Preparation and characterization of potato starch-thymol dispersion and film as potential antioxidant and antibacterial materials

Molecular changes and interactions of wheat flour biopolymers during bread-making: Implications to upcycle bread waste into bioplastics

This study aims to understand the molecular and supramolecular transformations of wheat endosperm biopolymers during bread-making, and their implications to fabricate self-standing films from stale white bread. A reduction in the Mw of amylopectin (51.8 × 106 vs 425.1 × 106 g/mol) and water extractable arabinoxylans WEAX (1.79 × 105 vs 7.63 × 105 g/mol), and a decrease in amylose length (245 vs 748 glucose units) was observed after bread-baking. The chain length distribution of amylopectin and the arabinose-to-xylose (A/X) ratio of WEAX remained unaffected during bread-making, suggesting that heat- or/and shear-induced chain scission is the mechanism responsible for molecular fragmentation. Bread-making also resulted in more insoluble cell wall residue, featured by water unextractable arabinoxylan of lower A/X and Mw, along with the formation of a gluten network. Flexible and transparent films with good light-blocking performance (<30 % transmittance) and DPPH-radical scavenging capacity (~8.5 %) were successfully developed from bread and flour. Bread films exhibited lower hygroscopicity, tensile strength (2.7 vs 8.5 MPa) and elastic modulus (67 vs 501 MPa) than flour films, while having a 6-fold higher elongation at break (10.0 vs 61.2 %). This study provides insights into the changes in wheat biopolymers during bread-making and sets a precedent for using stale bread as composite polymeric materials.

Active Films of Cassava Starch Incorporated with Carvacrol Nanocapsules

The synthesis of active films with natural antimicrobials from renewable sources offers an alternative to conventional non-biodegradable packaging and synthetic additives. This study aimed to develop cassava starch films with antimicrobial activity by incorporating either free carvacrol or chia mucilage nanocapsules loaded with carvacrol (CMNC) and assess their impact on the physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of the films, as well as their efficacy against foodborne pathogens. The addition of free carvacrol led to a reduction in mechanical properties due to its hydrophobic nature and limited interaction with the polymeric matrix. Conversely, CMNC enhanced elongation at break and reduced light transmission, with a more uniform distribution in the polymeric matrix. Films containing 8% carvacrol exhibited inhibitory effects against Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes, further potentiated when encapsulated in chia mucilage nanocapsules. These findings suggest that such films hold promise as active packaging materials to inhibit bacterial growth, ensuring food safety and extending shelf life.

Effect of TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose nanofibers stabilized Pickering emulsion of cinnamon essential oil on structure and properties of gelatin composite films

Pure gelatin film often exhibits high hydrophilicity and a lack of antibacterial activity, hindering its practical application in the field of food preservation. To address these issues, we incorporated 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-oxidized bacterial cellulose (TOBC) nanofibers stabilized cinnamon essential oil (CEO) Pickering emulsions into the gelatin matrix to develop active food packaging films. The study revealed that the good distribution of emulsion droplets in the film matrix. While with increasing Pickering emulsion proportion, the microstructures of composite films were more heterogeneous, showing some pores or cavities. In addition, the insertion of TOBC-stabilized CEO emulsions could improve the elongation at break (EAB), water-resistance, UV blocking ability, and antibacterial activity of film, but reduced its tensile strength (TS) and water vapor barrier properties (WVP). Notably, the film prepared with 4 % TOBC-stabilized CEO Pickering emulsion demonstrated enhanced preservation of strawberries. Overall, the as-prepared gelatin-based active composite films have considerable potential for food packaging.

