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Lin X, Han R, Liang T, Zhang C, Xu Y, Peng H, Zhou X, Huang L. In vitro assessment of the bacterial stress response and resistance evolution during multidrug-resistant bacterial invasion of the Xenopus tropicalis intestinal tract under typical stresses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133599. [PMID: 38280323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome might be both a sink and source of resistance genes (RGs). To investigate the impact of environmental stress on the disturbance of exogenous multidrug-resistant bacteria (mARB) within the indigenous microbiome and proliferation of RGs, an intestinal conjugative system was established to simulate the invasion of mARB into the intestinal microbiota in vitro. Oxytetracycline (OTC) and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb), commonly encountered in aquaculture, were selected as typical stresses for investigation. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), hydroxyl radical (OH·-) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) were measured to investigate their influence on the acceptance of RGs by intestinal bacteria. The results showed that the transfer and diffusion of RGs under typical combined stressors were greater than those under a single stressor. Combined effect of OTC and heavy metals (Zn, Cu) significantly increased the activity and extracellular EPS content of bacteria in the intestinal conjugative system, increasing intI3 and RG abundance. OTC induced a notable inhibitory response in Citrobacter and exerted the proportion of Citrobacter and Carnobacterium in microbiota. The introduction of stressors stimulates the proliferation and dissemination of RGs within the intestinal environment. These results enhance our comprehension of the typical stresses effect on the RGs dispersal in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Jieyang 515200, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ruiqi Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Taojie Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Jieyang 515200, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Huishi Peng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lu Huang
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Baltazar-Cruz J, Rojas-Rios R, Larios-Serrato V, Mendoza-Sanchez I, Curiel-Quesada E, Pérez-Valdespino A. A Class 4-like Chromosomal Integron Found in Aeromonas sp. Genomospecies paramedia Isolated from Human Feces. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2548. [PMID: 37894206 PMCID: PMC10609294 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrons are genetic elements that store, express and exchange gene cassettes. These elements are characterized by containing a gene that codes for an integrase (intI), a cassette integration site (attI) and a variable region holding the cassettes. Using bioinformatics and molecular biology methods, a functional integron found in Aeromonas sp. 3925, a strain isolated from diarrheal stools, is described. To confirm the integron class, a phylogenetic analysis with amino acid sequences was conducted. The integrase was associated to class 4 integrases; however, it is clearly different from them. Thus, we classified the associated element as a class 4-like integron. We found that the integrase activity is not under the control of the SOS or catabolic repression, since the expression was not increased in the presence of mitomycin or arabinose. The class-4-like integron is located on the chromosome and contains two well-defined gene cassettes: aadA1 that confers resistance to streptomycin and lpt coding for a lipoprotein. It also includes eight Open Reading frames (ORFs) with unknown functions. The strain was characterized through a Multilocus Phylogenetic Analyses (MLPA) of the gyrB, gyrA, rpoD, recA, dnaJ and dnaX genes. The phylogenetic results grouped it into a different clade from the species already reported, making it impossible to assign a species. We resorted to undertaking complete genome sequencing and a phylogenomic analysis. Aeromonas sp. 3925 is related to A. media and A. rivipollensis clusters, but it is clearly different from these species. In silico DNA-DNA hybridization (isDDH) and Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analyses suggested that this isolate belongs to the genomospecies paramedia. This paper describes the first class 4-like integron in Aeromonas and contributes to the establishment of genomospecies paramedia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Baltazar-Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.B.-C.); (R.R.-R.); (V.L.-S.)
| | - Rogelio Rojas-Rios
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.B.-C.); (R.R.-R.); (V.L.-S.)
| | - Violeta Larios-Serrato
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.B.-C.); (R.R.-R.); (V.L.-S.)
| | - Itza Mendoza-Sanchez
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Texas A&M University School of Public Health, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Everardo Curiel-Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.B.-C.); (R.R.-R.); (V.L.-S.)
| | - Abigail Pérez-Valdespino
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (J.B.-C.); (R.R.-R.); (V.L.-S.)
