G Braswell
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Casey L Estes
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Everett L Benedict
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew R Mahon
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Shasta L Sabo
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
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El Shazely B, Yu G, Johnston PR, Rolff J. Resistance Evolution Against Antimicrobial Peptides in Staphylococcus aureus Alters Pharmacodynamics Beyond the MIC. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:103. [PMID: 32117132 PMCID: PMC7033599 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been proposed as a promising class of new antimicrobials partly because they are less susceptible to bacterial resistance evolution. This is possibly caused by their mode of action but also by their pharmacodynamic characteristics, which differ significantly from conventional antibiotics. Although pharmacodynamics of antibiotic resistant strains have been studied, such data are lacking for AMP resistant strains. Here, we investigated if the pharmacodynamics of the Gram-positive human pathogen Staphylococcous aureus evolve under antimicrobial peptide selection. Interestingly, the Hill coefficient (kappa κ) evolves together with the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Except for one genotype, strains harboring mutations in menF and atl, all mutants had higher kappa than the non-selected sensitive controls. Higher κ results in steeper pharmacodynamic curve and, importantly, in a narrower mutant selection window. S. aureus selected for resistance to melittin displayed cross resistant against pexiganan and had as steep pharmacodynamic curves (high κ) as pexiganan-selected lines. By contrast, the pexiganan-sensitive tenecin-selected lines displayed lower κ. Taken together, our data demonstrate that pharmacodynamic parameters are not fixed traits of particular drug/strain interactions but actually evolve under drug treatment. The contribution of factors such as κ and the maximum and minimum growth rates on the dynamics and probability of resistance evolution are open questions that require urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baydaa El Shazely
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Guozhi Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Paul R Johnston
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Rolff
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
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Harro JM, Achermann Y, Freiberg JA, Allison DL, Brao KJ, Marinos DP, Sanjari S, Leid JG, Shirtliff ME. Clearance of Staphylococcus aureus from In Vivo Models of Chronic Infection by Immunization Requires Both Planktonic and Biofilm Antigens. Infect Immun 2019; 88:e00586-19. [PMID: 31712267 PMCID: PMC6921670 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00586-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a causative agent of chronic biofilm-associated infections that are recalcitrant to resolution by the immune system or antibiotics. To combat these infections, an antistaphylococcal, biofilm-specific quadrivalent vaccine against an osteomyelitis model in rabbits has previously been developed and shown to be effective at eliminating biofilm-embedded bacterial populations. However, the addition of antibiotics was required to eradicate remaining planktonic populations. In this study, a planktonic upregulated antigen was combined with the quadrivalent vaccine to remove the need for antibiotic therapy. Immunization with this pentavalent vaccine followed by intraperitoneal challenge of BALB/c mice with S. aureus resulted in 16.7% and 91.7% mortality in pentavalent vaccine and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Complete bacterial elimination was found in 66.7% of the pentavalent cohort, while only 8.3% of the control animals cleared the infection (P < 0.05). Further protective efficacy was observed in immunized rabbits following intramedullary challenge with S. aureus, where 62.5% of the pentavalent cohort completely cleared the infection, versus none of the control animals (P < 0.05). Passive immunization of BALB/c mice with serum IgG against the vaccine antigens prior to intraperitoneal challenge with S. aureus prevented mortality in 100% of mice and eliminated bacteria in 33.3% of the challenged mice. These results demonstrate that targeting both the planktonic and biofilm stages with the pentavalent vaccine or the IgG elicited by immunization can effectively protect against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette M Harro
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yvonne Achermann
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A Freiberg
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Devon L Allison
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen J Brao
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Graduate Program in Life Sciences, Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Program, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimitrius P Marinos
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Salar Sanjari
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeff G Leid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Mark E Shirtliff
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ciandrini E, Morroni G, Cirioni O, Kamysz W, Kamysz E, Brescini L, Baffone W, Campana R. Synergistic combinations of antimicrobial peptides against biofilms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on polystyrene and medical devices. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 21:203-210. [PMID: 31678322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial research is being focused to look for more effective therapeutics against antibiotic-resistant infections such as those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In this regard, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) appear to be a promising solution. