Biochemical features and kinetic properties of α-amylases from marine organisms

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by engineered Halomonas bluephagenesis using starch as a carbon source

A novel α-amylase Amy03713 was screened and cloned from the starch utilization strain Vibrio alginolyticus LHF01. When heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, Amy03713 exhibited the highest enzyme activity at 45 °C and pH 7, maintained >50 % of the enzyme activity in the range of 25-75 °C and pH 5-9, and sustained >80 % of the enzyme activity in 25 % (w/v) of NaCl solution, thus showing a wide range of adapted temperatures, pH, and salt concentrations. Halomonas bluephagenesis harboring amy03713 gene was able to directly utilize starch. With optimized amylase expression, H. bluephagenesis could produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P34HB). When cultured for PHB production, recombinant H. bluephagenesis was able to grow up to a cell dry weight of 11.26 g/L, achieving a PHB titer of 6.32 g/L, which is the highest titer that has been reported for PHB production from starch in shake flasks. This study suggests that Amy03713 is an ideal amylase for PHA production using starch as the carbon source in H. bluephagenesis.

Marine enzymes: Classification and application in various industries

Oceans are regarded as a plentiful and sustainable source of biological compounds. Enzymes are a group of marine biomaterials that have recently drawn more attention because they are produced in harsh environmental conditions such as high salinity, extensive pH, a wide temperature range, and high pressure. Hence, marine-derived enzymes are capable of exhibiting remarkable properties due to their unique composition. In this review, we overviewed and discussed characteristics of marine enzymes as well as the sources of marine enzymes, ranging from primitive organisms to vertebrates, and presented the importance, advantages, and challenges of using marine enzymes with a summary of their applications in a variety of industries. Current biotechnological advancements need the study of novel marine enzymes that could be applied in a variety of ways. Resources of marine enzyme can benefit greatly for biotechnological applications duo to their biocompatible, ecofriendly and high effectiveness. It is beneficial to use the unique characteristics offered by marine enzymes to either develop new processes and products or improve existing ones. As a result, marine-derived enzymes have promising potential and are an excellent candidate for a variety of biotechnology applications and a future rise in the use of marine enzymes is to be anticipated.

Optimization of amylase production using response surface methodology from newly isolated thermophilic bacteria

Present study was aimed at screening and characterizing thermostable amylase-producing bacteria from water and sediment samples of unexplored hot spring of Tatta Pani Kotli Azad Kashmir. Four thermophilic isolates were characterized on morphological, biochemical, physiological basis and were authenticated by molecular analysis. By 16S rDNA sequencing, isolates were identified as Anoxybacillus mongoliensis (MBT001), Anoxybacillus flavithermus (MBT002), Bacillus (MBT004). Among all identified strains, MBT003 showed maximum homology with both Anoxybacillus mongoliensis and Anoxybacillus flavithermus. Amylase activity was analyzed qualitatively in starch agar and quantitatively by DNS method. The optimal enzyme production was observed and authenticated by Response Surface Methodology at 7 pH, 70 °C, 1.25% substrate concentration, 300 μL of inocula volume after 48 h of incubation. Optimum amylase activity (4.4 U/mL) and stability (3.3 U/mL) was observed with 1.5% soluble starch at 70 °C. Maximum activity (3.7 U/mL) and stability (1.5 U/mL) was found at pH 8. Enzyme activity was increased in the presence of MgSO₄ and CaCl₂. Amylase was stable with surfactants and commercial detergents for 30 min. Supplementation of the enzyme with commercial detergent improved the washing ability of the detergent. This investigation has revealed that these thermostable bacteria are excellent source of amylase which can be used commercially for generating economic activity on sustainable basis.