Synergistic effects of EDTA and lysozyme on the properties of hydroxypropyl starch nano antibacterial films

Hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) nano antibacterial films incorporating Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and lysozyme (LY) were fabricated via solvent casting method. The synergistic effects of EDTA and LY on the microstructure, component interactions, color, optical, mechanical, barrier and antibacterial properties of HPS nano antibacterial films were evaluated. The results indicated that EDTA and LY were well dispersed in the matrix of the HPS nano antibacterial films, the film-forming substrates have good compatibility, resulting in a dense multi-layer structure of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The addition of EDTA and LY increased the color parameters (L*, a*, b* and △E*) of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The synergistic effects of EDTA and LY significantly decreased the light transmission of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The presence of EDTA and LY increased the tensile strength (TS) and the elongation at break (EAB) of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The TS and EAB of E2.5L1 reached the highest values of 6.329 MPa and 50.24 %, respectively. The incorporation of EDTA and LY had positive effects on the improvement of water vapor permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP). The WVP and OP of E2.5L1 reached the highest values of 0.9350 × 10-12 g cm/cm2•s•Pa and 0.297 × 10 -2 g m/m2 •d, respectively. In addition, EDTA and LY had significant synergistic effects on the antibacterial activity against S. aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria). E2.5L1 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and the inhibition zone diameters of S. aureus and E. coli were 3.69 mm and 4.28 mm, respectively. The HPS nano antibacterial films incorporating EDTA and LY are potential functional packaging materials.

High-efficacy antimicrobial acyclic N-halamine-grafted polyvinyl alcohol film

With N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as raw materials, a polymer (PVA-MBA) containing N-halamine precursor functional groups was obtained via grafting reaction between the active hydroxyl groups on PVA and α, β-unsaturated functional groups of MBA under the catalysis of sodium carbonate in an aqueous solution. An acyclic N-halamine precursor-grafted PVA (MBA-PVA) film was formed by simply spreading PVA-MBA aqueous solution in a glass dish and drying it. An antimicrobial acyclic N-halamine-grafted PVA (PVA-MBA-Cl) film was achieved by spraying the diluted sodium hypochlorite solution onto the surface of PVA-MBA film. The performance test of PVA-MBA-Cl film under the optimal preparation conditions showed that the tensile performance and the hydrophobicity were improved, compared to the PVA film. The storage stability test indicated that the oxidative chlorine content Cl+ (atoms/cm2) of the as-prepared PVA-MBA-Cl film only reduced by 14.3% after storage for 9 weeks, showing that the antibacterial N-halamine functional groups in PVA-MBA-Cl film has excellent storage stability under room temperature. Antibacterial test showed that the PVA-MBA-Cl film had very strong antibacterial efficacies and could completely kill 1.28 × 106 CFU/mL S. aureus and 1.89 × 106 CFU/mL E. coli within 1 min. Therefore, PVA-MBA-Cl film will have more potential applications in food package.

Supercritical CO2 Impregnation of Thymol in Thermoplastic Starch-Based Blends: Chemico-Physical Properties and Release Kinetics

The aim of the present study was to investigate starch-based materials, prepared in an environmentally friendly way and from renewable resources, suitable for the development of biodegradable active food packaging. For this purpose, a bioactive compound (thymol) was incorporated into thermoplastic starch (TPS) and a TPS blend with poly (ε-caprolactone) (TPS-PCL) by the supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) impregnation process. Impregnation experiments with scCO₂ were carried out at a pressure of 30 MPa and temperatures in the range of 40-100 °C during 1 to 20 h. The structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the obtained materials were comprehensively evaluated. Bioactive component release kinetic studies were performed in water at 6 °C and 25 °C. It was shown that the scCO₂ impregnation process could be successfully employed for thymol loading into TPS and TPS-PCL. The process was significantly influenced by the operating temperature and time as well as content of PCL. The samples showed a controlled release of thymol within seven days with a higher amount of released thymol from the TPS-PCL blend. The obtained materials are solvent-free and release the bioactive component in a controlled manner.