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Bhat BA, Mir RA, Qadri H, Dhiman R, Almilaibary A, Alkhanani M, Mir MA. Integrons in the development of antimicrobial resistance: critical review and perspectives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1231938. [PMID: 37720149 PMCID: PMC10500605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1231938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance development and pathogen cross-dissemination are both considered essential risks to human health on a worldwide scale. Antimicrobial resistance genes (AMRs) are acquired, expressed, disseminated, and traded mainly through integrons, the key players capable of transferring genes from bacterial chromosomes to plasmids and their integration by integrase to the target pathogenic host. Moreover, integrons play a central role in disseminating and assembling genes connected with antibiotic resistance in pathogenic and commensal bacterial species. They exhibit a large and concealed diversity in the natural environment, raising concerns about their potential for comprehensive application in bacterial adaptation. They should be viewed as a dangerous pool of resistance determinants from the "One Health approach." Among the three documented classes of integrons reported viz., class-1, 2, and 3, class 1 has been found frequently associated with AMRs in humans and is a critical genetic element to serve as a target for therapeutics to AMRs through gene silencing or combinatorial therapies. The direct method of screening gene cassettes linked to pathogenesis and resistance harbored by integrons is a novel way to assess human health. In the last decade, they have witnessed surveying the integron-associated gene cassettes associated with increased drug tolerance and rising pathogenicity of human pathogenic microbes. Consequently, we aimed to unravel the structure and functions of integrons and their integration mechanism by understanding horizontal gene transfer from one trophic group to another. Many updates for the gene cassettes harbored by integrons related to resistance and pathogenicity are extensively explored. Additionally, an updated account of the assessment of AMRs and prevailing antibiotic resistance by integrons in humans is grossly detailed-lastly, the estimation of AMR dissemination by employing integrons as potential biomarkers are also highlighted. The current review on integrons will pave the way to clinical understanding for devising a roadmap solution to AMR and pathogenicity. Graphical AbstractThe graphical abstract displays how integron-aided AMRs to humans: Transposons capture integron gene cassettes to yield high mobility integrons that target res sites of plasmids. These plasmids, in turn, promote the mobility of acquired integrons into diverse bacterial species. The acquisitions of resistant genes are transferred to humans through horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basharat Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | - Hafsa Qadri
- Department of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Abdullah Almilaibary
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustfa Alkhanani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Hafr Al Batin University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bio-Resources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Lin X, Xu Y, Han R, Luo W, Zheng L. Migration of antibiotic resistance genes and evolution of flora structure in the Xenopus tropicalis intestinal tract with combined exposure to roxithromycin and oxytetracycline. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153176. [PMID: 35063519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal flora is one of the most important environments for antibiotic resistance development, owing to its diverse mix of bacteria. An excellent medicine model organism, Xenopus tropicalis, was selected to investigate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the intestinal bacterial community with single or combined exposure to roxithromycin (ROX) and oxytetracycline (OTC). Seventeen resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetE, tetM, tetO, tetS, tetX, ermF, msrA, mefA, ereA, ereB, mphA, mphB, intI1, intI2, intI3) were detected in the intestines of Xenopus tropicalis living in three testing tanks (ROX tanks, OTC tanks, ROX + OTC tanks) and a blank tank for 20 days. The results showed that the relative abundance of total ARGs increased obviously in the tank with single stress but decreased in the tank with combined stress, and the genes encoding the macrolide antibiotic efflux pump (msrA), phosphatase (mphB) and integron (intI2, intI3) were the most sensitive. With the aid of AFM scanning, DNA was found to be scattered short chain in the blank, became extended or curled and then compacted with the stress from a single antibiotic, and was compacted and then fragmented with combined stress, which might be the reason for the variation of the abundance of ARGs with stress. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroides related to diseases was increased by ROX and OTC. The very significant correlation between intI2 and intI3 with tetS (p ≤ 0.001) hinted at a high risk of ARG transmission in the intestines. Collectively, our results suggested that the relative abundance of intestinal ARGs could be changed depending on the intestinal microbiome and DNA structures upon exposure to antibiotics at environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Ruiqi Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wenshi Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Fernández Rivas C, Porphyre T, Chase-Topping ME, Knapp CW, Williamson H, Barraud O, Tongue SC, Silva N, Currie C, Elsby DT, Hoyle DV. High Prevalence and Factors Associated With the Distribution of the Integron intI1 and intI2 Genes in Scottish Cattle Herds. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:755833. [PMID: 34778436 PMCID: PMC8585936 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.755833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrons are genetic elements that capture and express antimicrobial resistance genes within arrays, facilitating horizontal spread of multiple drug resistance in a range of bacterial species. The aim of this study was to estimate prevalence for class 1, 2, and 3 integrons in Scottish cattle and examine whether spatial, seasonal or herd management factors influenced integron herd status. We used fecal samples collected from 108 Scottish cattle herds in a national, cross-sectional survey between 2014 and 2015, and screened fecal DNA extracts by multiplex PCR for the integrase genes intI1, intI2, and intI3. Herd-level prevalence was estimated [95% confidence interval (CI)] for intI1 as 76.9% (67.8-84.0%) and intI2 as 82.4% (73.9-88.6%). We did not detect intI3 in any of the herd samples tested. A regional effect was observed for intI1, highest in the North East (OR 11.5, 95% CI: 1.0-130.9, P = 0.05) and South East (OR 8.7, 95% CI: 1.1-20.9, P = 0.04), lowest in the Highlands. A generalized linear mixed model was used to test for potential associations between herd status and cattle management, soil type and regional livestock density variables. Within the final multivariable model, factors associated with herd positivity for intI1 included spring season of the year (OR 6.3, 95% CI: 1.1-36.4, P = 0.04) and watering cattle from a natural spring source (OR 4.4, 95% CI: 1.3-14.8, P = 0.017), and cattle being housed at the time of sampling for intI2 (OR 75.0, 95% CI: 10.4-540.5, P < 0.001). This study provides baseline estimates for integron prevalence in Scottish cattle and identifies factors that may be associated with carriage that warrant future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fernández Rivas
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Thibaud Porphyre
