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Atoui S, Belaadi A, Chai BX, Abdullah MMS, Al-Khawlani A, Ghernaout D. Extracting and characterizing novel cellulose fibers from Chamaerops humilis rachis for textiles' sustainable and cleaner production as reinforcement for potential applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:134029. [PMID: 39084993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
New cellulose (CL) fibers are derived from Chamaerops humilis (Ch) rachis. They play an essential role in various industries to produce environmentally friendly products as an alternative to enhancing and strengthening lightweight composites, such as dashboards automotive. Distinctive properties of Ch fibers (ChFs) were determined by extracting fibers from dwarf palm plant branches using anaerobic analysis. This search comprehensively studies morphological, physical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics and water absorption testing. The fiber diameter was 241.23 ± 34.77 μm, while the obtained linear density and density were 13.71 ± 0.57 Tex and 0.801 ± 0.05 g/cm3, respectively. The moisture content was 8.5 %, and the moisture regain was 9.29 %. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the fibers and smooth and rough surfaces. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated the maximum degradation of 352 °C, thermal stability of 243 °C, and the kinetic activation energy reached (79.78 kJ/mol). X-ray diffraction proves the availability of CL, with a crystallinity index = 68.38 % and crystal size = 2.92 nm. Fourier transform infrared succeeded in detecting functional groups and chemical compounds of fibers. The fibers exhibited a tensile stress of 110.85 ± 77.08 MPa, an elongation at a break rate of 2.29 ± 1.27 %, and Young's modulus of 6.05 ± 3.9 GPa. The maximum likelihood method (2P-Weibull distribution) was employed to examine the distribution of mechanical properties of fibers. According to the results above, new ChFs are an excellent reinforcement for elaborating fiber-reinforced biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumia Atoui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University 20 August 1955- Skikda, El-Hadaiek, Skikda, Algeria; Laboratory LGMM, University 20 August 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Ahmed Belaadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University 20 August 1955- Skikda, El-Hadaiek, Skikda, Algeria.
| | - Boon Xian Chai
- School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Mahmood M S Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amar Al-Khawlani
- Southeast University, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, China
| | - Djamel Ghernaout
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Blida, PO Box 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
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Tengsuthiwat J, Raghunathan V, Ayyappan V, Techawinyutham L, Srisuk R, Yorseng K, Mavinkere Rangappa S, Siengchin S. Lignocellulose sustainable composites from agro-waste Asparagus bean stem fiber for polymer casting applications: Effect of fiber treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134884. [PMID: 39168200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
In the past decades, lignocellulose fibers have attracted significant attention due to their low density, environmental friendliness, and biodegradability. Consequently, researchers are intensifying their efforts to explore the potential of lignocellulosic fibers as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fibers in polymer composites. Among various natural fibers identified as potential reinforcements, agro-waste from the Asparagus Bean stem (ABS) which has been discarded as landfill after harvest has emerged as a promising source of lignocellulose fibers for promoting sustainability. This study investigates the reinforcement suitability of ABSF in polymer matrices. A water-retting process was used for extraction, followed by treatment with a 5 % alkali solution. Cellulose content was enhanced to 65 wt%, and fiber density increased to 1.13 g/cm3 after chemical treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated improved thermal stability of the treated fibers up to 247 °C. Morphological analysis showed increased surface roughness and impurity removal. To evaluate the reinforcing effect of the chemical treatment, epoxy composites with 10 wt% reinforcement were developed. The mechanical properties of these composites improved significantly, with more than 1.1 times when used alkali-treated ABSF as reinforcement. Flexural properties were substantially enhanced, with flexural strength increasing from 90.53 MPa to 122.71 MPa and flexural modulus from 2.41 GPa to 2.95 GPa due to better fiber-matrix interaction and removal of weak, amorphous constituents. The primary objective of this study is to demonstrate that ABSF is a viable alternative raw material for composite reinforcement, suitable for developing lightweight structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiratti Tengsuthiwat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, College of Industrial Technology (CIT), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Thailand
| | - Vijay Raghunathan
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vinod Ayyappan
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Laongdaw Techawinyutham
- Department of Production and Robotics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Thailand
| | - Rapeeporn Srisuk
- Department of Production and Robotics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Thailand
| | - Krittirash Yorseng
- Department of Teacher Training in Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Education, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Thailand
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand.
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Vijayakkannan K, Rajendran I. Extraction and characterization of a new natural cellulosic fiber from the Habara Plant Stem (HF) as potential reinforcement for polymer composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131818. [PMID: 38670191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this present work, characterize the chemical, physical, thermal and Morphological behaviour of raw and alkali-treated (NaOH 5 %,10 % & 15 %) new natural cellulose Habara plant stem fiber (HF). From the chemical analysis, the 10 % alkali-treated HF obtained cellulose (67.9 %), hemicellulose (12.7 %), lignin (11.8 %) wax (0.18 %), moisture (2.44 %) and Ash (1.21 %). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis, alkali treatment effectively eliminates hemicellulose and lignin from the surfaces of natural fiber, as seen changes in the FTIR peaks at 1730, 1480, and 1140 cm-1.The X-ray analysis results indicate that, there is crystalline cellulose present, with a crystallinity level of 43.87 %, and that the other components are amorphous. In addition, the thermal stability of lignocellulosic fiber up to 230 °C was observed, and the degradation steps of each major component could be identified. The 10 % alkali-treated HF provides tensile strength of 790.9 MPa, with an elongation at break of about 3.41 %. The Scanning Electron Microscope analysis showcased the morphological changes on the fiber fractured surface, diameter variation, and impurities, etc. The Atomic Force Microscopy was used to determine the surface roughness characteristics of the HF, which confirmed the possible reinforcement in the structure of the polymer matrix composite structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vijayakkannan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Tamilnadu 642003, India
| | - I Rajendran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Paavai Engineering College, Pachal, Tamilnadu 637018, India.
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Eryilmaz O. Revalorization of cellulosic fiber extracted from the waste stem of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. (cauliflower) by characterizing for potential composite applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131086. [PMID: 38521302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates a protocol for extracting and characterizing fibers obtained from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) stem agricultural waste, exploring its suitability for composite applications. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. (BOVBL), commonly known as cauliflower, was comprehensively characterized for the first time, with its fiber extracted from plant waste stems. BOVBL fiber, subjected to microbial degradation, exhibited properties typical of natural fibers, with a density of 1.47 g/cm3 and a composition of 50.09 % cellulose, 19.7 % hemicellulose, and 22.3 % lignin. XPS analysis showed that the surface structure of the fiber consisted of carbon (64.37 %) and oxygen (22.36 %) due to cellulose. The crystalline index is calculated as 57.32 % indicating a highly organized molecular arrangement. SEM images depicted a rough surface with hexagonal and rectangular forms, enhancing resin penetration for improved composite adhesion. The thermal analysis demonstrated stability up to 324.38 °C, promising suitability for composite heat processing. The results of the single fiber test (tensile strength, E-modulus, and elongation at break) were assessed by using Weibull distribution analysis. This investigation provides suggestions for the potential applications of organic waste leftovers as a new, environmentally friendly material for fiber-reinforced polymer composites aligning with circular economy and sustainability through the utilization of agricultural waste in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Eryilmaz
- Marmara University, Department of Textile Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
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Divakaran D, Suyambulingam I, Sanjay MR, Raghunathan V, Ayyappan V, Siengchin S. Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from an agro-waste tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seeds and its suitability investigation for biofilm formulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127687. [PMID: 37890740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of potential bio-fillers for bio-film application is a promising approach to ensure biodegradable, eco-friendly, good-quality materials with high-performance applications. This is a comprehensive study executed to establish the utility of an agro-waste Tamarindus indica seeds for microcrystalline cellulose production and to assess its feasibility for biofilm fabrication. The extraction was carried out through consecutive chemical-mediated alkalization, acid hydrolysis and bleaching. The isolated microcrystalline cellulose from Tamarindus indica seeds (TSMCC) was characterized through chemical, thermal and morphological characterization to validate the cellulose contribution, thermal resistance, and compatibility of the material. The physical parameters as density and yield percentage were assessed to evaluate its light-weight utility and economic productivity. These examinations revealed that TSMCC has good specific properties such as high cellulose content (90.57 %), average density (1.561 g/cm3), feasible average roughness (12.161 nm), desired particle size (60.40 ± 21.10 μm), good crystallinity (CI-77.6 %) and thermal stability (up to 230 °C); which are worthwhile to consider TSMCC for bio-film formulation. Subsequently, bio-films were formulated by reinforcing TSMCC in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix and the mechanical properties of the bio-films were then studied to establish the efficacy of TSMCC. It is revealed that the properties of pure PLA film increased after being incorporated with TSMCC, where 5 %TSMCC addition showed greater impact on crystalline index (26.16 % to 39.62 %), thermal stability (333oc to 389 °C), tensile strength (36.11 ± 2.90 MPa to 40.22 ± 3.22 MPa) and modulus (2.62 ± 0.55GPa to 4.15 ± 0.53GPa). In light of all promising features, 5 % TSMCC is recommended as a potential filler reinforcement for the groundwork of good quality bio-films for active packaging applications in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Divakaran
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Indran Suyambulingam
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand.