Development of sodium alginate/glycerol/tannic acid coated cotton as antimicrobial system

Present study aims at developing antimicrobial cotton gauze by dip coating of sodium alginate (SA), glycerol (Gly) and tannic acid (TA) blend. SA blends were prepared with varying concentration of glycerol in the range of 10-40 %. Blended films were fabricated and characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), tensile studies, and contact angle analysis. The mechanical behavior of films indicated significant decrease in the tensile strength and modulus with the increase in the glycerol content due to the plasticization effect. The hydrophilicity of the blend films increased with increase in the glycerol content. TA was added to the blend as an antimicrobial agent. These blends were coated on the cotton gauze by dip coating method and their characterizations were carried out by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which revealed a smooth coating of SA:Gly:TA blend on cotton gauze. Antimicrobial analysis of TA coated gauzes was carried out which showed >95 % viable colony reduction against E. coli and S. aureus. Cytocompatibility studies indicated excellent cell-compatible activity. These results implicated that such coated gauzes are promising candidate that hold the great potential to be utilized as infection-resistant material in the health care sector.

Antibacterial, Antioxidation, UV-Blocking, and Biodegradable Soy Protein Isolate Food Packaging Film with Mangosteen Peel Extract and ZnO Nanoparticles

The objective of this study was to prepare a functional biodegradable soy protein isolate (SPI) food packaging film by introducing a natural antimicrobial agent, mangosteen peel extract (MPE, 10 wt% based on SPI), and different concentrations of functional modifiers, ZnO NPs, into the natural polymer SPI by solution casting method. The physical, antioxidant, antibacterial properties and chemical structures were also investigated. The composite film with 5% ZnO NPs had the maximum tensile strength of 8.84 MPa and the lowest water vapor transmission rate of 9.23 g mm/m² h Pa. The composite film also exhibited excellent UV-blocking, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The TGA results showed that the introduction of MPE and ZnO NPs improved the thermal stability of SPI films. The microstructure of the films was analyzed by SEM to determine the smooth surface of the composite films. ATR-FTIR and XPS analyses demonstrated the strong hydrogen bonding of SPI, MPE, and ZnO NPs in the films. The presence of ZnO NPs in the composite films was also proved by EDX and XRD. These results suggest that SPI/MPE/ZnO composite film is promising for food-active packaging to extend the shelf life of food products.

Enhancing the dispersibility of multiwalled carbon nanotubes within starch-based films by the use of ionic surfactants

The incorporation of carbon-based nanomaterials into biopolymer matrix, to provide mechanical reinforcement and to obtain electrically conductive bionanocomposites, requires the homogeneous dispersion of the fillers. Herein, it is investigated the influence of surfactant structures on the dispersibility of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) within starch matrix. Three different ionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium cholate (SC), are employed to disperse the MWNT. Films with MWNT-SC show better dispersibility and an increase of about 75% of tensile strength and 60% of Young's modulus compared with films using MWNT-SDS and MWNT-CTAB. Nevertheless, MWNT functionalized with CTAB impart the highest values of antioxidant activity (scavenging activity around 30% in 1.5 h) and electrical conductivity (σ =14.75 S/m) to starch matrix. The properties of starch-based films can be tailored according to the physical adsorption of each surfactant on MWNT surface and/or the interfacial interaction of the surfactant with starch chains.

Physical, Mechanical, and Water Vapor Barrier Properties of Starch/Cellulose Nanofiber/Thymol Bionanocomposite Films

The application of starch films, such as food packaging materials, has been restricted due to poor mechanical and barrier properties. However, the addition of a reinforcing agent, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and also thymol, into the films, may improve the properties of films. This work investigates the effects of incorporating different concentrations of thymol (3, 5, 7, and 10 wt.%) on physical, mechanical, water vapor barrier, and antibacterial properties of corn starch films, containing 1.5 wt.% CNF produced using the solvent casting method. The addition of thymol does not significantly affect the color and opacity of the films. It is found that the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the films decreases from 10.6 to 6.3 MPa and from 436.9 to 209.8 MPa, respectively, and the elongation at break increased from 110.6% to 123.5% with the incorporation of 10 wt.% thymol into the films. Furthermore, the addition of thymol at higher concentrations (7 and 10 wt.%) improved the water vapor barrier of the films by approximately 60.0%, from 4.98 × 10^—9 to 2.01 × 10^—9 g/d.m.Pa. Starch/CNF/thymol bionanocomposite films are also found to exhibit antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. In conclusion, the produced starch/CNF/thymol bionanocomposite films have the potential to be used as antibacterial food packaging materials.