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR5558, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Margo E Chase-Topping
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Charles W Knapp
- Centre for Water, Environment, Sustainability and Public Health, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Williamson
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Barraud
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR1092, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sue C Tongue
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), An Lòchran, Inverness Campus, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Nuno Silva
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Currie
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Derek T Elsby
- Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah V Hoyle
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Scotland, United Kingdom
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6
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Celejewski-Marciniak P, Wolinowska R, Wróblewska M. Molecular Characterization of Class 1, 2 and 3 Integrons in Serratia spp. Clinical Isolates in Poland - Isolation of a New Plasmid and Identification of a Gene for a Novel Fusion Protein. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:4601-4610. [PMID: 34764657 PMCID: PMC8575446 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s325943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gram-negative rods of the genus Serratia play an increasing role as etiological agents of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) in humans. These bacteria are characterized by natural and acquired resistance to several groups of antibacterial agents. The aim of the study was to characterize class 1, 2 and 3 integrons in the clinical isolates of Serratia spp. in Poland. Methods The study comprised 112 clinical strains of Serratia, isolated from patients hospitalized in Poland in 2010-2012. Identification of strains was confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry) system. Detection of class 1, 2 and 3 integrase DNA sequence was performed by multiplex-PCR. Amplicons obtained in the PCR reactions were purified and then sequenced bidirectionally. Results Among the analyzed strains, Serratia marcescens was a predominant species (103/112, 92.0%). All three classes of integrase DNA sequence were detected in the analyzed strains of Serratia spp. DNA sequence of class 3 integron, besides integrase gene, revealed three gene cassettes (dfrB3, bla GES-7,bla OXA/aac(6')-Ib-cr). BLAST analysis of DNA sequence revealed that class 3 integron was carried on 9448 bp plasmid which was named pPCMI3 - whole sequence of its DNA was submitted to GenBank NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) - NCBI MH569711. Conclusion In this study, we identified a new plasmid pPCMI3 harboring class 3 integron. This is the first report of a gene oxa/aac(6')-Ib-cr coding for a novel fusion protein, which consists of OXA β-lactamase and acetyltransferase aac(6')-Ib-cr. In the analyzed strains, class 1 and 2 integrons were also detected. Among the strains with class 1 integron, nine contained cassette array 5'CS-aadA2-ORF-dfrA12-3'CS, and two - cassette array 5'CS-aacC1-ORF-ORF-aadA1-3'CS, which were not previously reported in Serratia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Wolinowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Wróblewska
- Department of Dental Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Central Clinical Hospital, University Clinical Centre, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Quintela-Baluja M, Frigon D, Abouelnaga M, Jobling K, Romalde JL, Gomez Lopez M, Graham DW. Dynamics of integron structures across a wastewater network - Implications to resistance gene transfer. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117720. [PMID: 34673462 PMCID: PMC8626773 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Class 1 and other integrons are common in wastewater networks, often being associated with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, the importance of different integron structures in ARG transfer within wastewater systems has only been implied, especially between community and hospital sources, among wastewater treatment plant compartments, and in receiving waters. This uncertainty is partly because current clinical class 1 integron qPCR assays (i.e., that target human-impacted structures, i.e., clintI1) poorly delineate clintI1 from non-impacted class 1 integron structures. They also say nothing about their ARG content. To fill these technical gaps, new real-time qPCR assays were developed for "impacted" class 1 structures (called aint1; i.e., anthropogenic class 1 integrons) and empty aint1 structures (i.e., carry no ARGs; called eaint1). The new assays and other integron assays then were used to examine integron dynamics across a wastewater network. 16S metagenomic sequencing also was performed to characterise associated microbiomes. aint1 abundances per bacterial cell were about 10 times greater in hospital wastewaters compared with other compartments, suggesting aint1 enrichment with ARGs in hospital sources. Conversely, the relative abundance of eaint1 structures were over double in recycled activated sludge compared with other compartments, except receiving waters (RAS; ∼30% of RAS class 1 structures did not carry ARGs). Microbiome analysis showed that human-associated bacterial taxa with mobile integrons also differed in RAS and river sediments. Further, class 1 integrons in RAS bacteria appear to have released ARGs, whereas hospital bacteria have accumulated ARGs. Results show that quantifying integron dynamics can help explain where ARG transfer occurs in wastewater networks, and should be considered in future studies on antibiotic resistance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Quintela-Baluja
- School of Engineering, Cassie Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Dominic Frigon
- Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montréal (QC), Canada
| | - M Abouelnaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Veterinary Sciences, Suez Canel University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Kelly Jobling
- School of Engineering, Cassie Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología & Institute CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - David W Graham
- School of Engineering, Cassie Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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Chen P, Guo X, Li S, Li F. A review of the bioelectrochemical system as an emerging versatile technology for reduction of antibiotic resistance genes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106689. [PMID: 34175779 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic contamination and the resulting resistance genes have attracted worldwide attention because of the extensive overuse and abuse of antibiotics, which seriously affects the environment as well as human health. Bioelectrochemical system (BES), a potential avenue to be explored, can alleviate antibiotic pollution and reduce antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This review mainly focuses on analyzing the possible reasons for the good performance of ARG reduction by BESs and potential ways to improve its performance on the basis of revealing the generation and transmission of ARGs in BES. This system reduces ARGs through two pathways: (1) the contribution of BES to the low selection pressure of ARGs caused by the efficient removal of antibiotics, and (2) inhibition of ARG transmission caused by low sludge yield. To promote the reduction of ARGs, incorporating additives, improving the removal rate of antibiotics by adjusting the environmental conditions, and controlling the microbial community in BES are proposed. Furthermore, this review also provides an overview of bioelectrochemical coupling systems including the BES coupled with the Fenton system, BES coupled with constructed wetland, and BES coupled with photocatalysis, which demonstrates that this method is applicable in different situations and conditions and provides inspiration to improve these systems to control ARGs. Finally, the challenges and outlooks are addressed, which is constructive for the development of technologies for antibiotic and ARG contamination remediation and blocking risk migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Fengxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Conte D, Palmeiro J, Bavaroski A, Rodrigues L, Cardozo D, Tomaz A, Camargo J, Dalla‐Costa L. Antimicrobial resistance in