Identification of New Amylolytic Enzymes from Marine Symbiotic Bacteria of Bacillus Species

α-amylases are one of the most common and important industrial enzymes widely used in various industries. The present study was conducted with the aim of isolating and identifying symbiotic α-amylase enzyme-producing bacteria in the intestine of Silago Sihama and Rasterliger Canagorta fish living in Qeshm Island, Hormozgan. The intestinal symbiotic bacteria of these species were isolated using nutrient agar culture medium; then, α-amylase producing bacteria were screened using a special culture medium containing starch and the Lugol’s solution test. The α-amylase enzyme activity of enzyme-producing bacteria was measured using the starch substrate. Finally, bacteria with the highest enzyme activity were selected and identified by the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results showed that out of 22 isolated bacteria, 10 were able to grow in a special culture medium, and 5 strains of these 10 bacteria had the ability to produce relatively stronger halos. The four bacterial strains belonging to the genus Bacillus that had the highest α-amylase enzyme activity were identified and registered in the NCBI gene database as B. subtilis strains HR13, HR14, HR15, and HR16. Among these four strains, two strains of B. subtilis, HR13 and HR16, displayed high enzyme activity and maximum activity at 60 °C at pH values of 5 and 7, respectively. α-Amylase enzymes isolated from marine symbiotic bacteria of Bacillus species can be considered potential candidates for application in various industries.

Zinc sulfide-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles as a robust surface for immobilization of Sillago sihama α-amylase

In the present study, zinc sulfide-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles synthesized by chemical deposition were used as a matrix for the immobilization of purified α-amylase extracted from Sillago sihama (Forsskal, 1775). In this regard, the size and morphological structure of zinc sulfide-chitosan hybrid nanoparticles before and after the stabilization process were evaluated using FT-IR, DLS methods, as well as SEM and TEM electron microscopy, and EDS analyses. Then, the efficiency of the immobilized enzyme was measured in terms of temperature, optimal pH, stability at the critical temperature, and pH values. Immobilization of α-amylase on zinc sulfide -chitosan hybrid nanoparticles increased the long-term stability, as well as its endurance to critical temperatures and pH values; however, the optimal temperature and pH values of the enzyme were not altered following the immobilization process. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme were also changed during immobilization. Enzyme immobilization increased the K_m, whereas decreased the catalytic efficiency (K_cat / K_m) of the immobilized enzyme compared with the free enzyme. These results are very important as, in most cases, enzyme immobilization reduces the activity and catalytic efficiency of enzymes. The nano-enzyme produced in this study, due to its high temperature, and pH stability, could be a good candidate for industrial applications, especially in the food industry.

Emerging trends in environmental and industrial applications of marine carbonic anhydrase: a review

Biocatalytic conversion of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into commercial products is one of the promising key approaches to solve the problem of climate change. Microbial enzymes, including carbonic anhydrase, NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, and methane monooxygenase, have been exploited to convert atmospheric gases into industrial products. Carbonic anhydrases are Zn²⁺-dependent metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible conversion of CO₂ into bicarbonate. They are widespread in bacteria, algae, plants, and higher organisms. In higher organisms, they regulate the physiological pH and contribute to CO₂ transport in the blood. In plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria carbonic anhydrases are involved in photosynthesis. Converting CO₂ into bicarbonate by carbonic anhydrases can solidify gaseous CO2, thereby reducing global warming due to the burning of fossil fuels. This review discusses the three-dimensional structures of carbonic anhydrases, their physiological role in marine life, their catalytic mechanism, the types of inhibitors, and their medicine and industry applications.

Enhancing thermostabilization of a newly discovered α-amylase from Bacillus cereus GL96 by combining computer-aided directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis

This study has described the characterization of a new a-amylase from the recently isolated Bacillus cereus GL96. Subsequently, an in-silico approach was taken into account to redesign the enzyme to meet higher thermal stability. Finally, the engineered enzyme was constructed experimentally using side-directed mutagenesis (SDM) and characterized accordingly. The enzyme was stable over pH 4-11, with the highest activity at 9.5. The temperature profile of the wild-type enzyme showed optimum activity at 50 °C plus 40% of stability at temperatures up to 70 °C. The in-silico result was indicated D162W, D162R, and D162K as the three stabilizing mutations. Among them, D162K showed better results, especially in the molecular dynamics simulation, and therefore, it was constructed by SDM. This variant was shown 5 °C higher optimum temperature (55 °C) with increasing activity than the native enzyme. In addition, it was significantly more stable than the native form. For example, while the latter almost wholly lost its function at a temperature above 70 °C, the D162K can retain more than 40% of its initial activity up to 80 °C. Considering the promising properties that the mutant enzyme showed, it can be considered for further investigation to meet the industrial requirement completely.