Combination of Sorbitol and Glycerol, as Plasticizers, and Oxidized Starch Improves the Physicochemical Characteristics of Films for Food Preservation

The aim of this work was to use glycerol (Gly) and sorbitol (Sor) as plasticizers with oxidized starch potato (OS) to produce biodegradable and environmentally friendly films, and to demonstrate the resulting physicochemical and functional viability without subtracting the organoleptic characteristics of the food. Analyses by water vapor permeability (WVP), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectra (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile strength (TS), and transparency (UV) showed that the best film result was with 1.5 g of Gly and 2.0 g of Sor, conferred shine, elasticity 19.42 ± 6.20%, and mechanical support. The starch oxidized to 2.5%, contributing a greater transparency of 0.33 ± 0.12 and solubility of 78.90 ± 0.94%, as well as less permeability to water vapor 6.22 ± 0.38 gmm^-2 d^-1 kPa^-1. The films obtained provide an alternative for use in food due to their organic compounds, excellent visual presentation, and barrier characteristics that maintain their integrity and, therefore, their functionality.

Effects of nanocellulose fiber and thymol on mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of corn starch films

This study explores the preparation of corn starch (CS) films incorporated with nanocellulose fiber (NCF) and different concentrations of thymol (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% weight of thymol/volume of solution (% w/v)) via the solvent casting method. The resulting films were characterized by the functional chemistry, crystallinity, morphology, mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the thymol and starch, as well as the thymol and glycerol, via hydroxyl groups of glycerol, starch, and thymol. The film crystallinity decreased with increasing concentration of thymol. The addition of NCF at 1.5% weight of starch increased the tensile strength (TS) and Young's Modulus (YM), but decreased the elongation at break (EAB), oxygen permeability, and water vapor permeability of the CS films. The thermal stability of the CS films was also improved with the addition of NCF. The addition of thymol to the CS/NCF bio-nanocomposite films decreased the TS and YM, respectively but increased the EAB due to the plasticizing effect of thymol. The addition of thymol also improved the thermal stability but reduced the barrier properties of the films. The effects on the mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties were more pronounced at higher concentrations of thymol. In conclusion, the inclusion of both NCF and thymol led to the improvement of the flexibility and thermal stability of the CS films.

Polymeric Carriers Designed for Encapsulation of Essential Oils with Biological Activity

The article reviews the possibilities of encapsulating essential oils EOs, due to their multiple benefits, controlled release, and in order to protect them from environmental conditions. Thus, we present the natural polymers and the synthetic macromolecular chains that are commonly used as networks for embedding EOs, owing to their biodegradability and biocompatibility, interdependent encapsulation methods, and potential applicability of bioactive blend structures. The possibilities of using artificial intelligence to evaluate the bioactivity of EOs—in direct correlation with their chemical constitutions and structures, in order to avoid complex laboratory analyses, to save money and time, and to enhance the final consistency of the products—are also presented.

Synthesis of Poly(Ethylene Brassylate-Co-squaric Acid) as Potential Essential Oil Carrier

Bio-based compounds are a leading direction in the context of the increased demand for these materials due to the numerous advantages associated with their use over conventional materials, which hardly degrade in the environment. At the same time, the use of essential oils and their components is generated mainly by finding alternative solutions to antibiotics and synthetic preservatives due to their bioactive characteristics, but also to their synergistic capacity during the manifestation of different biological properties. The present study is devoted to poly(ethylene brassylate-co-squaric acid) (PEBSA), synthesis and its use for thymol encapsulation and antibacterial system formation. The synthesized copolymer, performed through ethylene brassylate macrolactone ring-opening and copolymerization with squaric acid, was physicochemical characterized. Its amphiphilic character allowed the entrapment of thymol (Ty), a natural monoterpenoid phenol found in oil of thyme, a compound with strong antiseptic properties. The copolymer chemical structure was confirmed by spectroscopic analyses. Thermal analysis evidenced a good thermal stability for the copolymer. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of PEBSA_Ty complex was investigated against eight different reference strains namely: bacterial strains-Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Klebsiella pneumonie ATCC 10031 and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, yeast strains represented by Candida albicans ATCC10231 and Candida glabrata ATCC 2001, and the fungal strain Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC9642.