| | - M R Sanjay
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Vijay Raghunathan
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Vinod Ayyappan
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
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Abzan N, Abbasian A, Jonoobi M, Ghasemi I. Cellulose microfiber extraction from leftover celery pulp: Chemomechanical treatments, structural, morphological, and thermal characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126834. [PMID: 37714240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Based on the variety of attractive applicability and structural advantages, cellulose is suggested as a sustainable and environmentally-friendly replacement for petroleum-based materials. Therefore, the current study proposed two chemo-mechanical treatments including bleaching with sodium chlorite and sodium hypochlorite for pure cellulose extraction from leftover celery pulp (Apium graveolens var. dulce). The characterizations of the extracted cellulose fibers were measured and analyzed, by using FT-IR, XRD, optical microscopy, FE-SEM, and TGA analysis. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful removal of non-cellulosic and impurities materials by chemical treatments. Analyzing the X-ray diffraction showed that the proposed chemo-mechanical procedures did not have damaging impacts on the cellulose crystalline structure. Microscopies analysis within optical microscopy and FE-SEM indicated that the diameters of the untreated fibers generally ranged from 100 to 150 μm, while for the treated ones, they ranged from 10 to 15 μm. The TGA results illustrated the higher initial degradation temperatures for the treated samples which led to significant improvement in their thermal stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Abzan
- Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
| | - Ali Abbasian
- Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Jonoobi
- Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ismaeil Ghasemi
- Faculty of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Iran.
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Sheeba KRJ, Priya RK, Arunachalam KP, Shobana S, Avudaiappan S, Flores ES. Examining the physico-chemical, structural and thermo-mechanical properties of naturally occurring Acacia pennata fibres treated with KMnO 4. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20643. [PMID: 38001118 PMCID: PMC10673877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber is a viable and possible option when looking for a material with high specific strength and high specific modulus that is lightweight, affordable, biodegradable, recyclable, and eco-friendly to reinforce polymer composites. There are many methods in which natural fibres can be incorporated into composite materials. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the physico-chemical, structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of Acacia pennata fibres (APFs). Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the AP fibers' diameter and surface shape. The crystallinity index (64.47%) was discovered by XRD. The irregular arrangement and rough surface are seen in SEM photos. The findings demonstrated that fiber has high levels of cellulose (55.4%), hemicellulose (13.3%), and low levels of lignin (17.75%), which were determined through chemical analysis and validated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). By using FTIR, the functional groups of the isolated AP fibers were examined, and TG analysis was used to look into the thermal degrading behaviour of the fibers treated with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) Due to their low density (520 kg/m3) and high cellulose content (55.4%), they have excellent bonding qualities. Additionally, tensile tests were used for mechanical characterisation to assess their tensile strength (685 MPa) and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Jaya Sheeba
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Affiliated to Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 629004, India
| | - Retnam Krishna Priya
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Affiliated to Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, 629004, India.
| | - Krishna Prakash Arunachalam
- Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering Nagercoil, Anna University, Nagercoil, 629004, India
| | - S Shobana
- Green Technology and Sustainable Development in Construction Research Group, Van Lang School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386, Concepción, Chile.
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia Para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai, 600077, India.
| | - Erick Saavedra Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
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Balachandran GB, Narayanasamy P, Alexander AB, David PW, Mariappan RK, Ramachandran ME, Indran S, Mavinkere Rangappa S, Siengchin S. Multi-analytical investigation of the physical, chemical, morphological, tensile, and structural properties of Indian mulberry ( Morinda tinctoria) bark fibers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21239. [PMID: 37954341 PMCID: PMC10637935 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, micro-cellulosic fibers were isolated from the bark of Morinda tinctoria (MT) and characterized for the first time. The anatomical, physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the M. tinctoria bark fiber (MTBF) were investigated. The mean diameter and density values were determined to be 32.013 ± 1.43 μm and 1.4875 g/cm³, respectively. Zeta potential analysis and particle size measurements provided the evidence of enhanced micro-particle behavior on the fiber's surface. Various structural characterizations confirmed the presence of polysaccharide structures, monosaccharide compositions, glycosidic residues (sugar linkages), and cohesive reactions of TMSA (Trimethylsilyl alditol) derivatives, indicating the fiber's potential for strong surface absorption properties. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a crystallinity index of 51 % and a crystallite size of 3.086 nm for MTBF. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin constituents, along with their corresponding functional groups. The calculated values of Young's modulus and tensile strength were determined to be 75.7 GPa and 746.77 MPa, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated the thermal stability of the extracted MTBF up to 240 °C. Based on these findings, the MT microfibrils derived from the bark can be considered as potential substitutes for existing synthetic composites, offering reinforcement for novel bio composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurukarthik Babu Balachandran
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Narayanasamy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anandha Balaji Alexander
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prince Winston David
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Kannan Mariappan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Eshwaran Ramachandran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suyambulingam Indran
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
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da Cunha JDSC, Nascimento LFC, Costa UO, Bezerra WBA, Oliveira MS, Marques MDFV, Soares APS, Monteiro SN. Ballistic Behavior of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Amazon Titica Vine Fibers ( Heteropsis flexuosa) in Multilayered Armor System and as Stand-Alone Target. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3550. [PMID: 37688176 PMCID: PMC10490357 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Seeking to improve personal armor equipment by providing mobility and resistance to penetration, this research aimed to explore the potential of sustainable materials in order to assess their ability in ballistic applications. Titica vine fibers (TVFs) extracted from aerial roots of Heteropsis flexuosa from the Amazon region were incorporated at 10, 20, 30, and 40 vol% into an epoxy matrix for applications in ballistic multilayered armor systems (MASs) and stand-alone tests for personal protection against high-velocity 7.62 mm ammunition. The back-face signature (BFS) depth measured for composites with 20 and 40 vol% TVFs used as an intermediate layer in MASs was 25.6 and 32.5 mm, respectively, and below the maximum limit of 44 mm set by the international standard. Fracture mechanisms found by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attested the relevance of increasing the fiber content for applications in MASs. The results of stand-alone tests showed that the control (0 vol%) and samples with 20 vol% TVFs absorbed the highest impact energy (Eabs) (212-176 J), and consequently displayed limit velocity (VL) values (213-194 m/s), when compared with 40 vol% fiber composites. However, the macroscopic evaluation found that, referring to the control samples, the plain epoxy shattered completely. In addition, for 10 and 20 vol% TVFs, the composites were fragmented or exhibited delamination fractures, which compromised their physical integrity. On the other hand, composites with 30 and 40 vol% TVFs, whose Eabs and VL varied between 166-130 J and 189-167 m/s, respectively, showed the best physical stability. The SEM images indicated that for composites with 10 and 20 vol% TVFs, the fracture mode was predominantly brittle due to the greater participation of the epoxy resin and the discrete action of the fibers, while for composites with 30 and 40 vol% TVFs, there was activation of more complex mechanisms such as pullout, shearing, and fiber rupture. These results indicate that the TVF composite has great potential for use in bulletproof vests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana dos Santos Carneiro da Cunha
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Ulisses Oliveira Costa
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Wendell Bruno Almeida Bezerra
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Michelle Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
| | - Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques
- Institute of Macromolecules Professor Eloisa Mano, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Horácio Macedo Av., 2.030, Bloco J, University City, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Ana Paula Senra Soares
- Department of Organic Processes, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil; (L.F.C.N.); (U.O.C.); (W.B.A.B.); (M.S.O.); (S.N.M.)