A simple 2-step purification process of α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis: Optimization by response surface methodology

Purification of extracellular α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis was carried out via fractional precipitation by acetone and ion exchange chromatography. These steps provide fast precipitation as well as purification of α-amylase to improve enzyme purity, activity and stability. Compared with two-phase methods in which the yield was less than 1, this method resulted in a yield of more than 3. Moreover, 95% of acetone was recovered that enhanced the economy of the downstream process. Using the data provided by 2D electrophoresis, purification was done by a single step ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme exhibited a molecular mass (SDS-PAGE) of 50KD and the pI of 5. Maximum "yield" and "purification fold" were achieved through optimization of operation parameters such as volume and flowrate of loaded protein using response surface methodology (RSM). 0.5ml of loaded protein at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min was purified as 48 folds and achieved a specific activity of 524 U/mg.

Characterization of SdGA, a cold-adapted glucoamylase from Saccharophagus degradans

We investigated the structural and functional properties of SdGA, a glucoamylase (GA) from Saccharophagus degradans, a marine bacterium which degrades different complex polysaccharides at high rate. SdGA is composed mainly by a N-terminal GH15_N domain linked to a C-terminal catalytic domain (CD) found in the GH15 family of glycosylhydrolases with an overall structure similar to other bacterial GAs. The protein was expressed in Escherichia coli cells, purified and its biochemical properties were investigated. Although SdGA has a maximum activity at 39 °C and pH 6.0, it also shows high activity in a wide range, from low to mild temperatures, like cold-adapted enzymes. Furthermore, SdGA has a higher content of flexible residues and a larger CD due to various amino acid insertions compared to other thermostable GAs. We propose that this novel SdGA, is a cold-adapted enzyme that might be suitable for use in different industrial processes that require enzymes which act at low or medium temperatures.

Metagenomic-based Approach for the Analysis of Yeast Diversity Associated with Amylase Production in Lai (Durio kutejensis)

This study reported the application of a next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of yeast diversity in native Indonesian fruit, Durio kutejensis, collected from Borneo, Central Kalimantan. The analysis was designed to observe the microbial consortium associated with solid state fermentation (SSF) for amylase production. Together with the additional data from culture-dependent analysis, we observed the morphological features, molecular characteristics, and amylase concentration produced by each isolate. We performed Solid State Fermentation (SSF) for amylase production and the enzyme activity was then determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 540 nm. Result obtained from metagenomic approach consist of 4 group that fungal species included in the Ascomycota identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea (1.35%), Lasiodiplodia crassispora (17.62%), Aureobasidium pullulans (55.02%), Paraphoma chrysanthemicola (11.38%), Preussia funiculate (1.90%), Sporormiella intermedia (0.82%), Myrothecium gramineum (1.35%), Fusarium oxysporum (6.24%), Fusarium proliferatum (3.25%) and Phialemoniopsis curvata (1.08%). The results of isolation using culturable medium in the form of YMA obtained 40 yeast isolates. A total of 40 representative isolates from durian fruit were screened, two positive amylase isolates based on clear zones formed were DU 4.2 (Candida sorboxylosa) and DU4.22 (Cyberlindnera fabianii) isolates with amylolytic index of DU 4.2 isolates at 0.24 and DU 4.22 at 0.72 with an incubation time of 48 h. The highest amylase enzyme activity was found in isolate DU 4.2 of 31.21 U / mL.