Aeromonas
species isolated from aquatic environments in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:169-181. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1111/jam.14965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Conte
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - J.K. Palmeiro
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (ACL‐UFSC) Florianópolis, Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - A.A. Bavaroski
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - L.S. Rodrigues
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - D. Cardozo
- Liga Paranaese de Combate ao Câncer ‐ Hospital Erasto Gaertner (HEG) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - A.P. Tomaz
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
- Complexo Hospital de ClínicasUniversidade Federal do Paraná (CHC‐UFPR) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - J.O. Camargo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
- Setor de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica (SEPT) Programa de Graduação em Bioinformática Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
| | - L.M. Dalla‐Costa
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP) Curitiba, Paraná Brazil
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10
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Conte D, Palmeiro JK, Bavaroski AA, Rodrigues LS, Cardozo D, Tomaz AP, Camargo JO, Dalla-Costa LM. Antimicrobial resistance in Aeromonas species isolated from aquatic environments in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:169-181. [PMID: 33306232 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The current study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile and genetic relatedness of Aeromonas sp. isolated from healthcare and urban effluents, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and river water. METHODS AND RESULTS We detected the presence of genes conferring resistance to β-lactam, quinolone and aminoglycoside. Multilocus sequence typing was carried out to differentiate the strains, and multilocus phylogenetic analysis was used to identify the species. A total of 28 cefotaxime-resistant Aeromonas sp. strains were identified, harbouring uncommon Guiana-extended-spectrum (GES)-type β-lactamases (GES-1, GES-5, GES-7 and GES-16). Multidrug-resistant Aeromonas sp. were found in hospital wastewater, WWTP and sanitary effluent, and A. caviae was identified as the most prevalent species (85·7%). CONCLUSION The release of untreated healthcare effluents, presence of antimicrobials in the environment, in addition to multidrug-resistant Aeromonas sp., are all potential factors for the spread of resistance. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY We identified a vast repertoire of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) in Aeromonas sp. from diverse aquatic ecosystems, including those that encode enzymes degrading broad-spectrum antimicrobials widely used to treat healthcare-associated infections. Hospital and sanitary effluents serve as potential sources of bacteria harbouring ARG and are a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Conte
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J K Palmeiro
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (ACL-UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - A A Bavaroski
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - L S Rodrigues
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D Cardozo
- Liga Paranaese de Combate ao Câncer - Hospital Erasto Gaertner (HEG), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A P Tomaz
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Complexo Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná (CHC-UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J O Camargo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Setor de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica (SEPT), Programa de Graduação em Bioinformática, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - L M Dalla-Costa
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe (FPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe (IPPPP), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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11
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Piotrowska M, Dziewit L, Ostrowski R, Chmielowska C, Popowska M. Molecular Characterization and Comparative Genomics of IncQ-3 Plasmids Conferring Resistance to Various Antibiotics Isolated from a Wastewater Treatment Plant in Warsaw (Poland). Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090613. [PMID: 32957637 PMCID: PMC7557826 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As small, mobilizable replicons with a broad host range, IncQ plasmids are widely distributed among clinical and environmental bacteria. They carry antibiotic resistance genes, and it has been shown that they confer resistance to β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, sulphonamides, and tetracycline. The previously proposed classification system divides the plasmid group into four subgroups, i.e., IncQ-1, IncQ-2, IncQ-3, and IncQ-4. The last two subgroups have been poorly described so far. The aim of this study was to analyze five newly identified IncQ-3 plasmids isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in Poland and to compare them with all known plasmids belonging to the IncQ-3 subgroup whose sequences were retrieved from the NCBI database. The complete nucleotide sequences of the novel plasmids were annotated and bioinformatic analyses were performed, including identification of core genes and auxiliary genetic load. Furthermore, functional experiments testing plasmid mobility were carried out. Phylogenetic analysis based on three core genes (repA, mobA/repB, and mobC) revealed the presence of three main clusters of IncQ-3 replicons. Apart from having a highly conserved core, the analyzed IncQ-3 plasmids were vectors of antibiotic resistance genes, including (I) the qnrS2 gene that encodes fluoroquinolone resistance and (II) β-lactam, trimethoprim, and aminoglycoside resistance genes within integron cassettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piotrowska
- Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Dziewit
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Ostrowski
- Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cora Chmielowska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Popowska