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10
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Mohan A, Priya RK, Arunachalam KP, Avudaiappan S, Maureira-Carsalade N, Roco-Videla A. Investigating the Mechanical, Thermal, and Crystalline Properties of Raw and Potassium Hydroxide Treated Butea Parviflora Fibers for Green Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3522. [PMID: 37688148 PMCID: PMC10490496 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The only biotic factor that can satisfy the needs of human species are plants. In order to minimize plastic usage and spread an immediate require of environmental awareness, the globe urges for the development of green composite materials. Natural fibers show good renewability and sustainability and are hence utilized as reinforcements in polymer matrix composites. The present work concerns on the usage of Butea parviflora fiber (BP), a green material, for high end applications. The study throws light upon the characterization of raw and potassium hydroxide (KOH)-treated Butea Parviflora plant, where its physical, structural, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties are analyzed using the powder XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, FESEM micrographs, tensile testing, Tg-DTA, Thermal conductivity, Chemical composition, and CHNS analysis. The density values of untreated and KOH-treated fibers are 1.238 g/cc and 1.340 g/cc, respectively. The crystallinity index of the treated fiber has significantly increased from 83.63% to 86.03%. The cellulose content of the treated fiber also experienced a substantial increase from 58.50% to 60.72%. Treated fibers exhibited a reduction in both hemicelluloses and wax content. Spectroscopic studies registered varying vibrations of functional groups residing on the fibers. SEM images distinguished specific changes on the raw and treated fiber surfaces. The Availability of elements Carbon, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen were analyzed using the CHNS studies. The tensile strength and modulus of treated fibers has risen to 192.97 MPa and 3.46 Gpa, respectively. Thermal conductivity (K) using Lee's disc showed a decrement in the K values of alkalized BP. The activation energy Ea lies between 55.95 and 73.15 kJ/mol. The fibers can withstand a good temperature of up to 240 °C, presenting that it can be tuned in for making sustainable composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abisha Mohan
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, India;
| | - Retnam Krishna Priya
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, India;
| | - Krishna Prakash Arunachalam
- Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering Nagercoil, Anna University, Nagercoil 629004, India
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Nelson Maureira-Carsalade
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile
| | - Angel Roco-Videla
- Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de las Américas, Providencia, Santiago 7500975, Chile
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11
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Sharma S, Asolekar SR, Thakur VK, Asokan P. Valorization of cellulosic fiber derived from waste biomass of constructed wetland as a potential reinforcement in polymeric composites: A technological approach to achieve circular economy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 340:117850. [PMID: 37105106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study establishes the suitability of cellulosic fibers derived from Canna indica waste biomass for utilization as a reinforcement in natural fiber polymeric composites. The waste biomass was harvested from constructed wetlands engaged in the treatment of municipal wastewater from a gated community. The extracted Canna indica (CI) fibers were studied for their physicochemical, mechanical, structural, crystallographic, and thermal characteristics and proposed as a potential alternative to synthetic fiber. The CI fibers contained a relatively higher amount of cellulose (60 wt%) and a low wax fraction (0.5 wt%) - which is advantageous for its gainful utilization as a reinforcement. The CI fibers were thermally stable up to 237 °C and have an average fiber length, diameter, and density of 4.3 mm, 842 μm, and 0.75 g/cm3, respectively. The mean maximum tensile strength and Young's modulus were found to be 113 ± 6.82 MPa and 0.8 ± 7.91 GPa, respectively. The nano-indentation test displayed the nano hardness and modulus as 0.3 ± 0.6 GPa and 1.62 ± 0.2 GPa, respectively. The crystallographic properties of CI fibers consisted of an 87.45% crystallinity index and 3.2 nm crystallite size. The morphological attributes of CI fibers showed rough surfaces and shallow cavities on the surfaces of the fibers suggesting the suitability for its utilization as a reinforcement. It is argued that this technological approach can potentially achieve circular economy through valorization of Canna indica biomass harvested from natural wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Shyam R Asolekar
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK; School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - P Asokan
- Green Engineered Materials and Additive Manufacturing Department, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes, Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, 462026, India.
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12
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da Silveira PHPM, dos Santos MCC, Chaves YS, Ribeiro MP, Marchi BZ, Monteiro SN, Gomes AV, Tapanes NDLCO, Pereira PSDC, Bastos DC. Characterization of Thermo-Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Polypropylene/Hemp Fiber Biocomposites: Impact of Maleic Anhydride Compatibilizer and Fiber Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3271. [PMID: 37571165 PMCID: PMC10422450 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive study on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced with hemp fibers (HF) and compatibilized with maleic anhydride (MAPP). The composites were processed using a twin-screw extruder, followed by hot compression at 190 °C. Subsequently, the composites were analyzed using Izod impact and Shore D hardness tests to evaluate their mechanical properties. Thermal properties were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to study their chemical properties. Additionally, a statistical analysis was conducted to compare the average results of the impact and hardness tests. XRD analysis revealed that the addition of HF and MAPP led to the disappearance of peaks corresponding to the beta phase in pure PP. Hemp fibers exhibited an impressive crystallinity of 82.10%, surpassing other natural fibers, and had a significant molecular orientation angle (MFA) of 6.06°, making them highly desirable for engineering applications. The crystallite size was observed to be relatively large, at 32.49 nm. FTIR analysis demonstrated strong interactions between the fiber, compatibilizing agent, and polymer matrix. TGA tests showed that the addition of 5 and 10 wt.% MAPP resulted in complete degradation of the composites, similar to pure PP. DSC analyses indicated a reduction in crystallinity (Xc) due to the incorporation of HF and MAPP. Shore D hardness tests revealed an increase in hardness with the addition of 5 wt.% MAPP, while a steep decline in this property was observed with 10 wt.% MAPP. In terms of impact resistance, fractions of 3 and 5 wt.% MAPP in the composites exhibited improved performance compared to the pure polymer. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to ensure the statistical reliability of the mechanical test results. This comprehensive study sheds light on the diverse properties of PP composites reinforced with hemp fibers and compatibilized with MAPP, emphasizing their potential as sustainable materials for engineering applications. The results contribute to the understanding of the structural and functional aspects of these composites, guiding future research and developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Poubel Mendonça da Silveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Mônica Cristina Celestino dos Santos
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Yago Soares Chaves
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Matheus Pereira Ribeiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Belayne Zanini Marchi
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Alaelson Vieira Gomes
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Neyda de La Caridad Om Tapanes
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Patricia Soares da Costa Pereira
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Daniele Cruz Bastos
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
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Dalmis R. Description of a new cellulosic natural fiber extracted from Helianthus tuberosus L. as a composite reinforcement material. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13960. [PMID: 37339003 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural fiber-reinforced composites are generally known as eco-friendly, long-lasting, and recyclable materials. This study characterizes cellulosic Helianthus tuberosus L. fiber for polymer-based green composites for the first time. Helianthus tuberosus L. fiber has many advantages as a reinforcement material in polymer-based composites. For example, the high roughness of the fiber surface increases the locking into the composite body. One of the most critical advantages is its high thermal stability temperature of 247.3°C. Other advantages of the Helianthus tuberosus L. fiber are high cellulose content, high crystallinity, and high tensile strength. The hollow fiber structure allows its use in insulation materials. Finally, the high cellulose content of 62.65% supports its usage in various industries, including paper and paperboard manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Dalmis
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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14
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Abisha M, Priya RK, Arunachalam KP, Avudaiappan S, Saavedra Flores EI, Parra PF. Biodegradable Green Composites: Effects of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO 4) Treatment on Thermal, Mechanical, and Morphological Behavior of Butea Parviflora (BP) Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092197. [PMID: 37177343 PMCID: PMC10180971 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study emphasizes the importance of utilizing biodegradable material Butea parviflora (BP) fiber for sustainable solutions. BP fiber offers numerous ecological benefits, such as being lightweight, biodegradable, and affordable to recycle. The study examines the effects of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) treatment on BP fiber and analyzes its physical and chemical behavior using various methods, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, tensile testing, thermogravimetric analysis, thermal conductivity, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis. The results demonstrate that BP fiber possesses low density (1.40 g/cc) and high cellulose content (59.4%), which fosters compatibility between the matrix and resin. XRD analysis indicates a high crystallinity index (83.47%) and crystallite size (6.4 nm), showcasing exceptional crystalline behavior. Treated fibers exhibit improved tensile strength (198 MPa) and Young's modulus (4.40 GPa) compared to untreated fibers (tensile strength-92 MPa, tensile modulus-2.16 GPa). The Tg-DTA thermograms reveal the fiber's thermal resistance up to 240 °C with a kinetic activation energy between 62.80-63.46 KJ/mol. Additionally, the lowered thermal conductivity (K) from Lee's disc experiment suggests that BP fiber could be used in insulation applications. SEM photographic results display effective surface roughness for composite making, and FTIR studies reveal vibrational variations of cellulosic functional groups, which correlates with increased cellulosic behavior. Overall, the study affirms the potential of BP fiber as a reinforcing material for composite-making while emphasizing the importance of utilizing biodegradable materials for sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abisha