Corn Starch/Chitosan Nanoparticles/Thymol Bio-Nanocomposite Films for Potential Food Packaging Applications

This work aims to develop corn starch/chitosan nanoparticles/thymol (CS/CNP/Thy) bio-nanocomposite films as potential food packaging materials that can enhance the shelf life of food. CS/CNP/Thy bio-nanocomposite films were prepared by the addition of different concentrations of thymol (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 w/w%) using a solvent casting method. The resulting films were characterized in terms of optical, mechanical, and water vapor permeability (WVP) properties. The addition of thymol was found to reduce the tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), and Young’s modulus (YM) of the films. Generally, the increment in the concentration of thymol did not significantly affect the TS, EAB, and YM values. The addition of 1.5 w/w% thymol increased the WVP of the films but the WVP reduced with the increase in thymol concentrations. CS/CNP/Thy-3% bio-nanocomposite films demonstrated the potential to lengthen the shelf life of cherry tomatoes packed with the films, whereby the cherry tomatoes exhibited no significant changes in firmness and the lowest weight loss. In addition, no mold growth was observed on the sliced cherry tomatoes that were in direct contact with the films during 7 days of storage, proving the promising application of the films as active food packaging materials.

Controlled Release, Disintegration, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Thymol/Nanoclay Composites

Nano-biocomposite films based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA) were prepared by adding thymol (8 wt.%) and a commercial montmorillonite (D43B) at different concentrations (2.5 and 5 wt.%). The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and disintegration properties of all films were determined. A kinetic study was carried out to evaluate the thymol release from the polymer matrix into ethanol 10% (v/v) as food simulant. The nanostructured networks formed in binary and ternary systems were of interest in controlling the release of thymol into the food simulant. The results indicated that the diffusion of thymol through the PLA matrix was influenced by the presence of the nanoclay. Disintegration tests demonstrated that the incorporation of both additives promoted the breakdown of the polymer matrix due to the presence of the reactive hydroxyl group in the thymol structure and ammonium groups in D43B. Active films containing thymol and D43B efficiently enhanced the antioxidant activity (inhibition values higher than 77%) of the nano-biocomposites. Finally, the addition of 8 wt.% thymol and 2.5 wt.% D43B significantly increased the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4, resulting in a clear advantage to improve the shelf-life of perishable packaged food.

Development of Hypericum perforatum oil incorporated antimicrobial and antioxidant chitosan cryogel as a wound dressing material

In this study, a herbal infused oil (Hypericum perforatum, HP) incorporated chitosan (CS) cryogel as a wound dressing material was produced in order to be used in wound healing process. The main strategy is to combine the traditional perspective of using medicinal oils with polymeric scaffolds manufactured by an engineering approach to fabricate a potential tissue engineering product that provides both new tissue formation and wound healing. The scaffolds manufactured by cryogelation were soft, spongy, highly porous, physically stable, elastic and could be easily cut in any desired shape. Physicochemical, mechanical and morphological analyzes were used to characterize the produced cryogels. Young modulus of the plain chitosan cryogel was about 21 kPa whereas it increased with increasing HP oil content and became 61 kPa for 20% HP oil ratio. Further, the antimicrobial studies, antioxidant and DNA cleavage effects were investigated. Samples including the highest ratio of oil (CS4) showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity as 69.9%. In addition, 20% HP oil loaded chitosan cryogel demonstrated single strain DNA cleavage activitiy at 500 μg/mL concentration. Antimicrobial studies were applied against seven strains. The lowest activities were obtained against E. hirae and B. cereus, the highest against E. coli and L. pneumophila. This study concluded that the newly developed HP oil loaded chitosan cryogel scaffolds with unique antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are promising candidates to be used in tissue engineering applications as wound dressing for exudative and long-term healing wounds.