- Department of Bacterial Physiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Fouz N, Pangesti KNA, Yasir M, Al-Malki AL, Azhar EI, Hill-Cawthorne GA, Abd El Ghany M. The Contribution of Wastewater to the Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment: Implications of Mass Gathering Settings. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010033. [PMID: 32106595 PMCID: PMC7157536 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the major issue posing a serious global health threat. Low- and middle-income countries are likely to be the most affected, both in terms of impact on public health and economic burden. Recent studies highlighted the role of resistance networks on the transmission of AMR organisms, with this network being driven by complex interactions between clinical (e.g., human health, animal husbandry and veterinary medicine) and other components, including environmental factors (e.g., persistence of AMR in wastewater). Many studies have highlighted the role of wastewater as a significant environmental reservoir of AMR as it represents an ideal environment for AMR bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) to persist. Although the treatment process can help in removing or reducing the ARB load, it has limited impact on ARGs. ARGs are not degradable; therefore, they can be spread among microbial communities in the environment through horizontal gene transfer, which is the main resistance mechanism in most Gram-negative bacteria. Here we analysed the recent literature to highlight the contribution of wastewater to the emergence, persistence and transmission of AMR under different settings, particularly those associated with mass gathering events (e.g., Hajj and Kumbh Mela).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Fouz
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Krisna N. A. Pangesti
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.N.A.P.); (G.A.H.-C.)
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.); (E.I.A.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman L. Al-Malki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.); (E.I.A.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Grant A. Hill-Cawthorne
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.N.A.P.); (G.A.H.-C.)
| | - Moataz Abd El Ghany
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
- The Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence: or
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13
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Voigt AM, Zacharias N, Timm C, Wasser F, Sib E, Skutlarek D, Parcina M, Schmithausen RM, Schwartz T, Hembach N, Tiehm A, Stange C, Engelhart S, Bierbaum G, Kistemann T, Exner M, Faerber HA, Schreiber C. Association between antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in anthropogenic wastewater - An evaluation of clinical influences. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:125032. [PMID: 31622887 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The high use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine has led to a wide spread of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance into the environment. In recent years, various studies have shown that antibiotic residues, resistant bacteria and resistance genes, occur in aquatic environments and that clinical wastewater seems to be a hot spot for the environmental spread of antibiotic resistance. Here a representative statistical analysis of various sampling points is presented, containing different proportions of clinically influenced wastewater. The statistical analysis contains the calculation of the odds ratios for any combination of antibiotics with resistant bacteria or resistance genes, respectively. The results were screened for an increased probability of detecting resistant bacteria, or resistance genes, with the simultaneous presence of antibiotic residues. Positive associated sets were then compared, with regards to the detected median concentration, at the investigated sampling points. All results show that the sampling points with the highest proportion of clinical wastewater always form a distinct cluster concerning resistance. The results shown in this study lead to the assumption that ciprofloxacin is a good indicator of the presence of multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella spec., Enterobacter spec. and Citrobacter spec., as it positively relates with both parameters. Furthermore, a precise relationship between carbapenemase genes and meropenem, regarding the respective sampling sites, could be obtained. These results highlight the role of clinical wastewater for the dissemination and development of multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Voigt
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - N Zacharias
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Timm
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - F Wasser
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - E Sib
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - D Skutlarek
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Parcina
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - R M Schmithausen
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - T Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Microbiology/Molecular Biology Department, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - N Hembach
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Microbiology/Molecular Biology Department, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Tiehm
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Stange
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Engelhart
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - G Bierbaum
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - T Kistemann
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Exner
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - H A Faerber
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Schreiber
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 63, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Otero-Olarra JE, Curiel-Quesada E, Baltazar-Cruz J, Aguilera-Arreola MG, Pérez-Valdespino A. Low Cassette Variability in Class 2 and Class 1 Integrons of Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Environmental Samples. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:794-801. [PMID: 31990611 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrons are prokaryotic genetic elements known to carry and exchange antibiotic resistance gene cassettes through a site-specific recombinase called integrase. In this work, 107 Aeromonas isolates from environmental origin, including fish, water, and sediments, were investigated for the presence of integrons. Using specific primers for Class 1, 2 and 3 integrases, only Class 1 and Class 2 integrons were detected. Detection of Class 2 integrases and their associated variable regions required two rounds of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing of the intI2 amplicons confirmed them as integrase-derived products. Class 1 integrons were detected in 26 out of 107 isolates. PCR amplification of the variable regions associated to these integrons revealed an outstanding homogeneity, 25 of them having variable regions with an identical dfrA12-orfF-aadA2 cassette array and one integron carrying only the dfrA16 cassette. To assess clone diversity, chromosomal DNA from isolates was subjected to enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR), which discarded clonality in all instances. Class 2 integrons were surprisingly more prevalent than Class1 integrons, being detected in 60 out of 107 isolates. Forty-six of them showed a unique ERIC profile, while the remaining 14 strains displayed profiles that could be grouped in five different patterns. Cassette arrangements of all Class 2 variable regions were those described as the most prevalent (dfrA1-sat2-aadA1). A rather startling result of this work is the sensitivity to trimethoprim, streptomycin, and streptothricin of most strains, despite the presence of the cognate resistance genes. To know the integron distribution in environmental Aeromonas species, a phylogenetic reconstruction was done using rpoD/gyrB or rpoD/gyrA gene sequences. Isolates bearing these elements corresponded to Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii, Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas dhakensis, Aeromonas sanarellii, Aeromonas taiwanensis, Aeromonas media, Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas jandaei, and Aeromonas sp. This work revealed an unusual high incidence of Class 2 integrons and a low variability of cassette arrangements in environmental Aeromonas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Erick Otero-Olarra