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, India
| | - R Krishna Priya
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil, Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, India
| | - Krishna Prakash Arunachalam
- Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering Nagercoil, Anna University, Nagercoil 629004, India
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Erick I Saavedra Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Estación Central, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Pablo Fernando Parra
- Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago 7941169, Chile
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15
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Neuba LDM, Junio RFP, Souza AT, Chaves YS, Tavares S, Palmeira AA, Monteiro SN, Pereira AC. Alkaline Treatment Investigation for Sedge Fibers ( Cyperus malaccensis): A Promising Enhancement. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092153. [PMID: 37177299 PMCID: PMC10181289 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fibers have some advantages in comparison to synthetic fibers, especially because they are more environmentally friendly. For this reason, using them as a reinforcement for polymeric matrices is growing exponentially. However, they present the disadvantage of having the hydrophilic nature, which strongly reduces the interface interaction. Sedge fibers have been investigated when reinforcing an epoxy matrix in terms of ballistic properties and mechanical performance. Aiming to enhance the fiber-matrix interface, an alkali treatment was proposed. The group conditions were divided into three NaOH concentrations (3%, 5%, and 10%), as well as the three periods of immersion (24, 48, and 72 h). Therefore, nine different conditions were investigated in terms of their thermal behaviors, chemical structures, physical structures, and morphological aspects. Based on TGA curves, it could be noticed that treatments related to 3% NaOH for 24 h and 48 h exhibited better thermal stability properties. For the time of 48 h, better thermal stability with for a decay of the thermal DSC curve was shown for all treatment conditions. The FTIR spectra has shown a reduction of waxes for higher NaOH concentrations. The XRD diffractogram exhibited an increase in the crystallinity index only for 5% NaOH and an immersion time of 48 h. The morphological aspects of fibers treated with 5% and 10% of NaOH have shown that the treatments have damaged the fiber, which highlighted the crystallinity index reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Mendonça Neuba
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raí Felipe Pereira Junio
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andressa Teixeira Souza
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yago Soares Chaves
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sheron Tavares
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Artur Camposo Pereira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Alam I, Sharma C. Degradation of paper products due to volatile organic compounds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6426. [PMID: 37081061 PMCID: PMC10119123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Paper and packaging materials a lignocellulose-based natural biodegradable polymer that spontaneously releases acetic acid, aldehydes, alcohol, and ester-based volatile organic compounds (VOCs) upon ageing and these VOCs start degrading the paper products and decline their mechanical strength properties. The reactivity of the paper of unbleached wheat straw pulp towards acetic acid and hexanal, which has been proven to have more degrading effects on paper than other VOCs, was considered in this work. The papers were exposed to these volatile compounds for 90 days in an air-tight vessel under ambient environmental conditions. The results showed that hexanal was more destructive than acetic acid with regards to cellulose degradation and depletion in the mechanical strength properties. The paper properties like, tensile, tear and burst index, viscosity, pH and carbonyl group content was measured. The growth of the carbonyl group, evidence of the ageing effects in the paper, detected more in the paper exposed to acetic acid. However, the strength of paper properties declined more with hexanal. FE-SEM analysis of the sample showed the development of pores and damage of cellulose fibre upon ageing. Similarly, the damaging effects of VOCs on cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin were confirmed by significantly reduced peak detection through FT-IR \analysis. The high crystallinity index of the paper products due to exposure to VOCs was detected by XRD analysis, which confirmed the degradation of the low molecular weight cellulose molecule. Thus, the results are strongly recommended that VOCs that generates due to natural or artificial ageing could be the leading cause of paper degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Alam
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Chhaya Sharma
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, India.
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17
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Kavitha SA, Priya RK, Arunachalam KP, Avudaiappan S, Maureira-Carsalade N, Roco-Videla Á. Investigation on Properties of Raw and Alkali Treated Novel Cellulosic Root Fibres of Zea Mays for Polymeric Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071802. [PMID: 37050416 PMCID: PMC10098705 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, new materials based on natural fibres have been emerging day by day to completely eradicate plastics to favour our environmental nature. In this view, the present work is based on the extraction and characterisation of the novel root fibres of the Zea mays (Zm) plant, grown by the hydroponic method. Both the dried untreated and alkali treated root fibres are investigated using a variety of structural, morphological, thermal, elemental and mechanical tests by subjecting both the samples to p-XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDAX, TGA-DTA, CHNS and tensile strength analyses. Thermal conductivity of the untreated and treated fibres is found using Lee’s disc experiment. From p-XRD analysis, the Crystallinity Index, Percentage Crystallinity and Crystallite size of the samples are found. FT-IR studies clarify the different vibrational groups associated with the fibre samples. SEM images show that the surface roughness increases for the chemically treated samples, such that it may be effectively utilised as reinforcement for polymeric composites. The diameter of the fibre samples is found using SEM analysis. According to the EDAX spectrum, Zm fibres in both their raw and processed forms have high levels of Carbon (C) and Oxygen (O). The TGA-DTA tests revealed that the samples of natural fibre have good thermal characteristics. CHNS studies show that Carbon content is high for these samples, which is the characteristic of many natural fibres. Chemical analysis is used to ascertain the prepared samples’ chemical makeup. It reveals that both samples have significant amounts of cellulose. The density of the fibres is found to be in the range 0.3–0.6 g/cc, which is much less than any other natural fibre. Therefore, it can be used in light weight applications. From the tensile strength analysis, physical properties such as Young’s modulus and micro-fibril angle are determined. The fibres in the roots exhibit a lower tensile strength. Thus, these fibres can be used in powdered form as reinforcement for natural rubber or epoxy composites. After examining all of its properties, it could be reasonably speculated that Zea mays root fibres can be considered as an efficient reinforcement for various matrices to produce attractive bio-composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Anne Kavitha
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, India
| | - R. Krishna Priya
- PG & Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, India
| | - Krishna Prakash Arunachalam
- Department of Civil Engineering, University College of Engineering, Anna University, Nagercoil 629004, India
| | - Siva Avudaiappan
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Nelson Maureira-Carsalade
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile
| | - Ángel Roco-Videla
- Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de las Américas, Providencia, Santiago 7500975, Chile
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18
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Raouf KHALDOUNE A, ROKBI M. Extraction and characterization of novel natural fiber from Centaurea melitensis plant. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS 2023; 57:913-928. [DOI: 10.1177/00219983221147381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work a new cellulosic fibers extracted from Centaurea Melitensis plant to the prospect of employing them as a source of reinforcement in composite materials. In this investigation, morphological, chemical, physical and mechanical features of Centaurea Melitensis fibers are investigated. The morphological characteristics using anatomical technique and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a large percentage of fibroblasts in the fibers that allow adhesion with the matrix when manufacturing of composite materials. The fiber density is 1.269 ± 0.018 g/cm3 and the diameter is 187.11 ± 60.41 μm depending on the physical properties. The chemical properties revealed that the Centaurea Melitensis fiber has a crystalline size of 16.92 nm and a crystallinity index of 47.69% using XRD. The results of FTIR analysis proved on major components such as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, by TGA the thermal stability was found up to 210°C and the maximum temperature up to 317.86°C. The mechanical properties have shown that the value of the tensile strength of the fibers is 336.87 ± 59.94 MPa, Young’s modulus is 23.87 ± 5.21 GPa, and the strain at failure is 1.27 ± 0.36%, and the interfacial shear strength is 9.82 ± 2.35 MPa. The statistical approach, Weibull distribution was used with two and three parameters to examine the experimental data due to their dispersion. WEIBULL statistical analytical test was used with 2 and 3 parameters are used to examine the experimental data due to their dispersion. All the findings from this investigation reveal that Centaurea Melitensis fibers can be a qualified candidate to be used as reinforcement in low density composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Raouf KHALDOUNE
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of M’sila, M’sila, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Matériaux et Mécanique des Structures (LMMS), University of M’sila, M’sila, Algeria
| | - Mansour ROKBI
