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Masson P, Mukhametgalieva AR. Partial Reversible Inhibition of Enzymes and Its Metabolic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12973. [PMID: 37629158 PMCID: PMC10454656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Partial reversible inhibition of enzymes, also called hyperbolic inhibition, is an uncommon mechanism of reversible inhibition, resulting from a productive enzyme-inhibitor complex. This type of inhibition can involve competitive, mixed, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibitors. While full reversible inhibitors show linear plots for reciprocal enzyme initial velocity versus inhibitor concentration, partial inhibitors produce hyperbolic plots. Similarly, dose-response curves show residual fractional activity of enzymes at high doses. This article reviews the theory and methods of analysis and discusses the significance of this type of reversible enzyme inhibition in metabolic processes, and its implications in pharmacology and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Biochemical Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, 18 ul. Kremlevskaya, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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2
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Feng D, Fang Z, Zhang P. The melanin inhibitory effect of plants and phytochemicals: A systematic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 107:154449. [PMID: 36126406 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin plays an important role in protecting human skin, while excessive synthesis of melanin can cause abnormal pigmentation and induce skin diseases. Long-term use of commercial whitening agents in managing skin melanin such as kojic acid and arbutin can lead to some negative effects such as dermatitis and liver cancer. Although past studies have researched the melanin inhibitory effect of plant extracts, the effective dose and mechanisms are not well summarized and discussed. This study aims to explore the melanin inhibitory property of phytochemicals and tries to answer the following research questions: (1) Which plant extracts and phytochemicals could inhibit melanin biosynthesis in the skin? what is the mechanism of action? (2) Have human trials been conducted to confirm their melanin inhibitory effect? (3) If not, which phytochemicals are recommended for further human trials? This article would provide information for future research to develop natural and safe skin whitening products. METHODS A preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) systematic review method and OHAT risk-of-bias tool were applied to screen literature from 2000 to 2021 and 50 research articles met the selection criteria. RESULTS Flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes and terpenes are main classes of phytochemicals responsible for the melanin inhibitory effects. The in vitro/in vivo melanin inhibitory effects of these plant extracts/phytochemicals are achieved via three main mechanisms: (1) the ethyl acetate extract of Oryza sativa Indica cv., and phytochemicals such as galangin and origanoside could manage melanin biosynthesis through competitive inhibition, non-competitive inhibition or mixed-type inhibition of tyrosinase; (2) phytochemicals such as ginsenoside F1, ginsenoside Rb1 and 4‑hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde could inhibit melanogenesis through down-regulating microphthalmia-related transcription factor (MITF) gene expression via different signalling pathways; (3) the ethanolic extracts of Dimorphandra gardneriana, Dimorphandra gardneriana, Lippia microphylla and Schinus terebinthifolius have a good ultraviolet absorption ability and high sun protective factor (SPF) values, thereby inhibiting UV induced melanogenesis in the skin. CONCLUSION Although many plant extracts and phytochemicals have been found to inhibit melanin production, most of the results were only proved in cellular and/or animal models. Only the ethyl acetate extract of Oryza sativa Indica cv. panicle, and ginsenoside F1 were proved effective in human trials. Animal studies proved the effectiveness of galangin, origanoside, ginsenoside Rb1 and 4‑hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde with effective dose below 3 mM, and therefore recommended for future human trial. In addition, cellular studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of oxyresveratrol, mulberroside A, kurarinol, kuraridinol, plumbagin, (6aR,11aR)-3,8-dihydroxy-9‑methoxy pterocarpan, ginsenoside Rh4, cardamonin, nobiletin, curcumin, β-mangostin and emodin in inhibiting melanin synthesis at low concentrations of 20 µM and proved the low SPF values of Dimorphandra gardneriana, Dimorphandra gardneriana, Lippia microphylla and Schinus terebinthifolius extracts, and therefore recommended for further animal and human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Feng
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Balestri F, Cappiello M, Moschini R, Mura U, Del-Corso A. Models of enzyme inhibition and apparent dissociation constants from kinetic analysis to study the differential inhibition of aldose reductase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1426-1436. [PMID: 35607924 PMCID: PMC9135441 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2076089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to explain the negative slope of KappM/kappcat versus inhibitor concentration observed in the study of epigallocatechin gallate acting as an inhibitor of aldose reductase, a kinetic analysis was performed to rationalise the phenomenon. Classical and non-classical models of complete and incomplete enzyme inhibition were devised and analysed to obtain rate equations suitable for the interpretation of experimental data. The results obtained from the different approaches were discussed in terms of the meaning of the emerging kinetic constants. A decrease of KappM/kappcat versus the inhibitor concentration was revealed to be a valuable indication of the occurrence of an incomplete inhibition. This indication, which is univocal in the case of an uncompetitive inhibition, may be especially useful when the residual activity resulting from inhibition is rather low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Balestri