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Everardo Curiel-Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Baltazar-Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ma Guadalupe Aguilera-Arreola
- Department of Microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Pérez-Valdespino
- Department of Biochemistry, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Marano RBM, Zolti A, Jurkevitch E, Cytryn E. Antibiotic resistance and class 1 integron gene dynamics along effluent, reclaimed wastewater irrigated soil, crop continua: elucidating potential risks and ecological constraints. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 164:114906. [PMID: 31377529 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Reuse of municipal wastewater is a growing global trend, but currently there is lack of consensus regarding the potential dissemination of antibiotic resistance elements by treated wastewater irrigation. We tracked intI1, a proxy for anthropogenic pollution, and an assemblage of antibiotic resistance genes associated with mobile elements and/or wastewater (blaGES, blaOXA2, blaOXA10, blaTEM, blaCTX-M-32 and qnrS) in treated wastewater effluents, effluent stabilization reservoirs, and along irrigation water-soil-crop continua in experimental lysimeters and large-scale commercial fields. While several of the targeted antibiotic resistance genes were profuse in effluents, there was almost no correlation between gene abundance in irrigation water and those detected in soil, and no evidence of systematic gene transfer to irrigated soil or crops. In contrast, soil intI1 abundance correlated strongly to irrigation water levels in lysimeters and sandy field soils, but this was not the case for clay-rich soils or for most of the analyzed crops, suggesting that intI1 may not always be a reliable marker for tracking the impact of treated wastewater irrigation. We hypothesize that "ecological boundaries" expedited by biotic and abiotic factors constrain dissemination of antibiotic resistance elements, and assert that a more holistic perception of these factors is crucial for understanding and managing antibiotic resistance dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto B M Marano
- Department of Soil Chemistry, Plant Nutrition and Microbiology, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel; Department of Agroecology and Plant Health, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avihai Zolti
- Department of Soil Chemistry, Plant Nutrition and Microbiology, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel; Department of Agroecology and Plant Health, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Department of Agroecology and Plant Health, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eddie Cytryn
- Department of Soil Chemistry, Plant Nutrition and Microbiology, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
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16
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Stalder T, Press MO, Sullivan S, Liachko I, Top EM. Linking the resistome and plasmidome to the microbiome. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:2437-2446. [PMID: 31147603 PMCID: PMC6776055 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens is a serious human health threat. While a range of environments have been identified as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), we lack understanding of the origins of these ARGs and their spread from environment to clinic. This is partly due to our inability to identify the natural bacterial hosts of ARGs and the mobile genetic elements that mediate this spread, such as plasmids and integrons. Here we demonstrate that the in vivo proximity-ligation method Hi-C can reconstruct a known plasmid-host association from a wastewater community, and identify the in situ host range of ARGs, plasmids, and integrons by physically linking them to their host chromosomes. Hi-C detected both previously known and novel associations between ARGs, mobile genetic elements and host genomes, thus validating this method. We showed that IncQ plasmids and class 1 integrons had the broadest host range in this wastewater, and identified bacteria belonging to Moraxellaceae, Bacteroides, and Prevotella, and especially Aeromonadaceae as the most likely reservoirs of ARGs in this community. A better identification of the natural carriers of ARGs will aid the development of strategies to limit resistance spread to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Stalder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Eva M Top
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
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17
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Kaushik M, Kumar S, Kapoor RK, Gulati P. Integrons and antibiotic resistance genes in water-borne pathogens: threat detection and risk assessment. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:679-692. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kaushik
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Rajeev Kr. Kapoor
- Enzyme Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
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18
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Voigt AM, Faerber HA, Wilbring G, Skutlarek D, Felder C, Mahn R, Wolf D, Brossart P, Hornung T, Engelhart S, Exner M, Schmithausen RM. The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet, sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:455-467. [PMID: 30622005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference. To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02 μg·L-1 to a maximum of 79 mg·L-1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Voigt
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - H A Faerber
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - G Wilbring
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - D Skutlarek
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - C Felder
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - R Mahn
- Medical Clinic, Department of Haematology and Oncology, Centre for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - D Wolf
- Medical Clinic, Department of Haematology and Oncology, Centre for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany; University Clinic V, Dpt. Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Brossart
- Medical Clinic, Department of Haematology and Oncology, Centre for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - T Hornung
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - S Engelhart
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Exner
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - R M Schmithausen
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Molecular Analysis of a blaIMP-1-Harboring Class 3 Integron in Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas fulva. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00701-18. [PMID: 29784850 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00701-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas fulva strain was isolated in 2006 from a urine sample. The isolate harbored the blaIMP-1 gene, which was located in a chromosomal Tn402-like class 3 integron as a gene cassette array of aacA31-fosE-blaIMP-1 Two mutations in gyrA and one mutation in parC were detected in quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDRs). We report a full-length, novel, blaIMP-1-carrying class 3 integron. This integron, together with mutations in QRDRs, could have influenced the MDR phenotype.