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of M’sila, M’sila, Algeria
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Wypij M, Trzcińska-Wencel J, Golińska P, Avila-Quezada GD, Ingle AP, Rai M. The strategic applications of natural polymer nanocomposites in food packaging and agriculture: Chances, challenges, and consumers' perception. Front Chem 2023; 10:1106230. [PMID: 36704616 PMCID: PMC9871319 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polymer-based nanocomposites have received significant attention in both scientific and industrial research in recent years. They can help to eliminate the consequences of application of petroleum-derived polymeric materials and related environmental concerns. Such nanocomposites consist of natural biopolymers (e.g., chitosan, starch, cellulose, alginate and many more) derived from plants, microbes and animals that are abundantly available in nature, biodegradable and thus eco-friendly, and can be used for developing nanocomposites for agriculture and food industry applications. Biopolymer-based nanocomposites can act as slow-release nanocarriers for delivering agrochemicals (fertilizers/nutrients) or pesticides to crop plants to increase yields. Similarly, biopolymer-based nanofilms or hydrogels may be used as direct product coating to extend product shelf life or improve seed germination or protection from pathogens and pests. Biopolymers have huge potential in food-packaging. However, their packaging properties, such as mechanical strength or gas, water or microbial barriers can be remarkably improved when combined with nanofillers such as nanoparticles. This article provides an overview of the strategic applications of natural polymer nanocomposites in food and agriculture as nanocarriers of active compounds, polymer-based hydrogels, nanocoatings and nanofilms. However, the risk, challenges, chances, and consumers' perceptions of nanotechnology applications in agriculture and food production and packaging have been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wypij
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Trzcińska-Wencel
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Patrycja Golińska
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Avinash P. Ingle
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Biotechnology Centre, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, India
| | - Mahendra Rai
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India
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Nandi P, Das D. Physico-mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and biodegradation properties of unidirectional green-composites from nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) yarn preform and poly(lactic acid) fibreweb. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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Amior A, Satha H, Laoutid F, Toncheva A, Dubois P. Natural Cellulose from Ziziphus jujuba Fibers: Extraction and Characterization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:385. [PMID: 36614725 PMCID: PMC9821990 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, due to their natural availability, renewability, biodegradability, nontoxicity, light weight and relatively low cost, natural fibers, especially lignocellulosic fibers, present attractive potential to substitute non-eco-friendly synthetic fibers. In this study, Ziziphus jujuba fibers were used, thanks to their low lignin content, as an alternative of renewable resource for the production of cellulosic fibers with suitable characteristics and minimal time and energy consumption. In fact, due to their valuable chemical composition, it was possible to remove the amorphous fractions and impurities from the fiber surface by applying ultrasounds coupled with alkaline treatment (80 °C, 5 wt.% NaOH), followed by a bleaching step. The efficient dissolution of the noncellulosic compounds was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The resulted increase in the crystallinity index (from 35.7% to 57.5%), occurred without impacting the crystalline structure of the fibers. The morphological analysis of the fibers evidences the higher surface area of the obtained fibers. Based on the obtained results, Ziziphus jujuba fibers were found to present a suitable sustainable source for the production of cellulosic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Amior
- Laboratoire LSPN, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 401, Guelma 24000, Algeria
| | - Hamid Satha
- Laboratoire LSPN, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 401, Guelma 24000, Algeria
| | - Fouad Laoutid
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMons Innovation Center, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Antoniya Toncheva
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMons Innovation Center, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, Materia Nova Materials R&D Center & UMons Innovation Center, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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22
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Cakmak H, Dekker M. Optimization of Cellulosic Fiber Extraction from Parsley Stalks and Utilization as Filler in Composite Biobased Films. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233932. [PMID: 36496740 PMCID: PMC9736536 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Food waste is an abundant source of cellulose which can be extracted via mild alkali treatment. The extraction conditions of cellulose fibers can be optimized for reduced chemical and energy use and optimal functionality. This study focused on the optimization of alkali extraction of lignocellulosic fiber from parsley stalks by building an experimental design with the response surface method with alkali concentration (2, 6, and 10%, w/v), fiber:alkali ratio (0.02, 0.035, and 0.05; w/v) and extraction temperature (40, 70, and 100 °C) as independent variables, in order to evaluate the effects of extraction conditions on fiber yield and composition of parsley stalks extract (PSE). Following the optimization, PSE and untreated fibers (PF) were incorporated as filler into gum Arabic-sodium alginate-based films, and film properties such as water vapor permeability, optical and thermal properties, Fourier transform infrared spectra and surface morphology of the films were analyzed for evaluating the compatibility of these fillers with the composite film matrix. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as 2% alkali, sample:alkali ratio of 0.0276 and extraction temperature of 40 °C. PSE extracted at optimal conditions was added to the composite films, and water vapor permeability and optical properties were improved by up to 10% PSE compared to films with PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Cakmak
- Department of Food Engineering, Hitit University, 19030 Corum, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthijs Dekker
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, 9 6708WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Hossain S, Jalil MA, Islam T, Rahman MM. A low-density cellulose rich new natural fiber extracted from the bark of jack tree branches and its characterizations. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11667. [PMID: 36425436 PMCID: PMC9678735 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand of natural cellulosic fibers has been increasing day by day due to their versatile uses and eco-friendly nature. The reason behind this demand is due to some unique properties of natural fibers that are suitable for several fibrous applications such as in composite, textile, nano-materials, conductive carbon, biomaterials etc. In this study, a new natural cellulosic fiber is extracted from the bark of the jack tree branches by water retting process. The fiber is characterized by standard methods. The result of the chemical compositions of the fiber shows that it contains α-cellulose 79.32%, hemicellulose 8.01%, lignin 6.77%, ash 3.58% and extractives 2.32%. XRD analysis reveals its high level of crystallinity (86%) and the microfibrillar angle (MFA) calculated from the XRD data is found -29°. The FTIR analysis confirms the presence of expected functional groups. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) reveal its good thermal stability and the maximum degradation occurred at 358 °C for the degradation of the α-cellulose. The density of the fiber is found 1.05 g/cc, which is lower compared to many other known natural fibers. All these properties of this new fiber are suitable for several sophisticated fibrous applications such as reinforcement in composite, textile, cellulose nano-materials, activated or conductive carbon, biomaterials etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Hossain
- Department of Environmental Science, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT), Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - M. Abdul Jalil
- Department of Natural Sciences, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology (BUFT), Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
| | - Tarikul Islam
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Pulp and Paper Research Division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
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24
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Value-added utilization of fruit and vegetable processing by-products for the manufacture of biodegradable food packaging films. Food Chem 2022; 405:134964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Extraction and characterization of natural lignocellulosic fibres from Typha angustata grass. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1840-1851. [PMID: 36198366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, efforts have been made to reduce deforestation to conserve the ecosystem. In the current scenario, agro-cultivated products are used instead of wood for engineering applications. Thus, natural lignocellulosic fibres are used as a reinforcing material and have been extremely attractive to industries and the scientific community during the past few decades. This study aimed to examine the use of natural fibres extracted from Typha angustata grass as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. The density of the fibres was 1.015 g/cc. Chemical analysis confirmed that T. angustata fibres (TAFs) have a cellulose content of 73.54 wt%, a hemicellulose content of 10.11 wt%, a lignin content of 6.23 wt% and a wax content of 0.23 wt%. The crystallinity index (65.16 %) and crystalline size (6.40 nm) were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The presence of functional groups in the TAFs was examined by employing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The presence of cellulose at peak intensities of C2, C3 and C5 in the TAFs was confirmed using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The single fibre tensile test revealed that the tensile strength was 665 ± 7 MPa and Young's modulus was 27.45 ± 3.46 GPa. The thermal stability of the TAFs was examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the prominent peak was observed at 298.48 °C, with a kinetic activation energy of 67.99 kJ/mol. The surface roughness of the fibres was analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) with an accuracy of 1 nm. The above-mentioned outcomes indicated that the TAFs have desirable properties that are comparable to existing natural fibres and suggested to be utilised as the possible reinforcement to fabricate the fibre-reinforced polymer matrix composites.