A Novel Digestive α-Amylase from Blue Crab (Portunus segnis) Viscera: Purification, Biochemical Characterization and Application for the Improvement of Antioxidant Potential of Oat Flour

This study reports on the purification and characterization of a digestive α-amylase from blue crab (Portunussegnis) viscera designated Blue Crab Amylase (BCA). The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and Sepharose mono Q anion exchange chromatography, with the final purification fold of 424.02, specific activity of 1390.8 U mg⁻¹ and 27.8% recovery. BCA, showing a molecular weight of approximately 45 kDa, possesses desirable biotechnological features, such as optimal temperature of 50 °C, interesting thermal stability which is enhanced in the presence of starch, high stability towards surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 80 and Triton X-100), high specific activity, quite high storage and broad pH range stability. The enzyme displayed Km and Vmax values, of 7.5 ± 0.25 mg mL⁻¹ and 2000 ± 23 μmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ for potato starch, respectively. It hydrolyzed various carbohydrates and produced maltose, maltotriose and maltotetraose as the major end products of starch hydrolysis. In addition, the purified enzyme was successfully utilized for the improvement of the antioxidant potential of oat flour, which could be extended to other cereals. Interestingly, besides its suitability for application in different industrial sectors, especially food industries, the biochemical properties of BCA from the blue crab viscera provide novel features with other marine-derived enzymes and better understanding of the biodegradability of carbohydrates in marine environments, particularly in invasive alien crustaceans.

The Bark Beetle Dendroctonus rhizophagus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Has Digestive Capacity to Degrade Complex Substrates: Functional Characterization and Heterologous Expression of an α-Amylase

Dendroctonus-bark beetles are natural agents contributing to vital processes in coniferous forests, such as regeneration, succession, and material recycling, as they colonize and kill damaged, stressed, or old pine trees. These beetles spend most of their life cycle under stem and roots bark where they breed, develop, and feed on phloem. This tissue is rich in essential nutrients and complex molecules such as starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which apparently are not available for these beetles. We evaluated the digestive capacity of Dendroctonusrhizophagus to hydrolyze starch. Our aim was to identify α-amylases and characterize them both molecularly and biochemically. The findings showed that D. rhizophagus has an α-amylase gene (AmyDr) with a single isoform, and ORF of 1452 bp encoding a 483-amino acid protein (53.15 kDa) with a predicted signal peptide of 16 amino acids. AmyDr has a mutation in the chlorine-binding site, present in other phytophagous insects and in a marine bacterium. Docking analysis showed that AmyDr presents a higher binding affinity to amylopectin compared to amylose, and an affinity binding equally stable to calcium, chlorine, and nitrate ions. AmyDr native protein showed amylolytic activity in the head-pronotum and gut, and its recombinant protein, a polypeptide of ~53 kDa, showed conformational stability, and its activity is maintained both in the presence and absence of chlorine and nitrate ions. The AmyDr gene showed a differential expression significantly higher in the gut than the head-pronotum, indicating that starch hydrolysis occurs mainly in the midgut. An overview of the AmyDr gene expression suggests that the amylolytic activity is regulated through the developmental stages of this bark beetle and associated with starch availability in the host tree.

Hydrolysis of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) flour by Candida homilentoma strains: effects of pH and temperature using Central Composite Rotatable Design

The current study focuses on the evaluation of culture parameters on the enzymatic hydrolysis of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam flour by Candida homilentoma strains. A 2-factor-5-level CCRD was used to evaluate the effect of pH and temperature on the hydrolysis process. For the S-47 strain, pH and both studied parameters were significant at 48 h and 96 h, respectively. Regarding S-81 strain, temperature was the only factor affecting the process, at 96 hours. The regression models were significant, and no lack of fit was observed for them.

Functional study of C-terminal domain of the thermoacidophilic raw starch-hydrolyzing α-amylase Gt-amy

Since the thermoacidophilic raw-starch hydrolyzing α-amylase Gt-amy can effectively hydrolyze corn starch under starch liquefaction conditions, it has potential for many industrial applications. To identify the raw starch-binding domain of Gt-amy, a C-terminal domain (CTD)-truncated mutant (Gt-amy-T) was constructed, and its enzymatic properties were compared with Gt-amy. In comparison to CTD of Gt-amy, which could effectively bind corn starch, the Gt-amy-T could not bind to and hydrolyze corn starch under similar conditions. In addition, Gt-amy-T showed significantly lower thermal activity and thermal stability. Using soluble starch as the substrate, the k _cat of Gt-amy-T at 80 °C was approximately 77.9% of that of Gt-amy. The half-life of Gt-amy at 80 °C was 3 h, while that of Gt-amy-T was 2 h. These results reveal that the CTD plays a vital role in raw starch binding and degradation by Gt-amy and helps Gt-amy maintain thermal activity and stability.