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Impact of Wastewater Treatment on the Prevalence of Integrons and the Genetic Diversity of Integron Gene Cassettes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02766-17. [PMID: 29475864 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02766-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The integron platform allows the acquisition, expression, and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes within gene cassettes. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contain abundant resistance genes; however, knowledge about the impacts of wastewater treatment on integrons and their gene cassettes is limited. In this study, by using clone library analysis and high-throughput sequencing, we investigated the abundance of class 1, 2, and 3 integrons and their corresponding gene cassettes in three urban WWTPs. Our results showed that class 1 integrons were most abundant in WWTPs and that wastewater treatment significantly reduced the abundance of all integrons. The WWTP influents harbored the highest diversity of class 1 integron gene cassettes, whereas class 3 integron gene cassettes exhibited highest diversity in activated sludge. Most of the gene cassette arrays detected in class 1 integrons were novel. Aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, and trimethoprim resistance genes were highly prevalent in class 1 integron gene cassettes, while class 3 integrons mainly carried beta-lactam resistance gene cassettes. A core class 1 integron resistance gene cassette pool persisted during wastewater treatment, implying that these resistance genes could have high potential to spread into environments through WWTPs. These data provide new insights into the impact of wastewater treatment on integron pools and highlight the need for surveillance of resistance genes within both class 1 and 3 integrons.IMPORTANCE Wastewater treatment plants represent a significant sink and transport medium for antibiotic resistance bacteria and genes spreading into environments. Integrons are important genetic elements involved in the evolution of antibiotic resistance. To better understand the impact of wastewater treatment on integrons and their gene cassette contexts, we conducted clone library construction and high-throughput sequencing to analyze gene cassette contexts for class 1 and class 3 integrons during the wastewater treatment process. This study comprehensively profiled the distribution of integrons and their gene cassettes (especially class 3 integrons) in influents, activated sludge, and effluents of conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants. We further demonstrated that while wastewater treatment significantly reduced the abundance of integrons and the diversity of associated gene cassettes, a large fraction of integrons persisted in wastewater effluents and were consequentially discharged into downstream natural environments.
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Integrons in Enterobacteriaceae: diversity, distribution and epidemiology. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 51:167-176. [PMID: 29038087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Integrons are versatile gene acquisition systems that allow efficient capturing of exogenous genes and ensure their expression. Various classes of integrons possessing a wide variety of gene cassettes are ubiquitously distributed in enteric bacteria worldwide. The epidemiology of integrons associated multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is rapidly evolving. In the past two decades, the incidence of integrons in enteric bacteria has increased drastically with evolution of multiple gene cassettes, novel gene arrangements and complex chromosomal integrons such as Salmonella genomic islands. This review focuses on the distribution, versatility, spread and global trends of integrons among important members of the Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Shigella and Salmonella, which are known to cause infections globally. Such a comprehensive understanding of integron-associated antibiotic resistance, their role in the spread of such resistance traits and their clinical relevance especially with regard to each genus individually is paramount to contain the global spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Chainier D, Barraud O, Masson G, Couve-Deacon E, François B, Couquet CY, Ploy MC. Integron Digestive Carriage in Human and Cattle: A "One Health" Cultivation-Independent Approach. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1891. [PMID: 29021787 PMCID: PMC5624303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue that requires the adoption of a "One-Health" approach promoting integration of human and animal health. Besides culture-dependent techniques frequently used for AMR surveillance, cultivation-independent methods can give additional insights into the diversity and reservoir of AMR genetic determinants. Integrons are molecular markers that can provide overall and reliable estimation of AMR dissemination. In this study, considering the "One-Health" approach, we have analyzed the integron digestive carriage from stools of humans and cattle living in a same area and exposed to different antibiotic selection pressures. Methods: Three collections of human [general population (GP) and intensive care unit patients (ICUs)] and bovine (BOV) stool samples were analyzed. The three main classes of integrons were detected using a multiplex qPCR both from total DNA extracted from stools, and from Gram-negative bacteria obtained by culture after an enrichment step. Results: With the cultivation-independent approach, integron carriage was 43.8, 52.7, and 65.6% for GP, ICU, and BOV respectively, percentages being at least twofold higher to those obtained with the cultivation-dependent approach. Class 1 integrons were the most prevalent; class 2 integrons seemed more associated to cattle than to humans; no class 3 integron was detected. The integron carriage was not significantly different between GP and ICU populations according to the antibiotic consumption, whatever the approach. Conclusion: The cultivation-independent approach constitutes a complementary exploratory method to investigate the integron digestive carriage of humans and bovines, notably within subjects under antibiotic treatment. The high frequency of carriage of integrons in the gut is of clinical significance, integrons being able to easily acquire and exchange resistant genes under antibiotic selective pressure and so leading to the dissemination of resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Barraud