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26
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Zhang RY, Liu C, Wang XD, Liu HM, Zhu WX. Effects of different concentrations of NaOH on the structure and in vitro digestion of cellulose from sesame kernel. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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27
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Wang J, Han X, Zhang C, Liu K, Duan G. Source of Nanocellulose and Its Application in Nanocomposite Packaging Material: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12183158. [PMID: 36144946 PMCID: PMC9502214 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Food packaging nowadays is not only essential to preserve food from being contaminated and damaged, but also to comply with science develop and technology advances. New functional packaging materials with degradable features will become a hot spot in the future. By far, plastic is the most common packaging material, but plastic waste has caused immeasurable damage to the environment. Cellulose known as a kind of material with large output, wide range sources, and biodegradable features has gotten more and more attention. Cellulose-based materials possess better degradability compared with traditional packaging materials. With such advantages above, cellulose was gradually introduced into packaging field. It is vital to make packaging materials achieve protection, storage, transportation, market, and other functions in the circulation process. In addition, it satisfied the practical value such as convenient sale and environmental protection, reduced cost and maximized sales profit. This review introduces the cellulose resource and its application in composite packaging materials, antibacterial active packaging materials, and intelligent packaging materials. Subsequently, sustainable packaging and its improvement for packaging applications were introduced. Finally, the future challenges and possible solution were provided for future development of cellulose-based composite packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (C.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (C.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Kunming Liu
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Gaigai Duan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (C.Z.); (G.D.)
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28
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Mudoi MP, Sinha S, Parthasarthy V. Optimizing the alkali treatment of cellulosic Himalayan nettle fibre for reinforcement in polymer composites. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Setswalo K, Oladijo OP, Namoshe M, Akinlabi ET, Sanjay MR. The mechanical properties of alkali and laccase treated pterocarpus angolensis (mukwa)-polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:398-406. [PMID: 35843393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The desire of producing marketable green bio-composites displaying good functional properties has increased. Biodegradable composites are a subject of interest as they respond to ecological concerns. In this study, an eco-friendly alkali-laccase modification was used to improve the interfacial adhesion of mukwa wood fiber and polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The untreated and treated mukwa-PLA composites were fabricated via extrusion and compression molding technique and investigated. The mukwa wood fibers and mukwa-PLA composites were characterized by chemical composition, crystallite size, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), mechanical properties, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively. The cellulose content was found to increase, while the hemicellulose, lignin, and extractives reduced after the surface modifications. The alkali-laccase, laccase, and alkali modifications increased the tensile strength of the untreated/PLA composites by 12.3 %, 5.2 %, and 3.8 % respectively. The flexural strength of the composites reached a maximum of 95.1 MPa following the alkali-laccase treatment. The alkali-laccase treated composites showed increased impact strength of 53.9 % on the untreated/PLA composites. Good correlations between the crystallite size and the mechanical properties were reported, with the highest R-square (R2) value of 1 found between the impact strength and crystallite size. The modifications strengthened the interaction between mukwa and PLA as more voids, fiber pull-outs, and debonding characteristics were observed on SEM microstructures of untreated/PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Setswalo
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Energy Engineering, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana.
| | - O P Oladijo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - M Namoshe
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Energy Engineering, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - E T Akinlabi
- Directorate, Pan African University for Life and Earth Sciences Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M R Sanjay
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology, North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
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30
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Kamaruddin ZH, Jumaidin R, Ilyas RA, Selamat MZ, Alamjuri RH, Yusof FAM. Influence of Alkali Treatment on the Mechanical, Thermal, Water Absorption, and Biodegradation Properties of Cymbopogan citratus Fiber-Reinforced, Thermoplastic Cassava Starch-Palm Wax Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142769. [PMID: 35890548 PMCID: PMC9321355 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, thermoplastic cassava starch–palm wax blends, reinforced with the treated Cymbopogan citratus fiber (TPCS/ PW/ CCF) were successfully developed. The TPCS were priorly modified with palm wax to enhance the properties of the matrix. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of alkali treatments on the TPCS/PW/CCF biocomposite. The fiber was treated with different sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations (3%, 6%, and 9%) prior to the composite preparation via hot pressing. The obtained results revealed improved mechanical characteristics in the treated composites. The composites that underwent consecutive alkali treatments at 6% NaOH prior to the composite preparation had higher mechanical strengths, compared to the untreated fibers. A differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that adding treated fibers into the TPCS matrix improved the thermal stability of the samples. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated an improved fiber–matrix adhesion due to the surface modification. An increment in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composites after undergoing NaOH treatment denoted an improved interfacial interaction in the treated samples. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the elimination of hemicellulose at wavelength 1717 cm−1, for the composites treated with 6% NaOH. The water absorption, solubility, and thickness swelling revealed a higher water resistance of the composites following the alkali treatment of the fiber. These findings validated that the alkaline treatment of CCF is able to improve the functionality of the Cymbopogan citratus fiber-reinforced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zatil Hafila Kamaruddin
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia; (Z.H.K.); (M.Z.S.)
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.J.); (R.H.A.)
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zulkefli Selamat
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia; (Z.H.K.); (M.Z.S.)
| | - Roziela Hanim Alamjuri
- Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.J.); (R.H.A.)
| | - Fahmi Asyadi Md Yusof
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Alor Gajah 78000, Malaysia;
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R A, Mr S, Kushvaha V, Khan A, Seingchin S, Dhakal HN. Modification of Fibres and Matrices in Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Comprehensive Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100862. [PMID: 35609116 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Composite materials derived from eco-friendly natural fibres and other biodegradable materials have gained prominence in industrial applications due to their sustainability and reduced greenhouse gas emissions attributes in comparison with conventional reinforcements such as glass and carbon fibres. Application of natural fibre-polymer composites (NFPCs) in different industrial applications provides competitive edge due to its lightweight, higher specific mechanical properties than glass fibres, sustainability and lesser cost involved in production. There are certain challenges associated with natural fibers and its reinforcement in composites such as poor bonding between the fibres and matrix due to its contradictory nature of characteristics, moisture absorption, lower thermal properties and poor interfacial adhesion between the natural fibre and polymer matrix. The challenges involved in NFPCs needs to be overcome to produce materials with relatively equivalent properties to that of conventional compositesand other metallic structures. Several researchers around the globe have conducted investigations with the primary attention being paid to the modification of natural fibers and matrix by employing surface treatments and other chemical treatment methods. In order to address the need for eco-friendly and sustainable materials in different domains, a comprehensive review on natural fibers and its sources, available matrix materials, modification techniques, mechanical and thermal properties of NFPCs is needed for better understanding of behavior of NFPCs.This work provides the information and wholistic view of natural fibre reinforced composites based on the results obtained from modification techniques,with the view of focusing the review in terms of different chemical and physical treatment techniques, modification of fibers and matrix and enhanced mechanical and thermal properties in the composites. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- ArunRamnath R
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sanjay Mr
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vinod Kushvaha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, India
| | - Anish Khan
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suchart Seingchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hom N Dhakal
- Advanced Polymers and Composites (APC) Research Group, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, UK