Applicability of Agro-Industrial By-Products in Intelligent Food Packaging

Nowadays, technological advancement is in continuous development in all areas, including food packaging, which tries to find a balance between consumer preferences, environmental safety, and issues related to food quality and control. The present paper concretely details the concepts of smart, active, and intelligent packaging and identifies commercially available examples used in the food packaging market place. Along with this purpose, several bioactive compounds are identified and described, which are compounds that can be recovered from the by-products of the food industry and can be integrated into smart food packaging supporting the “zero waste” activities. The biopolymers obtained from crustacean processing or compounds with good antioxidant or antimicrobial properties such as carotenoids extracted from agro-industrial processing are underexploited and inexpensive resources for this purpose. Along with the main agro-industrial by-products, more concrete examples of resources are presented, such as grape marc, banana peels, or mango seeds. The commercial and technological potential of smart packaging in the food industry is undeniable and most importantly, this paper highlights the possibility of integrating the by-products derived compounds to intelligent packaging elements (sensors, indicators, radio frequency identification).

Physical-Chemical Evaluation of Active Food Packaging Material Based on Thermoplastic Starch Loaded with Grape cane Extract

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological properties of active thermoplastic starch-based materials. The extract obtained from grape cane waste was used as a source of stilbene bioactive components to enhance the functional properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS). The biomaterials were prepared by the compression molding technique and subjected to mechanical, thermal, antioxidant, and microbiological tests. The results showed that the addition of grape cane extract up to 15 wt% (TPS/WE15) did not significantly influence the thermal stability of obtained biomaterials, whereas mechanical resistance decreased. On the other side, among all tested pathogens, thermoplastic starch based materials showed antifungal activity toward Botrytis cinerea and antimicrobial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting potential application in food packaging as an active biomaterial layer.

Application of Adzuki Bean Starch in Antioxidant Films Containing Cocoa Nibs Extract

In this study, starch extracted from adzuki bean (ABS) was used as a biodegradable film source. In addition, to develop a new antioxidant film, various amounts of cocoa nibs extract (CNE, 0.3%, 0.7%, and 1%) were incorporated. With the addition of CNE, the elongation at break of the ABS films increased and the tensile strength decreased. The ABS films with CNE showed increased 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities with increasing amounts of CNE. In particular, the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities of the ABS films containing 1% CNE were 100% and 94.9%, respectively. Furthermore, decomposition of the films was observed after 28 days of biodegradation. Thus, ABS films containing CNE can be applied as a new active packaging material.

How Glycerol and Water Contents Affect the Structural and Functional Properties of Starch-Based Edible Films

As starch is an inexpensive, filmogenic, easily processable and a widely available material, it is a material that can be utilized in the creation of biodegradable films and containers, presenting as a viable alternative to polymers derived from petrol. Moreover, starch could also be used to create edible coatings for fresh foods in order to extend shelf life. As such, wheat starch films with two glycerol contents were formulated to mimic the effects of compounds currently used to coat fruit. Their structural and functional properties were characterized. This study found that the transfer properties of starch films containing 33% of plasticizer was less effective than film comprised of 50% glycerol. Water diffusivity, oxygen permeability, and water vapor permeability at two different humidity gradients, surface tension, works of surface adhesion and cohesion, and moisture sorption were tested. Glycerol content does not play a significant role on the color or mechanical properties. This work shows that glycerol can strongly affect the functional properties of starch-based coatings and films.

Physical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of modified peanut protein isolate based films incorporating thymol

An active film made from modified peanut protein isolate (PPI) and incorporating thymol (TML) was developed.