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, Université Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Geoffrey Masson
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, Université Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Bruno François
- INSERM, CHU Limoges, UMR 1092, Université Limoges, Limoges, France.,INSERM, CIC1435, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Claude-Yves Couquet
- Laboratoire Départemental d'Analyses et de Recherches de la Haute-Vienne, Limoges, France
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Piotrowska M, Przygodzińska D, Matyjewicz K, Popowska M. Occurrence and Variety of β-Lactamase Genes among Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:863. [PMID: 28559885 PMCID: PMC5432545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Aeromonas that commonly occur in various aquatic ecosystems are taken into account as vectors spreading antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. In our study strains of Aeromonas spp. (n = 104) not susceptible to ampicillin were isolated from municipal sewage of different levels of purification - raw sewage, activated sludge and treated wastewater. The crucial step of the study was the identification of β-lactamase resistance genes. The identified genes encode β-lactamases from 14 families - blaTEM, blaOXA, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaMOX, blaACC, blaFOX, blaGES, blaPER, blaV EB, blaKPC, cphA, imiH, and cepH. There were no significant differences in number of identified ARGs between isolation points. BlaOXA, blaFOX variants and, characteristic for Aeromonas genus, metallo-β-lactamase cphA-related genes were the most commonly identified types of β-lactam resistance determinants. Moreover, we found four extended-spectrum β-lactamases (blaSHV -11, blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-98, and blaPER-4) - and seven AmpC (blaACC, blaFOX-2-like, blaFOX-3, blaFOX-4-like, blaFOX-9, blaFOX-10-like, and blaFOX-13-like) types and variants of genes that had never been found among Aeromonas spp. before. Five of the β-lactamases families (blaTEM, blaOXA, blaFOX, blaV EB, and cphA) were identified in all three isolation sites, which supports the hypothesis that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are hot spots of ARGs dissemination. The obtained ARGs sequences share high identity with previously described β-lactamases, but new variants of those genes have to be considered as well. Characterization of antibiotic susceptibility was performed using disk the diffusion method with 12 different antibiotics according to CLSI guidelines. Over 60% of the strains are unsusceptible to cefepime and chloramphenicol and the majority of the strains have a multidrug resistance phenotype (68%). Finally, analysis of plasmid profiles among the resistant strains showed that 62% of the isolates from all three points of the WWTP carry plasmids of different sizes. Among some of the isolated plasmids blaFOX-4-like and blaGES genes have been found. To sum up, the results strongly suggest that Aeromonas spp. can be considered as agents of antibiotic resistance dissemination from wastewater to the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piotrowska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Przygodzińska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Matyjewicz
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Popowska
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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Aubertheau E, Stalder T, Mondamert L, Ploy MC, Dagot C, Labanowski J. Impact of wastewater treatment plant discharge on the contamination of river biofilms by pharmaceuticals and antibiotic resistance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1387-1398. [PMID: 27913024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the main sources of pharmaceutical residue in surface water. Epilithic biofilms were collected downstream from 12 WWTPs of various types and capacities to study the impacts of their discharge through the changes in biofilm composition (compared to a corresponding upstream biofilm) in terms of pharmaceutical concentrations and bacterial community modifications (microbial diversity and resistance integrons). The biofilm is a promising indicator to evaluate the impacts of WWTPs on the surrounding aquatic environment. Indeed, the use of biofilms reveals contamination hot spots. All of the downstream biofilms present significant concentrations (up to 965ng/g) of five to 11 pharmaceuticals (among the 12 analysed). Moreover, the exposition to the discharge point increases the presence of resistance integrons (three to 31 fold for Class 1) and modifies the diversity of the bacterial communities (for example cyanobacteria). The present study confirms that the discharge from WWTPs has an impact on the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Aubertheau
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285 IC2MP, Department of Water and Geochemistry, ENSIP, 1 Rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Thibault Stalder
- University of Limoges, INSERM UMR-S1092, Faculté de Médecine, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87065 Limoges Cedex, France; University of Limoges, GRESE EA4330, ENSIL, 16 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Leslie Mondamert
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285 IC2MP, Department of Water and Geochemistry, ENSIP, 1 Rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Ploy
- University of Limoges, INSERM UMR-S1092, Faculté de Médecine, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87065 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Dagot
- University of Limoges, INSERM UMR-S1092, Faculté de Médecine, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87065 Limoges Cedex, France; University of Limoges, GRESE EA4330, ENSIL, 16 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Labanowski
- University of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285 IC2MP, Department of Water and Geochemistry, ENSIP, 1 Rue Marcel Doré, TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers Cedex, France.
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