AmyZ1: a novel α-amylase from marine bacterium Pontibacillus sp. ZY with high activity toward raw starches

BACKGROUND

Starch is an inexpensive and renewable raw material for numerous industrial applications. However, most starch-based products are not cost-efficient due to high-energy input needed in traditional enzymatic starch conversion processes. Therefore, α-amylase with high efficiency to directly hydrolyze high concentration raw starches at a relatively lower temperature will have a profound impact on the efficient application of starch.

RESULTS

A novel raw starch digesting α-amylase (named AmyZ1) was screened and cloned from a deep-sea bacterium Pontibacillus sp. ZY. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AmyZ1 was a member of subfamily 5 of glycoside hydrolase family 13. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the recombinant AmyZ1 showed high activity at pH 6.0-7.5 and 25-50 °C. Its optimal pH and temperature were 7.0 and 35 °C, respectively. Similar to most α-amylases, AmyZ1 activity was enhanced (2.4-fold) by 1.0 mM Ca²⁺. Its half-life time at 35 °C was also extended from about 10 min to 100 min. In comparison, AmyZ1 showed a broad substrate specificity toward raw starches, including those derived from rice, corn, and wheat. The specific activity of AmyZ1 towards raw rice starch was 12,621 ± 196 U/mg, much higher than other reported raw starch hydrolases. When used in raw starch hydrolyzing process, AmyZ1 hydrolyzed 52%, 47% and 38% of 30% (w/v) rice, corn, and wheat starch after 4 h incubation. It can also hydrolyze marine raw starch derived from Chlorella pyrenoidosa, resulting in 50.9 mg/g DW (dry weight of the biomass) of reducing sugars after 4 h incubation at 35 °C. Furthermore, when hydrolyzing raw corn starch using the combination of AmyZ1 and commercial glucoamylase, the hydrolysis rate reached 75% after 4.5 h reaction, notably higher than that obtained in existing starch-processing industries.

CONCLUSIONS

As a novel raw starch-digesting α-amylase with high specific activity, AmyZ1 efficiently hydrolyzed raw starches derived from both terrestrial and marine environments at near ambient temperature, suggesting its application potential in starch-based industrial processes.

Characteristics of the Copper,Zinc Superoxide Dismutase of a Hadal Sea Cucumber (Paelopatides sp.) from the Mariana Trench

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are among the most important antioxidant enzymes and show great potential in preventing adverse effects during therapeutic trials. In the present study, cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Ps-Cu,Zn-SOD) from a hadal sea cucumber (Paelopatides sp.) were reported. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Ps-Cu,Zn-SOD belonged to a class of intracellular SOD. Its Km and Vmax were 0.0258 ± 0.0048 mM and 925.1816 ± 28.0430 units/mg, respectively. The low Km value of this enzyme represents a high substrate affinity and can adapt to the low metabolic rate of deep sea organisms. The enzyme functioned from 0 °C to 80 °C with an optimal temperature of 40 °C. Moreover, the enzyme activity was maintained up to 87.12% at 5 °C. The enzyme was active at pH 4 to 12 with an optimal pH of 8.5. Furthermore, Ps-Cu,Zn-SOD tolerated high concentration of urea and GuHCl, resisted hydrolysis by proteases, and maintained stability at high pressure. All these features demonstrated that the deep sea Ps-Cu,Zn-SOD is a potential candidate for application to the biopharmaceutical field.

Update on Marine Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzymes: Biotechnological Applications

After generating much interest in the past as an aid in solving structural problems for complex molecules such as polysaccharides, carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes of marine origin still appear as interesting biocatalysts for a range of useful applications in strong interdisciplinary fields such as green chemistry and similar domains. The multifaceted fields in which these enzymes are of interest and the scarce number of original articles in literature prompted us to provide the specialized analysis here reported. General considerations from modern (2016-2017 interval time) review articles are at start of this manuscript; then it is subsequently organized in sections according to particular biopolymers and original research articles are discussed. Literature sources like the Science Direct database with an optimized W/in search, and the Espacenet patent database were used.