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Vishal K, Rajkumar K, Nitin MS, Sabarinathan P. Kigelia africana fruit biofibre polysaccharide extraction and biofibre development by silane chemical treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1248-1259. [PMID: 35461872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Silane-treated natural cellulosic Kigelia africana fruit fibre (KAF) was experimentally established to have strong strength after removing hydrophilic materials. Silane treatment makes it compatible with hydrophobic biopolymeric materials than existing non-grafted KA fibre. In this work, the polysaccharide was extracted from the KAF and found to have all the essential compounds. KA fruit-based cellulosic fibre was extracted and treated with different concentrations of silane solution. Silane-treated (13%) KAF has a cellulose content of about 76.86%. The peak found at 1734 cm-1 shows the hemicellulose in untreated fibres, and its intensity decreased after silane treatment, as confirmed by FTIR. X-ray diffraction investigation indicated that silane-treated (5%) KAF has a crystallinity index of 70.22%. After treatment, the tensile strength of 5% silane-treated KAF shows a tensile strength of 490.77 MPa, giving more viability to biofibre reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vishal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Rajkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M S Nitin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Sabarinathan
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai 600069, Tamil Nadu, India
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33
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Rahman H, Yeasmin F, Islam T, Hasan M, Uddin MB, Khan RA. Fabrication and investigation of the physico-mechanical properties of Jute-PALF reinforced LLDPE hybrid composites: Effect of gamma irradiation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09287. [PMID: 35497028 PMCID: PMC9043988 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The hybridization effect of agro-waste pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) and jute fibre as reinforcement in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) composites was investigated in this work. The samples were fabricated by using the heat press compression moulding. The effect of gamma irradiation on composite physico-mechanical properties was also investigated in order to determine the best gamma dose among 2.50, 5.00, 7.50, and 10.00 kGy. The composite sample containing 40% PALF and 60% jute (with a total weight of 50% fibres) demonstrated the most feasible tensile strength (33.36 ± 0.59 MPa), tensile modulus (1494.41 ± 10.94 MPa), elongation at break (50.92 ± 0.77%), bending strength (82.58 ± 0.49 MPa), bending modulus (4932.46 ± 96.12 MPa), and impact strength (34.38 ± 0.42 kJ/m2) at 7.50 kGy irradiation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determined the thermal performance of the samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images at the tensile fracture surfaces of composites revealed the interfacial interaction between reinforcement fibres and matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibur Rahman
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Farjana Yeasmin
- Department of Agro Product Processing Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Tarikul Islam
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology (JUST), Jashore-7408, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ruhul Amin Khan
- Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Bekraoui N, El Qoubaa Z, Chouiyakh H, Faqir M, Essadiqi E. The influence of structural and chemical parameters on mechanical properties of natural fibers: a statistical exploratory analysis. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Due to environmental challenges, the demand for natural fibers (NFs) in biocomposites is expanding. Therefore, the study of the mechanical behavior of these natural fibers is increasingly requested. There is more than two thousands species of plant fibers that have been investigated. In this work, a statistical study involving, namely chemical content, mechanical and physical properties is conducted on a set of natural fibers. The relationship between these factors is studied. The Pearson correlation method is applied to investigate the sensitivity between these parameters. For this aim, a selected data set, collected from the literature, has been used. Results show that Young’s modulus exhibits greater correlation with physical and chemical parameters compared to the other mechanical properties. Additionally, the crystallinity index (CI) is a reliable parameter on predicting the mechanical behavior of natural fibers. Moreover, although the MFA° and diameter are important parameters for NFs modeling purpose, the experimental measurement of these two quantities is a source of unbiased interpretation that partially explains the large variation of the mechanical properties, reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasr Bekraoui
- School of Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Université Internationale de Rabat (UIR), LERMA Lab , Technopolis Rabat-Shore, Rocade Rabat-Salé, Rabat 11103 , Sale , 11100 , Morocco
| | - Zakaria El Qoubaa
- School of Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Université Internationale de Rabat (UIR), LERMA Lab , Technopolis Rabat-Shore, Rocade Rabat-Salé, Rabat 11103 , Sale , 11100 , Morocco
| | - Hajar Chouiyakh
- School of Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Université Internationale de Rabat (UIR), LERMA Lab , Technopolis Rabat-Shore, Rocade Rabat-Salé, Rabat 11103 , Sale , 11100 , Morocco
| | - Mustapha Faqir
- School of Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Université Internationale de Rabat (UIR), LERMA Lab , Technopolis Rabat-Shore, Rocade Rabat-Salé, Rabat 11103 , Sale , 11100 , Morocco
| | - Elhachmi Essadiqi
- School of Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Université Internationale de Rabat (UIR), LERMA Lab , Technopolis Rabat-Shore, Rocade Rabat-Salé, Rabat 11103 , Sale , 11100 , Morocco
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Holilah H, Bahruji H, Ediati R, Asranudin A, Jalil AA, Piluharto B, Nugraha RE, Prasetyoko D. Uniform rod and spherical nanocrystalline celluloses from hydrolysis of industrial pepper waste (Piper nigrum L.) using organic acid and inorganic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:593-605. [PMID: 35157900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of lignocellulosic biowastes from agricultural industry into nanocrystalline cellulose provides pathway to reduce environmental pollution while enhancing the economic value of biowastes. Nanocellulose (NCC) with uniform morphology was isolated from pepper (Piper nigrum L.) stalk waste (PW) using acid hydrolysis method. The role of inorganic acids (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid), organic acids (oxalic acid, citric acid, acetic acid) and variation of sonication times were investigated on the physicochemical characteristics, self-assembled structure, crystallinity, particle size, zeta potential and thermal stability of the isolated nanocellulose. Hydrolysis using inorganic acids transformed cellulose from PW into a spherical shaped NCC at ~33-67 nm of average diameter. Meanwhile hydrolysis in organic acids produced rod-shaped NCC at 210-321 nm in length. This study highlighted the role of acidity strength for organic acid and inorganic acid in controlling the level of hydrogen bond dissociation and the dissolution of amorphous fragments, which consequently directing the morphology and the physicochemical properties of NCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holilah Holilah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Hasliza Bahruji
- Centre of Advanced Material and Energy Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jl. Tungku Link, BE 1410, Brunei
| | - Ratna Ediati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Asranudin Asranudin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Aishah Abdul Jalil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Bambang Piluharto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Indonesia
| | - Reva Edra Nugraha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, Surabaya 60294, Indonesia
| | - Didik Prasetyoko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia.
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Hakim L, Widyorini R, Nugroho WD, Prayitno TA. Performance of Citric Acid-Bonded Oriented Board from Modified Fibrovascular Bundle of Salacca ( Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss) Frond. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234090. [PMID: 34883593 PMCID: PMC8658875 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibrovascular bundle (FVB) in palm plants consists of fiber and vascular tissue. Geometrically, it is a long fiber that can be used as an oriented board raw material. This research aimed to examine the performance of citric acid-bonded orientation boards from modified FVB salacca frond under NaOH + Na2SO3 treatment and the bonding mechanism between the modified FVB frond and citric acid. The results showed that changes in the chemical composition of FVB have a positive effect on the contact angle and increase the cellulose crystallinity index. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the oriented board showed that 1% NaOH + 0.2% Na2SO3 with 60 min immersion has a higher value compared to other treatments. The best dimension stability was on a board with the modified FVB of 1% NaOH + 0.2% Na2SO3 with 30 and 60 min immersion. The bonding mechanism evaluated by FTIR spectra also showed that there is a reaction between the hydroxyl group in the modified FVB and the carboxyl group in citric acid. This showed that the modified combination treatment of NaOH+Na2SO3 succeeded in increasing the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the orientation board from the FVB salacca frond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luthfi Hakim
- Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Tri Dharma Ujung No. 1, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- JATI-Sumatran Forestry Study Analysis Center, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl Tri Dharma Ujung No. 1, Medan 20155, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ragil Widyorini
- Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (R.W.); (W.D.N.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Widyanto Dwi Nugroho
- Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (R.W.); (W.D.N.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Tibertius Agus Prayitno
- Department of Forest Product Technology, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; (R.W.); (W.D.N.); (T.A.P.)