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Moschini
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Umberto Mura
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Sepehri N, Khoshneviszadeh M, Farid SM, Moayedi SS, Asgari MS, Moazzam A, Hosseini S, Adibi H, Larijani B, Pirhadi S, Attarroshan M, Sakhteman A, Kabiri M, Hamedifar H, Iraji A, Mahdavi M. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking study of thioxo-2,3-dihydroquinazolinone derivative as tyrosinase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Zhang Q, Duan SX, Harmatz JS, Wei Z, Singleton CA, Greenblatt DJ. Mechanism of dasabuvir inhibition of acetaminophen glucuronidation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 74:131-138. [PMID: 34718654 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acetaminophen (APAP) (paracetamol) is a widely used non-prescription drug for pain relief and antipyretic effects. The clearance of APAP is mainly through phase-2 biotransformation catalysed by UDP-glucuronosyl transferases (UGT). Dasabuvir is an anti-hepatitis C drug reported to inhibit several UGT isoforms. The study evaluated the in-vitro inhibitory capacity of dasabuvir versus APAP glucuronidation. METHODS Procedures included human liver microsomal incubations with APAP and isoform-selective probe substrates. KEY FINDINGS Dasabuvir inhibited APAP metabolism by a reversible, mixed-type (competitive and non-competitive) partial inhibition, with an inhibition constant Ki = 3.4 µM. The index constant 'a' was 6.7, indicating the relative contribution of competitive and non-competitive inhibition. The enzyme-inhibitor complex was still able to catalyse the reaction by 12% of the control capacity. Dasabuvir produced strong partial inhibition effect of UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 and relatively complete inhibition of UGT1A6. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous reports, dasabuvir inhibits the activity of 3 UGT isoforms associated with APAP metabolism. In-vitro to in-vivo scaling by 2 different approaches showed identical results, predicting an increased AUC of APAP by a factor of 1.3-fold with coadministration of dasabuvir. Until the findings are confirmed in clinical drug interaction studies, APAP dosage should not exceed 3 g per day in dasabuvir-treated patients to avoid potentially hepatotoxic APAP exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchen Zhang
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Su Xiang Duan
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerold S Harmatz
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zixuan Wei
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Singleton
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Greenblatt
- Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Hosseinpoor H, Moghadam Farid S, Iraji A, Askari S, Edraki N, Hosseini S, Jamshidzadeh A, Larijani B, Attarroshan M, Pirhadi S, Mahdavi M, Khoshneviszadeh M. Anti-melanogenesis and anti-tyrosinase properties of aryl-substituted acetamides of phenoxy methyl triazole conjugated with thiosemicarbazide: Design, synthesis and biological evaluations. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:104979. [PMID: 34140181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of aryl phenoxy methyl triazole conjugated with thiosemicarbazides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their tyrosinase inhibitory activities in the presence of l-dopa and l-tyrosine as substrates. All the compounds showed tyrosinase inhibition in the sub-micromolar concentration. Among the derivatives, compound 9j bearing benzyl displayed exceptionally high potency against tyrosinase with IC50 value of 0.11 μM and 0.17 μM in the presence of l-tyrosine and l-dopa as substrates which is significantly lower than that of kojic acid as the positive control with an IC50 value of 9.28 μM for l-tyrosine and 9.30 μM for l-dopa. According to Lineweaver-Burk plot, 9j demonstrated an uncompetitive type of inhibition in the kinetic assay. Also, in vitro antioxidant activities determined by DPPH assay recorded an IC50 value of 68.43 μM for 9i. The melanin content of 9j was determined on B16F10 melanoma human cells which demonstrated a significant reduction of the melanin content. Moreover, the binding energies corresponding to the same ligand as well as computer-aided drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic studies were also carried out. Compound 9j also possessed metal chelation potential correlated to its high anti-TYR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hona Hosseinpoor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71345 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Moghadam Farid
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348 Shiraz, Iran; Central Research laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sadegh Askari
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samanesadat Hosseini
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Attarroshan
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Pirhadi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348 Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71345 Shiraz, Iran; Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348 Shiraz, Iran.