Penaeus vannamei protease activating mechanism of sulfhydryl reducing compounds

For the very first time, protease enzyme from Penaeus vannamei was investigated for its activation with thiol reductant compounds. The mechanism by which sulfhydryl reductant compounds enhances the activity of P. vannamei protease still remains unclear. In this study, it was discovered that thiol-reactive compounds increase P. vannamei protease activity by a factor of about 4 with increasing V_max and decreasing Km parameters. Moreover, the reaction is an S_N2-type that does not require the initial binding of the thiol group of these compounds to the enzyme. Additionally, k₂ increased appreciably with increasing concentration of sulfhydryl reductant compounds. The linearity of this plot indicates that k₁ is unaffected by the addition of thiol compounds. Hence, the observed effect of thiol compounds on K_m seems to be due to an increase in k₂. These results suggest that the activation mechanism of P. vannamei protease almost certainly takes place by an S_N2 reaction mechanism.

Marine microbial L-asparaginase: Biochemistry, molecular approaches and applications in tumor therapy and in food industry

The marine environment is a rich source of biological and chemical diversity. It covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface and features a wide diversity of habitats, often displaying extreme conditions, where marine organisms thrive, offering a vast pool for microorganisms and enzymes. Given the dissimilarity between marine and terrestrial habitats, enzymes and microorganisms, either novel or with different and appealing features as compared to terrestrial counterparts, may be identified and isolated. L-asparaginase (E.C. 3.5.1.1), is among the relevant enzymes that can be obtained from marine sources. This amidohydrolase acts on L-asparagine and produce L-aspartate and ammonia, accordingly it has an acknowledged chemotherapeutic application, namely in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Moreover, L-asparaginase is also of interest in the food industry as it prevents acrylamide formation. Terrestrial organisms have been largely tapped for L-asparaginases, but most failed to comply with criteria for practical applications, whereas marine sources have only been marginally screened. This work provides an overview on the relevant features of this enzyme and the framework for its application, with a clear emphasis on the use of L-asparaginase from marine sources. The review envisages to highlight the unique properties of marine L-asparaginases that could make them good candidates for medical applications and industries, especially in food safety.

Penaeus vannamei protease stabilizing process of ZnS nanoparticles

The protease enzyme purified from the Penaeus vannamei shrimp has unique properties, so improving the stability of this enzyme can improve their practical applications. In this study, ZnS nanoparticles, which have special properties for enzyme immobilization, were synthesized using a chemical precipitation method, and Penaeus vannamei protease was successfully immobilized on them. The size, structure, and morphology of the ZnS nanoparticles, and the immobilization of the protease were studied, using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis. We show that the immobilized enzyme has improved functionality at high temperatures, extreme pH conditions (pH3 and 12), and during storage. Immobilization increased the optimum temperature range of the enzyme, but did not change the pH optimum, which remained at pH7. Immobilization of P. vannamei protease enzyme increased the K_m and decreased k_cat/K_m. These results indicate that P. vannamei protease immobilized on ZnS nanoparticles, has improved properties due to its high stability and unique properties, can be used for biotechnology applications.

Production of Enzymes From Agricultural Wastes and Their Potential Industrial Applications

Enzymatic hydrolysis is the significant technique for the conversion of agricultural wastes into valuable products. Agroindustrial wastes such as rice bran, wheat bran, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, and corncob are cheapest and plentifully available natural carbon sources for the production of industrially important enzymes. Innumerable enzymes that have numerous applications in industrial processes for food, drug, textile, and dye use have been produced from different types of microorganisms from agricultural wastes. Utilization of agricultural wastes offers great potential for reducing the production cost and increasing the use of enzymes for industrial purposes. This chapter focuses on economic production of actinobacterial enzymes from agricultural wastes to make a better alternative for utilization of biomass generated in million tons as waste annually.