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential activity of temporin A, citropin 1.1, CA(1-7)M(2-9)NH2 and Pal-KGK-NH2 in synergistic activity against MRSA biofilms developed on polystyrene surface (PSS) and central venous catheter (CVC). METHODS The study was subdivided into distinct phases to assess the ability of AMPs to inhibit biofilm formation, to identify possible synergy between AMPs, and to eradicate preformed biofilms on PSS and CVC using AMPs alone or in combination. RESULTS Activity of the AMPs was particularly evident in the inhibition of biofilm formation on PSS and CVC, whilst the eradication of preformed biofilms was more difficult and was reached only after 24h of contact. The synergistic activity of AMP combinations, selected by their fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI), led to an improvement in the performance of all of the molecules in the removal of different biofilms. CONCLUSION Overall, AMPs could represent the next generation of antimicrobial agents for a prophylactic or therapeutic tool to control biofilms of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and/or biofilm-associated infections on different medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ciandrini
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Division of Toxicological, Hygiene and Environmental Science, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Oscar Cirioni
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Lucia Brescini
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Wally Baffone
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Division of Toxicological, Hygiene and Environmental Science, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Raffaella Campana
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Division of Toxicological, Hygiene and Environmental Science, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
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45
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Lim CSQ, Ha KP, Clarke RS, Gavin LA, Cook DT, Hutton JA, Sutherell CL, Edwards AM, Evans LE, Tate EW, Lanyon-Hogg T. Identification of a potent small-molecule inhibitor of bacterial DNA repair that potentiates quinolone antibiotic activity in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:114962. [PMID: 31307763 PMCID: PMC6892255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The global emergence of antibiotic resistance is one of the most serious challenges facing modern medicine. There is an urgent need for validation of new drug targets and the development of small molecules with novel mechanisms of action. We therefore sought to inhibit bacterial DNA repair mediated by the AddAB/RecBCD protein complexes as a means to sensitize bacteria to DNA damage caused by the host immune system or quinolone antibiotics. A rational, hypothesis-driven compound optimization identified IMP-1700 as a cell-active, nanomolar potency compound. IMP-1700 sensitized multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin, where resistance results from a point mutation in the fluoroquinolone target, DNA gyrase. Cellular reporter assays indicated IMP-1700 inhibited the bacterial SOS-response to DNA damage, and compound-functionalized Sepharose successfully pulled-down the AddAB repair complex. This work provides validation of bacterial DNA repair as a novel therapeutic target and delivers IMP-1700 as a tool molecule and starting point for therapeutic development to address the pressing challenge of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine S Q Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kam Pou Ha
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rebecca S Clarke
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Leigh-Anne Gavin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Declan T Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jennie A Hutton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Charlotte L Sutherell
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew M Edwards
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lindsay E Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK; MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Thomas Lanyon-Hogg
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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Amoako DG, Somboro AM, Abia ALK, Allam M, Ismail A, Bester LA, Essack SY. Genome Mining and Comparative Pathogenomic Analysis of An Endemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Clone, ST612-CC8-t1257-SCCmec_IVd(2B), Isolated in South Africa. Pathogens 2019; 8:E166. [PMID: 31569754 PMCID: PMC6963616 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study undertook genome mining and comparative genomics to gain genetic insights into the dominance of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endemic clone ST612-CC8-t1257-SCCmec_IVd(2B), obtained from the poultry food chain in South Africa. Functional annotation of the genome revealed a vast array of similar central metabolic, cellular and biochemical networks within the endemic clone crucial for its survival in the microbial community. In-silico analysis of the clone revealed the possession of uniform defense systems, restriction-modification system (type I and IV), accessory gene regulator (type I), arginine catabolic mobile element (type II), and type 1 clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)Cas array (N = 7 ± 1), which offer protection against exogenous attacks. The estimated pathogenic potential predicted a higher probability (average Pscore ≈ 0.927) of the clone being pathogenic to its host. The clone carried a battery of putative virulence determinants whose expression are critical for establishing infection. However, there was a slight difference in their possession of adherence factors (biofilm operon system) and toxins (hemolysins and enterotoxins). Further analysis revealed a conserved environmental tolerance and persistence mechanisms related to stress (oxidative and osmotic), heat shock, sporulation, bacteriocins, and detoxification, which enable it to withstand lethal threats and contribute to its success in diverse ecological niches. Phylogenomic analysis with close sister lineages revealed that the clone was closely related to the MRSA isolate SHV713 from Australia. The results of this bioinformatic analysis provide valuable insights into the biology of this endemic clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- Infection Genomics and Applied Bioinformatics Division, Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4000, South Africa.