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Wu Y, Huo D, Chen G, Yan A. SAR and QSAR research on tyrosinase inhibitors using machine learning methods. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:85-110. [PMID: 33517778 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2020.1862297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of melanin synthesis, which is closely related to human pigmentation disorders. Tyrosinase inhibitors can down-regulate tyrosinase to effectively reduce melanin synthesis. In this work, we conducted structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on 1097 diverse mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. We applied five kinds of machine learning methods to develop 15 classification models. Model 5B built by fully connected neural networks and ECFP4 fingerprints achieved the highest prediction accuracy of 91.36% and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.81 on the test set. The applicability domains (AD) of classification models were defined by d S T D - P R O method. Moreover, we clustered the 1097 inhibitors into eight subsets by K-Means to figure out inhibitors' structural features. In addition, 10 quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were constructed by four machine learning methods based on 813 inhibitors. Model 6 J, the best QSAR model, was developed by fully connected neural networks with 50 RDKit descriptors. It resulted in a coefficient of determination (r 2) of 0.770 and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.482 on the test set. The AD of Model 6 J was visualized by Williams plot. The models built in this study can be obtained from the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - D Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
| | - G Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China
| | - A Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, P. R. China
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Chai WM, Yu ZY, Lin MZ, Wei QM, Song S. 5-Methoxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole as an efficient inhibitor on tyrosinase: Inhibitory activity and mechanism. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 131:356-363. [PMID: 33388257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 5-methoxy-2-mercaptobenzimidazole (5-M-2-MB) was confirmed as an efficient tyrosinase inhibitor by methods of enzyme kinetic, fluorescence quenching, ANS-binding, thermodynamics, energy transfer, and molecular docking in combination. The results proved that 5-M-2-MB significantly inhibited the tyrosinase (IC50 = 60 ± 2 nM) in a reversible and competitive way with the Ki value of 80 ± 1 nM. It quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of tyrosinase through a static mechanism, and caused conformational change of the enzyme by increasing the hydrophobic region. Moreover, this compound could bind to tyrosinase and form 5-M-2-MB-tyrosinase complex by hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction. The interactions were generated between 5-M-2-MB and specific amino acid residues (Trp-358, Thr-308, Glu-356, and Asp-357) located on the A chain of tyrosinase. Therefore, this study would offer a theoretical foundation for developing the new tyrosinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chai
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China.
| | - Zi-Yi Yu
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Mei-Zhen Lin
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Qi-Ming Wei
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
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Shimakage R, Nihei KI. Synthesis, structural revision, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of proposed phloretin-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from Homalium stenophyllum. Nat Prod Res 2020; 36:1803-1811. [PMID: 32924592 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1817922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phloretin-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), isolated from Homalium stenophyllum, was synthesized for the first time through aldol condensation and Schmidt glycosylation reactions aiming to develop a novel hydrophilic tyrosinase inhibitor. However, the specific rotation of synthetic 1 was found to be negative and different from that reported for natural product 1. Thus, L-glucoside 2 was chemically synthesized using the established synthetic route of 1, suggesting that the configuration of the natural product 1 was the same as that of 2, as their specific rotation and spectroscopic data were also the same. In addition, the evaluation of the inhibitory activity of 1 and 2 against tyrosinase indicated that 2 was 1.4 times more potent than 1, but they were both relatively weak. Therefore, the enantiomeric analogues 1 and 2 were proved to be unique tyrosinase inhibitors due to the chiral recognition from the tyrosinase active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shimakage
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nihei
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
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Hosseinpoor H, Iraji A, Edraki N, Pirhadi S, Attarroshan M, Khoshneviszadeh M, Khoshneviszadeh M. A Series of Benzylidenes Linked to Hydrazine-1-carbothioamide as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Structure-Activity Relationship. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000285. [PMID: 32478439 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a type 3 copper enzyme responsible for skin pigmentation disorders, skin cancer, and enzymatic browning of vegetables and fruits. In the present article, 12 small molecules of 2-benzylidenehydrazine-1-carbothioamide were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-tyrosinase activities followed by molecular docking and pharmacophore-based screening. Among synthesized thiosemicarbazone derivatives, one compound, (2E)-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)methylidene]hydrazine-1-carbothioamide, is the strongest inhibitor of mushroom tyrosinase with IC50 of 0.05 μM which demonstrated a 128-fold increase in potency compared to the positive control. Kinetic studies also revealed mix type inhibition by this compound. Docking studies confirmed the complete fitting of the synthesized compounds into the tyrosinase active site. The results underline the potential of 2-benzylidenehydrazine-1-carbothioamides as potent pharmacophore to extend the tyrosinase inhibition in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hona Hosseinpoor
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71345, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348, Shiraz, Iran.,Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71468, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Pirhadi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Attarroshan
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71348, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 71345, Shiraz, Iran
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Nihei KI, Kubo I. Tyrosinase Inhibition by 4-Substituted Benzaldehydes with Electron-Withdrawing Groups. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1711-1716. [PMID: 32212107 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of 4-t-butylcatechol catalyzed by mushroom tyrosinase was inhibited by 4-bromobenzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-fluorobenzaldehyde, 4-cyanobenzaldehyde, and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 114 μM, 175 μM, 387 μM, 822 μM, and 1846 μM, respectively. The inhibition kinetics were analyzed by Dixon plots, which indicated that a series of 4-hallogenated benzaldehydes acted as partial noncompetitive inhibitors in the same manner as benzaldehyde. Although β values were decreased with an increase of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity, full inhibition could not be observed. In contrast, 4-cyanobenzaldehyde and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde acted as mixed and noncompetitive inhibitors, respectively. Full inhibition was particularly represented by 4-nitrobenzaldehyde. According to a previous report, 4-alkylbenzaldehyde and 4-alkoxybenzaldehyde with a bulky substituent acted as full inhibitors. Those results suggested that the steric factor at the 4-position triggered the alternation between partial or full tyrosinase inhibition irrespective of electronic or hydrophobic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Nihei
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-0943, Japan.
| | - Isao Kubo
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3112, USA
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Asebi N, Nihei KI. Total synthesis of apios isoflavones and investigation of their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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