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37
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Soma Sundaram Pillai R, Rajamoni R, Suyambulingam I, Rajamony Suthies Goldy I, Divakaran D. Synthesis and characterization of cost-effective industrial discarded natural ceramic particulates from Cymbopogon flexuosus plant shoot for potential polymer/metal matrix reinforcement. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Hazrati KZ, Sapuan SM, Zuhri MYM, Jumaidin R. Extraction and Characterization of Potential Biodegradable Materials Based on Dioscorea hispida Tubers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040584. [PMID: 33672030 PMCID: PMC7919467 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was driven by the stringent environmental legislation concerning the consumption and utilization of eco-friendly materials. Within this context, this paper aimed to examine the characteristics of starch and fibres from the Dioscorea hispida tuber plant to explore their potential as renewable materials. The extraction of the Dioscorea hispida starch and Dioscorea hispida fibres was carried out and the chemical composition, physical, thermal, morphological properties, and crystallinity were studied. The chemical composition investigations revealed that the Dioscorea hispida starch (DHS) has a low moisture t (9.45%) and starch content (37.62%) compared to cassava, corn, sugar palm, and arrowroot starches. Meanwhile, the Dioscorea hispida fibres (DHF) are significantly low in hemicellulose (4.36%), cellulose (5.63%), and lignin (2.79%) compared to cassava, corn hull and sugar palm. In this investigation the chemical, physical, morphological and thermal properties of the Dioscorea hispida fibre and Dioscorea hispida starch were examined by chemical composition investigation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), respectively. It was found that Dioscorea hispida waste is promising alternative biomass and sustainable material with excellent potential as a renewable filler material for food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Z. Hazrati
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.Z.H.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
- German Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.Z.H.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9769-1788
| | - M. Y. M. Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.Z.H.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia;
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Importance of Interfacial Adhesion Condition on Characterization of Plant-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030438. [PMID: 33573036 PMCID: PMC7866398 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant fibers have become a highly sought-after material in the recent days as a result of raising environmental awareness and the realization of harmful effects imposed by synthetic fibers. Natural plant fibers have been widely used as fillers in fabricating plant-fibers-reinforced polymer composites. However, owing to the completely opposite nature of the plant fibers and polymer matrix, treatment is often required to enhance the compatibility between these two materials. Interfacial adhesion mechanisms are among the most influential yet seldom discussed factors that affect the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the plant-fibers-reinforced polymer composites. Therefore, this review paper expounds the importance of interfacial adhesion condition on the properties of plant-fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The advantages and disadvantages of natural plant fibers are discussed. Four important interface mechanism, namely interdiffusion, electrostatic adhesion, chemical adhesion, and mechanical interlocking are highlighted. In addition, quantifying and analysis techniques of interfacial adhesion condition is demonstrated. Lastly, the importance of interfacial adhesion condition on the performances of the plant fiber polymer composites performances is discussed. It can be seen that the physical and thermal properties as well as flexural strength of the composites are highly dependent on the interfacial adhesion condition.
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40
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C IP, R S. Characterization of a new natural cellulosic fiber extracted from Derris scandens stem. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2303-2313. [PMID: 33091474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to identify a potential substitute for the harmful synthetic fibers in the field of polymer composites. With this objective, a comprehensive characterization of Derris scandens stem fibers (DSSFs) was carried out. The presence of high strength gelatinous fibers with a traditional hierarchical cell structure was found in the anatomical study. The chemical compositional analysis estimated the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of 63.3 wt%, 11.6 wt%, and 15.3 wt%, respectively. Further analysis with XRD confirmed the presence of crystalline cellulose having a size of 11.92 nm with a crystallinity index of 58.15%. SEM and AFM studies show that these fibers are porous, and the average roughness is 105.95 nm. Single fiber tensile tests revealed that the DSSFs exhibited the mean Young's modulus and tensile strength of 13.54 GPa and 633.87 MPa respectively. Furthermore, the extracted fibers were found to be thermally stable up to 230 °C, as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. The fibers extracted from the stem of medicinal plant Derris scandens have the properties comparable to that of existing natural fibers, thus, suggesting it to use as a highly promising reinforcing agent alternative to synthetic fibers in polymer matrix composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaiya Perumal C
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi 630004, Sivaganga District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sarala R
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology, Karaikudi 630004, Sivaganga District, Tamil Nadu, India
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41
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Preparation of a nano bio-composite based on cellulosic biomass and conducting polymeric nanoparticles for ibuprofen removal: Kinetics, isotherms, and energy site distribution. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:663-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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42
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Manimaran P, Pillai GP, Vignesh V, Prithiviraj M. Characterization of natural cellulosic fibers from Nendran Banana Peduncle plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1807-1815. [PMID: 32814104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to explore the natural cellulosic fibers extracted from Nendran Banana Peduncle plants. This is the first time, the tests are carried out in the Nendran Banana Peduncle Fiber (NBPF) to measure the properties of the chemical, physical, mechanical, thermal (TGA/DTG), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) furnished in this work. The Weibull distribution analysis was adopted for the analysis of diameter, tensile strength and Young's modulus of the fiber. The XRD analysis for the NBPF shows that the crystallinity index of 53.3%and crystallinity size of 4.72 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis depicted that NBPF can withstand thermally up to 356 °C. FT-IR results proved the existence of different chemical compositions and their corresponding functional groups. AFM analysis revealed the surface of the fiber found as rough. From the results, it is concluded that NBPF utilized as a polymer matrix composite for manufacturing light load automotive components and construction equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Manimaran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Pitchayya Pillai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Kariapatti 626 115, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Vignesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Kariapatti 626 115, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - M Prithiviraj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai 625 701, Tamil Nadu, India
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43
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K SC, S M, Raju JSN, Md JS. Characterization of novel natural cellulosic fiber extracted from the stem of Cissus vitiginea plant. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1358-1370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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Siva R, Valarmathi T, Palanikumar K, Samrot AV. Study on a Novel natural cellulosic fiber from Kigelia africana fruit: Characterization and analysis. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 244:116494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Characterization of surface-modified natural cellulosic fiber extracted from the root of Ficus religiosa tree. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:997-1006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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46
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Narayanasamy P, Balasundar P, Senthil S, Sanjay M, Siengchin S, Khan A, Asiri AM. Characterization of a novel natural cellulosic fiber from Calotropis gigantea fruit bunch for ecofriendly polymer composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:793-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Extraction and characterisation of natural cellulose fibers from Kigelia africana. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 236:115996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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48
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Fan H, Ma Y, Wan J, Wang Y. Removal of gentian violet and rhodamine B using banyan aerial roots after modification and mechanism studies of differential adsorption behaviors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9152-9166. [PMID: 31916156 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel adsorbent derived from banyan aerial roots was prepared via modification and employed to aqueous gentian violet (GV) and rhodamine B (RhB) removal. The surface morphology and physicochemical properties of modified banyan aerial roots (MBARs) were investigated by SEM, EDS, N2 adsorption/desorption, zeta potential, XRD, and FT-IR characterization experiments. Adsorption factors were tested, and the optimal conditions for GV and RhB removal were pH of 6 and 3, doses of 0.02 g and 0.03 g, and reaction time of 540 min. Adsorption isotherm simulation illustrated that theoretical monolayer adsorption capacities of GV and RhB were 456.64 mg/g and 115.23 mg/g, respectively. Kinetics data was assessed with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, and the latter described GV and RhB adsorption better at 288 K, 298 K, 308 K, and 318 K. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that GV and RhB adsorption processes were endothermic and spontaneous. From the research results, it could be inferred that GV adsorption was mainly dominated by electrostatic interaction, while RhB adsorption might be primarily attributed to electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. The study based on full utilization of waste plant fibers facilitates recycling of biomass resources, and due to simplicity, safety, and eco-friendliness of the preparation, as well as low cost and high efficiency of the application, MBARs may be potential absorbents for the treatment of dyestuff wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Fan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongwen Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jinquan Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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49
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Moshi AAM, Ravindran D, Bharathi SRS, Indran S, Saravanakumar SS, Liu Y. Characterization of a new cellulosic natural fiber extracted from the root of Ficus religiosa tree. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 142:212-221. [PMID: 31525413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Physical, chemical, thermal and crystalline properties of new natural fiber extracted from the root of Ficus Religiosa tree(FRRF) are reported in this study. The chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis results ensured the presence of higher quantity of cellulose content (55.58 wt%) in the FRRF. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis is transported away to support the chemical groups present in the considered fibre. Thermal stability (325 °C), maximum degradation temperature (400 °C) and kinetic activation energy (68.02 kJ/mol.) of the FRRF areestablished by the thermo gravimetric analysis. The diameter (25.62 μm) and density (1246 kg/m3) of the FRRF have been found by the physical analysis. Scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) and Atomic force microscope analysis (AFM) outcomes revealed that FRRF has the relatively smoothest surface. Altogether the above outcomes proved that novel FRRF is the desirable reinforcement to fabricate the fiber reinforced composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arul Marcel Moshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering College, Kovilpatti 628 503, Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - D Ravindran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering College, Kovilpatti 628 503, Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S R Sundara Bharathi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Engineering College, Kovilpatti 628 503, Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Indran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rohini College of Engineering & Technology, Palkulam, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu 629 401, India
| | - S S Saravanakumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education, PR China), Jilin University (Nanling Campus), Changchun 130022, PR China; Editorial Department of Journal of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University (Nanling Campus), Changchun 130022, PR China
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