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Mushal Allam
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.
| | - Linda A Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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Karki S, Sah AK, Lamichhane J, Maharjan A, Sharma L, Rajbhandari R, Parajuli S, Acharya S, Khanal S. Biofilm Formation and Detection of icaD Gene in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Specimens. Open Microbiol J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285801913010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:S. aureusis found to be a major source of community as well as hospital acquired infections. The increase in antimicrobial resistance and emergence of multidrug resistance has become a big threat worldwide. The biofilm formation ofS. aureusinfluenced the survival and persistence in both environment and host.Aim:The study was conducted with the aim to evaluatein-vitrobiofilm formation and the presence oficaDgene inS. aureusfrom clinical isolates ofS. aureus.Methods:A total of 570 wound/pus samples were processed by standard microbiological techniques. Colony morphology, Gram’s staining and biochemical tests were used for the identification ofS. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique and methicillin-resistantS. aureuswas detected by using cefoxitin antibiotics. The production of biofilm was screened by Congo Red Agar and finally, the presence oficaDgene was determined by PCR.Results:Out of 570 samples, a total 19.3% (110/570) samples showed the growth ofS. aureus. Among which 59.1% (65/110) were multi-drug resistant. Similarly, 26.4% (29/110) isolates were methicillin-resistantS. aureus. Among MRSA isolates 93.1% (27/29) were MDR with more than 3 classes of antibiotics. Biofilm production was shown by 95.45% (105/110) and 77.3% (85/110) isolates on Congo Red Agar and presence oficaDgene respectively.Conclusion:In this study, the significant association was observed in phenotypic production of biofilm and the presence oficaDgene for the genotypic expression of biofilm. There were also increasing rates of MRSA and multidrug resistanceS. aureus.
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Yang X, Huang G, You L, Sheng H, Sun Y, Feng Y, Lu Q, Xu A. High-throughput RNA sequencing reveals the anti-inflammatory mechanism of baicalin on Propionibacterium acnes-induced acne in rabbits. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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49
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García-Betancur JC, Lopez D. Cell Heterogeneity in Staphylococcal Communities. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4699-4711. [PMID: 31220460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that causes difficult-to-treat infections. One of the reasons why S. aureus is such as successful pathogen is due to the cell-to-cell physiological variability that exists within microbial communities. Many laboratories around the world study the genetic mechanisms involved in S. aureus cell heterogeneity to better understand infection mechanism of this bacterium. It was recently shown that the Agr quorum-sensing system, which antagonistically regulates biofilm-associated or acute bacteremia infections, is expressed in a subpopulation of specialized cells. In this review, we discuss the different genetic mechanism for bacterial cell differentiation and the physiological properties of the distinct cell types that are already described in S. aureus communities, as well as the role that these cell types play during an infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos García-Betancur
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases ZINF, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology IMIB, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lopez
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases ZINF, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Molecular Infection Biology IMIB, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), 28050 Madrid, Spain.
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50
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has become a serious threat to human health. In addition to having increased antibiotic resistance, the bacterium is a master at adapting to its host by evading almost every facet of the immune system, the so-called immune evasion proteins. Many of these immune evasion proteins target neutrophils, the most important immune cells in clearing S. aureus infections. The neutrophil attacks pathogens via a plethora of strategies. Therefore, it is no surprise that S. aureus has evolved numerous immune evasion strategies at almost every level imaginable. In this review we discuss step by step the aspects of neutrophil-mediated killing of S. aureus, such as neutrophil activation, migration to the site of infection, bacterial opsonization, phagocytosis, and subsequent neutrophil-mediated killing. After each section we discuss how S. aureus evasion molecules are able to resist the neutrophil attack of these different steps. To date, around 40 immune evasion molecules of S. aureus are known, but its repertoire is still expanding due to the discovery of new evasion proteins and the addition of new functions to already identified evasion proteins. Interestingly, because the different parts of neutrophil attack are redundant, the evasion molecules display redundant functions as well. Knowing how and with which proteins S. aureus is evading the immune system is important in understanding the pathophysiology of this pathogen. This knowledge is crucial for the development of therapeutic approaches that aim to clear staphylococcal infections.
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